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Force :‐
Force is an external agency which change or tends to change the state of rest
or motion of a body. Force can also be defined as the action exerted by one body upon
another. Force is a vector quantity since it has magnitude as well as direction.

A force
f may be
b pullll type
t or push
h type
t as shown
h b l
below, acting i t ‘A’.
ti att point ‘A’
A A
Pull Type Push Type
In pull type arrow is away from point of application whereas in push type arrow is
towards the point of application.

Effects of Force :‐
When force is applied on a body it may introduce any of the following effects :

i. A body at rest may move
ii. A moving body may come to rest
iii. Motion of a body may increase or decrease
iv. Shape of body may change.
v. Internal resistance (stress) is induced in the body.

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Characteristics of force are :‐
i. It has magnitude
ii. It has line of action
iii. The direction or sense in which the force acts along its line of action.
iv. Point of application.

Unit of force :‐ In SI system unit of force is Newton (symbol N.)

Definition of One Newton :‐
One Newton is the force required to produce an acceleration of 1 m/sec2 on a 
mass of 1 kg.
 1 N = 1 kg . m/sec2

Also, 1 Kilo Newton (kN) = 103 Newton.

1 Mega Newton (MN) = 106 Newton.
1 Giga Newton (GN) = 109 Newton.

Graphical Representation of Force :
Graphical Representation of Force :‐‐
To represent a force graphically a line is drawn parallel to the line 
of given force and length of this line is proportional to the magnitude of given force. A 
suitable scale is selected for this.

e.g. To represent a 50 N force at 30° to horizontal, as shown in Fig. 
draw a line ab at 30° (parallel to given force) and if a scale of 1 cm = 10 N is used, then  
ab = 5 cm (i.e. 50 N).

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System of Forces :‐‐
System of Forces :
A system of forces consists of two or more forces together 
acting on a body. Common system of forces are –

1.) Concurrent Force Syste

Systemm : The System
of force in which if all forces are passing
through one point than it is known as
Concurrent Force System & the forces are
known as Concurrent Forces.
2.) Non
Non‐‐concurrent Force System
System : The
System of force in which if all forces are not
passing through one point then it is known
as Non‐concurrent Force System & the forces
are known as Non‐concurrent Forces

F1
F2

F4 F1 F3
F2
F3

System : The System of 4.) Non

3.) Coplanar Force System Non‐‐Coplanar Force System
System : The
force in which if all forces are acting in one System of force in which if all forces having
Plane then it is known as Coplanar Force line of action in different planes is known as
System & the Forces are known as Coplanar Non‐coplanar force System & the Forces are
Forces. p
known as Non‐Coplanar Forces.

Z
Z

F7 F5

F4

F6

F1
F3 F1
X F3
F2 X F2
Y
Y

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5.) Collinear Force System

System : The System of 6.) Non
Non‐‐Collinear Force System
System : The
force in which if all forces are having same line System of force in which all forces are having
of action then it is known as Collinear Force different line of action then it is known as Non‐
System & the Forces are known as Collinear Collinear Force System & the Forces are known
Forces. as Non‐Collinear Forces.
F1
F1

F2

F2
F3
7.) Parallel Force System
System : The System of force in which
forces having line of action parallel to each other are called
P ll l Forces
Parallel F S
System. P ll l forces
Parallel f may be
b like
lik or unlike.
lik If
arrows point in same direction they are like parallel forces
and if arrows point in opposite direction they are unlike
parallel forces. Like Unlike

There may combinations of one or more of above systems of forces e.g. coplanar concurrent
system, coplanar non‐coplanar concurrent, non‐coplanar non‐Concurrent etc.

Principle of Transmissibility :‐

The effect of a force remains the same at any point along its line of action.

For Example consider a force ‘ F ’ acting at point ‘ A ’ on the body. Its effect will not
change even if it assumed to act at another point ‘ B ’ which is on the line of action of
the
h force
f ‘ F ‘.‘

This principle applies only to the external effect on the body.

A F B A B F
=

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Resolution of Force :‐

The process of splitting a force into its components is known as resolution

of forces.

When we resolve a force, we find two components of the given force, such
that
h theh two components acting together h willll produce
d the
h same effect
ff as that
h off
given force. Also the nature of components is similar to that of the given force. i.e. if
given force is of pull type its components are also of pull type and vice‐versa.

Methods
The force can be resolved in two components which are –
( A ) In any two directions
( B ) In two mutually perpendicular directions.

( A ) Resolution of Force In Any Two Directions :‐

Suppose a force ‘F’ is to be resolved in two direction – one at α° and other at β° on 
opposite sides of given force F as shown in Fig.
Let
OA = Force F
component of F at ° = OB
F1 = component of F at ° OB
F2 = component of F at ° = OC = BA 
F2 ∠AOB = α
F
∠COA = ∠OAB = β°
 ∠OBA = 180 – (α + β)
Applying sine rule to ΔOAB we get.

F1 F F
 2 
F1 Sinβ Sinα Sin[180 - (α  β)]
But Sin (180 – θ) = Sin θ hence
F1 F F
 2 
Sinβ Sinα Sin(α  β)

F x Sinβ F x Sinα
 F1  And F2 
Sin(α  β) Sin(α  β)

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( B ) Resolution of Force In Two Mutually Perpendicular Directions :‐

Suppose a force ‘F’ is to be resolved in two direction axis X & Y which are at 90 to each
other. Let FX = Component along X‐axis = OB = AC & FY = Component along Y‐axis = OC = AB

Let  = Angle of Given Force with X axis Let  = Angle of Given Force with Y axis

Opposite Side AB F Opposite Side CA F
Sin  =
Sin  = OA = FY Sin  =
Sin  = = X
H
Hypotenuse H
Hypotenuse OA F
 FY = F x Sin   FX = F x Sin 
Adjacent Side OB F Adjacent Side OC F
Cos  = = OA = FX Cos  =
Hypotenuse = OA = FY
Hypotenuse
 FX = F x Cos   FY = F x Cos 

In 90 axis resolution ‘ F ‘ has two components one [ F x Cos ] & other is [ F x Sin ]. Always write ‘Cos’
component along the axis with which ‘’ is measured and ‘Sin’ component along the other axis.

Resolve Each of the Following Forces along X & Y axis

FX = 50 x Cos 30
FX = 43.301 N (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in + X Direction
i i + X Di ti

FY = 50 x Sin 30
FY = 25.00 N (  )
Hence  FY is in + Y Direction

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FX = 30 x Cos 60
FX = 15.000 kN (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in + X Direction
i i + X Di ti

FY = 30 x Sin 60
FY = 25.981 kN (  )
Hence  FY is in ‐ Y Direction

FX = 60 x Sin 25
FX = 25.357 kN (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in ‐
i i X Direction
X Di ti

FY = 60 x Cos 25
FY = 54.378 kN (  )
Hence  FY is in + Y Direction

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FX = 40 x Cos 35
FX = 32.766 kN (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in ‐
i i X Direction
X Di ti

FY = 40 x Sin 35
FY = 22.943 kN (  )
Hence  FY is in ‐ Y Direction

FX = 30 x Sin 40
FX = 19.284 kN (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in + X Direction
i i + X Di ti

FY = 30 x Cos 40
FY = 22.981 kN (  )
Hence  FY is in + Y Direction

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Here angle of 10 kN with X axis is Zero Hence
FX = 10 x Cos 0
FX = 10.00 kN (  )
H
Hence  F
FX is in + X Direction
i i + X Di ti

FY = 10 x Sin 0
FY = 0.00

Here angle of 20 kN with X axis is 90 Hence

FX = 20 x Cos 90
FX = 0.00

FY = 20 x Sin 90
FY = 20.00 kN
Hence  FY is in ‐ Y Direction

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Ex.) A weight of 200 N is kept on an inclined plane which is at 30° to the

horizontal. Find components of the given weight such that one
component is along the plane and other normal to it.
Solution :‐ Let X axis is the axis along the plane and Y axis is the axis at
90° to
t the
th plane.
l Li off ‘200 N’ is
Line i vertically
ti ll down.
d Al angle
Also l off ‘W’ with
ith
Y‐axis is 30°
Component 90 to the Plane ( Fy )

FY = 200 x Cos 30

FY = 173.2 N

Component along the Plane ( Fx )

Fx = 200 x Sin 30

Fx = 100.0 N

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