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10 November 2019 1441 ‫ ربيع األول‬13

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Analog IC Design

Lecture 02
Review on Circuits Basics

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Lab (ICL)
Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Ohm’s Law

+ V –
V

I R I R

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
02: Circuits Basics 2
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
❑ The sum of all currents flowing into a node is zero.

Σ𝐼 = 0

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼4 = 0

I2
I1 I3

I4

02: Circuits Basics 3

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
❑ The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop is zero
Σ𝑉 = 0
−𝑉𝐷𝐷 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 = 0
𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆
VDD
ID ID
RD RD
vout vout
I=0 VDD I=0
vin VDS vin VDS

RS RS

02: Circuits Basics 4

 Resistor Combinations
❑ Resistors in series: Largest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

❑ Resistors in parallel: Smallest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
02: Circuits Basics 5
 Voltage and Current Dividers
❑ Voltage divider → the largest resistor takes most of the voltage
❑ Current divider → the smallest resistor (largest conductance) takes
most of the current
▪ Remember that current flows in the least resistance path

𝑅3 𝐺3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 ⋅ 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑖𝑛 ⋅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
VDD
Iout
R1
Iin R1 R2 R3
R2
Vout
R3

02: Circuits Basics 6

 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a voltage source and a
series impedance
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜.𝑐.
𝑍𝑇𝐻 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)

Any circuit
Any circuit VTH=Vo.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZTH=Zeq

ZTH

VTH

02: Circuits Basics 7

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a current source and a
parallel impedance
𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑠.𝑐.
𝑍𝑁 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)
𝒁𝑵 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝑽𝒐.𝒄. = 𝑰𝑵 × 𝒁𝑵

Any circuit
Any circuit IN=Is.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZN=Zeq

IN ZN

02: Circuits Basics 8

 Superposition Theorem
❑ Deactivate all independent sources except one
▪ Independent voltage source → short circuit (s.c.)
▪ Independent current source → open circuit (o.c.)
▪ Do NOT deactivate dependent sources
❑ Solve the circuit
❑ Repeat the previous two steps for every source
❑ Algebraically add all the results

We use this frequently to separate AC and DC solutions

02: Circuits Basics 9

 Superposition Theorem

DC + AC = DC + AC

VDD VDD

RD RD RD
vout vout vout

vin vin vin

RS RS RS
VGG VGG

02: Circuits Basics 10

 Capacitance
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉

𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
𝑖= =𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑉𝑜 ⋅ 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 ⇒ 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡

𝑑𝑉
𝑖=𝐶 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

𝑉 1 1 1
𝑍𝐶 = = = ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 =
𝑖 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑠𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝜔 ↑↑ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → 0 ⇒ 𝑠. 𝑐.
𝜔 ↓↓ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑜. 𝑐.
02: Circuits Basics 11
 Capacitance Combinations
❑ Capacitors in series: Smallest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

❑ Capacitors in parallel: Largest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
02: Circuits Basics 12
 Laplace Transform (LT)

02: Circuits Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 13

 Poles and Zeros
❑ Transfer function
𝑁 𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝐷 𝑠
❑ Zeros: roots of the numerator ➔ 𝑁 𝑠 = 0
❑ Poles: roots of the denominator (characteristic eq.) ➔ 𝐷 𝑠 = 0
❑ For physical systems, poles & zeros are real or complex conjugate
❑ Example:

02: Circuits Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 14

 Pole-Zero Plot
❑ Poles in LHP: Decaying exponential ➔ Stable system
▪ BIBO: Bounded input bounded output
❑ Poles in RHP: Growing exponential ➔ Unstable system

02: Circuits Basics [D. Rowell, MIT 2.004, 2008] 15

 Frequency Response
❑ Transfer function
𝑁 𝑠
𝐻 𝑠 =
𝐷 𝑠
❑ Fourier Transform is a special case of Laplace Transform: 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑗𝜔
▪ 𝜎 = 0 ➔ Steady state response for sinusoidal input
❑ Transfer function ➔ Frequency response: 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑗𝜔
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑒 𝑗𝜙
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔
❑ 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑟𝑒 𝑗𝜃 Im
❑ 𝑟 = Magnitude 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2
−1 𝑏 r
❑ 𝜃 = Phase 𝑎 + 𝑗𝑏 = tan b
𝑎
θ Re
a
02: Circuits Basics 16
 Frequency Response
❑ Y-axis: magnitude of frequency response, x-axis: frequency

LPF BPF HPF

02: Circuits Basics 17

 1st Order LPF
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠 1/𝑠𝐶 1 1
𝐻 𝑠 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑅 + 1/𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝜏
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 1
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 + 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔
𝜔𝑐
❑ 𝜏 = 𝑅𝐶: time constant
R
1 1 Vin Vout
❑ 𝜔𝑐 = = : cutoff/corner frequency
𝜏 𝑅𝐶
1 C
❑ Poles: 𝑠𝑝 = − = −𝜔𝑐
𝜏
❑ Zeros: ?
1 Vout
❑ 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
𝜔 2 Iin
1+ 𝜔𝑐 R C
𝜔
❑ 𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = −tan−1
𝜔𝑐
02: Circuits Basics 18
 Bode Plot Rules
Pole Zero
Magnitude -20 dB/decade +20 dB/decade
Actual Mag @ pole: -3 dB Actual Mag @ zero: +3 dB
Phase -90o LHP zero:
Actual Phase @ pole: -45o +90o
Actual Phase @ zero: +45o
RHP zero:
-90o
Actual Phase @ zero: -45o

→ RHP: Right-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 > 0)

→ LHP: Left-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 < 0)

02: Circuits Basics 19

 1st Order LPF Bode Plot
20 log 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑑𝐵

𝑪 ⇒ 𝒐. 𝒄. 𝑪⇒✓

𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔

02: Circuits Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 20

 1st Order HPF
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠 𝑅 𝑠𝑅𝐶 𝑠𝜏
𝐻 𝑠 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑠 𝑅 + 1/𝑠𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑠𝜏
𝑗𝜔
𝑣𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 𝜔𝑐
𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = = = =
𝑣𝑖𝑛 𝑗𝜔 𝑅 + 1/𝑗𝜔𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔𝑅𝐶 1 + 𝑗𝜔
𝜔𝑐
1
❑ Poles: 𝑠𝑝 = − = −𝜔𝑐
𝜏 C
❑ Zeros: 𝑠𝑧 = 0 Vin Vout
𝜔 R
𝜔𝑐
❑ 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 =
𝜔 2
1+ 𝜔𝑐
𝜔
❑ 𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 = 90o −tan−1
𝜔𝑐

02: Circuits Basics 21

 Bode Plot Rules
Pole Zero
Magnitude -20 dB/decade +20 dB/decade
Actual Mag @ pole: -3 dB Actual Mag @ zero: +3 dB
Phase -90o LHP zero:
Actual Phase @ pole: -45o +90o
Actual Phase @ zero: +45o
RHP zero:
-90o
Actual Phase @ zero: -45o

→ RHP: Right-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 > 0)

→ LHP: Left-half plane (𝑅𝑒 𝑠 < 0)

02: Circuits Basics 22

 1st Order HPF Bode Plot
20 log 𝐻 𝑗𝜔 𝑑𝐵

𝑪⇒✓ 𝑪 ⇒ 𝒔. 𝒄.

𝑃 𝐻 𝑗𝜔

02: Circuits Basics [Sedra/Smith, 2015] 23

 References
❑ T. Floyd and D. Buchla, “Electronics Fundamentals, Circuits,
Devices, and Applications,” 8th ed., Pearson, 2014
❑ A. Sedra and K. Smith, “Microelectronic circuits,” Oxford University
Press, 7th ed., 2015
❑ B. Razavi, “Fundamentals of microelectronics,” 2nd ed., Wiley, 2014

02: Circuits Basics 24

 Thank you!

02: Circuits Basics 25