Dijon

Dijon (UK: /ˈdiːʒɒ̃/, US: /diːˈʒoʊn/,[3][4]

French: [diʒɔ̃] ( listen))[a] is a city that
serves as the prefecture of the Côte-d'Or
department and of the Bourgogne-
Franche-Comté region in eastern France.[5]
As of 2017 the commune had a population
of 156,920.
 Dijon
Prefecture and commune

From top to bottom: Palace of the Dukes and

States of Burgundy, Panorama of the
historical center seen from the Cathedral of
Dijon, and the jardin Darcy.

Flag Coat of arms

Location of Dijon
 Dijon
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

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Coordinates: 47°19′00″N 5°01′00″E (https://g
eohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagena
me=Dijon&params=47.316667_N_5.016667_
E_type:city(159106)_region:FR-BFC)

Country France
Region Bourgogne-Franche-
Comté
Department Côte-d'Or
Arrondissement Dijon
Canton Dijon-1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and
6
Intercommunality Dijon Métropole
Government
 • Mayor (2020– François
2026) Rebsamen[1] (PS)
Area1 40.41 km2
(15.60 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2020)[2] 159,106
 • Density 3,900/km2
(10,000/sq mi)
Demonym(s) Dijonnais
(masculine)
Dijonnaise (feminine)
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code 21231 (https://www.
insee.fr/fr/statistiqu
es/1405599?geo=C
OM-21231) /21000
Elevation 220–410 m (720–
1,350 ft)
 (avg. 245 m or
804 ft)
Website www.dijon.fr (http://
www.dijon.fr/)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes
lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi
or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

The earliest archaeological finds within the

city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic
period. Dijon later became a Roman
settlement named Divio, located on the
road between Lyon and Paris. The province
was home to the Dukes of Burgundy from
the early 11th until the late 15th centuries,
and Dijon became a place of tremendous
wealth and power, one of the great
European centres of art, learning, and
science.[6]

The city has retained varied architectural

styles from many of the main periods of
the past millennium, including Capetian,
Gothic, and Renaissance. Many still-
inhabited town-houses in the city's central
district date from the 18th century and
earlier. Dijon's architecture is distinguished
by, among other things, toits bourguignons
(Burgundian polychrome roofs) made of
glazed terracotta tiles of various colours
arranged in geometric patterns.
Dijon holds an International and
Gastronomic Fair every year in the
northern-hemisphere autumn. With over
500 exhibitors and 200,000 visitors every
year, it is one of the ten most important
fairs in France. Dijon also hosts every
three years the international flower show
Florissimo. Dijon has become famous for
Dijon mustard, which originated in 1856,
when Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted
verjuice, the acidic "green" juice of not-
quite-ripe grapes, for vinegar in the
traditional mustard recipe. Dijon is a green
city with an important tertiary sector, as
well as a regional economic center with a
diversified fabric, a traditional food-
processing center (Dijon crême de cassis
and kir, gingerbread, Lanvin chocolate...)
and a renowned pharmaceutical sector.

On 4 July 2015, UNESCO registered the

historical centre of the city as a World
Heritage site, as one of the components of
the "Climats, terroirs of Burgundy" site,
because of its historical importance in
regulating the system of wine production
in Burgundy.[7]

History
The earliest archaeological finds within the
city limits of Dijon date to the Neolithic
period. Dijon later became a Roman
settlement called Divio, which may mean
sacred fountain, located on the road from
Lyon to Paris. Saint Benignus, the city's
apocryphal patron saint, is said to have
introduced Christianity to the area before
being martyred.

This province was home to the Dukes of

Burgundy from the early 11th until the late
15th century, and Dijon was a place of
tremendous wealth and power and one of
the great European centres of art, learning,
and science. The Duchy of Burgundy was
key in the transformation of medieval
times toward early modern Europe. The
Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy now
houses the city hall and a museum of art.

In 1513, Swiss and Imperial armies

invaded Burgundy and besieged Dijon,
which was defended by the governor of
the province, Louis II de la Trémoille. The
siege was extremely violent, but the town
succeeded in resisting the invaders. After
long negotiations, Louis II de la Trémoille
managed to persuade the Swiss and the
Imperial armies to withdraw their troops
and also to return three hostages who
were being held in Switzerland. During the
siege, the population called on the Virgin
Mary for help and saw the town's
successful resistance and the subsequent
withdrawal of the invaders as a miracle.
For those reasons, in the years following
the siege the inhabitants of Dijon began to
venerate Notre-Dame de Bon-Espoir (Our
Lady of Good Hope). Although a few areas
of the town were destroyed, there are
nearly no signs of the siege of 1513 visible
today. However, Dijon's museum of fine
arts has a large tapestry depicting this
episode in the town's history: it shows the
town before all subsequent destruction
(particularly that which occurred during
the French Revolution) and is an example
of 16th-century art.
Dijon was also occupied by anti-
Napoleonic coalitions in 1814, by the
Prussian army in 1870–71, and by Nazi
Germany beginning in June 1940, during
WWII, when it was bombed by US Air Force
B-17 Flying Fortresses,[8] before the
liberation of Dijon by the French Army and
the French Resistance, 11 September
1944.

Geography
Dijon is situated at the heart of a plain
drained by two small converging rivers: the
Suzon, which crosses it mostly
underground from north to south, and the
Ouche, on the southern side of town.
Farther south is the côte, or hillside, of
vineyards that gives the department its
name. Dijon lies 310 km (193 mi)
southeast of Paris, 190 km (118 mi)
northwest of Geneva, and 190 km (118 mi)
north of Lyon.

Climate

Dijon features an oceanic climate (Cfb)

with continental influence under the
Köppen climate classification. The city is
highly influenced by its position far inland
in Northeastern France. Thus, winters are
cool to cold with moderate frosts at night
and thawing conditions during the day
while summers are warm to hot and humid
with frequent thunderstorms.

Sunshine Rain Snow Storm Fog

Town
(hours/yr) (mm/yr) (days/yr) (days/yr) (days/yr)

National average 1,973 770 14 22 40

Dijon 1,852.8 759.8 23.2 27.5 66.8[10]

Paris 1,661 637 12 18 10

Nice 2,724 767 1 29 1

Strasbourg 1,693 665 29 29 56

Brest 1,605 1,211 7 12 75

 Climate data for Dijon (1991–2020 averages, extremes 1921−present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov D
Record high 16.5 21.1 24.9 29.0 34.4 37.3 39.5 39.3 34.2 28.3 21.6 17
°C (°F) (61.7) (70.0) (76.8) (84.2) (93.9) (99.1) (103.1) (102.7) (93.6) (82.9) (70.9) (63
Average 5.6 7.6 12.5 16.2 20.0 24.2 26.7 26.2 21.7 16.1 9.7 6
high °C (°F) (42.1) (45.7) (54.5) (61.2) (68.0) (75.6) (80.1) (79.2) (71.1) (61.0) (49.5) (43
Daily mean 2.7 3.8 7.5 10.7 14.6 18.5 20.8 20.4 16.4 11.8 6.5 3
°C (°F) (36.9) (38.8) (45.5) (51.3) (58.3) (65.3) (69.4) (68.7) (61.5) (53.2) (43.7) (38
Average low −0.2 0.0 2.6 5.2 9.2 12.8 14.9 14.6 11.0 7.6 3.3 0
°C (°F) (31.6) (32.0) (36.7) (41.4) (48.6) (55.0) (58.8) (58.3) (51.8) (45.7) (37.9) (33
Record low −21.3 −22.0 −15.3 −5.3 −3.3 0.8 2.8 4.3 −1.6 −4.9 −10.6 −2
°C (°F) (−6.3) (−7.6) (4.5) (22.5) (26.1) (33.4) (37.0) (39.7) (29.1) (23.2) (12.9) (−5
Average
56.8 42.9 48.2 57.5 76.1 65.8 64.9 62.0 56.4 73.6 77.6 61
precipitation
(2.24) (1.69) (1.90) (2.26) (3.00) (2.59) (2.56) (2.44) (2.22) (2.90) (3.06) (2.
mm (inches)
Average
precipitation
10.6 8.4 9.2 9.1 10.3 8.9 7.8 7.9 7.9 9.8 11.1 11
days
(≥ 1.0 mm)
Average
relative 88 82 76 71 74 72 68 71 78 85 87 8
humidity (%)
Mean
monthly
60.8 95.1 159.8 193.7 215.5 240.3 256.9 239.7 190.9 118.0 66.5 52
sunshine
hours
Source 1: Meteo France[11]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (relative humidity 1961–1990)[12]
Sights

Porte Guillaume (Guillaume Gate), Place Darcy (Darcy Square), in the center of Dijon.

Dijon has a large number of churches,

including Notre Dame de Dijon, St.
Philibert, St. Michel, and Dijon Cathedral,
dedicated to the apocryphal Saint
Benignus, the crypt of which is over 1,000
years old. The city has retained varied
architectural styles from many of the main
periods of the past millennium, including
Capetian, Gothic and Renaissance. Many
still-inhabited town houses in the city's
central district date from the 18th century
and earlier. Dijon architecture is
distinguished by, among other things, toits
bourguignons (Burgundian polychrome
roofs) made of glazed terracotta tiles of
various colours arranged in geometric
patterns.
View of the spire of Dijon Cathedral, showing roofs with polychrome tiles.

Dijon was largely spared the destruction of

wars such as the 1870 Franco-Prussian
War and the Second World War, despite
the city being occupied. Therefore, many
of the old buildings such as the half-
timbered houses dating from the 12th to
the 15th centuries (found mainly in the
city's core district) are undamaged, at
least by organized violence.

Dijon is home to many museums,

including the Musée des Beaux-Arts de
Dijon in part of the Ducal Palace (see
below). It contains, among other things,
ducal kitchens dating back to the mid-15th
century, and a substantial collection of
primarily European art, from Roman times
through the present.

Among the more popular sights is the

Ducal Palace, the Palais des Ducs et des
États de Bourgogne or "Palace of the
Dukes and the States of Burgundy"
(47°19′19″N 5°2′29″E (https://geohack.tool
forge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dijon&
params=47_19_19_N_5_2_29_E_) ), which
includes one of only a few remaining
examples of Capetian period architecture
in the region. Many art interested visitors
flock to the Puits de Moïse or Well of
Moses, a monumental sculpture by Claus
Sluter.

The church of Notre Dame is famous for

both its art and architecture. Popular
legend has it that one of its stone relief
sculptures, an owl (la chouette) is a good-
luck charm: visitors to the church touch
the owl with their left hands to make a
wish. (The current carving was restored
after it was damaged by vandalism in the
night of 5 and 6 January 2001).

The Grand Théâtre de Dijon, built in 1828

and one of the main performing venues of
the Opéra de Dijon, was declared a
monument historique of France in 1975. It
was designed by the Dijon-born architect
Jacques Cellerier (1742–1814) in the Neo-
classical style with an interior modelled on
Italian opera houses.[13]
Transport

Roads

Dijon is located approximately 300 km

(190 mi) southeast of Paris, about three
hours by car along the A38 and A6
motorways. The A31 provides connections
to Nancy, Lille and Lyon. The A39 connects
Dijon with Bourg-en-Bresse and Geneva,
the A36 with Besançon, Mulhouse and
Basel.
Water transport

The Canal de Bourgogne passes through

the heart of Dijon and creates a navigable
route to Paris in the north-west via the
river Yonne, a tributary of the river Seine,
and to the Saône river 25 km to the south-
east. The canal joins the Saône at Saint-
Jean-de-Losne which is the barging centre
of France and Europe. In addition to the
connection to the Atlantic via the Seine it
has navigable water connections to the
Mediterranean—via the Saône to the
Rhône river at Lyon and further south
(ultimately west to the Atlantic via the
Canal du Midi)—Germany and central
Europe—via the Rhône-Rhine canal—plus
west to the centre and river Loire via the
Canal du Centre. These waterways were
largely completed before the 19th century
and were the main means of industrial
transport until the railways began taking
over in the mid-19th century. Today they
form a water route for mostly pleasure
craft between northern Europe and the
south. For example the route through Dijon
is popular with those sailing their boats
from the United Kingdom to the
Mediterranean.
Public transport

Trains

Dijon is an important railway junction for

lines from Paris to Lyon and Marseille, and
the east–west lines to Besançon, Belfort,
Nancy, Switzerland, and Italy. The Dijon-
Ville station is the main railway station,
providing service to Paris-Gare de Lyon by
TGV high-speed train (LGV Sud-Est),
covering the 300 km (190 mi) in one hour
and 40 minutes. For comparison, Lyon is
180 km (110 mi) away and two hours
distant by standard train. The city of Nice
takes about six hours by TGV and
Strasbourg only 1 hour and 56 minutes via
the TGV Rhin-Rhône. Lausanne in
Switzerland is less than 150 km (93 mi)
away or two hours by train. Dijon has a
direct overnight sleeper/couchette service
to Milan, Verona and Venice by the
operator Thello. Numerous regional TER
Bourgogne-Franche-Comté trains depart
from the same station. There is another
railway station east of the city centre,
Dijon-Porte-Neuve station, on the line to Is-
sur-Tille and Culmont-Chalindrey.
Trams

A new tram system opened in September

2012. Line T1 is an 8.5 kilometres (5.3
miles) line with 16 stations running west–
east from the Dijon railway station to
Quetigny.[14] Line T2 opened in December
2012, an 11.5 km (7.1 miles) north–south
line with 21 stations running between
Valmy and Chenôve.

Culture
Dijon holds its International and
Gastronomic Fair every year in autumn.
With over 500 exhibitors and 200,000
visitors every year, it is one of the ten most
important fairs in France. Dijon is also
home, every three years, to the
international flower show Florissimo.

Dijon has numerous museums such as the

Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon, the Musée
Archéologique, the Musée de la Vie
Bourguignonne, the Musée d'Art Sacré, and
the Musée Magnin. It also contains
approximately 700 hectares of parks and
green space, including the Jardin
botanique de l'Arquebuse.

Dijon is home to the prominent

contemporary art centre Le Consortium, a
fine-arts school (ENSA), as well as a
number of art galleries like the Fonds
régional d'art contemporain, which holds a
permanent collection including pieces by
locally established artist Yan Pei-Ming.

Apart from the numerous bars, which

sometimes have live bands, some popular
music venues in Dijon are : Le Zenith de
Dijon, La Vapeur, l'Espace autogéré des
Tanneries and l'Atheneum.

A jar of Dijon mustard

Dijon mustard originated in 1856, when
Jean Naigeon of Dijon substituted verjuice,
the acidic "green" juice of not-quite-ripe
grapes, for vinegar in the traditional
mustard recipe.[15] In general, mustards
from Dijon today contain white wine rather
than verjuice. Dijon mustard is not
necessarily produced near Dijon, as the
term is regarded as genericized under
European Union law, so that it cannot be
registered for protected designation of
origin status.[16] Most Dijon mustard
(brands such as Amora or Maille) is
produced industrially and over 90% of
mustard seed used in local production is
imported, mainly from Canada. In 2008,
Unilever closed its Amora mustard factory
in Dijon. Dijon mustard shops sell exotic or
unusually-flavoured mustard (fruit-
flavoured, for example), often sold in
decorative hand-painted faience (china)
pots.

Burgundy is a world-famous wine growing

region, and notable vineyards, such as
Vosne-Romanée and Gevrey-Chambertin,
are within 20 minutes of the city center.
The town's university boasts a renowned
enology institute. The road from Santenay
to Dijon is known as the "route des Grands
Crus", where eight of the world's top ten
most expensive wines are produced,
according to Wine Searcher.[17]

The city is also well known for its crème de

cassis, or blackcurrant liqueur, used in the
drink known as "Kir", named after former
mayor of Dijon canon Félix Kir, a mixture of
crème de cassis with white wine,
traditionally Bourgogne Aligoté.

Dijon is home to Dijon FCO, a men's

football team now in Ligue 1, and Dijon
FCO, a women's team now in Division 1
Féminine. Dijon has a its own (Pro A)
basketball club, JDA Dijon Basket. The
Palais des Sports de Dijon serves as
playground for the team and hosted
international basketball events such as the
FIBA EuroBasket 1999 in the past. Dijon is
home to the Dijon Ducs ice hockey team,
who play in the Magnus League.[18] To the
northwest, the race track of Dijon-Prenois
hosts various motor sport events. It
hosted the Formula 1 French Grand Prix on
five occasions from 1974 to 1984.

Colleges and universities

Dijon hosts the main campus of the
University of Burgundy
École nationale des beaux-arts de Dijon
European Campus of Sciences Po Paris
Agrosup Dijon
Burgundy School of Business
Population
Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a. Year Pop. ±% p.a
179320,760 —     1901 71,326+1.04%
180018,888−1.34% 1906 74,113+0.77%
180622,026+2.59% 1911 76,847+0.73%
182122,397+0.11% 1921 78,578+0.22%
183125,352+1.25% 1926 83,815+1.30%
183624,817−0.43% 1931 90,869+1.63%
184126,184+1.08% 1936 96,257+1.16%
184627,543+1.02% 1946100,664+0.45%
185132,253+3.21% 1954112,844+1.44%
185633,493+0.76% 1962135,694+2.33%
186137,074+2.05% 1968145,357+1.15%
186639,193+1.12% 1975151,705+0.61%
187242,573+1.39% 1982140,942−1.05%
 187647,939+3.01% 1990146,703+0.50%
188155,453+2.95% 1999149,867+0.24%
188660,855+1.88% 2007151,543+0.14%
189165,428+1.46% 2012152,071+0.07%
189667,736+0.70% 2017156,920+0.63%

Source: EHESS[19] and INSEE (1968-2017)[20]

Personalities

Jacques Bossuet

Étienne Cabet
Gustave Eiffel

Claude Jade
 J.P.Rameau

François Rude
 Jocelyn Quivrin

John the Fearless (1371–1419), Duke of

Burgundy
Charles the Bold (1433–1477), Duke of
Burgundy
Claude-Louis Navier, mechanical
engineer & physicist
Jean Le Fèvre (canon) (1493–1565),
lexicographer
Charles Poisot (1822–1904),
musicologist
Edmond Debeaumarché (1906–1959),
hero of the French Resistance
Christian Allard (b. 1964), Member of
the Scottish Parliament[21]
Claude Balbastre (1724–1799),
composer
Cécile Bart (born 1958), artist
Jean-Marc Boivin (1951–1990), extreme
sports specialist
Fabrice Brégier (born in 1961),
businessman, Chief Operating Officer of
Airbus
Antoine Bret (1717–1792), French
playwright
Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet (1627–1704),
bishop and theologist
Madjid Bougherra (b. 1982), Rangers
F.C. footballer
Thierry Caens (b. 1958), classical
trumpeter
Laurent Chambertin (b. 1966), volleyball
player
Jane Frances de Chantal (Jeanne–
Françoise Frémiot, baronne de Chantal,
1572–1641), founder of the Visitation
Order
François Chaussier (1746–1828),
physician
Anne-Caroline Chausson (b. 1977),
Olympic medalist in cycling
Bernard Courtois (1777–1838),
discoverer of the element iodine
Charles Joseph Minard (1781–1870),
civil engineer and first information
graphics
Henry Darcy (1803–1858), engineer
Jean-Jacques-Joseph Debillemont
(1824–1879), conductor and operetta
composer
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832–1923),
engineer and architect
Eugène Foveau (1886–1957), classical
trumpeter
Roger Guillemin (b. 1924), Nobel
laureate in Physiology and Medicine
Hermine Horiot (born 1986), classical
cellist
Claude Jade (1948–2006), actress
Joseph Jacotot (1770–1840),
educational philosopher
François Jouffroy (1806–1882), sculptor
Henri Legrand du Saulle (1830–1886),
psychiatrist
Jean-Baptiste Gondelier (1792–1852),
playwright
Jean-Pierre Marielle (1932–2019), actor
Julien Pillet (b. 1977), Olympic medalist
in sabre fencer
Nicolas Quentin (d. 1636), historical
painter
Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683–1764),
composer
Claude-François-Marie Rigoley, comte
d'Ogny, (1756–1790), cellist
François Rude (1784–1855), sculptor
Elizabeth of the Trinity (Marie–Élisabeth
Catez, 1880–1906), Carmelite nun and
religious writer
 Vitalic (born as Pascal Arbez in 1976),
electronic music artist
Alban Lenoir (born in 1980), actor,
stuntman, screenwriter.

Twin towns - sister cities

Dijon is twinned with:[22]

Białystok, Poland, since 1996

Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Chefchaouen, Morocco
Dakar, Senegal
Dallas, United States, since 1957
Guimarães, Portugal
Mainz, Germany, since 1958
 Prague 6, Czech Republic
Reggio Emilia, Italy, since 1963
Skopje, North Macedonia, since 1961
Volgograd, Russia, since 1960
York, United Kingdom, since 1953

Sport
The JDA Dijon is a French basketball club,
based in Dijon.

The city's premier football team is Dijon

FCO. They play in Ligue 2 after being
relegated from Ligue 1 in 2021.
See also
Communes of the Côte-d'Or department
Palace of the Dukes of Burgundy
Radio Shalom Dijon

Notes
a. Translated in other notable and relevant
languages:
German: Dision [ˈdɪzi̯oːn]
(dated)
Italian: Digione [diˈdʒoːne]
Latin: Diviō or Diviodūnum [dɪwɪ.ɔ
ˈduːnũː]
Lombard: Digion [diˈdʒũː]
References
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ttps://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876
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Further reading
"Dijon" (https://archive.org/stream/hand
bookfortrave1861john#page/368/mod
e/2up) , A handbook for travellers in
France, London: John Murray, 1861,
OL 24627024M (https://openlibrary.org/
books/OL24627024M)
 C.B. Black (1876), "Dijon" (https://archiv
e.org/stream/guidetonorthfra01blacgoo
g#page/n478/mode/2up) , Guide to the
north of France, Edinburgh: Adam and
Charles Black
"Dijon" (http://www26.us.archive.org/str
eam/northernfrance00karl#page/368/m
ode/2up) , Northern France, Leipsic: Karl
Baedeker, 1899, OCLC 2229516 (https://
www.worldcat.org/oclc/2229516) ,
OL 24872324M (https://openlibrary.org/
books/OL24872324M)

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Dijon.
 Dijon travel guide from Wikivoyage
"Dijon"  (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1
911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dij
on) . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8
(11th ed.). 1911. pp. 269–270.
Official website (https://www.dijon.fr/)
(in French)
Dijon Tourism - Dijon Metropole Tourist
Office (https://en.destinationdijon.co
m/)

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