Contents

English phonemic transcription keyxiv

Phonetic symbols and diacriticsxvi
The International Phonetic Alphabetxvii
Preface and acknowledgmentsxviii

  1 Basic concepts 1
1.1 Pronunciation priorities  1
1.2 Phonemes and allophones  2
1.3 Spelling and sound  3
1.4 Phoneme symbols  3
1.5 The syllable  4
1.6 Stress 4
1.7 Pronunciation model  5

 2 Consonants 7
2.1 The vocal tract and tongue  7
2.2 Describing consonants  9
2.2.1 Voicing 9
2.2.2 Place of articulation  10
2.2.3 Manner of articulation  10
2.2.4 Double and secondary articulations  11
2.2.5 Combining voicing, place, and manner  11
2.3 The English consonants  12
2.4 Obstruents and sonorants  12
2.4.1 Pre-fortis clipping  12
2.4.2 Obstruent devoicing  12
2.5 Stops 13
2.5.1 The stages of stops  15
2.6 Aspiration 16
2.7 Glottal plosive [ʔ] 17
2.7.1 Hard attack  17
2.7.2 Glottal replacement  18
2.7.3 Glottal reinforcement  18