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Our Lady of Fatima University
KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MEDICAL EMERGENCIES AMONG DENTAL CLINICIANS IN

VALENZUELA CITY, AN ASSESSMENT
Abrahem Al-Ali 1,2,3, Danica Bagtas, 1,2,3,
Samuel Baysah1,2,3, Czarleen David 1,2,3, Lianne Malonzo 1,2,3, Jullens Suarez 1,2,3
College of Dentistry
Research Development and Innovation Center
Our Lady of Fatima University
Dr. Joven Javier DMD,1,2,3
Research Adviser
October 22, 2019
March 18, 2023. Version 3.0 Resubmitted Study Protocol. Reference # 2022-IERC1-
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Table of Contents
Endorsement
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 1
2.0 Literature Review 2
2.1 Review of the Related Literature 2-3
2.1.1 Statement of the Problem 3
2.1.2 Sub Problem 3-4
2.2 Research Paradigm 4
3.0 Research Method 5

3.1 Research Design 5
3.2 Research Locale 5
3.3 Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection 5
3.3.1 Following are the inclusion criteria: 5
3.3.2 Following are the exclusion criteria: 6
3.4 Recruitment Process 6
3.5 Research Ethics 6-8
3.6 Research Instrument 8
3.7 Data Collection 8
3.8 Data Analysis 8
4.0 Results 9-29
5.0 Discussion 29-30
6.0 Conclusion 30
7.0 Recommendation 30-31
Appendices 32-42
References 43
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ENDORSEMENT
November 21, 2022
Angelita A. Rodriguez, RPh, MS

Pharma, Ph.D. Chair, Institutional
Ethics Review Committee Our Lady of
Fatima University-Valenzuela City
Dear Dr. Rodriguez,
This is to certify that the research paper entitled “Knowledge About Medical Emergencies
Among Dental Clinicians in Valenzuela City, An Assessment” prepared and submitted by
Lianne Malonzo, Czarleen David, Danica S. Bagtas, Jullens Soriano Suarez, Samuel Baysah
and Abrahem Al-Ali has successfully passed the oral defense and is ready for ethical review
under Institutional Ethics Review Committee.
Respectfully yours,
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KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MEDICAL EMERGENCIES...
1.0 Introduction
In a dental practice, medical emergencies are those adverse medical events that may occur in the
course of a dental procedure. Medical emergencies are defined as the sudden onset of a medical condition
manifesting itself by acute symptoms of sufficient severity (including severe pain) such that the absence
of immediate medical attention could reasonably be expected to result in: placing the patient’s health in
serious jeopardy, serious impairment to bodily functions or serious dysfunction of any bodily organ or
part. (Myles Reiner, MD, “the new definition for a medical emergency”
Medical emergencies do not happen daily in a dentist’s practice, but they are not rare as well. Some data
exists about the prevalence and the severity of medical emergencies in a dental practice. These data,
mainly from older or small studies, suggests that these situations again, are not frequent, but can involve
life-threatening emergencies. The study by Müller et al6 (2008) found that over the 12-month study
period, 57% of dentists reported up to three emergencies and 36% up to ten emergencies. Thus, every
dental practitioner needs to have the knowledge and skills for the correct management of a certain
medical emergency that may take place.
In the journal composed by Te Kaunihera Tiaki Niho in December 2012, medical emergencies that are
encountered during a dental treatment are the ff: Angina and Myocardial infarction, Asthma, Choking and
Aspiration, Diabetes, Epilepsy, Syncope, Hypoglycemia, Hyperglycemia, Hyperventilation (due to
anxiety), Anaphylaxis.
In addition to diagnostic and therapeutic capacities in medical emergencies, preventive strategies during
dental treatment are equally imperative. Primary prevention can be achieved by carefully and
comprehensively obtaining and updating patient medical histories, with emphasis on known allergies,
adverse reactions to medications, chronic illnesses and chronic therapy, and accordingly observing
precautionary actions with respect to findings.
The goal of this study is to assess the knowledge of dental clinicians in a higher educational
institution in Valenzuela City about dental emergencies that may arise during a dental treatment.
Specifically, this study is aimed to know what emergencies they have already encountered during their
practice, pre-pandemic, as in-person and actual management of patients were allowed, and how they
managed it; or the theoretical foundation of knowledge they have acquired during online clinical duty
where discussions of hypothetical cases were facilitated. Furthermore, through the study, assessment of
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the perceived readiness of clinicians to deal with medical emergencies during treatment as to the means,
techniques, and medications available in their emergency kits/ or the knowledge related to those.
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Review of the Related Literature
According to a study by Khadijah Mohideen et al., which aimed to assess the knowledge of
dental clinical students of Tamil Nadu in the ME understanding and management to create awareness
toward patient care; the majority of participants were mindful of the vital signs; only 55% of the
participants know the importance of checking their respiration rate. The knowledge of identifying MEs
such as anaphylaxis was 91%, and only 27%–37% of the respondents knew to identify angina, transient
ischemia, and lidocaine toxicity.
In another study by Ohoud Alotaibi et al., that assessed and compared the level of knowledge and
attitude toward basic life support among bachelor of dental surgery clinical students (third-, fourth-, and
fifth-year dental students), dental interns, postgraduate students and faculty in the Dental College at King
Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. It was recorded that their findings demonstrate that dental
students and staff had inadequate BLS knowledge. However, they had positive attitudes toward it.
Dentistry is a health profession that should provide complete medical care and treat the whole patient
rather than focusing on the oral cavity.
Charmi Solanki et al., conducted a study that aimed to assess the level of medical emergency
preparedness and knowledge among dental students at four dental schools. It had results where a total of
331 dental students participated in their study. The scores are based on 10 case scenarios presented with a
range of 4.35–8.02. There was no statistically significant difference in the level of preparedness when
dental schools were compared. However, Year 1 and Year 2 dental students had significantly lower total
scores than those of Years 3 and 4. The students in Years 1 and 2 demonstrated less confidence in their
current knowledge to manage medical emergencies. Satisfaction with the training received ranged from
38% to 84%.
According to a study by Giath Gazal et al., which aimed to measure the level of medical-
emergency-related knowledge among senior dental students and clinical trainers in Saudi Arabia; there
was a serious lack of knowledge regarding the management of medical emergency scenarios among the
participants. Only 54% of participants knew the correct management for some frequent and life-
threatening conditions such as “crushed chest pain”, and only 30–35% of participants knew the correct
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management of deeply sedated patients with benzodiazepine overdose and crisis of hypoadrenalism.
Moderate-quality knowledge (50–74% of participants responded correctly) was noted for the following
conditions: sudden onset of brain stroke, psychiatric patient, unconscious patient with hypoglycemia,
patient with postural hypotension, and patient with hyperventilation. Based on the scale of knowledge,
there were significant differences in the level of knowledge between clinical trainers, senior dental
students, and junior dental students (p ≤ 0.01). Almost all students and 90% of trainers declared the need
for further training.
According to another study by Nishtha Singh et al., which assessed the preparedness of dental
students to manage medical emergencies in dental clinics; students have received theoretical training but
still the majority of participants feel they are incompetent to handle medical emergencies. Most of them
are willing to undergo proper training to handle medical emergencies and also support the addition of
separate ALS and BLS courses.
In a study done by Ehigiator O et al., which aimed to evaluate the medical emergency education
in a Nigerian Dental School. Only 58.1% (72/124) respondents were aware of the inclusion of a medical
emergency in the dental curriculum and fewer, 17.7% (22/124), were aware of guidelines on medical
emergencies formulated by any dental authority. Fifty-two out of all the respondents (41.9%) claimed not
to have received any form of training on medical emergencies.
Haifa Fahad Albelaihi et al., conducted a study which aimed to investigate and assess the
knowledge, attitude, and perceived confidence of dental students and interns in the management of
medical emergencies. According to their results and conclusion, only 37% of participants were confident
to handle any medical emergency in the dental office. 67% were familiar with the right compression
ventilation ratio showing significant difference between academic years and interns (P = 0.003).
2.1.1 Statement of the Problem
What is the knowledge about medical emergencies among dental clinicians in a higher educational
institution in Metro Manila?
2.1.2 Sub Problems
1. What is the dental student clinicians’ level of awareness of different medical emergencies that
may arise in their clinical practice?
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2. What are the different medical emergencies the dental clinicians are aware of that may occur
during dental treatment?
3. Among the dental clinicians who have treated live patients, how many have encountered medical
emergencies? What are the medical emergencies that they have encountered in treating live
patients? What are the measures they have taken as they encountered them?
4. What are the measures to be taken by dental clinicians as they encounter medical emergencies?
5. What are the medications commonly used by a dental clinician during a medical emergency?
2.2 Research Paradigm
Figure 1. Medical emergencies are the independent variable. Drugs, attitude, preparedness,
diseases, and knowledge are the dependent variables.
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3.0 Research Methods
3.1 Research Design
Quantitative Approach and Descriptive Design will be used by the researchers to determine the
knowledge of dental clinicians about medical emergencies during dental treatment.
3.2 Research Locale
The research will be conducted in a higher educational institution in Valenzuela City, Metro
Manila, Philippines. The respondents were chosen in the specified university because it is one of the most
populous dental colleges in Metro Manila, also will provide diversity for the researchers.
The researchers obtained a master list from the chief of clinics and the secretary of the Dean
regarding the total number of clinicians enrolled this semester. A total population of 264 dental clinicians
currently enrolled in the identified HEI this semester. A sample population of 157 will be asked to
participate in the study. The said students will provide enough population for the researchers to get a
conclusion that is needed in the study.
3.3 Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection
A Probability Sampling technique will be established in this study specifically the simple random
sampling. Easton and McColl defined simple random sampling as the basic sampling technique where
selection of a group of subjects (sample) for a study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is
chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in
the sample. Every possible sample of a given size has the same chance of selection
A sample consisting of 157 subjects will be selected as participants of the study. Sample size was
determined using Slovin's formula, from the total population of 264 dental clinicians. Age range of the
said respondents will be 21-25 years old.
3.3.1 Following are the inclusion criteria:
- Must be currently enrolled in a specified university,

- Dental clinician taking Clinical Dentistry course of any level, local or international
student,
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- Must have completed Oral Surgery and Oral Diagnosis courses.
3. .3.2 Following are the exclusion criteria:
- Dental clinicians who have transferred from other universities and have not stayed more
than two (2) years in the university
- Declined to participate in the study or those who do not want to give consent.
3.4 Recruitment Process
Prospective participants will be informed about the study. The procedures for the recruitment of
participants will guarantee that implemented voluntary participation, and they will not be forced to
participate in the study. The details of the research will be thoroughly explained to the participants.
3.5 Research Ethics
This study will be conducted to raise awareness for the dental clinicians of the identified
university in Valenzuela City regarding medical emergencies that they may encounter in the future, and
most importantly to ensure the safety of the patients in the hands of a clinician.
This study will also benefit the dental academe as recommendations in the reinforcement and
enrichment of knowledge, or possible augmentation of the topics about dental emergencies can be
implemented depending on the gathered information through the study.
The respondents were chosen in the specified university because it is one of the most populous
dental colleges in Metro Manila. The respondents are given survey forms and the questions are about
medical emergencies and the way they will handle such emergencies. Answering the survey took more or
less 10 minutes to answer.
The respondents will be completely anonymous, there will be considerations written on the
informed consent in participating in this research. They can freely decline to participate in the research
and when they decide to proceed with it, they have the authority to stop in the middle of answering the
survey form or skip a question that they find uncomfortable with.
The respondents will be given the informed consent form, as the detailed instructions and the
specifics of the study are stated. Once they confirm, the signature of the participants is affixed in the
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informed consent form. This is to confirm that they are willing to take part in this study. The researchers
will ensure that the participants understand the study's voluntary nature by providing detailed
explanations of the purposes of the study, data collection technique, data that will be obtained, data usage
approach, and any potential benefits or risks associated with the procedure. The survey will be conducted
virtually using Google Forms. The link will be sent to the participants via email or Messenger.
The survey questionnaire will be accomplished by the participants once and will take only 10
minutes per participant. They will be given the opportunity to choose the day and time they will be
accomplishing the online questionnaire based on their most convenient time.
Breach of data privacy policy, and the feeling of being judged for their choices can be a potential
risk that participants may encounter. To increase safety and security and to avoid discomfort among the
participants, the researchers will ensure that the survey questions used are free of any unethical or
insensitive statements.
All gathered information in this research study will be stored and kept confidential such as
informed consent form, name of the participants and other personal information. It will be made known to
the participants that data will be used only for research. Researchers will make sure to preserve
confidentiality and all the gathered information will be collected in one folder with a passcode to secure
the information of the participants. In case of publication, it will be required that all the personal
information researchers have gathered will be treated with strict confidentiality. To protect the identity of
the participants, a number will be assigned to serve as identifying code instead of the participant's name.
All the data will be stored until the study is ongoing. Only the researcher who conducted the study could
have a copy of who is on those numbers. All the information will be disposed of or destroyed by deleting
and removing it from the trash bin of the device to ensure privacy of information.
There is no provided incentive from the researchers to be given to the participants for taking part
in this research. The participants will be informed that they had the option of participating in the study or
not, and that they might leave at any time. Participants were also told that participating or not
participating in the study activity would have no impact on their study or reputation.
The participants will be informed of all the details with regards to the study, including the
progress and results. All information entrusted to the researchers is strictly observed and will only be used
for the studies purpose only. The researcher will be giving out the 33-item questionnaires from January to
February of 2023.
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INFORMED CONSENT
The selected participants will receive the thorough, complete and easily understood Informed
Consent Form through Google Forms. Respondents will be informed of the contact numbers of the
researchers to give them the opportunity to ask questions if there will be some items in the consent forms
that need clarification. The toggling of the choice in the form “I accept….” will indicate that they
voluntarily and willingly participate in the study. The contents of the informed consent include the
specifics, full scope, and limitation of the research study, the role of the key informants along with their
rights, and protection of the confidentiality of the participants. The personal data is strictly confidential
and will only be used as a part of the said study. Respondents will have the assurance of safety from any
forms of harm, let it be mentally or physically. A counseling session with Dr. Javier or Dr. Alvarez will
be facilitated if risk is encountered. All the data that will be gathered from the respondents will remain
confidential and will be used for educational purposes only. All the rights are reserved for the
respondents, that they will be able to decline their participation in the said activity and will be given the
right of self-consideration.
3.6 Research Instrument
A 33-item self-constructed, validated Closed or Fixed-response type of questionnaire will be used

to measure the dental clinicians’ knowledge about medical emergencies that may occur during their
practice. Results will be recorded to assess the capability in the field of medical emergencies of dental
clinicians in the identified HEI.
3.7 Data Collection
In the process of Data gathering, ethical clearance will be secured which includes informed
consent forms. The study will use primary data collection procedure. Before starting the survey, the
researchers will prepare a letter addressed to the Dean to allow the researchers to conduct the said survey.
Once researchers acquired the permission, Primary Data will be collected through a questionnaire with
33-items from the chosen participants. The questionnaire will be given through Google Form, sent
through email or messenger.
3.8 Data Analysis
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The data that the researchers will collect will be coded and will be initially examined
using statistical analysis, and will be done subsequently to determine the knowledge of the
respondents about medical emergencies. Using frequency tables and descriptive statistics, a
statistical analysis using percentages. Using frequency
4.0 Results
This chapter presents the analysis and interpretation of data which are arranged in the
sequence of the problems., 29.11%). In terms of experience in handling live patient as clinicians,
majority of them has experienced in handling live patients (n=135, 85.44%)
Demographic profile of dental clinicians-respondents in terms of Age, Clinical Level and

experience as dental clinicians (n=158).
Age F %
21 4 2.53
22 22 13.92
23 42 26.59
24 44 27.85
25 46 29.11
Total 158 100
Clinic Level F %
1 46 29.11
2 41 25.95
3 26 16.46
4 45 28.48
Total 158 100
Have you managed live patients in F %
the clinic?
Yes 135 85.44
No 23 14.56
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Total 158 100
Table 1: Shows the demographic profile of clinicians’ respondents from a university in

Valenzuela City in terms of Age, Clinic Level and Experience in handling live patient as
clinicians. Majority of the respondents (n=46, 29.11%) are aged 25 years old while most of them
are in Clinic 1 (n=46,
How many semesters did you F %
handle live patient?
1 64 47.41
2 35 25.92
3 13 9.63
4 23 17.04
Total 135 100
Responses of clinicians when they were asked on how many semesters did they handled live
patient (n=135)
Table 2: Shows the responses of clinicians when they were asked on how many semesters did
they handled live patient Majority of them handled patient for 1 semester only (n=64, 47.41%).
Responses of clinicians when they were asked whether they have encountered any medical
emergency on live patients, number of times you encountered medical emergency and The
nature or type of medical emergency (n=158)
If you had managed live F %

patients, have you
encountered any medical
emergency?
Yes 4 2.53
No 154 97.47
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Total 158 100
Table 3: Show responses of clinicians when they were asked whether they have encountered any
medical emergency on live patients. Majority of them (n=154, 97.47%) answered no they have
not encounter any medical emergency while managing live patients.
Responses of clinicians when they were asked about the nature or type of medical
emergency they have encountered.
The nature or type of F %

medical emergency or 2- Hypertension 50
emergencies you have 1- Asthma 25
encountered 1- Hypoglycemia 25
4 100
Table 4: Table shows that among the clinicians that have encountered a medical emergency, the
most recurring or common medical emergency is hypertension.
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they will encounter any medical emergency
in their practice, do they feel the readiness or preparedness to manage it (n=158)
If you will encounter any F %

medical emergency in your
practice, do you feel the
readiness or preparedness to
manage it?
Yes 127 80.38
No 31 19.62
Total 158 100
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Table 5: Shows responses of clinicians when they were asked if they will encounter any medical
emergency in their practice, do they feel the readiness or preparedness to manage it. Majority of
them (n=127, 80.38%) stated that they are ready and prepared to manage medical emergency in
their practice.
ROUTINE PRACTICE
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they take the patient’s
Medical history before proceeding to their treatment.
Clinic level F %
1 Always 46 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 41 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 45 100%
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Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Total 158 100%
Table 6: The clinicians’ response to the question I take the patient’s

Medical history before proceeding to my treatment. Out of 158 clinicians the response of all of
the Clinicians is always taking the patients medical history before proceeding to the treatment.
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they take the patient’s blood pressure
before proceeding to their treatment
Clinic level F %
1 Always 43 93%
Often 3 7%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 39 95%
Often 2 5%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 44 98%
Often
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Sometimes 1 2%
Rarely
Never
Total 158 100%
Table 7: The clinicians’ response on the question I take the patients’ blood pressure before
proceeding to my treatment is 96% of the clinicians answered always and 4% of the clinicians
answered often
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they take the patient’s temperature before
proceeding to their treatment
Clinician level F %
1 Always 43 93%
Often 3 7%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 39 90%
Often 2 10%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 44 98%
Often 1 2%
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Sometimes
Rarely
Never
Total 158 100%
Table 8: The clinician’s response on I take the patient’s temperature before proceeding to my
treatment 95% of the clinician answered always and 5% of the clinician answered often
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they take the patients pulse rate before
proceeding to their treatment
Clinic level F %
1 Always 45 98%
Often 1 2%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 40 98%
Often 1 2%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 44 98%
Often 1 2%
Sometimes
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Rarely
Never
Total 158 100%
Table 9: The clinician’s response to the question I take the patients pulse rate before proceeding
to my treatment is 98% of the clinician answered always and 2% of the clinician answered often
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they take the patients Respiratory rate before
proceeding to their treatment, they do skin test before administering anesthesia
Clinic level F %
1 Always 41 89%
Often 4 9%
1 2%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 38 93%
Often 3 7%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 41 91%
Often 1 2%
2 4%
Sometimes
1 2%
Rarely
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Never
Total 158 100%
Table 10: The Clinicians responded to the question I take the patients Respiratory rate before
proceeding to my treatment, I do skin test before administering anesthesia is most of the 92% of
the clinician answered always and 5% of the clinicians answered often, 2% of the clinicians
answered sometimes and 1% of the clinician answered rarely
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they look for signs and symptoms of
systemic illness or medical conditions when they do general observation
Clinic level F %
1 Always 42 91%
Often 2 4%
2 4%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
2 Always 38 93%
Often 1 2%
2 5%
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
3 Always 26 100%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely
Never
4 Always 40 89%
Often 5 11%
Sometimes
Rarely
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Never
Total 158 100%
Table 11: Look for Signs and symptoms of systemic illness or medical conditions when I do
general observation the 92% clinicians answered always, 5% clinicians answered often, and 3%
of the clinicians answered sometimes
Clinical level F %
1 Always 1 2%
Often 1 2%
Sometimes 2 4%
Rarely 3 7%
Never 39 85%
2 Always 4 10%
Often 2 5%
Sometimes 2 5%
Rarely 5 12%
Never 28 68%
3 Always 4 15%
Often
Sometimes
Rarely 1 4%
Never 21 81%
4 Always 15 33%
Often 1 2%
Sometimes 12 27%
Rarely 10 22%
Never 7 16%
Total 158 100%
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they can perform cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
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Table 12: The respond of the clinicians on the question I can perform Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is
15% of the clinicians answered always, 3% of the clinicians answered often, 10% of the clinicians
answered sometimes, 12% of the clinicians answered rarely, and 60% of the clinicians answered never
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they attended a BLS seminar
Clinical level F %
1 Always 1 2%
Often
Sometimes 5 11%
1 2%
Rarely
39 85%
Never
2 Always 2 5%
Often
Sometimes 3 7%
1 2%
Rarely
35 85%
Never
3 Always 3 12%
Often
Sometimes 1 4%
1 4%
Rarely
21 81%
Never
4 Always 5 11%
Often 4 9%
10 22%
Sometimes
1 2%
Rarely
25 56%
Never
Total 158 100%
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Table 13: The clinicians answered the question I attend a BLS seminar. 7% of the clinicians
answered always, 3% of the clinicians answered often, 12% of the clinicians answered
sometimes, 3% of the clinicians answered rarely, 76% of the clinicians answered never
Responses of clinicians when they were asked if they have immediate contact to the hospital
in case of fatal emergencies
Clinical level F %
1 Always 29 63%
Often 3 7%
5 11%
Sometimes
1 2%
Rarely
8 17%
Never
2 Always 21 51%
Often 2 5%
8 20%
Sometimes
3 7%
Rarely
7 17%
Never
3 Always 23 88%
Often 1 4%
1 4%
Sometimes
Rarely
1 4%
Never
4 Always 22 49%
Often 6 13%
6 13%
Sometimes
4 9%
Rarely
7 16%
Never
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Total 158 100%
Table 14: The clinicians answered the question I have immediate contact to the hospital in case
of fatal emergencies. 60% of the clinicians answered always, 8% of the clinicians often, 13% of
the clinicians answered sometimes, 5% of the clinicians answered rarely, and 15% of the
clinicians answered never
The clinicians answered the question if they believe they can manage common
medical emergencies that occur during a treatment
Clinic level F %
1 Always 27 59%
Often 6 13%
8 17%
Sometimes
3 7%
Rarely
2 4%
Never
2 Always 19 46%
Often 4 10%
15 37%
Sometimes
Rarely
3 7%
Never
3 Always 13 50%
Often 3 12%
3 12%
Sometimes
4 15%
Rarely
3 12%
Never
4 Always 20 44%
Often 6 13%
15 33%
Sometimes
3 7%
Rarely
1 2%
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Never
Total 158 100%
Table 15: The clinicians answered the question I believe I can manage common medical
emergencies that occur during a treatment. 50% of the clinicians answered always, 12%
answered of the clinicians answered often, 26% of the clinicians answered sometimes, 6% of the
clinicians answered rarely, and 6% of the clinicians answered never.
I. Knowledge of vital signs and measurement
Response of the respondents to the question “Which are considered normal vital signs in
adults?”
Clinical level Correct Wrong

1 40 (25%) 6 (4%)
2 40 (25%) 1 (1%)
3 22 (14%) 4 (3%)
4 41 (26%) 4 (3%)
Total 143 (91%) 15 (9%)
Table 16: shows clinicians’ answer to the question, “Which are considered normal vital signs in
adults?”. 91% of the clinicians answered correctly to the question, with clinic 4 having the
highest percentage. Only 9% of the clinicians answered incorrectly.
Response of the respondents to the question “When will the patient's respirations be
recorded?”

1 43 (27%) 3 (2%)
2 37 (23%) 4 (3%)
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3 22 (14%) 4 (3%)
4 38 (2%) 7 (4%)
Total 140 (89%) 18 (11%)
Table 17: Shows clinicians’ knowledge on when a patient’s respiration should be recorded. 89%
of clinicians answered correctly to the question, only 11% answered wrong.
Tables 16 & 17: Shows results of all questions answered by respondents about their knowledge
on vital signs and measurement.
II. Knowledge of Diagnosing Medical Emergencies
Response of the respondents to the question “Which medical emergency happens most
commonly in a dentist office?”

1 34 (22%) 12 (8%)
2 17 (11%) 24 (15%)
3 15 (9%) 11 (7%)
4 17 (11%) 28 (18%)
Total 83 (53%) 75 (47%)
Table 18: Shows that only 53% of the clinicians’ knows which medical emergency that happens
most in the clinic, 22% are clinic 1.
Response of the respondents to the question “A diabetic patient may have acute symptoms
such as headache, dizziness, sweating, fatigue, and shaking. Which condition is most
likely?”
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1 36 (23%) 10 (6%)
2 25 (16%) 16 (10%)
3 16 (10%) 14 (6%)
4 28 (18%) 17 (11%)
Total 105(66%) 53(34%)
Table 19: Shows which condition is most likely when a diabetic patient may have acute
symptoms such a headache dizziness sweating, fatigue, and shaking. 66% of the clinician got the
correct answer. Clinic 1 had the highest number of knowledge about the condition, 23% and
clinic 4 having the least knowledge 11%.
Response of the respondents to the question “A patient suddenly gets a severe, itchy,
erythematous rash, along with cyanosis, swelling of the face and lips, and numbness in one
arm. Most likely condition:”

1 27 (17%) 19 (12%)
2 26 (16%) 15 (9%)
3 14 (9%) 12 (8%)
4 24 (15%) 21 (13%)
Total 91 (58%) 67(42%)
Table 20: Shows that only 58% of clinicians have knowledge regarding a certain condition
(anaphylaxis), clinic 1 having the highest percentage.
Response of the respondents to the question “When will the majority of medical
emergencies happen?

1 2 (1%) 44 (28%)
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25
2 18 (11%) 23 (15%)
3 6 (4%) 20 (13%)
4 10 (6%) 35 (22%)
Total 36(23%) 122(77%)
Table 21: Shows that only 23% of the clinicians know that the majority of medical emergencies
happen during or shortly after local anesthetic injection.
Response of the respondents to the question “When will the hypersensitivity or allergic
reaction occur?”

1 27 (17%) 19 (12%)
2 31 (20%) 10 (6%)
3 13 (8%) 13 (8%)
4 32 (20%) 13 (8%)
Total 103(65%) 55(35%)
Table 22: Shows that 65% of the clinicians know when allergic reactions occur during dental
practice. Clinic 4 and clinic 2 have the highest percentage, while clinic 1 has the lowest.
Tables 18 to 22: Shows results of all questions answered by respondents about their knowledge
on vital signs and measurement.
III: Management Medical Emergency
Response of the respondents to the question “When a patient experiences syncope during
dental treatment, what would be your immediate action??”
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26
1 34 (22%) 12 (8%)
2 27(17%) 14 (9%)
3 17(11%) 9 (6%)
4 36(23%) 9 (6%)
Total 114 (72%) 44 (28%)
Table 23 Shows that 72% of the dental clinicians know how to manage a patient experiencing
syncope. Clinic 4 has the highest percentage 23%.
Response of the respondents to the question “A young, highly anxious patient suddenly
becomes pale with flushing of the base and develops shortness of breath along with gasping.
What is the best treatment?”
1 37 (23%) 9 (6%)
2 26 (16%) 15 (9%)
3 16 (10%) 10 (6%)
4 36 (23) 9 (6%)
Total 114 (72%) 44 (28%)
Table 24: Shows that 72% of the dental clinicians know how to treat a patient having an asthma
attack. Clinic 1 and clinic 4 have the highest percentage.
Response of the respondents to the question “A conscious diabetic patient showed

symptoms of a rapid pulse, with pale, cold and clammy skin. He also complained of
blurring vision. What is the first-line treatment?”
1 36 (23%) 10 (6%)
2 28(18%) 13(8%)
3 18(11%) 8(5%)
4 25(16%) 20(13%)
Total 107(68%) 51(32%)
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Table 25: Shows that 68% of dental clinicians know the immediate treatment to a patient
experiencing hypoglycemia.
Response of the respondents to the question “What will be your immediate management in
case of epilepsy in the dental chair?”

1 32(20%) 14(9%)
2 27(17%) 14(9%)
3 18 (5%) 8(20%)
4 32(20%) 13(13%)
Total 109(69%) 49(31%)
Table 26: Shows that 69% of dental clinicians knows how to manage a patient experiencing
epilepsy in a dental chair.
Response of the respondents to the question “When a patient gets anginal pain, which of
the drugs would you choose?”

1 35(22%) 11(7%)
2 38(24%) 3(2%)
3 20(13%) 6(4%)
4 32(20%) 13(8%)
Total 125(79%) 33(21%)
Table 27: Shows that 79% of the dental clinicians knows what drug to administer to a patient
having anginal pain, 21% answered wrong.
Tables 23 & 27: Shows results of all questions answered by respondents about their knowledge
on management of medical emergency
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IV. Knowledge in Preparedness to Avoid Medical Emergencies

Response of the respondents to the question “Which is the best dental office emergency
kit?”
1 5(3%) 41(26%)
2 7(4%) 34(22%)
3 3(2%) 23(15%)
4 12(8%) 33(21%)
Total 27(17%) 131(83%)
Table 28: Shows that only 17% of the dental clinicians know that the best dental office
emergency kit is prepared by a dentist based on their needs. Clinic 4 has the highest percentage,
8%. 83% of the respondents got the wrong answer.
Response of the respondents to the question “Which is the first step in identifying the
patient at risk?

1 38(24%) 8(5%)
2 31(20%) 10(6%)
3 24(15%) 2(1%)
4 33(21%) 33(8%)
Total 126(80%) 126(20%)
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29
Table 29: Shows that 80% of the respondents knows the first step in identifying if the patient is
at risk by obtaining the health history, medication and allergy along with the vital signs. Only
23% got the wrong answer.
Response of the respondents to the question “When a patient that has controlled
hypertension is to undergo tooth extraction, registers elevated blood pressure (high blood
pressure) on the day of his appointment,

1 43(27%) 3(2%)
2 40 (25%) 1(1%)
3 25 (16%) 1(1%)
4 45 (28%) 0(0%)
Total 153(97%) 131(3%)
Table 30: Shows that 97% of the respondents knows that you have to defer a patient’s treatment
(extraction) when the patient has an elevated blood pressure. Only 3% got the wrong answer.
Tables 28 to 30: Shows results of all questions Shows results of all questions answered by
respondents about their knowledge preparedness to avoid medical emergencies.
5.0 Discussion
Medical emergencies can occur in dental wellness centers, and it is imperative for dental
professionals equipped with the necessary knowledge and preparedness to address medical
emergencies that can potentially occur within a dental wellness center. Although medical
emergencies are not a frequent occurrence, in a study conducted in Saudi Arabia approximately
about 67% of then general dental practitioners have managed at least one medical emergency
(Alhamad M, Alnahwi T, Alshayeb H, Alzayer A, Aldawood O, Almarzouq A, Nazir MA.
Medical emergencies encountered in dental clinics: A study from the Eastern Province of Saudi
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30
Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2015 Sep-Dec;22(3):175-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.163038.

PMID: 26392799; PMCID: PMC4558740.) Given the substantial proportion of dentists who
have encountered at least one medical emergency, it is crucial for dental professionals to possess
confidence and competence in effectively treating such situations. According to the study
conducted by Fast et al. only 44% of dentists currently in practice expressed confidence in
managing medical emergencies within their dental offices. (Fast TB, Martin MD, Ellis TM.
Emergency preparedness: a survey of dental practitioners. J Am Dent Assoc. 1986
Apr;112(4):499-501. doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.1986.0043. PMID: 3457855..) The findings of
this survey indicate that the students in the selected dental institution exhibited adequate
knowledge along with a high level of confidence in managing medical emergencies, as assessed
by the researchers. Additionally, there is a very low percentage of students who have
encountered a medical emergency in the dental wellness center. However, it is important to note
that self-perceived readiness is not a reliable indicator of overall preparedness in emergency
situations. Additionally, there is the lack of patient experience since the majority of clinicians
had only one semester worth of live patient experience.
6.0 Conclusion:
The findings of this study highlight the need to enhance the level of awareness,
experiences, and preparedness of dental clinicians regarding medical emergencies in their
clinical practice. The limited exposure to medical emergencies reported by the majority of
respondents indicates a potential gap in their training.
7.0 Recommendation:
To improve the level of awareness and preparedness among dental student clinicians, it
is recommended to:
1. Increase exposure to simulated and real-life medical emergencies during clinical training.
2. Incorporate comprehensive education on medical emergencies into the dental curriculum,

including recognition, management, and appropriate pharmacological interventions.
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3. Provide opportunities for hands-on training and practice in managing medical

emergencies, including simulated scenarios and emergency response drills.
4. Emphasize the importance of obtaining thorough medical histories, vital sign assessment,
and regular updates on patients' health status.
5. Encourage clinicians to attend Basic Life Support (BLS) seminars and maintain
certification in CPR.
6. Establish clear protocols and guidelines for managing medical emergencies within dental
practice settings.
7. Promote interprofessional collaboration and communication with medical professionals

to ensure effective management of medical emergencies.
8. Regularly review and update emergency kits in dental offices to ensure they are
appropriately stocked and include essential medications and equipment.
By implementing these recommendations, dental education programs can better prepare

dental student clinicians to handle medical emergencies confidently and effectively, ultimately
ensuring the safety and well-being of their patients.
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32
Appendix A
Questionnaire Form
Name (Optional): ____________________

Last name: ____________________
First Name: ____________________
Age: ______________________
Clinic Level:
_____ Clinic I
_____ Clinic II
_____ Clinic III
_____ Clinic IV
Have you managed live patients in the clinic?

_____ Yes. How many semesters: _____1
_____2
_____3
_____4 or more
_____ No. I only had online clinics or face-to-face simulation of
cases.
If you had managed live patients, have you encountered any medical emergency?
_____ Yes.
State the number of times you encountered medical
emergency: _________
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State the nature or type of medical emergency or

emergencies you have encountered:
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
______________________________
_____ No. I have not encountered any.
If you will encounter any medical emergency in your practice, do you feel the readiness or preparedness to
manage it?
_____ Yes.
_____ No.
II. Answer the following questions based on the routine practice while working on live patients or
hypothetical cases:
Always Often Sometimes Rarely Never
I take the patient’s medical

history before
proceeding to my treatment
I take the patient’s blood

pressure before proceeding to
my treatment
I take the patient’s temperature

before proceeding to my
treatment
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I take the patient’s pulse rate

treatment
I take the patient’s respiratory

rate
treatment, I do skin test before
administering anesthesia
I look for signs and symptoms

of systemic illnesses or medical
conditions when I do general
observation of the patient.
I can perform a
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
I attend a BLS seminar
I have an immediate contact to

the hospital
in case of fatal emergencies
I believe I can manage common

medical
emergencies that occur during a
treatment
ASSESSMENT OF CLINICIAN’S KNOWLEDGE REGARDING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES

Choose the best answer for each question.
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35
KNOWLEDGE OF VITAL SIGNS AND MEASUREMENT
1. Which are considered normal vital signs in adults?

a. Pulse 100, BP 160/140, Respiration 22, Temperature 100ºF
b. Pulse 70, BP 100/80, Respiration 20, Temperature 98.6ºF
c. Pulse 80, BP 120/80, Respiration 16, Temperature 98.6ºF
d. Pulse 90, BP 140/120, Respiration 18, Temperature 96ºF
2. When will the patient's respirations be recorded?

a. before anesthesia and after explaining about the measurement
b. when they are relaxed and unaware of the measurement
c. after the administration of local anesthesia and before the treatment
d. after the treatment procedure in the waiting room
KNOWLEDGE OF DIAGNOSING MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
3. Which medical emergency happens most commonly in a dentist office?

a. myocardial infarction
b. syncope
c. hypoglycemia
d. allergic reactions
e. seizures
4. A diabetic patient may have acute symptoms such as headache, dizziness, sweating, fatigue, and shaking.
Which condition is most likely?
a. anaphylactic reaction
b. hypoglycemia
c. angina
d. acute myocardial infarction
5. A patient suddenly gets a severe, itchy, erythematous rash, along with cyanosis, swelling of the face and
lips, and numbness in one arm. Most likely condition:
a. convulsions
b. myocardial infarction
20520 V3
36
c. anaphylaxis
d. transient ischemia
6.When will the majority of medical emergencies happen?

a. during treatment
b. immediately after treatment completion
c. 2-3 hrs. after the treatment
d. during or shortly after local anesthetic injection
7. When will the hypersensitivity or allergic reaction occur?

a. rapid administration of local anesthesia
b. an excessive dose of the drug
c. inadvert IV administration
d. any of the above
MANAGEMENT OF MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
8. When a patient experiences syncope during dental treatment, what would be your immediate action?
a. makes the patient sit in an upright position and give water
b. place patient in Trendelenburg position and give an aromatic ammonia inhalant
c. on their side and splatter water
d. reclined position and give juice or oral glucose
9. A young, highly anxious patient suddenly becomes pale with flushing of the base and develops shortness of
breath along with gasping. What is the best treatment?
a. allergic reaction: epinephrine SC
b. angina; nitrogen-glycerin sublingually
c. asthma: use of albuterol inhaler
d. syncope; lying patient flat and elevating legs
10. A conscious diabetic patient showed symptoms of a rapid pulse, with pale, cold and clammy skin. He also
complained of blurring vision. What is the first-line treatment?
a. oral glucose
b. sublingual nitro-glycerin
20520 V3
37
c. oxygen
d. IV saline infusion
11. What will be your immediate management in case of epilepsy in the dental chair?
a. seat the patient upright position in the dental chair

b. holds the patient still
c. makes the patient lie on the lateral side and wait for the seizures to end
d. places the patient in reclined position
e. places the patient in the supine position
f. injects IV diazepam
12. When a patient gets anginal pain, which of the drugs would you choose?
a. sublingual nitro-glycerin/morphine sulfate IM

b. oral dilatin
c. epinephrine IM
d. insulin
e. IV saline

PREPAREDNESS TO AVOID MEDICAL EMERGENCIES
13. Which is the best dental office emergency kit?
a. purchased as readily available kit

b. set up by a local physician
c. prepared by a dentist based on personal needs
d. composed of medications in equipment to handle all emergencies
14. Which is the first step in identifying the patient at risk?
a. obtaining a health history, medication and allergy with the set of vital sign
b. by knowing the patient's history during previous dental treatment
c. by identifying and thoroughly charting all existing medical conditions
20520 V3
38
d. by determining the patient's age
15. When a patient that has controlled hypertension is to undergo tooth extraction, registers elevated blood
pressure (high blood pressure) on the day of his appointment,
a. I will re-take the blood pressure, and if still elevated, I will defer the treatment
b. I will proceed with the treatment.
Appendix B
Consent Form
Name of Principal Investigator: Lianne Malonzo
College of Dentistry
Knowledge About Medical Emergencies Among Dental Clinicians in Valenzuela, An

Assessment
This Informed Consent Form has two parts:
Information Sheet (to share information about the study with you)
20520 V3
39
Certificate of Consent (for signatures if you agree that your child may participate)
You will be given a copy of the full Informed Consent Form
INFORMATION SHEET
INTRODUCTION
Good day! We are dentistry students from Our Lady of Fatima University, currently conducting
research about the medical emergencies in dental practice. We are inviting you to be part of this
research and answer questions involving our topic. You do not have to decide today whether or
not you will participate in the research. Before you decide, you can talk to anyone you feel
comfortable with about the research.
This consent form may contain words that you do not understand. Please ask us to stop as we go
through the information and we will take time to explain.
PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH
Medical emergencies in dental practice can occur on a daily basis. We wanted to know how
knowledgeable dental clinicians are about medical emergencies that might occur in their future
practice. We want to know how to handle such situations. We want to be able for this research to
be a guide to future dentists on how to handle such situations and the things that they must have.
TYPE OF RESEARCH INTERVENTION
This research will involve surveys in the form of questionnaires that will take about less than ten
minutes to answer all the given questions.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTATION
20520 V3
40
A 33-item self-constructed, validated Closed or Fixed-response type of questionnaire will be

used to measure the dental clinicians’ knowledge about medical emergencies that may occur
during their practice. Results will be recorded to assess the capability in the field of medical
emergencies of dental clinicians in Our Lady of Fatima University Valenzuela.
SELECTION OF PARTICIPANT
Our Lady of Fatima University is a prominent dental university that has been teaching dental
students since 1996. We choose dental clinician’s that are in their 5th and 6th year because they
have completed the clinical courses, and they are attending clinical duties.
VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION
Your participation in this research is entirely voluntary. It is your choice whether to participate or
not. You can skip questions that are not comfortable answering. You may change your mind later
and stop participating even if you agreed earlier.
PROCEDURES
We are inviting you to take part in this research project. You will be given an online
questionnaire that will be given through email and has questions about the said topic. If you do
not wish to answer any of the question/s included in the questionnaire, you may skip them and
move on to the next question. The information recorded is confidential, your name is not being
included on the online questionnaire, only a number will identify you, and no one else except us
the researchers. This online questionnaire will be stored in a secured computer that only us, the
admin, will have access to. This will be deleted once the research is done.
DURATION
20520 V3
41
We will hand you a questionnaire to fill up, which will take just about ten minutes to answer all
the given questions. The research study will last this November 2022 and will end this February
2023.
RISKS
We are asking you to share with us some very personal and confidential information, and you
may feel uncomfortable talking about some of the topics. You do not have to answer any
question or take part in the survey if you don't wish to do so, and that is also fine. You do not
have to give us any reason for not responding to any question, or for refusing to take part in the
interview.
BENEFITS
The study will benefit the dental academe as policies in the integration of topics and modules
about the medical emergencies, including their management can be further strengthened and
reinforced.
REIMBURSEMENTS
There will be no compensation that will be given to the respondents.
CONFIDENTIALITY & PRIVACY
The information collected will be only used for the purpose of this research study. Your privacy
and responses shall be protected at all times. After the study has been finished, a copy of the
manuscript will be provided to the school and can be accessed at your will. In order to protect the
research participants from any negative effects of harm, confidentiality and anonymity needed to
be maintained. Therefore, researchers treated all information and data in a confidential manner as
possible.
20520 V3
42
SHARING THE RESULTS
The results of this research will be shared with you and other participants in the research study
before it is made widely available to the public. We will also publish the result so other
interested researchers may learn from the result of this research study.
RIGHT TO REFUSE OR WITHDRAW
You may stop participating in this research at any time that you wish without losing any of your
rights.
DATA STORING
The data records that will be gathered are intended to be placed inside a locked file cabinet at
Our Lady of Fatima University (College of Dentistry).
DATA DISPOSAL
After a period of six months, the data records will be destroyed through shredding the paper
records and by deleting the data records in the hard-drive
WHO TO CONTACT
If you have any questions you may ask the researcher now or later even after the study has
started. If you wish to ask questions later, you may contact the researcher Lianne Malonzo at +63
947 264 106.
PART II: CERTIFICATE OF CONSENT
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I have read the foregoing information, or it has been read to me. I have had the opportunity to
ask questions about it and any questions I have been asked have been answered to my
satisfaction. I consent voluntarily to participate as a subject in this study and understand that I
have the right to withdraw from the study at any time without in any way it is affecting my
further medical care.
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References:
Müller et al. (2013) Awareness of dental practitioners to cope with a medical emergency:
a survey in Belgium. International Dental Journal, 63(7), 312-316.
https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12046
Te Kaunihera Tiaki Niho (2021) The Knowledge and Awareness of Medical

Emergencies and Management among Dental Students. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 13(1),
741-747. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_559_20.
Ohoud Alotaibi et al (2015) Basic Life Support: Knowledge and Attitude among Dental
Students and Staff in the College of Dentistry, King Saud University. The Saudi Journal
for Dental Research 122(1) 323-328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sjdr.2015.06.001
Charmi Solanki et al (2021) Assessing readiness to manage medical emergencies among

dental students at four dental schools. Journal of dental education, 85(9), 1462-1470.
https://doi.org/10.1002/jdd.12640
Giath Gazal et al (2021) Measuring the Level of Medical-Emergency-Related Knowledge

among Senior Dental Students and Clinical Trainers. Int J Environ Res Public Health,
18(13) 68-89. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph1813688
Ahmed A. (2016)
Knowledge_attitude_and_perceived_confidence_in_handling_medical_emergencies_amo
ng_dental_students. Journal of Research in Dental and Maxillofacial Sciences, 7(4), 233-
240. http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/jrdms.7.4.233
Ehigiator O et al. (2016) Knowledge and awareness of medical doctors, medical students
and nurses about dentistry in Nigeria. Pan Afr Med J., 1(23) 138-145.
https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2016.23.172.7696
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Haifa Fahad Albelaihi et al (2017) Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Confidence in the
Management of Medical Emergencies in the Dental Office: A Survey among the Dental
Students and Interns. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent, 7(6), 364-369.
https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjispcd.JISPCD_414_17
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Our Lady of Fatima University

KNOWLEDGE ABOUT MEDICAL EMERGENCIES AMONG DENTAL CLINICIANS IN

Abrahem Al-Ali 1,2,3, Danica Bagtas, 1,2,3,

Research Development and Innovation Center

Our Lady of Fatima University

Dr. Joven Javier DMD,1,2,3

October 22, 2019

3.0 Research Method 5

November 21, 2022

Angelita A. Rodriguez, RPh, MS

Dear Dr. Rodriguez,

2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Review of the Related Literature

2.1.1 Statement of the Problem

2.1.2 Sub Problems

2.2 Research Paradigm

3.0 Research Methods

3.1 Research Design

3.2 Research Locale

3.3 Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection

3.3.1 Following are the inclusion criteria:

- Must be currently enrolled in a specified university,

- Must have completed Oral Surgery and Oral Diagnosis courses.

3. .3.2 Following are the exclusion criteria:

3.4 Recruitment Process

3.5 Research Ethics

3.6 Research Instrument

A 33-item self-constructed, validated Closed or Fixed-response type of questionnaire will be used

3.7 Data Collection

3.8 Data Analysis

Demographic profile of dental clinicians-respondents in terms of Age, Clinical Level and

Total 158 100

Table 1: Shows the demographic profile of clinicians’ respondents from a university in

If you had managed live F %

Total 158 100

The nature or type of F %

If you will encounter any F %

Table 6: The clinicians’ response to the question I take the patient’s

Total 158 100%

I. Knowledge of vital signs and measurement

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

II. Knowledge of Diagnosing Medical Emergencies

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

III: Management Medical Emergency

Response of the respondents to the question “A conscious diabetic patient showed

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

IV. Knowledge in Preparedness to Avoid Medical Emergencies

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Clinical level Correct Wrong

Arabia. J Family Community Med. 2015 Sep-Dec;22(3):175-9. doi: 10.4103/2230-8229.163038.

2. Incorporate comprehensive education on medical emergencies into the dental curriculum,

3. Provide opportunities for hands-on training and practice in managing medical

7. Promote interprofessional collaboration and communication with medical professionals

By implementing these recommendations, dental education programs can better prepare

Name (Optional): ____________________

Have you managed live patients in the clinic?

State the nature or type of medical emergency or