CHAPTER - 5

5.1 – STAIRCASE
A structural element that provides vertical movement to residing people in a building or any
type of structure through stairs is known as staircase.
COMPONENTS OF STAIRCASE

1. Scotia- It is a three-sided wooden block utilized between the nosing to give it extra
strength.
2. String- A inclined part that holds or supports the steps is known as a String. The
strings are given on each side of steps, or in the focal point of steps as a help to the
means.
3. Riser- The vertical portion which is in the front is called a riser.
4. Flight- A number of continuous steps between two floors or one landing to landing
or one floor to landing are called flight.
5. Step- The structural part which consists of tread and riser is called step.
6. Hand Rail- The inclined member which is for handholding or safeguard for a person
and connected from the vertical baluster which holds it up for stairs that are open
from one side.
7. Headroom- The distance between the slope lime and the adjoining of the tread to
the other floor is called headroom and it should not be less than 2.20m.
8. Landing- A horizontal part or platform which is between two risers that serve as rest
for the foot is called landing. It also provides turning for another step or another
floor.
9. Nosing- The outer edge of the tread is called nosing.
10. Baluster- The vertical member provided between the steps to hold the hand drill is
called balusters.
11. Run- The horizontal part of the staircase which is used for placing the foot is called
run or tread.
12. Going- The horizontal surface which is between the first and last riser. It should not
be less than 220mm.
13. Soffit- The inclined surface under a flight of stairs is called the soffit.
14. Tread- The horizontal part of the staircase which is used for placing the foot is called
run or tread.
15. Balustrade- The combination of balusters or handrails is called balustrade

5.2 - DESIGN OF STAIRCASE

Data :
Length of the staircase = 4.13M
Breadth of the stair case = 2.93m
Riser = 0.15M
Tread = 0.30M
Floor height = 3M
No. of flights = 2
3
Height of each flight = = 1.5M
2
1.5
No. of risers in each flight = = 10
0.15
Length of treads in each flight = 0.30 X 10 = 3M
Length of mid landing = 4.13 – 3 – 0.23 = 0.9

Dimensions :
Riser , R = 0.15M
Tread , T = 0.30M

Effective span :
Bearing + Mid landing + Length of step
0.23
= + 0.9 + 3 = 4.015M
2

Thickness of slab :
span 4130
d= = = 165.2 ≅ 170mm
25 25
Assuming , cover d ' = 30mm
Overall depth , D = 170 + 30 = 200mm = 0.20M

Load calculations :

√ { } X 25
2
R
Weight of the waist slab = D X 1+
T

√ { } X 25
2
0.15
= 0.20 X 1+
0.30

= 0.20 X √ 1.25 X 25

= 5.590 KN /¿m ¿
1 R XT 1
Weight of Steps = X = X 0.15 = 0.075M
2 T 2
Floor finish = 1KN/m
Live load = 2 KN/m
Total load = 5.590 + 0.075 + 1 + 2 = 9.265 X 1.5 = 13.89

Moments :
w lx 2 13.89 X (4.015)2
Ultimate moment = = = 27.98KN/m
8 8
∴ M u = 27.98KN/m

Depth required :
M u = 0.138 f ck b d 2

d =
√ Mu
0.138 f ck b

=
√ 27.98 X 106
0.138 X 20 X 1000
= 100.68 ¿ provided depth

Hence the depth is sufficient.

Main Reinforcement :

M u = 0.87 f y A st d 1−
{ A st f y
f ck b }
27.98 X 106 = 0.87 X 415 A st X 180 1− { 415 A st
20 X 1000 }
= 64989 A st – 7.49 A st
2

= 7.49 A st - 64989 A st + 59.86 X 106

2

A st = 430.53mm2

Spacing :
Using 10mm∅ bars
π 2 π
a st = d = (10)2 = 78.57 X 2 = 78.57mm2
4 4
ast 78.57
Spacing = X 1000 = X 1000 = 182.49mm ≅ 190mm
A st 430.53

∴ Providing 10mm ∅ bars @ 190mm

Distribution Reinforcement :
A st = 0.12% of gross Area
 0.12
= XBXD
100
0.12
= X 1000 X 200
100
= 240mm2

Using 8mm∅ bars

π 2 π
a st = d = (8)2 = 50.26mm2
4 4
ast 50.26
Spacing = X 1000 = X 1000 = 209.4mm ≅ 210mm
A st 240

∴ Providing 8mm ∅ bars @ 210mm