QF205 Week 04

SMU Classification: Restricted
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QF205 - Computing Technology For Finance
Week 04
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Preparations
Dr. Zhao Yibao Get your laptop ready.
Senior Lecturer
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Launch Jupyter notebook and open “QF205 Notebook WK04.ipynb”.
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Quick Review of Week 03
q We defined a simple function (funP) with docstring

q We created a simple module (myQF205Lib.py) with docstring
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q How import works
q Use of built-in functions: dir()
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Today, we’re going to learn
String operations
Lists and list operations
Tuples and tuple operations
QF205 Membership test operations
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Boolean operations
Comparisons
The if statement
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Built-in functions (enumerate(), map(), filter(), next())
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QF205
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TECHNOLOGY
String Operations
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Strings can be concatenated (glued

together) with the + operator, and
repeated with *.
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Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed

between quotes) next to each other are automatically
concatenated. This only works with two literals

though, not with variables or expressions.
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Error: with variables QF205

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Dr. Zhao Yibao

Error: with expressions Senior Lecturer
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Q: What will be shown in Out[5]? 008

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String indexed s can be (subscripted), with the
first index 0. no
character having There is separate
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character type; a character is
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simply a string of size one.
(An example is on next slide.)
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0 1 2 3 4 5
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Indices may also be negative

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numbers, to start
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-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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String Indexing
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0 1 2 3 4 5 TECHNOLOGY
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-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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IndexError: string index out of range
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slicing is also supported. While

In addition to indexing,
indexing is used to obtain

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individual characters, slicing
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allows you to obtain substring.
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a:b
means from position a QF205
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(included) to position b TECHNOLOGY
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(excluded), from left to right.
0 1 2
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QF205
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(indices) TECHNOLOGY
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(slices)
(extended slices)
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Senior Lecturer
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations Of Quantitative
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0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
word[0:2]
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from 0 to 2
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=word[0]+word[1]
word[2:5]
from 2 to 5
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
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=word[2]+word[3]+word[4]
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0 1 2 3 4 5
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
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? word[-5:5]
? from -5 to 5
i.e. word[-5]+word[-4]+word[-3]+word[-2]+word[-1]+word[0]+word[1]
+word[2]+word[3]+word[4]
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Senior Lecturer
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NO!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
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0 1 2 3 4 5
a 6-letter word -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
word[-5:5]
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COMPUTING original: from -5 to 5 +6
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Stage 1: from 1 to 5
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer =word[1]+word[2]+word[3]+word[4]
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0 1 2 3 4 5
a 6-letter word -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1
word[-8:7]
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COMPUTING original: from -8 to 7 +6
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Stage 1: from -2 to 7 -2 0, 7 6
Dr. Zhao Yibao =word[0]+word[1]+word[2]+word[3]+word[4]+word[5]
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Stage 1: negative i or j plus length
(omitted omitted)
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FOR FINANCE If i or j is negative, the index is relative to the end of
sequence s: len(s)+i len(s)+j or is

substituted. But note that -0 is still 0.
Dr. Zhao Yibao i* = i, if i>=0 j* = j, if j>=0

Senior Lecturer = i+len(s), if i<0 = j+len(s), if j<0
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len()
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Stage 2
slice of s from i* to j* is defined as the

The
sequence of items with index m

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such that i*<=m<j*.
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If i* or j* is greater than len(s), use len(s).
If i* or j* is less than 0, use 0.
If i* is omitted or None, use 0. (default values)
If j* is omitted or None, use len(s).
Dr. Zhao Yibao Slide 28 If i* is greater than or equal to j*, the
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slice is empty.
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Stage 2
(extended slices)
Extended Slices (1/2):

When k is positive, i* and j* are reduced to
len(s) if they are greater (than len(s)); 0 if
QF205 they are less (than 0).
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY When k is negative, i* and j* are reduced to
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len(s)-1 if they are greater (than len(s)-1); -1
if they are less (than -1).
If i* or j* are omitted or None, they become
Slide 30 “end” values (which end depends on the sign of
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer k). Note, k cannot be zero. (end value in a subsequent slide)
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If k is None, it is treated like 1.
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Stage 2
(extended slices)
Extended Slices (2/2): The slice of s from

i* to j* with step k is defined as the sequence
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of items with index x=i*+n*k such that
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FOR FINANCE 0<=n<(j*-i*)/k. In other words, the indices are i*,
i*+k, i*+2*k, i*+3*k and so on,
stopping when j* is reached (but never
Dr. Zhao Yibao
including j*).
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Q: What is the output?
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o) from -5 to 5
1) from 1 to 5
2) from 1 to 5 Dr. Zhao Yibao
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Q: What is the output?
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o) from 5 to 2
1) from 5 to 2
Dr. Zhao Yibao
2) from 5 to 2
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<empty string>
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o) from -8 to -7
1) from -2 to -1
2) from 0 to 0 empty
o) from 7 to 8 QF205
COMPUTING
1) from 7 to 8 TECHNOLOGY
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2) from 6 to 6 empty
<empty string>
<empty string> o) from -8 to 7
1) from -2 to 7 Dr. Zhao Yibao
2) from 0 to 6 Senior Lecturer
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“end”
values
Extended slice indices have useful defaults:
if k>0, an omitted first index i* defaults
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COMPUTING
to 0, an omitted second index j* defaults
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if k<0, an omitted first index i* defaults
to len(s)-1, an omitted second index
Dr. Zhao Yibao
j* defaults to -1.
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o) from omitted to 2
1) from omitted to 2
2) from 0 to 2
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o) from 4 to omitted
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2) from 4 to 6
o) from -2 to omitted
Dr. Zhao Yibao 1) from 4 to omitted
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1) from omitted to omitted with step 3
2) from 0 to 10 with step 3
=word[0]+word[3]+word[6]+word[9]
o) from omitted to omitted with step -3

1) from omitted to omitted with step -3
2) from 9 to -1 with step -3
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COMPUTING o) from -2 to 2 with step -1
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE 1) from 8 to 2 with step -1
2) from 8 to 2 with step -1
=word[8]+word[7]+word[6]+word[5]+word[4]
+word[3]
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Senior Lecturer
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o) from 2 to omitted with step 2

1) from 2 to omitted with step 2
2) from 2 to 10 with step 2
o) from -2 to omitted with step -2 QF205

1) from 8 to omitted with step -2 COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
2) from 8 to -1 with step -2 FOR FINANCE
=word[8]+word[6]+word[4]+word[2]+word[0]
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Pythonstrings cannot be changed — they

are immutable. Therefore, assigning to an
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indexed position in the string
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results in an error.
(see example on next slide)
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#strings
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Senior Lecturer
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TypeError
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Senior Lecturer
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Examples:
Commonly used string operations in Python:
Prepend, insert and append
word = '---' + word
word = word[:2] + '---' + word[2:] QF205
COMPUTING
word = word + '---' TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Delete
word = word[:2] + word[4:]
Replace
Dr. Zhao Yibao
word = word[:2] + '---' + word[4:] Senior Lecturer
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y 'Python'
word
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y 'Python'
word '---Python'
SAME ID Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
DIFFERENT IDs
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
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In this example, the IDs

of y and word have no Dr. Zhao Yibao
changes. (Why?) Senior Lecturer

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Slide
String Methods https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#string-methods
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.upper(), .lower()
.count() Q: Do you still
.find(), .rfind() remember
.replace() these two??
.split(), .rsplit() QF205
COMPUTING
.format() TECHNOLOGY
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.index(), .rindex() Before showing

.strip(), .rstrip() examples, let’s
.title() first learn what Dr. Zhao Yibao
.zfill() Do Not Test a list is. Senior Lecturer
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Lists and List

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Operations
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https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#lists
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/introduction.html#lists
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html
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Python knows a number of compound data types,

used to group together other values. The most versatile is the
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list, which can be written as a list of comma-separated
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TECHNOLOGY values (items) between square
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brackets. Lists might contain items of different types, but usually the
items all have the same type.
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Like strings (and all other

built-in sequence type), lists
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can be indexed and sliced.
All slice operations return a
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new list containing the

requested elements.
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1 4 9 16 25
0 1 2 3 4
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1
from 2 to 5 with step 1: 2, 3, 4

from 0 to 3 with step 1 : 0, 1, 2
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from 0 to 5 with step 2 : 0, 2, 4 COMPUTING
from 4 to -1 with step -2 : 4, 2, 0 TECHNOLOGY
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indexing an item
slicing list Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
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Strings are immutable.
slide 35
Lists mutable sequences

are ,
typically used to store collections of homogeneous items (where the
precise degree of similarity will vary by application).
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Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
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NO error.
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In this example, both y and squares

are bound to the same list object!!!
What if I need a copy?
1 squares y
2
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1 SAME ID [0] 4 (an int object)
2 [1]
3 SAME ID 9 (an int object)
[2]
[3] 16 (an int object)
Dr. Z: For simplicity, we can treat
Dr. Zhao Yibao [4]
Senior Lecturer squares[0]/y[0], squares[1]/y[1], …, 25 (an int object)
Of Quantitative squares[4]/y[4] as names/identifiers.
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Shallow copy of lists
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Deep copy of lists
http://www.python-course.eu/python3_deep_copy.php
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squares y
1
1
[0] [0]
2 4
[1] [1]
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16
2
3 NO CHANGE in IDs
[4] [4]
25
[:]
Slicing creates a
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
new list, known
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as a shallow copy.
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Nested Lists (lists containing other lists)
lst1=['a','b',['ab','ba']]
[0] 'a'
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TECHNOLOGY lst1 [1] 'b'
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[2]
[1] 'ba'
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
What is a shallow copy of lst1?
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lst2=lst1[:] (shallow copy) 049

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lst1 lst2
[0] 'a' [0]

[1] 'b' [1]
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[2] [2] COMPUTING
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[0] 'ab' FOR FINANCE
[1] 'ba'
What will happen if we proceed with

? lst2[0]='c' Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
? lst2[2][1]='d' Of Quantitative
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Slide
Shallow Deep http://www.python-course.eu/python3_deep_copy.php
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(It is essential when we have a nested list, i.e. list in list.)
lst1=['a','b',['ab','ba']] # Q: len(lst1)=?
lst2=lst1[:] # a shallow copy
lst2[0]='c'
'c'
print(lst1, lst2)
'a' QF205
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lst2[2][1]='d' lst1 'b' lst2
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print(lst1, lst2)
(Output is on 'ab'
Dr. Zhao Yibao

the next slide.) 'd' 'ba'
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2
1 QF205
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Dr. Z: The shallow copy of a

nested list only creates a
new list for the outermost Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
level, inner lists are shared. 2 Of Quantitative
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Shallow Deep http://www.python-course.eu/python3_deep_copy.php
(Use deep copy when we need a complete copy of a nested list.)

from copy import deepcopy
lst1=['a','b',['ab','ba']]
lst2=deepcopy(lst1) # This is a deep copy
QF205 'a'
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY lst1 'b' lst2
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'ab'
'ba'
What will happen if we proceed with
Dr. Zhao Yibao ? lst2[0]='c'
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from copy import deepcopy

lst1=['a','b',['ab','ba']]
lst2=deepcopy(lst1) # a deep copy
lst2[0]='c'
print(lst1, lst2)
'c'
lst2[2][1]='d' 'a'
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print(lst1, lst2) lst1 'b' lst2
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(Output is on 'ab'
'ba'
the next slide.) 'd'

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2
1
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This example demonstrates

how deepcopy works on a
level-2 nested list. How about
higher level of nested lists? Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
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Lists also support operations like concatenation.
Q: What if we want the “+” to

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compute the elementwise sum, COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
i.e. the sum of two vectors? FOR FINANCE
(See next slide.)

Q: What is the output if we run
squares*2? Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
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elementwise sum
1
2
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4
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4 solutions are shown here.

No hurry! We’ll learn all of
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
them in subsequent lectures.
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Slide
https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists Do Not Test 057
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Below are ALL of the methods of list objects:

1. list.append(x) Add an item (x) to the end of the list.
2. list.extend(iterable) Extend the list by appending all the items from the iterable.
3. list.insert(i,x) Insert an item (x) at a given position (i).
4. list.remove(x) Remove the first item from the list whose value is x.
5. list.pop([i]) Remove the item at the given position (i) or the last item in the list, and return it. QF205
COMPUTING
6. list.clear() Remove all items from the list TECHNOLOGY
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7. list.index(x[, start[,end]]) Return zero-based index in the list of the first item whose value is x.
8. list.count(x) Return the number of times x appears in the list.
9. list.sort(key=None, reverse=False) Sort the items of the list in place

10.list.reverse() Reverse the elements of the list in place.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
11.list.copy() A shallow copy of the list. Senior Lecturer
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[ . ]: represents an optional argument Finance
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list.append(x)
list.extend(x)
list.pop() QF205
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list.pop(i)
Same ID indicates that the Dr. Zhao Yibao

above are in-place operations. Senior Lecturer
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(type constructor)
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2:5
Assignment to slices is also
2:5
possible, and this can even
change the size of the list Dr. Zhao Yibao
or clear it entirely. Senior Lecturer

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1
2
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1 Senior Lecturer
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(continued)
t[0] 'First $20,000 Next $10,000'
method chaining/cascading
1
2 QF205
3 COMPUTING
4 TECHNOLOGY
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5
1
2 .split()
3
4
5
.replace('$', '')
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.replace(',', '') Senior Lecturer
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str.replace(old, new[, count])

Return a copy of the string with all occurrences of
QF205 substring old replaced by new. If the optional argument
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count is given, only the first count
occurrences are replaced.
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.replace
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Senior Lecturer
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str.split(sep=None, maxsplit=-1) (1/6)
Return a list of the words in the string, using sep as

QF205 the delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most
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FOR FINANCE maxsplit splits are done.
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#str.split
(see In-Class Exercise 31)
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Senior Lecturer
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If sep is given, consecutive delimiters are not

QF205 grouped together and are deemed to delimit
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TECHNOLOGY empty strings (for example, '1,,2'.split(',')
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returns ['1', '', '2']).
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Senior Lecturer
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If sep is given … The sep argument

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may consist of multiple characters (for
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example, '1<>2<>3'.split('<>') returns
['1', '2', '3']).
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Senior Lecturer
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If sep is given … Splitting an

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empty string with a specified
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separator ['']. returns
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If sep is not specified or is None, a different splitting

algorithm is applied: runs of consecutive whitespace are
QF205
COMPUTING regarded as a single separator, and the result will
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE contain no empty strings at the start or end if
the string has leading or trailing whitespace.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Consequently, splitting an empty string or a string

QF205 consisting of just whitespace with a None
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE separator returns [].
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
071
001/149
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
072
001/149
QF205
Tuples
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#tuple
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
073
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Tuples are immutable

sequences, typically used to store collections of
heterogeneous data (such as the 2-tuples produced by the enumerate() built-
in). Tuples are also used for cases where an immutable sequence of
homogeneous data is needed (such as allowing storage in a set or dict instance).
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
x=(1, 2, 3, [4, 5])
FOR FINANCE A tuple object 1
[0] 2
x [1] A list object An int object
3 4
[2] [0] Rebinding is NOT allowed.
[3] [1] 5
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer Rebinding is allowed.
Of Quantitative (fixed size) (changeable size)
Finance
Slide
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Here, we see “iterable” again.
Slide
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Note that it is actually the comma which makes a

tuple, not the parentheses. The
parentheses are optional, except in the
empty tuple case, or when they are
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
needed to avoid syntactic ambiguity. For
example, f(a, b, c) is a function call with three
FOR FINANCE
arguments, while f((a, b, c)) is a function call

with a 3-tuple as the sole argument.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
common-sequence-operations
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html# 076
002/149
We have seen these QF205
operations
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
and these.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
common-sequence-operations
https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html# 077
002/149
Next, we explore these

QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
and these (next week).

Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Membership Test
Operations
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#membership-test-operations
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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operators in not
The and
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
in test for membership.
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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x in s evaluates to True if x is
a member of s, and False
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
otherwise.
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative (Dr. Z: Lists such as [1, 2, 3] and [[1],[2],[3]] are known as containers.)
Finance
Slide
081
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All built-in sequences and set

types support this (membership
QF205
test) as well as dictionary, for
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
which in tests whether the
dictionary has a given key.
(We’ll explore set and dictionary later.)
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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For the string , x in y

and bytes types is
QF205
COMPUTING
True if and only if x is a substring
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
of y.
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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001/149
Empty strings are always

considered to be a
QF205
COMPUTING
substring of any other
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE string, '' in 'abc' so will
return True.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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For user-defined classes, membership

test depends on the implementation of
QF205 the __contains__() method, the
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY __iter__() method, or the
FOR FINANCE
__getitem__() method.
(Dr. Z: We’ll explore this in another lesson.)

Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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x not in s
not x in s
QF205
COMPUTING
not (x in s)
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
086
001/149
Boolean Operations
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE and, or, not
https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
087
002/149
3
higher
2 priority
QF205
1 COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
x or not y and z x or ((not y) and z)

3 1 2
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
088
001/149
Truth Table (1)

x y x and y x or y
True True True True
QF205
True False False True
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY False True False True
FOR FINANCE not evaluated
False False False False
and only evaluates the second

is a short-circuit operator, so it
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
argument if the first one is True.
Finance
Slide
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Truth Table (2)

x y x and y x or y
True True True True
not evaluated
QF205
True False False True
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY False True False True
FOR FINANCE
False False False False
or only evaluates the second

is a short-circuit operator, so it
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
argument if the first one is False.
Finance
Slide
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not has a lower priority than

non-Boolean operators, so
not a == b
QF205 is interpreted as
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
not (a == b),
and a == not b is a syntax error.
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
a == (not b)
Finance
Slide
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same
QF205
SyntaxError COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
092
002/149
List: []
Tuple: ()
1
2 Mixed Types
3
4 QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1 in, not in
2
3
0 1 2
Why “False”?
Dr. Zhao Yibao
4 Senior Lecturer
0 1 2 Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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empty list
empty tuple
1
2
3
4 QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1
2
in, not in
3
4
empty Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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002/149
one-element list
This is not a tuple.
one-element tuple, or one-tuple
one-element tuple, or one-tuple
1
2 QF205
COMPUTING
3 TECHNOLOGY
4 It is actually the FOR FINANCE
1
2
comma which
3 makes a tuple, not Dr. Zhao Yibao
4 the parentheses. Senior Lecturer

Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
095
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QF205
COMPUTING
Iterables
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE (Source: http://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/)
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
Iterables Strings 096
002/149
Lists
Tuples
Sets
Dictionaries
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
HERE!
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
(Source: http://nvie.com/posts/iterators-vs-generators/) Finance
Slide
097
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Strings
1
2
QF205
3 tuple() COMPUTING
Lists Tuples TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1 list()
2
3
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
isinstance() https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#isinstance 098
002/149
isinstance(object, classinfo)
Return true if the object

argument is an instance of the
classinfo argument, or of a
(direct, indirect or virtual) QF205
subclass thereof. If object is COMPUTING
not an object of the given type, TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
the function always returns false.
If classinfo is a tuple of type
objects (or recursively, other such
tuples), return true if object is
an instance of any of the types. If
classinfo is not a type or Dr. Zhao Yibao
tuple of types and such tuples, a Senior Lecturer
TypeError exception is raised. Of Quantitative
Finance
https://docs.python.org/3/library/datatypes.html Slide
099
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https://docs.python.org/3/library/collections.abc.html
Abstract Base Classes
QF205
COMPUTING
isinstance() TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
side 149
An object/class with the __iter__ method implemented

is considered as an abc.Iterable object.
An object/class with the __contains__ method
Dr. Zhao Yibao
implemented is considered as an abc.Container object. Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
(Dr. Z: We’ll explore this in another lesson.) Finance
Slide
100
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enumerate()
QF205
COMPUTING https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#enumerate
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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enumerate(iterable, start=0)
Return an enumerate object ,
which is an iterator.
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
102
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The __next__() method of the

iterator returned by enumerate()
returns a tuple containing a count
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
(from start which defaults to 0) and
FOR FINANCE
the values obtained from iterating over
iterable.
x._ _ next_ _ () next(x)

Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
103
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Remember we can use list()

on an iterable to create a list? Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
104
002/149
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
105
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lambda expressions
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/controlflow.html#lambda-expressions
FOR FINANCE
https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#lambda
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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QF205
lambda is a Python keyword.
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
(see Week 02 notes)
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
107
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lambda expressions (sometimes called lambda forms) are

used to create anonymous functions. The expression
lambda arguments: expression
yields a function object. The unnamed object behaves like a
function object defined with:
QF205 def <lambda>(arguments):

COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY return expression
FOR FINANCE
Note that functions created with lambda

expressions cannot contain statements or
annotations.
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer (see example on the next slide)
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
108
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
lambda x: x-1
lambda x: x[1]-1 anonymous Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
lambda x,y: x+y Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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filter(), map()
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#filter
FOR FINANCE
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#map
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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QF205
COMPUTING
…(function, iterable) TECHNOLOGY

FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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a function object with name f

a function object with name g
1
2
3
4 QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
1 f(2)=2*2=4, g(1,2)=1+2=3 FOR FINANCE
2 element-wise square using map()
3 element-wise summation using map() lambda
4 using filter()
map
?? 1 True, 0 False ?? filter Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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next()
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#next
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
(See example on the next slide.)
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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enumerate() returns
an iterator, remember?
next(iterator, default)
QF205
default is returned COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
when iterator is exhausted. FOR FINANCE
raise StopIteration Error
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
115
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QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Discussion:
What do these 2 lines of
(2, 5) ?? code do? Is it possible to
Dr. Zhao Yibao (Dr. Z: The answer will be given show the position of the
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative today in another in-class exercise.) number 5 too, e.g. (2, 5)?
Finance
Slide
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Truth Value Testing

QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Any object can be

QF205
COMPUTING
tested for truth value ,
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE for use in an if or while condition or
as operand of the Boolean operations.
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
118
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Here are most of the built-in objects considered false:

None
False
QF205
COMPUTING
Zeroes: 0, 0.0, 0j, …
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Empty sequences and
collections: '', (), [],
set(), range(0)
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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bool()
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#bool
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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class bool([x])
Return a Boolean value, i.e. one

of True or False. x is converted using the
standard truth testing procedure. If x is false or omitted, this
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
returns False; otherwise it returns True. The bool
class is a subclass of int (see Numeric Types — int, float, complex). It cannot
be subclassed further. Its only instances are False and True (see Boolean
Values).
(see example on the next slide)

Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
x omitted 121
002/149
None
False
Zero
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Empty Sequences and Collections
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Comparisons
QF205
COMPUTING https://docs.python.org/3.6/library/stdtypes.html#comparisons
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE https://docs.python.org/3/reference/expressions.html#comparisons
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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eight comparison
There are
QF205
COMPUTING
operations in Python .
same priority
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
They all have the (which is
higher than that of the Boolean operations).
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Dr. Zhao Yibao < <= > >= == != is is not
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Comparisons can be chained arbitrarily; for example,
x<y<=z is equivalent to x<y and y<=z,
except that y is evaluated only once (but
in both cases z is not evaluated at all
when x<y is found to be false).
QF205
COMPUTING
Dr. Z: I remember! and is a short-circuit operator.
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1<2<=3 1<2 and 2<=3

1<2>=3<4 1<2 and 2>=3 and 3<4
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
(See in-class exercise 43.)
Finance
Slide
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value comparison
2 order
3 comparison
QF205 4
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE 5 equality
Value comparison 6 comparison
Order comparison
7
Equality comparison identity comparison
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Identity comparison 8
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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f(1)<f(2) and f(2)<f(3)

f(1)<f(2) and f(2)>=f(3) and f(3)<f(4)
formatted output QF205

COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
f(2) is FOR FINANCE
evaluated only once.
f(2) is
evaluated only once. Dr. Zhao Yibao
f(4) is not Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
evaluated. https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/inputoutput.html#input-and-output Finance
Slide
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Objects of different
types, except different
numeric types, never
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
compare equal.
Dr. Z: Does it mean they are “not equal” or … ?
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
A Special Number: Infinity 128
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Python non-unique inf: float('inf')

NumPy unique inf (singleton) : numpy.inf
Math unique inf (singleton) : math.inf
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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math.inf
Afloating-point positive infinity. (For

QF205 negative infinity, use -math.inf.)
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Equivalent to the output of float('inf'). (New in
version 3.5.)
(Some examples are on the next slide.)
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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1
2
3
4
Every finite float
QF205
5
6
number is less than COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1 math.inf.
2
3
4
5 Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
6 Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Strings (instances of str) compare

lexicographically using the
QF205
COMPUTING numerical Unicode code
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
points (the result of the built-in function ord())
of their characters.
Dr. Z: We have seen some examples. 😁😁😁😁😁😁

Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Sequences (instances of tuple, list, or range) can be

compared only within each of their types, with the
restriction that ranges do not support order

QF205
COMPUTING comparison. Equality comparison across
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
these types results in inequality, and ordering
comparison across these types raises TypeError.

(see example on the next slide)
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
1 133
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QF205
4 COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
1.Compare within the same type of sequence.

2.Ranges do not support order comparison.
3.Equality comparison across types results inequality. Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
4.Order comparison across types raises TypeError. Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Sequences compare lexicographically

QF205 using comparison of corresponding
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
elements, whereby reflexivity of the elements is enforced.
Dr. Z: We have seen some examples. 😁😁😁😁😁😁
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
135
001/149
The if statement
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY https://docs.python.org/3/reference/compound_stmts.html#the-if-statement
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
136
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Flow Chart:
if condition: False
condition
indentedStatementBlock
QF205
COMPUTING
True TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
# t has a value already indentedStatementBlock

if t<19:
print('Walk to City Hall.')
print('Have dinner at DTF.')
print('Walk back to school.') Dr. Zhao Yibao
print('Take a bus home.') Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
137
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True
False QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
138
001/149
if condition:
indentedStatementBlock1
else:
(Dr. Z: Only one block Flow Chart:

QF205 is executed.)
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
True False
condition
indentedStatementBlock1 indentedStatementBlock2
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
139
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False
Flow Chart:
c1
True False
c2
if condition1:
True False
indentedStatementBlock1 iSB1 c3
elif condition2:
True
indentedStatementBlock2 iSB2 c4
False
elif condition3:
QF205
COMPUTING
indentedStatementBlock3 iSB3
True False
c5
TECHNOLOGY elif condition4:
FOR FINANCE indentedStatementBlock4 True
iSB4
elif condition5:
else: iSB5
iSB6
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
(Dr. Z: Only one block
Of Quantitative
Finance
is executed.)
Slide
Q: Write a Python program to … 5 minutes? 140
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Case 1
QF205
Case 2 COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Case 3
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Ans: y=12450.00 Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
141
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Dr. Z: Is this what you plan to code?

Dr. Z: Is the code reusable?
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao else: elif 320_000<=x:

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
142
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Dr. Z: Is this better?

Case 1 x<xi[0]
y=0
xi[i]<=x<xi[i+1]
y=bi[i]+mi[i]/100*(x-xi[i])
i=0, 1, ..., 8 QF205
COMPUTING
Case 2 OR TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
xi[i-1]<=x<xi[i]
y=bi[i-1]+mi[i-1]/100*(x-xi[i-1])
i=1, 2, ..., 9
xi[9]<=x
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Case 3 y=bi[9]+mi[9]/100*(x-xi[9]) Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
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Using the list method append(), we can
combine case 2 and case 3 into one.
import math
xi=[20000, 30000, 40000, 80000, 120000, 160000, 200000, 240000, 280000, 320000]
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
xi.append(math.inf)
x=150_000
xi=[20000, 30000, 40000, 80000, 120000, 160000, 200000, 240000, 280000, 320000, math.inf]
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
xi=[20000, 30000, 40000, 80000, 120000, 160000, 200000, 240000, 280000, 320000, math.inf]
Slide
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x=150_000
xi[i-1]<=x<xi[i]
The location of the first number in xi which is bigger than x: i

i=next(filter(lambda s: s[1]>x, enumerate(xi)))[0]
QF205
COMPUTING
If i=0 Case 1: y=0 TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
otherwise y=bi[i-1]+mi[i-1]/100*(x-xi[i-1])
if i==0: #case 1
y=0
else: #case 2 and case 3 Dr. Zhao Yibao
y=bi[i-1]+mi[i-1]/100*(x-xi[i-1]) Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
145
002/149
1
QF205
2
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
3 FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Ans: y=12450.00 Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
146
002/149
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
Ans: y=62150.00
FOR FINANCE
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
147
002/149
QF205
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE
Ans: y=0
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
148
001/149
W3-027 W4-113
W2-131
W4-100
W2-168 W2-168
W4-119 W4-098 W4-131
W4-110
QF205
COMPUTING W2-159 W2-080 W4-074
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE W2-091 W2-017
W4-061
W4-110
W2-059 W2-164
Dr. Zhao Yibao

Senior Lecturer
Of Quantitative
Finance
Slide
149
001/149
Next week, we’ll learn
More Containers (Range, Set and Dictionary)

Loops (the for Statement, the while Statement)
QF205 break and continue Statements, and else Clause on
COMPUTING
TECHNOLOGY
FOR FINANCE Loops
Use of the Debugger (in the Spyder)
Solution to the Pandigital Formula Problem
Dr. Zhao Yibao
Senior Lecturer Comprehensions
Of Quantitative
Finance

QF205 Week 04

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SMU Classification: Restricted

q We defined a simple function (funP) with docstring

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Strings can be concatenated (glued

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Two or more string literals (i.e. the ones enclosed

concatenated. This only works with two literals

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Error: with variables QF205

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Q: What will be shown in Out[5]? 008

Dr. Zhao Yibao

String indexed s can be (subscripted), with the

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Indices may also be negative

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

IndexError: string index out of range

Dr. Zhao Yibao

slicing is also supported. While

indexing is used to obtain

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

sequence s: len(s)+i len(s)+j or is

Dr. Zhao Yibao i* = i, if i>=0 j* = j, if j>=0

Dr. Zhao Yibao

slice of s from i* to j* is defined as the

sequence of items with index m

Extended Slices (1/2):

Extended Slices (2/2): The slice of s from

o) from omitted to omitted with step -3

Dr. Zhao Yibao

o) from 2 to omitted with step 2

o) from -2 to omitted with step -2 QF205

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Pythonstrings cannot be changed — they

Dr. Zhao Yibao

SAME ID Dr. Zhao Yibao

In this example, the IDs

changes. (Why?) Senior Lecturer

.index(), .rindex() Before showing

Lists and List

Python knows a number of compound data types,

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Like strings (and all other

new list containing the

from 2 to 5 with step 1: 2, 3, 4

slicing list Dr. Zhao Yibao

Lists mutable sequences

Dr. Zhao Yibao

In this example, both y and squares

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Zhao Yibao

lst2=lst1[:] (shallow copy) 049

[0] 'a' [0]

What will happen if we proceed with

(It is essential when we have a nested list, i.e. list in list.)

Dr. Zhao Yibao

Dr. Z: The shallow copy of a

(Use deep copy when we need a complete copy of a nested list.)

An object/class with the iter method implemented