Motorcycle

Motorcycle
A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or trike (if

three-wheeled)) is a two or three-wheeled
motor vehicle steered by a handlebar from
a saddle-style seat.[1][2][3]
A classic Norton motorcycle
1952 Lambretta 125 D scooter
Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a

range of different purposes: long-distance
travel, commuting, cruising, sport
(including racing), and off-road riding.
Motorcycling is riding a motorcycle and
being involved in other related social
activity such as joining a motorcycle club
and attending motorcycle rallies.
The 1885 Daimler Reitwagen made by

Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in
Germany was the first internal combustion,
petroleum-fueled motorcycle. In 1894,
Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became the first
series production motorcycle.[4][5]
Globally, motorcycles are comparably

popular to cars as a method of transport.
In 2021, approximately 58.6 million new
motorcycles were sold around the world,[6]
fewer than the 66.7 million cars sold over
the same period.[7]
In 2022, the top four motorcycle producers
by volume and type were Honda, Yamaha,
Kawasaki, and Suzuki.[8] In developing
countries, motorcycles are considered
utilitarian due to lower prices and greater
fuel economy. Of all the motorcycles in the
world, 58% are in the Asia-Pacific and
Southern and Eastern Asia regions,
excluding car-centric Japan.
According to the US Department of

Transportation, the number of fatalities per
vehicle mile traveled was 37 times higher
for motorcycles than for cars.[9]
Types
The term motorcycle has different legal
definitions depending on jurisdiction (see
§ Legal definitions and restrictions).
There are three major types of motorcycle:

street, off-road, and dual purpose. Within
these types, there are many sub-types of
motorcycles for different purposes. There
is often a racing counterpart to each type,
such as road racing and street bikes, or
motocross including dirt bikes.
Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes,

scooters and mopeds, and many other
types. Off-road motorcycles include many
types designed for dirt-oriented racing
classes such as motocross and are not
street legal in most areas. Dual purpose
machines like the dual-sport style are
made to go off-road but include features
to make them legal and comfortable on
the street as well.
Each configuration offers either

specialised advantage or broad capability,
and each design creates a different riding
posture.
In some countries the use of pillions (rear

seats) is restricted.
A cruiser (front) and a sportbike
(background)
A Ural motorcycle with a sidecar

French gendarme motorcyclist
History
Experimentation and invention

Replica of the Daimler-Maybach Reitwagen
The first internal combustion, petroleum

fueled motorcycle was the Daimler
Reitwagen. It was designed and built by the
German inventors Gottlieb Daimler and
Wilhelm Maybach in Bad Cannstatt,
Germany, in 1885.[10] This vehicle was
unlike either the safety bicycles or the
boneshaker bicycles of the era in that it
had zero degrees of steering axis angle
and no fork offset, and thus did not use
the principles of bicycle and motorcycle
dynamics developed nearly 70 years
earlier. Instead, it relied on two outrigger
wheels to remain upright while turning.[11]
The inventors called their invention the
Reitwagen ("riding car"). It was designed
as an expedient testbed for their new
engine, rather than a true prototype
vehicle.[12][13]
Butler's Patent Velocycle
The first commercial design for a self-

propelled cycle was a three-wheel design
called the Butler Petrol Cycle, conceived of
Edward Butler in England in 1884.[14] He
exhibited his plans for the vehicle at the
Stanley Cycle Show in London in 1884. The
vehicle was built by the Merryweather Fire
Engine company in Greenwich, in 1888.[15]
The Butler Petrol Cycle was a three-

wheeled vehicle, with the rear wheel
directly driven by a 5⁄8 hp (0.47 kW), 40 cc
(2.4 cu in) displacement, 21⁄4 in × 5 in
(57 mm × 127 mm) bore × stroke, flat twin
four-stroke engine (with magneto ignition
replaced by coil and battery) equipped
with rotary valves and a float-fed
carburettor (five years before Maybach)
and Ackermann steering, all of which were
state of the art at the time. Starting was by
compressed air. The engine was liquid-
cooled, with a radiator over the rear driving
wheel. Speed was controlled by means of
a throttle valve lever. No braking system
was fitted; the vehicle was stopped by
raising and lowering the rear driving wheel
using a foot-operated lever; the weight of
the machine was then borne by two small
castor wheels. The driver was seated
between the front wheels. It wasn't,
however, a success, as Butler failed to find
sufficient financial backing.[16]
Many authorities have excluded steam

powered, electric motorcycles or diesel-
powered two-wheelers from the definition
of a 'motorcycle', and credit the Daimler
Reitwagen as the world's first
motorcycle.[17][18][19] Given the rapid rise in
use of electric motorcycles worldwide,[20]
defining only internal-combustion powered
two-wheelers as 'motorcycles' is
increasingly problematic. The first
(petroleum fueled) internal-combustion
motorcycles, like the German Reitwagen,
were, however, also the first practical
motorcycles.[18][21][22]
If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam

propulsion is considered a motorcycle,
then the first motorcycles built seem to be
the French Michaux-Perreaux steam
velocipede which patent application was
filed in December 1868,[12][13] constructed
around the same time as the American
Roper steam velocipede, built by Sylvester
H. Roper of Roxbury, Massachusetts,[12][13]
who had been demonstrating his machine
at fairs and circuses in the eastern U.S.
since 1867.[10] Roper built about 10 steam
cars and cycles from the 1860s until his
death in 1896.[19]
Summary of early inventions
Number of
Year Vehicle Inventor Engine type Notes
wheels
Pierre
Michaux- Michaux
1867–
Perreaux st eam 2 Louis- St eam One made
1868
velocipede Guillaume
Perreaux
1867– Roper st eam Sylvest er

2 St eam One made
1868 velocipede Roper
Got t lieb
Pet roleum
Daimler 2 (plus 2 Daimler
1885 int ernal- One made
Reit wagen out riggers) Wilhelm
combust ion
Maybach
Pet roleum
But ler Pet rol 3 (plus 2
1887 Edward But ler int ernal-
Cycle cast ors)
combust ion
Modern
configurat ion
Heinrich
Hildebrand First mass-
Pet roleum
Hildebrand & Wilhelm produced
1894 2 int ernal-
Wolfmüller Hildebrand mot orcycle
combust ion
Alois
First machine t o be
Wolfmüller
called
"mot orcycle"
First motorcycle companies
Diagram of 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller
In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became

the first series production motorcycle, and
the first to be called a motorcycle
(German: Motorrad).[12][13][19][23] Excelsior
Motor Company, originally a bicycle
manufacturing company based in
Coventry, England, began production of
their first motorcycle model in 1896.
The first production motorcycle in the US
was the Orient-Aster, built by Charles Metz
in 1898 at his factory in Waltham,
Massachusetts.
In the early period of motorcycle history,

many producers of bicycles adapted their
designs to accommodate the new internal
combustion engine. As the engines
became more powerful and designs
outgrew the bicycle origins, the number of
motorcycle producers increased. Many of
the nineteenth-century inventors who
worked on early motorcycles often moved
on to other inventions. Daimler and Roper,
for example, both went on to develop
automobiles.
1902 Orient motocycle
At the end of the 19th century the first

major mass-production firms were set up.
In 1898, Triumph Motorcycles in England
began producing motorbikes, and by 1903
it was producing over 500 bikes. Other
British firms were Royal Enfield, Norton,
Douglas Motorcycles and Birmingham
Small Arms Company who began
motorbike production in 1899, 1902, 1907
and 1910, respectively.[24] Indian began
production in 1901 and Harley-Davidson
was established two years later. By the
outbreak of World War I, the largest
motorcycle manufacturer in the world was
Indian,[25][26] producing over 20,000 bikes
per year.[27]
First World War

Triumph Motorcycles Model H, mass-produced for the war effort and notable for its reliability
During the First World War, motorbike

production was greatly ramped up for the
war effort to supply effective
communications with front line troops.
Messengers on horses were replaced with
despatch riders on motorcycles carrying
messages, performing reconnaissance
and acting as a military police. American
company Harley-Davidson was devoting
over 50% of its factory output toward
military contract by the end of the war. The
British company Triumph Motorcycles sold
more than 30,000 of its Triumph Type H
model to allied forces during the war. With
the rear wheel driven by a belt, the Model H
was fitted with a 499 cc (30.5 cu in) air-
cooled four-stroke single-cylinder engine.
It was also the first Triumph without
pedals.[28]
The Model H in particular, is regarded by

many as having been the first "modern
motorcycle".[29] Introduced in 1915 it had a
550 cc side-valve four-stroke engine with a
three-speed gearbox and belt
transmission. It was so popular with its
users that it was nicknamed the "Trusty
Triumph".[30]
Postwar
Motorcycle rider on his Rudge-Whitworth motorbike, Australia, ca. 1935
By 1920, Harley-Davidson was the largest

manufacturer,[31] with their motorcycles
being sold by dealers in 67 countries.[32][33]
Amongst many British motorcycle

manufacturers, Chater-Lea with its twin-
cylinder models followed by its large
singles in the 1920s stood out. Initially,
using converted a Woodmann-designed
ohv Blackburne engine it became the first
350 cc to exceed 100 mph (160 km/h),
recording 100.81 mph (162.24 km/h) over
the flying kilometre during April 1924.[7]
Later, Chater-Lea set a world record for the
flying kilometre for 350 cc and 500 cc
motorcycles at 102.9 mph (165.6 km/h)
for the firm. Chater-Lea produced variants
of these world-beating sports models and
became popular among racers at the Isle
of Man TT. Today, the firm is probably best
remembered for its long-term contract to
manufacture and supply AA Patrol
motorcycles and sidecars.
By the late 1920s or early 1930s, DKW in
Germany took over as the largest
manufacturer.[34][35][36]
NSU Sportmax streamlined motorcycle, 250 cc class winner of the 1955 Grand Prix season
In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an

increasing part in the development of
racing motorcycles and the "dustbin
fairing" held out the possibility of radical
changes to motorcycle design. NSU and
Moto Guzzi were in the vanguard of this
development, both producing very radical
designs well ahead of their time.[37] NSU
produced the most advanced design, but
after the deaths of four NSU riders in the
1954–1956 seasons, they abandoned
further development and quit Grand Prix
motorcycle racing.[38]
Moto Guzzi produced competitive race

machines, and until the end of 1957 had a
succession of victories.[39] The following
year, 1958, full enclosure fairings were
banned from racing by the FIM in the light
of the safety concerns.
From the 1960s through the 1990s, small
two-stroke motorcycles were popular
worldwide, partly as a result of East
German MZs Walter Kaaden's engine work
in the 1950s.[40]
Today
Royal Enfield Bullet
In the 21st century, the motorcycle industry

is mainly dominated by Indian and
Japanese motorcycle companies. In
addition to the large capacity motorcycles,
there is a large market in smaller capacity
(less than 300 cc) motorcycles, mostly
concentrated in Asian and African
countries and produced in China and India.
A Japanese example is the 1958 Honda
Super Cub, which went on to become the
biggest selling vehicle of all time, with its
60 millionth unit produced in April 2008.[41]
Today, this area is dominated by mostly
Indian companies with Hero MotoCorp
emerging as the world's largest
manufacturer of two wheelers. Its
Splendor model has sold more than
8.5 million to date.[42] Other major
producers are Bajaj and TVS Motors.[43]
Yamaha Troops motorbike
Technical aspects
A Suzuki GS500 with a clearly visible frame, painted silver

Construction
Motorcycle construction is the engineering,

manufacturing, and assembly of
components and systems for a
motorcycle which results in the
performance, cost, and aesthetics desired
by the designer. With some exceptions,
construction of modern mass-produced
motorcycles has standardised on a steel
or aluminium frame, telescopic forks
holding the front wheel, and disc brakes.
Some other body parts, designed for either
aesthetic or performance reasons may be
added. A petrol-powered engine typically
consisting of between one and four
cylinders (and less commonly, up to eight
cylinders) coupled to a manual five- or six-
speed sequential transmission drives the
swingarm-mounted rear wheel by a chain,
driveshaft, or belt. The repair can be done
using a Motorcycle lift.
Fuel economy
Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly

with engine displacement and riding
style.[44] A streamlined, fully faired Matzu
Matsuzawa Honda XL125 achieved
470 mpg‑US (0.50 L/100 km; 560 mpg‑imp)
in the Craig Vetter Fuel Economy Challenge
"on real highways – in real conditions".[45]
Due to low engine displacements (100–
200 cc (6.1–12.2 cu in)), and high power-
to-mass ratios, motorcycles offer good
fuel economy. Under conditions of fuel
scarcity like 1950s Britain and modern
developing nations, motorcycles claim
large shares of the vehicle market. In the
United States, the average motorcycle fuel
economy is 44 miles per US gallon (19 km
per liter).[46]
Electric motorcycles
Very high fuel economy equivalents are

often derived by electric motorcycles.
Electric motorcycles are nearly silent, zero-
emission electric motor-driven vehicles.
Operating range and top speed are limited
by battery technology.[47] Fuel cells and
petroleum-electric hybrids are also under
development to extend the range and
improve performance of the electric drive
system.
Reliability
A 2013 survey of 4,424 readers of the US

Consumer Reports magazine collected
reliability data on 4,680 motorcycles
purchased new from 2009 to 2012.[48] The
most common problem areas were
accessories, brakes, electrical (including
starters, charging, ignition), and fuel
systems, and the types of motorcycles
with the greatest problems were touring,
off-road/dual sport, sport-touring, and
cruisers.[48] There were not enough sport
bikes in the survey for a statistically
significant conclusion, though the data
hinted at reliability as good as cruisers.[48]
These results may be partially explained
by accessories including such equipment
as fairings, luggage, and auxiliary lighting,
which are frequently added to touring,
adventure touring/dual sport and sport
touring bikes.[49] Trouble with fuel systems
is often the result of improper winter
storage, and brake problems may also be
due to poor maintenance.[48] Of the five
brands with enough data to draw
conclusions, Honda, Kawasaki and
Yamaha were statistically tied, with 11 to
14% of those bikes in the survey
experiencing major repairs.[48] Harley-
Davidsons had a rate of 24%, while BMWs
did worse, with 30% of those needing
major repairs.[48] There were not enough
Triumph and Suzuki motorcycles surveyed
for a statistically sound conclusion, though
it appeared Suzukis were as reliable as the
other three Japanese brands while
Triumphs were comparable to Harley-
Davidson and BMW.[48] Three-fourths of
the repairs in the survey cost less than
US$200 and two-thirds of the motorcycles
were repaired in less than two days.[48] In
spite of their relatively worse reliability in
this survey, Harley-Davidson and BMW
owners showed the greatest owner
satisfaction, and three-fourths of them
said they would buy the same bike again,
followed by 72% of Honda owners and 60
to 63% of Kawasaki and Yamaha
owners.[48]
Dynamics
Racing motorcycles leaning in a turn
Two-wheeled motorcycles stay upright

while rolling due to a physical property
known as conservation of angular
momentum in the wheels. Angular
momentum points along the axle, and it
"wants" to stay pointing in that direction.
Different types of motorcycles have

different dynamics and these play a role in
how a motorcycle performs in given
conditions. For example, one with a longer
wheelbase provides the feeling of more
stability by responding less to
disturbances.[50] Motorcycle tyres have a
large influence over handling.
Motorcycles must be leaned in order to

make turns. This lean is induced by the
method known as countersteering, in
which the rider momentarily steers the
handlebars in the direction opposite of the
desired turn. This practice is
counterintuitive and therefore often
confusing to novices – and even many
experienced motorcyclists.[51][52][53]
With such short wheelbase, motorcycles
can generate enough torque at the rear
wheel, and enough stopping force at the
front wheel, to lift the opposite wheel off
the road. These actions, if performed on
purpose, are known as wheelies and
stoppies (or endos) respectively.
Accessories
Various features and accessories may be

attached to a motorcycle either as OEM
(factory-fitted) or aftermarket. Such
accessories are selected by the owner to
enhance the motorcycle's appearance,
safety, performance, or comfort, and may
include anything from mobile electronics
to sidecars and trailers.
Records
The world record for the longest
motorcycle jump was set in 2008 by
Robbie Maddison with 107 metres
(351 ft).[54]
Since late 2010, the Ack Attack team
has held the motorcycle land-speed
record at 376.36 mph (605.69 km/h).[55]
Safety
Motorcycle equipment
Wearing a motorcycle helmet reduces the risks of death or head injury in a motorcycle crash.
Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal

accidents than automobiles or trucks and
buses. United States Department of
Transportation data for 2005 from the
Fatality Analysis Reporting System show
that for passenger cars, 18.62 fatal
crashes occur per 100,000 registered
vehicles. For motorcycles this figure is
higher at 75.19 per 100,000 registered
vehicles – four times higher than for
cars.[56] The same data shows that 1.56
fatalities occur per 100 million vehicle
miles travelled for passenger cars,
whereas for motorcycles the figure is
43.47 which is 28 times higher than for
cars (37 times more deaths per mile
travelled in 2007).[9] Furthermore, for
motorcycles the accident rates have
increased significantly since the end of the
1990s, while the rates have dropped for
passenger cars.
The most common configuration of

motorcycle accidents in the United States
is when a motorist pulls out or turns in
front of a motorcyclist, violating their right-
of-way.[57] This is sometimes called a
SMIDSY, an acronym formed from the
motorists' common response of "Sorry
mate, I didn't see you".[58] Motorcyclists
can anticipate and avoid some of these
crashes with proper training, increasing
their visibility to other traffic, keeping to the
speed limits, and not consuming alcohol or
other drugs before riding.[59]
The United Kingdom has several
organisations dedicated to improving
motorcycle safety by providing advanced
rider training beyond what is necessary to
pass the basic motorcycle licence test.
These include the Institute of Advanced
Motorists (IAM) and the Royal Society for
the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA).
Along with increased personal safety,
riders with these advanced qualifications
may benefit from reduced insurance
costs[60]
Young woman riding a motorcycle in Laos, with four young children passengers
In South Africa, the Think Bike campaign is

dedicated to increasing both motorcycle
safety and the awareness of motorcycles
on the country's roads. The campaign,
while strongest in the Gauteng province,
has representation in Western Cape,
KwaZulu Natal and the Free State. It has
dozens of trained marshals available for
various events such as cycle races and is
deeply involved in numerous other projects
such as the annual Motorcycle Toy Run.[61]
Motorcycle safety education is offered

throughout the United States by
organisations ranging from state agencies
to non-profit organisations to
corporations. Most states use the courses
designed by the Motorcycle Safety
Foundation (MSF), while Oregon and Idaho
developed their own. All of the training
programs include a Basic Rider Course, an
Intermediate Rider Course and an
Advanced Rider Course.
An MSF rider course for novices

In Ireland, since 2010,[62] in the UK and
some Australian jurisdictions, such as
Victoria, New South Wales,[63] the
Australian Capital Territory,[64] Tasmania[65]
and the Northern Territory,[66] it is
compulsory to complete a basic rider
training course before being issued a
Learners Licence, after which they can ride
on public roads.
In Canada, motorcycle rider training is

compulsory in Quebec and Manitoba only,
but all provinces and territories have
graduated licence programs which place
restrictions on new drivers until they have
gained experience. Eligibility for a full
motorcycle licence or endorsement for
completing a Motorcycle Safety course
varies by province. Without the Motorcycle
Safety Course the chance of getting
insurance for the motorcycle is very low.
The Canada Safety Council, a non-profit
safety organisation, offers the Gearing Up
program across Canada and is endorsed
by the Motorcycle and Moped Industry
Council.[67] Training course graduates may
qualify for reduced insurance premiums.
Motorcycle rider postures
BMW C1, with a more upright seating position
Bombardier Can-Am Spyder, showing location of rider on the trike

The motorcyclist's riding position depends
on rider body-geometry (anthropometry)
combined with the geometry of the
motorcycle itself. These factors create a
set of three basic postures.[68]
Sport – the rider leans forward into the

wind and the weight of the upper torso is
supported by the rider's core at low
speed and air pressure at high speed.[69]
The footpegs are below the rider or to
the rear. The reduced frontal area cuts
wind resistance and allows higher
speeds. At low-speed in this position the
rider's arms may bear some of the
weight of the rider's torso, which can be
problematic.
Standard – the rider sits upright or leans
forward slightly. The feet are below the
rider. These are motorcycles that are not
specialised to one task, so they do not
excel in any particular area.[70][71] The
standard posture is used with touring
and commuting as well as dirt and dual-
sport bikes, and may offer advantages
for beginners.[72]
Cruiser – the rider sits at a lower seat
height with the upper torso upright or
leaning slightly rearward. Legs are
extended forwards, sometimes out of
reach of the regular controls on cruiser
pegs. The low seat height can be a
consideration for new or short riders.
Handlebars tend to be high and wide.
The emphasis is on comfort while
compromising cornering ability because
of low ground clearance and the greater
likelihood of scraping foot pegs, floor
boards, or other parts if turns are taken
at the speeds other motorcycles can
more readily accomplish.[73][74]
Factors of a motorcycle's ergonomic

geometry that determine the seating
posture include the height, angle and
location of footpegs, seat and handlebars.
Factors in a rider's physical geometry that
contribute to seating posture include torso,
arm, thigh and leg length, and overall rider
height.
Legal definitions and

restrictions
A motorcycle is broadly defined by law in
most countries for the purposes of
registration, taxation and rider licensing as
a powered two-wheel motor vehicle. Most
countries distinguish between mopeds of
49 cc and the more powerful, larger
vehicles (scooters do not count as a
separate category). Many jurisdictions
include some forms of three-wheeled cars
as motorcycles.
In Nigeria, motorcycles, popularly referred

to as Okada have been subject of many
controversies with regards to safety and
security followed by restriction of
movement in many states. In 2020, it was
banned in Lagos, Nigeria's most populous
city.[75][76]
Environmental impact
Motorcycles and scooters' low fuel
consumption has attracted interest in the
United States from environmentalists and
those affected by increased fuel
prices.[77][78]Piaggio Group Americas
supported this interest with the launch of a
"Vespanomics" website and platform,
claiming lower per-mile carbon emissions
of 0.4 lb/mile (113 g/km) less than the
average car, a 65% reduction, and better
fuel economy.[79]
However, a motorcycle's exhaust

emissions may contain 10–20 times more
oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon
monoxide, and unburned hydrocarbons
than exhaust from a similar-year
passenger car or SUV.[77][80] This is
because many motorcycles lack a
catalytic converter, and the emission
standard is much more permissive for
motorcycles than for other vehicles.[77]
While catalytic converters have been
installed in most gasoline-powered cars
and trucks since 1975 in the United States,
they can present fitment and heat
difficulties in motorcycle applications.[77]
United States Environmental Protection

Agency 2007 certification result reports for
all vehicles versus on highway
motorcycles (which also includes
scooters),[81] the average certified
emissions level for 12,327 vehicles tested
was 0.734. The average "Nox+Co End-Of-
Useful-Life-Emissions" for 3,863
motorcycles tested was 0.8531. 54% of
the tested 2007-model motorcycles were
equipped with a catalytic converter.
United States emissions limits
The following table shows maximum

acceptable legal emissions of the
combination of hydrocarbons, oxides of
nitrogen, and carbon monoxide for new
motorcycles sold in the United States with
280 cc or greater piston displacement.[82]
Tier Model year HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km)
Tier 1 2006–2009 1.4 12.0
Tier 2 2010 and lat er 0.8 12.0

The maximum acceptable legal emissions
of hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide for
new Class I and II motorcycles (50 cc–
169 cc and 170 cc–279 cc respectively)
sold in the United States are as follows:[82]
Model year HC (g/km) CO (g/km)
2006 and lat er 1.0 12.0
Europe
European emission standards for

motorcycles are similar to those for
cars.[83] New motorcycles must meet Euro
5 standards,[84] while cars must meet Euro
6D-temp standards. Motorcycle emission
controls are being updated and it has been
proposed to update to Euro 5+ in 2024.[85]
See also
Companies
portal
Transport
portal
Bicycle and motorcycle geometry

List of motorcycle manufacturers
List of motor scooter manufacturers
and brands
Motorcycle industry in China
Scooter (motorcycle)
Streamlined motorcycle
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83. Leonidas, Ntziachristos; Savas, Geivanidis;
Zissis, Samaras; Anastasios, Xanthopoulos;
Heinz, Steven; Bernd, Bugsel (September
2009). "Study on possible new measures
concerning motorcycle emissions" (http://ri
ghttoride.eu/regulationdocuments/report_
measures_motorcycle_emissions_en.pdf)
(PDF): 16. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20201205045250/http://righttoride.
eu/regulationdocuments/report_measures_
motorcycle_emissions_en.pdf) (PDF) from
the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved
27 July 2020.
84. Madson, Bart (15 February 2007).
"Motorcycle Emissions Regs Examined" (htt
p://www.motorcycle-usa.com/313/1572/M
otorcycle-Article/Motorcycle-Emissions-Re
gs-Examined.aspx) . Motorcycle-USA.com.
00208114510/http://www.motorcycle-usa.
com/313/1572/Motorcycle-Article/Motorcy
cle-Emissions-Regs-Examined.aspx) from
the original on 8 February 2010. Retrieved
28 January 2010.
85. "EURO 5 Cycle Emissions Proposed for
2015" (https://web.archive.org/web/20150
217121931/http://www.dealernews.com/d
ealernews/article/euro-5-cycle-emissions-p
roposed-2015) . Dealernews.com. 8
December 2008. Archived from the original
(http://www.dealernews.com/dealernews/
article/euro-5-cycle-emissions-proposed-2
015) on 17 February 2015. Retrieved
28 January 2010.
General references
de Cet, Mirco (2002), The illustrated directory
of motorcycles (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=wNzyIcw2vxoC) , MotorBooks/MBI
Publishing Company, ISBN 978-0-7603-1417-
3
Davis, James R.; Anthony, Cash (2011),
Motorcycle Safety and Dynamics: Vol 1 (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=yG4oAwAAQ
BAJ&pg=PA25) , Houston, Texas: Master
Strategy Group, ISBN 978-1257645886
Falco, Charles M.; Guggenheim Museum Staff
(1998), "Issues in the Evolution of the
Motorcycle", in Krens, Thomas; Drutt,
Matthew (eds.), The Art of the Motorcycle,
Harry N. Abrams, pp. 24–31, ISBN 0-89207-
207-5
Gaetano, Cocco (2004), Motorcycle Design
and Technology (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=80oc8EjsF-4C&pg=PA34) ,
Minneapolis: MotorBooks/MBI Publishing
Company, ISBN 978-0-7603-1990-1
Georgano, G.N. (2002), Early and Vintage
Years, 1885-1930: The Golden Era of
Coachbuilding (https://books.google.com/bo
oks?id=ISBN1590844912) , Mason Crest
Publishers
Kresnak, Bill (2008), Motorcycling for
Dummies (https://books.google.com/books?i
d=ZPgrJByqp4wC) , Hoboken, New Jersey:
For Dummies, Wiley Publishing, ISBN 978-0-
470-24587-3
Lienhard, John H. (2005), Inventing Modern:
Growing Up with X-Rays, Skyscrapers, and
Tailfins, Oxford University Press US, ISBN 0-
19-518951-5
Maher, Kevin; Greisler, Ben (1998), Chilton's
Motorcycle Handbook (https://archive.org/det
ails/chiltonsmotorcyc00grei/page/2) ,
Haynes North America, pp. 2.2–2.18 (https://
archive.org/details/chiltonsmotorcyc00grei/p
age/2) , ISBN 0-8019-9099-8
Setright, L.J.K. (1979), The Guinness book of
motorcycling facts and feats, Guinness
Superlatives, pp. 8–18, ISBN 978-0-85112-
200-7
Stermer, Bill (2006), Streetbikes: Everything
You Need to Know (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=NMokiWY6E00C&pg=PA10) ,
MotorBooks/MBI Publishing Company,
ISBN 978-0-7603-2362-5
Duglin Kennedy, Shirley (2005), The Savvy
Guide to Motorcycles (https://books.google.c
om/books?id=kEX7Ncd3hO4C&pg=PA75) ,
Indy Tech Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7906-1316-
1
Walker, Mick (1999). Mick Walker's German
Racing Motorcycles (https://books.google.co
m/books?id=t5StUPaN3jkC&pg=PA61) .
Redline Books. ISBN 978-0-9531311-2-9.
Walker, Mick (2006), Motorcycle: Evolution,
Design, Passion (https://books.google.com/b
ooks?id=AHSlknpjrgAC&q=Indian+largest&pg
=PA66) , JHU Press, ISBN 978-0-8018-8530-
3
Willoughby, Vic (1982), Exotic Motorcycles,
London: Osprey Publishing, Ltd, ISBN 0-
85045-322-4
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Motorcycle.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for
Motorcycling.
Motorcycles (https://curlie.org/Recreati
on/Motorcycles) at Curlie
Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Motorcycle&oldid=1154512654"
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00:24 (UTC). •
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A motorcycle (motorbike, bike, or trike (if

1952 Lambretta 125 D scooter

Motorcycle design varies greatly to suit a

The 1885 Daimler Reitwagen made by

Globally, motorcycles are comparably

According to the US Department of

There are three major types of motorcycle:

Street bikes include cruisers, sportbikes,

Each configuration offers either

In some countries the use of pillions (rear

A Ural motorcycle with a sidecar

Experimentation and invention

The first internal combustion, petroleum

Butler's Patent Velocycle

The first commercial design for a self-

The Butler Petrol Cycle was a three-

Many authorities have excluded steam

If a two-wheeled vehicle with steam

1867– Roper st eam Sylvest er

Diagram of 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller

In 1894, Hildebrand & Wolfmüller became

In the early period of motorcycle history,

1902 Orient motocycle

At the end of the 19th century the first

First World War

During the First World War, motorbike

The Model H in particular, is regarded by

Motorcycle rider on his Rudge-Whitworth motorbike, Australia, ca. 1935

By 1920, Harley-Davidson was the largest

Amongst many British motorcycle

In the 1950s, streamlining began to play an

Moto Guzzi produced competitive race

Royal Enfield Bullet

In the 21st century, the motorcycle industry

A Suzuki GS500 with a clearly visible frame, painted silver

Motorcycle construction is the engineering,

Motorcycle fuel economy varies greatly

Very high fuel economy equivalents are

A 2013 survey of 4,424 readers of the US

Racing motorcycles leaning in a turn

Two-wheeled motorcycles stay upright

Different types of motorcycles have

Motorcycles must be leaned in order to

Various features and accessories may be

Motorcycles have a higher rate of fatal

The most common configuration of

In South Africa, the Think Bike campaign is

Motorcycle safety education is offered

An MSF rider course for novices

In Canada, motorcycle rider training is

BMW C1, with a more upright seating position

Bombardier Can-Am Spyder, showing location of rider on the trike

Sport – the rider leans forward into the

Factors of a motorcycle's ergonomic

Legal definitions and

In Nigeria, motorcycles, popularly referred

However, a motorcycle's exhaust

United States Environmental Protection

United States emissions limits

The following table shows maximum

Tier Model year HC+NOx (g/km) CO (g/km)

Tier 1 2006–2009 1.4 12.0