ANA205 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

…IF YOU SEE THE QUESTION YOU CAN’T ANSWER, DO YOU KILL YOURSELF?...NO, YOU LEAVE IT!

~GOVERNOR WIKE (Rivers State)

“Dear friends, now we are children of God, and what we will be has not yet been made known. But we know
that when Christ appears, we shall be like him, for we shall see him as he is.”

1 JOHN 3:2 [NIV]

JEREMY

Another SonOFUri
1. During oogenesis, primary oocytes remain arrested in which phase of meiosis until ovulation?

a) Prophase I

b) Metaphase I

c) Prophase II

d) Metaphase II

Answer: a) Prophase I

2. Which hormone stimulates spermatogenesis in males?

a) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

c) Testosterone

d) Estrogen

Answer: b) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

3. What is the main hormone responsible for the maintenance of the endometrium during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: b) Progesterone

4. Ovulation is triggered by a surge in which hormone?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

5. What structure develops from the remnants of the ovarian follicle after ovulation?
a) Corpus albicans

b) Corpus callosum

c) Corpus spongiosum

d) Corpus luteum

Answer: d) Corpus luteum

6. Where does fertilization typically occur in the female reproductive tract?

a) Uterine tube

b) Uterus

c) Vagina

d) Cervix

Answer: a) Uterine tube

6. Cleavage refers to the process of:

a) Fertilization

b) Implantation

c) Cell division

d) Blastulation

Answer: c) Cell division

7. What is the process of forming the blastocyst from the morula called?

a) Cleavage

b) Implantation

c) Gastrulation

d) Blastogenesis

Answer: d) Blastogenesis

8. Implantation typically occurs in which part of the uterus?

a) Fundus

b) Body

c) Isthmus
d) Cervix

Answer: b) Body

8. What is the medical term for the termination of pregnancy before the fetus is viable?

a) Miscarriage

b) Ectopic pregnancy

c) Stillbirth

d) Abortion

Answer: d) Abortion

9. During week two of development, what structure forms from the bilaminar germ disc?

a) Amniotic sac

b) Yolk sac

c) Chorion

d) Primitive streak

Answer: d) Primitive streak

10. The bilaminar germ disc is composed of which two layers?

a) Endoderm and mesoderm

b) Ectoderm and mesoderm

c) Endoderm and ectoderm

d) Ectoderm and endometrium

Answer: b) Ectoderm and mesoderm

11. The trophoblast gives rise to which structure during embryonic development?

a) Chorion

b) Placenta

c) Amnion

d) Yolk sac

Answer: a) Chorion
12. What structure is responsible for forming the midline of the developing embryo during gastrulation?

a) Primitive streak

b) Notochord

c) Neural crest cells

d) Somites

Answer: a) Primitive streak

13. During oogenesis, meiosis is initiated in the fetal ovary during which week of gestation?

a) Week 4

b) Week 8

c) Week 12

d) Week 16

Answer: b) Week 8

14. Oogonia are derived from which embryonic germ layer?

a) Ectoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Endoderm

d) All of the above

Answer: a) Ectoderm

15. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of primary oocytes?

a) Diploid

b) Arrested in prophase I

c) Surrounded by granulosa cells

d) Capable of fertilization

Answer: d) Capable of fertilization

16. Which hormone plays a role in the initiation of oocyte growth and follicle development?

a) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

c) Estrogen

d) Progesterone

Answer: a) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

17. The secondary oocyte is arrested in which phase of meiosis?

a) Prophase I

b) Metaphase I

c) Anaphase I

d) Metaphase II

Answer: b) Metaphase II

18. During ovulation, the secondary oocyte is released from the ovary along with which of the following structures?

a) Zona pellucida

b) Granulosa cells

c) Cumulus oophorus

d) Follicular fluid

Answer: c) Cumulus oophorus

19. The corpus luteum is formed from which of the following structures?

a) Ovary

b) Oocyte

c) Follicle

d) Zona pellucida

Answer: c) Follicle

20. The corpus luteum primarily produces which hormone?

a) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

c) Estrogen

d) Progesterone

Answer: d) Progesterone
21. Fertilization of the secondary oocyte typically occurs in which part of the female reproductive tract?

a) Ovary

b) Fallopian tube

c) Uterus

d) Cervix

Answer: b) Fallopian tube

22. The fertilized ovum is also known as a(n):

a) Zygote

b) Blastocyst

c) Morula

d) Trophoblast

Answer: a) Zygote

23. Spermatogenesis occurs in which organ?

a) Epididymis

b) Vas deferens

c) Testis

d) Prostate gland

Answer: c) Testis

24. Spermatogonia are derived from which embryonic germ layer?

a) Ectoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Endoderm

d) All of the above

Answer: b) Mesoderm

25. During spermatogenesis, which type of cell undergoes meiosis I?

a) Spermatogonia
b) Primary spermatocytes

c) Secondary spermatocytes

d) Spermatids

Answer: b) Primary spermatocytes

26. Spermatids differentiate into mature spermatozoa through a process called:

a) Spermiogenesis

b) Spermiation

c) Spermiation

d) Spermatocytogenesis

Answer: a) Spermiogenesis

27. In which part of the testis does spermatogenesis occur?

a) Seminiferous tubules

b) Rete testis

c) Epididymis

d) Vas deferens

Answer: a) Seminiferous tubules

28. What hormone stimulates Leydig cells in the testis to produce testosterone?

a) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

c) Estrogen

d) Progesterone

Answer: b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

29. In what part of the spermatozoon is the genetic material located?

a) Head

b) Neck

c) Midpiece

d) Tail
Answer: a) Head

30. Which structure allows the spermatozoon to penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum?

a) Acrosome

b) Flagellum

c) Midpiece

d) Mitochondria

Answer: a) Acrosome

31. Where are mature spermatozoa stored before ejaculation?

a) Epididymis

b) Vas deferens

c) Seminal vesicles

d) Prostate gland

Answer: a) Epididymis

32. During spermatogenesis, meiosis II is completed after:

a) The spermatozoon has been ejaculated

b) The spermatozoon has entered the female reproductive tract

c) The spermatozoon has penetrated the zona pellucida

d) The spermatozoon has fertilized the ovum

Answer: d) The spermatozoon has fertilized the ovum

33. What is the function of Sertoli cells in the testis during spermatogenesis?

a) Produce testosterone

b) Support and nourish developing spermatozoa

c) Produce spermatozoa

d) Secrete seminal fluid

Answer: b) Support and nourish developing spermatozoa

34. What is the name of the process by which spermatozoa are propelled through the male reproductive tract during ejaculation?
a) Capacitation

b) Flagellation

c) Peristalsis

d) Seminal propulsion

Answer: c) Peristalsis

35. What is the function of the blood-testis barrier during spermatogenesis?

a) Prevents Leydig cells from producing testosterone

b) Prevents immune cells from attacking developing spermatozoa

c) Prevents Sertoli cells from nourishing developing spermatozoa

d) Prevents spermatogonia from dividing

Answer: b) Prevents immune cells from attacking developing spermatozoa

36. How many mature spermatozoa are produced from each primary spermatocyte during spermatogenesis?

a) 1

b) 2

c) 4

d) 8

Answer: c) 4

37. Which hormone regulates spermatogenesis by stimulating the production of testosterone in the testis?

a) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

c) Estrogen

d) Progesterone

Answer: b) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

38. What is the average length of the menstrual cycle in women?

a) 21 days

b) 28 days

c) 35 days
d) 42 days

Answer: b) 28 days

39. What is the name of the phase of the menstrual cycle during which menstruation occurs?

a) Menstrual phase

b) Follicular phase

c) Ovulatory phase

d) Luteal phase

Answer: a) Menstrual phase

40. Which hormone is responsible for the thickening of the endometrium in preparation for implantation?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: b) Progesterone

41. During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

a) Menstrual phase

b) Follicular phase

c) Ovulatory phase

d) Luteal phase

Answer: c) Ovulatory phase

42. What is the name of the structure that forms from the ruptured ovarian follicle after ovulation and secretes progesterone to prepare the
uterus for implantation?

a) Ovarian cyst

b) Corpus luteum

c) Corpus albicans

d) Follicular cyst

Answer: b) Corpus luteum

43. What is the function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in pregnancy?

a) It stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles

b) It maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy

c) It prepares the uterus for implantation

d) It promotes breast milk production

Answer: b) It maintains the corpus luteum during early pregnancy

44. Which of the following is not a typical symptom of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)?

a) Mood swings

b) Headache

c) Acne

d) Breast tenderness

Answer: c) Acne

45. Which of the following is a contraceptive method that works by inhibiting ovulation?

a) Barrier methods

b) Hormonal methods

c) Intrauterine devices (IUDs)

d) Natural family planning

Answer: b) Hormonal methods

46. Which of the following hormones stimulates the growth and maturation of ovarian follicles during the follicular phase of the menstrual
cycle?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

47. Which of the following is a condition characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus?
a) Endometriosis

b) Pelvic inflammatory disease

c) Ovarian cyst

d) Fibroids

Answer: a) Endometriosis

48. What is the name of the phase of the menstrual cycle during which the endometrium thickens and becomes more vascular in response to
rising levels of estrogen?

a) Menstrual phase

b) Follicular phase

c) Ovulatory phase

d) Luteal phase

Answer: b) Follicular phase

49. Which of the following is a type of hormonal contraceptive that is injected every three months to prevent pregnancy?

a) Combined oral contraceptive

b) Progestin-only pill

c) Depo-Provera

d) Implantable rod

Answer: c) Depo-Provera

50. What hormone stimulates ovulation?

a) FSH

b) LH

c) Estrogen

d) Progesterone

Answer: b) LH

51. During which phase of the menstrual cycle does ovulation occur?

a) Menstrual phase

b) Proliferative phase
c) Secretory phase

d) Luteal phase

Answer: d) Luteal phase

52. What is the trigger for ovulation?

a) Increase in estrogen levels

b) Decrease in progesterone levels

c) Surge in LH levels

d) Surge in FSH levels

Answer: c) Surge in LH levels

53. How long does an ovulated egg survive if not fertilized?

a) 12-24 hours

b) 24-36 hours

c) 48-72 hours

d) 5-7 days

Answer: a) 12-24 hours

54. Which ovarian structure produces the hormone progesterone after ovulation?

a) Follicle

b) Corpus luteum

c) Oocyte

d) Corpus albicans

Answer: b) Corpus luteum

55. What is the role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

a) To stimulate ovulation

b) To thicken the endometrium

c) To cause menstrual bleeding

d) To promote the growth of ovarian follicles

Answer: b) To thicken the endometrium

56. What happens to the follicle after ovulation?

a) It remains in the ovary

b) It is reabsorbed by the body

c) It becomes the corpus luteum

d) It disintegrates

Answer: c) It becomes the corpus luteum

57. What hormone does the corpus luteum produce to maintain the endometrium during the luteal phase?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) LH

d) FSH

Answer: b) Progesterone

58. What is the primary mechanism that prevents more than one egg from being released during a menstrual cycle?

a) Inhibition of FSH secretion

b) Rapid resorption of immature follicles

c) Negative feedback on LH secretion

d) Destruction of the follicle by the immune system

Answer: c) Negative feedback on LH secretion

59. What is the term for the release of more than one egg during a menstrual cycle?

a) Polycystic ovarian syndrome

b) Polymenorrhea

c) Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

d) Superovulation

Answer: d) Superovulation

60. What is the term for the process by which the ovulated egg is transported from the ovary to the fallopian tube?

a) Capacitation
b) Acrosome reaction

c) Oocyte maturation

d) Ovum pickup

Answer: d) Ovum pickup

61. What is the term for the process by which the ovulated egg is released from the follicle?

a) Ovulation

b) Fertilization

c) Implantation

d) Cleavage

Answer: a) Ovulation

62. Which of the following factors can affect ovulation?

a) Age

b) Stress

c) Hormonal imbalances

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

63. What is the typical time frame for ovulation to occur during a menstrual cycle?

a) Day 1-5

b) Day 6-10

c) Day 11-14

d) Day 15-28

64. What is the corpus luteum?

A. A gland that produces estrogen and progesterone

B. A temporary endocrine structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

C. A specialized cell in the ovarian follicle that releases an egg

D. A hormone-secreting structure that forms in the uterus during pregnancy

Answer: B. A temporary endocrine structure that forms from the ruptured follicle after ovulation.
65. Which hormone is primarily produced by the corpus luteum?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: B. Progesterone.

66. What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A. To produce estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy

B. To produce follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

C. To release an egg during ovulation

D. To provide nourishment to the developing embryo

Answer: A. To produce estrogen and progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy.

67. How long does the corpus luteum typically survive if fertilization does not occur?

A. One day

B. One week

C. One month

D. Two months

Answer: B. One week.

68. What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization occurs?

A. It degenerates and is reabsorbed by the body

B. It continues to produce estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy

C. It is replaced by the placenta

D. It transforms into the fetal adrenal gland

Answer: B. It continues to produce estrogen and progesterone throughout pregnancy.

69. What is the role of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum?

A. To inhibit ovulation
B. To promote ovulation

C. To thicken the endometrial lining of the uterus

D. To stimulate the production of FSH and LH

Answer: C. To thicken the endometrial lining of the uterus.

70. Which hormone stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

D. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: D. Luteinizing hormone (LH).

71. What is the function of the corpus albicans?

A. To produce estrogen and progesterone

B. To release an egg during ovulation

C. To replace the corpus luteum after it degenerates

D. To provide nourishment to the developing embryo

Answer: C. To replace the corpus luteum after it degenerates.

72. What is the appearance of the corpus luteum on ultrasound?

A. A fluid-filled sac

B. A solid mass

C. A hyperechoic area

D. A hypoechoic area

Answer: C. A hyperechoic area.

73. What is the process by which the corpus luteum degenerates?

A. Apoptosis

B. Mitosis

C. Meiosis

D. Differentiation
Answer: A. Apoptosis.

74. What is fertilization?

A) The fusion of sperm and oocyte nuclei to form a diploid zygote.

B) The process of ovum maturation.

C) The production of gametes.

D) The process of cell division after fertilization.

Answer: A) The fusion of sperm and oocyte nuclei to form a diploid zygote.

75. Where does fertilization usually occur?

A) In the uterus.

B) In the oviduct.

C) In the ovary.

D) In the cervix.

Answer: B) In the oviduct.

76. What is the zona pellucida?

A) A membrane surrounding the oocyte.

B) A membrane surrounding the sperm.

C) A membrane surrounding the zygote.

D) A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.

Answer: A) A membrane surrounding the oocyte.

77. What is the acrosome?

A) A membrane surrounding the oocyte.

B) A membrane surrounding the sperm.

C) A protein cap on the head of the sperm.

D) A hormone secreted by the corpus luteum.

Answer: C) A protein cap on the head of the sperm.

78. What is the cortical reaction?

A) A process by which the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm.

B) A process by which the oocyte releases its chromosomes.

C) A process by which the sperm and oocyte fuse.

D) A process by which the zygote implants in the uterus.

Answer: A) A process by which the zona pellucida becomes impenetrable to other sperm.

79. What happens during the acrosomal reaction?

A) The sperm releases enzymes that help it penetrate the zona pellucida.

B) The sperm releases its chromosomes.

C) The oocyte releases enzymes that help it penetrate the sperm.

D) The zygote implants in the uterus.

Answer: A) The sperm releases enzymes that help it penetrate the zona pellucida.

80. What is polyspermy?

A) The fusion of more than one sperm with the oocyte.

B) The production of more than one oocyte per menstrual cycle.

C) The release of more than one egg during ovulation.

D) The development of more than one zygote.

Answer: A) The fusion of more than one sperm with the oocyte.

81. What happens to the oocyte after fertilization?

A) It undergoes meiosis II.

B) It becomes a zygote.

C) It undergoes mitosis.

D) It becomes an embryo.

Answer: A) It undergoes meiosis II.

82. When does fertilization occur relative to ovulation?

A) Immediately before ovulation.

B) Immediately after ovulation.

C) Several days after ovulation.

D) It can occur at any time during the menstrual cycle.

Answer: B) Immediately after ovulation.

83. What happens to the sperm after fertilization?

A) They are absorbed by the oocyte.

B) They continue to swim through the oviduct.

C) They degenerate and are reabsorbed by the body.

D) They contribute their DNA to the zygote.

Answer: C) They degenerate and are reabsorbed by the body.

84. What is the process of cleavage in embryology?

a) The process of formation of the blastocyst

b) The process of formation of the morula

c) The process of formation of the germ layers

d) The process of formation of the chorion

Answer: b) The process of formation of the morula

85. What is the result of the first cleavage division in humans?

a) Two blastomeres of equal size

b) Two blastomeres of unequal size

c) Four blastomeres of equal size

d) Four blastomeres of unequal size

Answer: a) Two blastomeres of equal size

86. Which of the following is true regarding cleavage?

a) It involves cell division without growth of the embryo

b) It involves cell division with growth of the embryo

c) It occurs only in the fertilized egg

d) It occurs only in the zygote

Answer: a) It involves cell division without growth of the embryo

87. In which stage of development does cleavage occur?

a) Zygote

b) Blastula

c) Gastrula

d) Organogenesis

Answer: b) Blastula

88. What is the significance of cleavage in embryology?

a) It helps in the formation of the germ layers

b) It helps in the formation of the placenta

c) It helps in the formation of the blastocyst

d) It helps in the formation of the neural tube

Answer: c) It helps in the formation of the blastocyst

89. In which direction does cleavage occur?

a) Perpendicular to the axis of the zygote

b) Parallel to the axis of the zygote

c) Diagonal to the axis of the zygote

d) Randomly in all directions

Answer: a) Perpendicular to the axis of the zygote

90. Which of the following is not a type of cleavage?

a) Holoblastic

b) Meroblastic

c) Bilateral

d) Rotational

Answer: c) Bilateral

91. What is the result of cleavage in humans?

a) Blastomeres

b) Blastocysts
c) Gastrulae

d) Neural tubes

Answer: a) Blastomeres

92. How many cleavage divisions occur during the process of embryonic development?

a) One

b) Two

c) Three

d) Four

Answer: d) Four

93. What is the term for the division of the zygote into a solid ball of cells?

a) Morula

b) Blastomere

c) Blastocyst

d) Trophoblast

Answer: a) Morula

94. Which of the following is true regarding cleavage in humans?

a) It occurs in the fallopian tube

b) It occurs in the uterus

c) It occurs in both the fallopian tube and uterus

d) It occurs outside the body

Answer: a) It occurs in the fallopian tube

95. What is the significance of the size of blastomeres during cleavage?

a) It determines the number of blastomeres formed

b) It determines the size of the blastocyst

c) It determines the size of the placenta

d) It determines the size of the germ layers

Answer: a) It determines the number of blastomeres formed

96. Which of the following is not a factor that affects the rate of cleavage?

a) Size of the zygote

b) Nutrient supply

c) pH of the environment

d) Presence of growth factors

97. Blastogenesis refers to the early stages of development of:

a) the nervous system

b) the cardiovascular system

c) the digestive system

d) the embryonic body plan

Answer: d) the embryonic body plan

98. During blastogenesis, the embryo undergoes which process?

a) gastrulation

b) neurulation

c) implantation

d) fertilization

Answer: a) gastrulation

99. Blastogenesis starts after:

a) fertilization

b) implantation

c) cleavage

d) morula formation

Answer: c) cleavage

100. What is the main function of the blastocyst?

a) to develop the placenta

b) to develop the nervous system

c) to develop the digestive system

d) to develop the cardiovascular system

Answer: a) to develop the placenta

101. What is the name of the structure formed during blastogenesis that gives rise to the embryo proper?

a) trophoblast

b) blastocyst

c) inner cell mass

d) morula

Answer: c) inner cell mass

102. What is the first stage of blastogenesis?

a) gastrulation

b) neurulation

c) morulation

d) cleavage

Answer: d) cleavage

103. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of blastogenesis?

a) Formation of the embryonic disc

b) Formation of the extraembryonic membranes

c) Formation of the placenta

d) Formation of the germ layers

Answer: c) Formation of the placenta

104. Which of the following germ layers is formed first during blastogenesis?

a) endoderm

b) mesoderm

c) ectoderm

d) notochord

Answer: c) ectoderm
105. The process of blastogenesis begins with the formation of:

a) blastocoel

b) blastocyst

c) zygote

d) morula

Answer: d) morula

106. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of the ectoderm formed during blastogenesis?

a) nervous system

b) skin and hair

c) digestive system

d) sensory organs

Answer: c) digestive system

107. During which stage of embryonic development does the blastocyst form?

A. Fertilization

B. Cleavage

C. Blastogenesis

D. Implantation

Answer: C. Blastogenesis

108. What is the name of the outer layer of the blastocyst that will eventually give rise to the placenta?

A. Inner cell mass

B. Blastomere

C. Trophoblast

D. Morula

Answer: C. Trophoblast

109. Which of the following best describes blastulation?

A. The formation of the blastocyst

B. The division of the zygote into two cells

C. The implantation of the blastocyst

D. The differentiation of the three germ layers

Answer: A. The formation of the blastocyst

110. What is the name of the process by which the blastocyst implants into the endometrium?

A. Gastrulation

B. Folding

C. Nidation

D. Placentation

Answer: C. Nidation

111. Which of the following is true about the inner cell mass?

A. It gives rise to the embryo proper

B. It gives rise to the trophoblast

C. It is derived from the trophoblast

D. It forms the yolk sac

Answer: A. It gives rise to the embryo proper

112. At what point during blastogenesis does the blastula form?

A. After the morula stage

B. After implantation

C. After gastrulation

D. After neurulation

Answer: A. After the morula stage

113. Which of the following is not a function of the blastocyst?

A. To implant into the endometrium

B. To give rise to the placenta

C. To give rise to the embryo proper

D. To differentiate into the three germ layers

Answer: D. To differentiate into the three germ layers

114. What is the name of the fluid-filled cavity that forms within the blastocyst?

A. Blastocoel

B. Morula

C. Inner cell mass

D. Trophoblast

Answer: A. Blastocoel

115. During which stage of blastogenesis do blastomeres become asymmetrically positioned?

A. Morula

B. Blastula

C. Gastrula

D. Neurula

Answer: B. Blastula

116. What is the name of the process by which the blastomeres of the morula become smaller and more numerous?

A. Cleavage

B. Compaction

C. Differentiation

D. Placentation

Answer: A. Cleavage

117. Which of the following is not a stage of blastogenesis?

A. Morula

B. Blastula

C. Gastrula

D. Neurula

Answer: D. Neurula

119. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the blastocyst?

A. Contains an inner cell mass

B. Has a fluid-filled cavity

C. Contains the trophoblast

D. Differentiates into the three germ layers

Answer: D. Differentiates into the three germ layers

120. What is the name of the process by which the trophoblast attaches to the endometrium?

A. Nidation

B. Gastrulation

C. Placentation

D. Folding

Answer: A. Nidation

121. Which of the following is true about the trophoblast?

A. It forms the yolk sac

B. It gives rise to the embryo proper

C. It forms the placenta

D. It forms the three

122. What is the approximate timing of implantation after fertilization in humans?

A. 1 day after fertilization

B. 4-5 days after fertilization

C. 1 week after fertilization

D. 2 weeks after fertilization

Answer: B. 4-5 days after fertilization

123. What is the term used to describe the blastocyst's attachment and invasion into the endometrial lining?

A. Fertilization

B. Implantation

C. Cleavage

D. Gastrulation
Answer: B. Implantation

124. During implantation, what structure helps the blastocyst penetrate the endometrial lining?

A. Trophoblast

B. Inner cell mass

C. Blastocoel

D. Zona pellucida

Answer: A. Trophoblast

125. What hormone is responsible for initiating the process of implantation?

A. Progesterone

B. Estrogen

C. Luteinizing hormone (LH)

D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: A. Progesterone

126. Which of the following is NOT a step in the process of implantation?

A. Adhesion of the blastocyst to the endometrial lining

B. Invasion of the trophoblast cells into the endometrium

C. Formation of the primitive streak

D. Differentiation of the trophoblast into the cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

Answer: C. Formation of the primitive streak

127. What is the term for the process by which the trophoblast forms finger-like projections that extend into the endometrial lining?

A. Syncytialization

B. Differentiation

C. Proliferation

D. Villification

Answer: D. Villification

128. What is the function of the syncytiotrophoblast?

A. Secretion of hCG to maintain the corpus luteum

B. Formation of the chorion

C. Invasion of the endometrial lining

D. Formation of the extraembryonic mesoderm

Answer: C. Invasion of the endometrial lining

129. What is the term for the specialized region of the blastocyst that gives rise to the embryonic disc?

A. Inner cell mass

B. Trophoblast

C. Blastocoel

D. Zona pellucida

Answer: A. Inner cell mass

130. What is the name of the hormone produced by the trophoblast that is used to detect pregnancy in home pregnancy tests?

A. Estrogen

B. Progesterone

C. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

D. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: C. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

131. What is the term for the process by which the blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida?

A. Cleavage

B. Implantation

C. Blastulation

D. Hatching

Answer: D. Hatching

132. What is the definition of abortion in embryology?

a. A term used to describe the expulsion of a fertilized egg before the 20th week of pregnancy.

b. A term used to describe the expulsion of a fertilized egg after the 20th week of pregnancy.

c. A term used to describe the expulsion of an unfertilized egg.

d. A term used to describe the delivery of a healthy baby after the 20th week of pregnancy.

Answer: a . A term used to describe the expulsion of a fertilized egg before the 20th week of pregnancy.

133. Which type of abortion occurs spontaneously without any medical intervention?

a. Induced abortion

b. Therapeutic abortion

c. Spontaneous abortion

d. Elective abortion

Answer: c. Spontaneous abortion

134. What is the most common cause of spontaneous abortion in the first trimester?

a. Incompetent cervix

b. Maternal infection

c. Chromosomal abnormalities

d. Maternal trauma

Answer: c. Chromosomal abnormalities

135. Which type of induced abortion is performed via dilation and curettage (D&C)?

a. Medical abortion

b. Vacuum aspiration abortion

c. Dilation and evacuation (D&E) abortion

d. Saline solution injection abortion

Answer: c. Dilation and curettage (D&C) abortion

136. What is the maximum gestational age for a medical abortion using mifepristone and misoprostol?

a. 8 weeks

b. 10 weeks

c. 12 weeks

d. 16 weeks

Answer: c. 12 weeks

137. What is the term used to describe an abortion that occurs between 20 and 28 weeks of gestation?
a. Late-term abortion

b. Spontaneous abortion

c. Induced abortion

d. Therapeutic abortion

Answer: a. Late-term abortion

138. What is the term used to describe an abortion that occurs after 28 weeks of gestation?

a. Late-term abortion

b. Spontaneous abortion

c. Induced abortion

d. Therapeutic abortion

Answer: d. Therapeutic abortion

139. What is the medical term for an incomplete abortion?

a. Ectopic pregnancy

b. Hydatidiform mole

c. Missed abortion

d. Retained products of conception

Answer: d. Retained products of conception

140. Which of the following is a risk factor for recurrent spontaneous abortions?

a. Maternal age over 40

b. Maternal smoking

c. Maternal diabetes

d. All of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

141. Which type of induced abortion involves the injection of a lethal substance into the amniotic sac?

a. Medical abortion

b. Vacuum aspiration abortion

c. Dilation and curettage (D&C) abortion

d. Saline solution injection abortion

Answer: d. Saline solution injection abortion

142. What is the term used to describe an abortion that occurs before the 20th week of gestation?

a. Early-term abortion

b. Late-term abortion

c. Spontaneous abortion

d. Therapeutic abortion

Answer: a. Early-term abortion

143. Which of the following is a complication of an incomplete abortion?

a. Hemorrhage

b. Infection

c. Infertility

d. All of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

144. Which of the following is a risk factor for induced abortion?

a. Maternal age over 35

b. Maternal smoking

c. Maternal diabetes

d. All of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

145. Which type of induced abortion is performed using a vacuum aspiration device?

a. Medical abortion

b. Vacuum aspiration abortion

c. Dilation and curettage (D&C) abortion

d. Saline solution injection abortion

Answer: b. Vacuum aspiration abortion

146. What is the term used to describe an abortion that occurs without any medical indication?

a. Induced abortion

b. Therapeutic abortion

c. Spontaneous abortion

d. Elective abortion

Answer: d. Elective abortion

147. During week two of embryonic development, the blastocyst undergoes which of the following?

a) Implantation into the uterine wall

b) Formation of the primitive streak

c) Formation of the neural tube

d) Differentiation into the embryonic disc

Answer: d) Differentiation into the embryonic disc

148. What is the name of the structure that forms during week two of embryonic development and is responsible for producing the hormone
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

a) Embryonic disc

b) Trophoblast

c) Amniotic cavity

d) Yolk sac

Answer: b) Trophoblast

149. During week two of embryonic development, the embryonic disc gives rise to which of the following structures?

a) Placenta

b) Neural tube

c) Heart

d) Lungs

Answer: b) Neural tube

150. During week two of embryonic development, the trophoblast differentiates into two layers. What are these layers called?

a) Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

b) Ectoderm and endoderm

c) Mesoderm and notochord

d) Neural crest and somites

Answer: a) Cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

151. At the end of week two of embryonic development, what is the name of the structure that is formed by the embryonic disc and surrounds
the amniotic cavity?

a) Yolk sac

b) Placenta

c) Chorion

d) Umbilical cord

Answer: c) Chorion

152. What is the name of the process that occurs during week two of embryonic development, in which the embryonic disc folds to form a
cylindrical structure?

a) Gastrulation

b) Neurulation

c) Primitive streak formation

d) Folding of the embryo

Answer: d) Folding of the embryo

153. During week two of embryonic development, what is the name of the structure that forms from the hypoblast and helps to form the
primitive yolk sac?

a) Extraembryonic mesoderm

b) Amniotic cavity

c) Epiblast

d) Notochord

Answer: a) Extraembryonic mesoderm

154. What is the name of the structure that forms during week two of embryonic development and will eventually become the lining of the
respiratory and digestive tracts?

a) Notochord
b) Ectoderm

c) Endoderm

d) Mesoderm

Answer: c) Endoderm

155. During week two of embryonic development, what is the name of the process by which the trophoblast cells invade the endometrium?

a) Cleavage

b) Implantation

c) Trophoblast differentiation

d) Blastocyst formation

Answer: b) Implantation

156. What is the name of the structure that forms during week two of embryonic development and will eventually become the precursor to the
vertebral column?

a) Neural crest cells

b) Notochord

c) Somites

d) Primitive streak

Answer: b) Notochord

157. What is the name of the structure formed during week 2 that will give rise to the placenta?

a) Primitive streak

b) Trophoblast

c) Hypoblast

d) Epiblast

Answer: b) Trophoblast

158. During week 2, what structure forms between the epiblast and hypoblast?

a) Chorion

b) Placenta

c) Amniotic cavity
d) Yolk sac

Answer: c) Amniotic cavity

159. What is the name of the bilaminar disc formed during week 2?

a) Epiblast

b) Hypoblast

c) Mesoderm

d) Endoderm

Answer: a) Epiblast

160. Which of the following events occurs during week 2 of development?

a) Formation of the neural tube

b) Formation of the somites

c) Formation of the notochord

d) Formation of the amniotic sac

Answer: d) Formation of the amniotic sac

161. During week 2, the epiblast differentiates into which two layers?

a) Mesoderm and endoderm

b) Ectoderm and mesoderm

c) Endoderm and ectoderm

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Ectoderm and mesoderm

162. What is the name of the cavity that forms in the blastocyst during week 2?

a) Amniotic cavity

b) Yolk sac

c) Blastocoel

d) Chorion

Answer: c) Blastocoel
163. What is the name of the process by which the blastocyst implants into the endometrial lining?

a) Fertilization

b) Cleavage

c) Gastrulation

d) Implantation

Answer: d) Implantation

164. What is the name of the structure that forms from the trophoblast and will eventually form the chorion?

a) Blastocoel

b) Epiblast

c) Yolk sac

d) Syncytiotrophoblast

Answer: d) Syncytiotrophoblast

165. During week 2, which layer of the bilaminar disc gives rise to the notochord?

a) Epiblast

b) Hypoblast

c) Mesoderm

d) Endoderm

Answer: c) Mesoderm

166. What is the name of the layer of cells that forms the roof of the amniotic cavity?

a) Epiblast

b) Hypoblast

c) Mesoderm

d) Endoderm

Answer: a) Epiblast

167. What is the bilaminar germ disc composed of?

a. Epiblast and hypoblast

b. Mesoderm and ectoderm

c. Endoderm and mesoderm

d. Trophoblast and yolk sac

Answer: a. Epiblast and hypoblast

168. The epiblast layer of the bilaminar germ disc gives rise to what structures?

a. The yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm

b. The notochord and neural tube

c. The somites and the allantois

d. The embryo proper and amniotic sac

Answer: d. The embryo proper and amniotic sac

169. The hypoblast layer of the bilaminar germ disc contributes to the formation of what structure?

a. The yolk sac

b. The neural tube

c. The allantois

d. The somites

Answer: a. The yolk sac

170. During which week of development does the bilaminar germ disc form?

a. Week 1

b. Week 2

c. Week 3

d. Week 4

Answer: b. Week 2

171. The formation of the bilaminar germ disc occurs after what significant event in development?

a. Fertilization

b. Implantation

c. Gastrulation

d. Cleavage

Answer: c. Gastrulation
172. What is the function of the hypoblast layer in the bilaminar germ disc?

a. To form the embryo proper

b. To form the amniotic sac

c. To provide nutrition to the developing embryo

d. To form the yolk sac

Answer: d. To form the yolk sac

173. What is the fate of the hypoblast layer in the later stages of embryonic development?

a. It forms the lining of the gastrointestinal tract

b. It contributes to the formation of the umbilical cord

c. It is completely reabsorbed by the embryo

d. It is incorporated into the amniotic sac

Answer: c. It is completely reabsorbed by the embryo

174. Which of the following is not a derivative of the epiblast layer in the bilaminar germ disc?

a. Embryo proper

b. Amniotic sac

c. Extraembryonic mesoderm

d. Yolk sac

Answer: d. Yolk sac

175. During which stage of development does the bilaminar germ disc transform into the trilaminar germ disc?

a. Week 1

b. Week 2

c. Week 3

d. Week 4

Answer: c. Week 3

176. What is the first step in the formation of the bilaminar germ disc?

a. Cleavage
b. Gastrulation

c. Fertilization

d. Implantation

Answer: b. Gastrulation

177. Which of the following is not a function of trophoblast cells?

a) Formation of the chorion

b) Invasion of the endometrium

c) Formation of the placenta

d) Formation of the embryonic disc

Answer: d) Formation of the embryonic disc

178. What is the function of syncytiotrophoblast cells?

a) To secrete progesterone

b) To invade the endometrium

c) To form the primary yolk sac

d) To form the umbilical cord

Answer: b) To invade the endometrium

179. Which of the following layers of the blastocyst gives rise to the trophoblast cells?

a) Epiblast

b) Hypoblast

c) Exocoelomic membrane

d) Blastocoel

Answer: a) Epiblast

180. Which of the following molecules is expressed by trophoblast cells during implantation?

a) HCG

b) Estrogen

c) Progesterone

d) FSH
Answer: a) HCG

181. Which of the following is not a type of trophoblast cell?

a) Cytotrophoblast

b) Syncytiotrophoblast

c) Langertrophoblast

d) Extravillous trophoblast

Answer: c) Langertrophoblast

182. Which of the following structures forms from the trophoblast during embryonic development?

a) Amnion

b) Chorion

c) Neural tube

d) Notochord

Answer: b) Chorion

183. What is the role of the extravillous trophoblast cells during placenta formation?

a) To form the chorion

b) To form the amnion

c) To form the umbilical cord

d) To invade the maternal decidua and remodel spiral arteries

Answer: d) To invade the maternal decidua and remodel spiral arteries

184. What is the function of the placental villi?

a) To exchange gases and nutrients between the mother and the fetus

b) To produce hormones that maintain the pregnancy

c) To support the developing embryo during cleavage

d) To form the umbilical cord

Answer: a) To exchange gases and nutrients between the mother and the fetus

185. Which of the following is not a hormone produced by the placenta?

a) Estrogen

b) Progesterone

c) Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Answer: d) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

186. What is the function of the umbilical cord during fetal development?

a) To connect the fetus to the placenta and allow exchange of gases and nutrients

b) To produce hormones that maintain the pregnancy

c) To form the amniotic fluid

d) To provide support for the developing embryo during cleavage

Answer: a) To connect the fetus to the placenta and allow exchange of gases and nutrients

187. What is the primitive streak?

a) The initial formation of the neural tube

b) A groove formed on the surface of the embryonic disc

c) A structure that forms the yolk sac

d) The first indication of limb buds

Answer: b) A groove formed on the surface of the embryonic disc

188. What is the function of the primitive streak?

a) To form the umbilical cord

b) To form the neural crest

c) To establish the bilateral symmetry of the embryo

d) To produce germ cells

Answer: c) To establish the bilateral symmetry of the embryo

189. During what week of development does the primitive streak first appear?

a) Week 1

b) Week 2

c) Week 3
d) Week 4

Answer: b) Week 2

190. What germ layer is formed from cells that migrate through the primitive streak?

a) Endoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Ectoderm

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Mesoderm

191. Which of the following structures arises from the primitive streak?

a) The notochord

b) The neural tube

c) The somites

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

192. The primitive streak will eventually give rise to which of the following structures?

a) The placenta

b) The amniotic fluid

c) The chorion

d) The anus

Answer: d) The anus

193. During gastrulation, cells from the epiblast move toward the primitive streak and form which layer?

a) Ectoderm

b) Endoderm

c) Mesoderm

d) All of the above

Answer: c) Mesoderm
194. What is the name of the small depression at the caudal end of the primitive streak?

a) The blastopore

b) The neural crest

c) The notochord

d) The germ disc

Answer: a) The blastopore

195. Which of the following is not a function of the primitive streak?

a) To establish bilateral symmetry

b) To form the germ layers

c) To produce germ cells

d) To form the placenta

Answer: d) To form the placenta

196. What is the fate of cells that migrate through the primitive streak and form the endoderm?

a) They will form the digestive and respiratory tracts

b) They will form the skeletal and muscular systems

c) They will form the skin and nervous system

d) They will form the blood and blood vessels

Answer: a) They will form the digestive and respiratory tracts

197. The primitive streak is first visible in the developing embryo at which end?

a) The cranial end

b) The caudal end

c) The left side

d) The right side

Answer: b) The caudal end

198. The primitive streak establishes what axis of the embryo?

a) Anterior-posterior axis

b) Dorsal-ventral axis
c) Left-right axis

d) None of the above

Answer: a) Anterior-posterior axis

199. What structure forms at the anterior end of the primitive streak?

a) The notochord

b) The neural crest

c) The prechordal plate

d) The mesoderm

Answer: c) The prechordal plate

200. What is the term for the process by which the primitive streak establishes the embryonic axes?

a) Axis establishment

b) Symmetry formation

c) Pattern formation

d) Gastr

201. During gastrulation, which layer of cells is formed by invagination of the epiblast cells?

a) Endoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Ectoderm

d) Trophoblast

Answer: b) Mesoderm

202. Which of the following structures is not formed during gastrulation?

a) Notochord

b) Somites

c) Neural tube

d) Placenta

Answer: d) Placenta
203. During gastrulation, which of the following processes causes the formation of the primitive streak?

a) Cell proliferation

b) Cell migration

c) Cell differentiation

d) Cell death

Answer: b) Cell migration

204. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during gastrulation?

a) Formation of the primitive streak, formation of the notochord, formation of the neural tube

b) Formation of the notochord, formation of the neural tube, formation of the primitive streak

c) Formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord, formation of the primitive streak

d) Formation of the primitive streak, formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord

Answer: d) Formation of the primitive streak, formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord

205. During gastrulation, the cells of the epiblast move inwards to form the:

a) Mesoderm

b) Endoderm

c) Ectoderm

d) Trophoblast

Answer: a) Mesoderm

206. What is the name of the process during gastrulation in which the cells of the epiblast move to form the mesoderm and endoderm?

a) Invagination

b) Ingression

c) Delamination

d) Epiboly

Answer: b) Ingression

207. Which of the following structures is formed by the ectoderm during gastrulation?

a) Notochord

b) Neural tube
c) Somites

d) Gut tube

Answer: b) Neural tube

208. The primitive streak, which is formed during gastrulation, is found on the:

a) Dorsal surface of the embryo

b) Ventral surface of the embryo

c) Lateral surface of the embryo

d) Medial surface of the embryo

Answer: a) Dorsal surface of the embryo

209. Which of the following is not a product of gastrulation?

a) Mesoderm

b) Endoderm

c) Ectoderm

d) Trophoblast

Answer: d) Trophoblast

210. Which of the following is the correct sequence of events during gastrulation in birds and reptiles?

a) Formation of the primitive streak, formation of the notochord, formation of the neural tube

b) Formation of the notochord, formation of the neural tube, formation of the primitive streak

c) Formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord, formation of the primitive streak

d) Formation of the primitive streak, formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord

Answer: c) Formation of the neural tube, formation of the notochord, formation of the primitive streak

211. What is the structure formed during gastrulation that marks the site of the neurenteric canal?

a. Primitive node

b. Primitive streak

c. Notochord

d. Endodermal cells

Answer: b. Primitive streak

212. The neurenteric canal connects which two structures during embryonic development?

a. Amnion and yolk sac

b. Yolk sac and allantois

c. Yolk sac and umbilical cord

d. Amnion and hindgut

Answer: d. Amnion and hindgut

213. Which germ layer contributes to the formation of the neurenteric canal?

a. Ectoderm

b. Mesoderm

c. Endoderm

d. Trophoblast

Answer: c. Endoderm

214. What is the fate of the neurenteric canal in later stages of embryonic development?

a. It remains as a permanent connection between the amnion and hindgut

b. It disappears as the notochord develops

c. It gives rise to the neural tube

d. It forms the cloaca

Answer: b. It disappears as the notochord develops

215. Failure of the neurenteric canal to close properly can lead to which of the following conditions?

a. Anencephaly

b. Spina bifida

c. Hydrocephalus

d. Trisomy 21

Answer: a. Anencephaly

216. What is the Neurenteric Canal?

A) It is the region in the developing embryo where the neural tube is formed.
B) It is a temporary structure that connects the yolk sac to the amniotic cavity.

C) It is a connection between the primitive gut and the yolk sac.

D) It is a transient structure that links the neural tube and the primitive gut.

Answer: D) It is a transient structure that links the neural tube and the primitive gut.

217. During which stage of embryonic development does the Neurenteric Canal form?

A) Pre-implantation

B) Gastrulation

C) Neurulation

D) Somitogenesis

Answer: B) Gastrulation

218. What is the function of the Neurenteric Canal in embryonic development?

A) It helps to establish the dorsal-ventral axis of the developing embryo.

B) It connects the neural tube to the notochord.

C) It provides a pathway for nutrients to reach the developing embryo.

D) It allows for communication between the developing gut and the neural tube.

Answer: D) It allows for communication between the developing gut and the neural tube.

219. Failure of the Neurenteric Canal to close properly can lead to what developmental abnormality?

A) Neural tube defects

B) Anencephaly

C) Gastroschisis

D) Omphalocele

Answer: A) Neural tube defects

220. What is the fate of the Neurenteric Canal during later stages of embryonic development?

A) It remains as a permanent structure in the adult body.

B) It is transformed into the spinal cord.

C) It disappears as the gut and neural tube separate.

D) It develops into the cerebral ventricles.

Answer: C) It disappears as the gut and neural tube separate.

221. Which of the following statements about the notochord is true?

A) It forms from the mesoderm.

B) It forms from the endoderm.

C) It forms from the ectoderm.

D) It is derived from the neural crest cells.

Answer: A) It forms from the mesoderm.

222. The notochord is first visible in the human embryo at which week of development?

A) Week 1

B) Week 2

C) Week 3

D) Week 4

Answer: C) Week 3

223. Which of the following structures is responsible for inducing the formation of the notochord?

A) Primitive streak

B) Prechordal plate

C) Neural crest cells

D) Paraxial mesoderm

Answer: B) Prechordal plate

224. Which of the following is NOT a function of the notochord in embryonic development?

A) Providing mechanical support to the developing embryo

B) Inducing the formation of the neural tube

C) Forming the axial skeleton

D) Regulating the development of the digestive system

Answer: D) Regulating the development of the digestive system

225. During neurulation, the notochord is located between which two structures?

A) Ectoderm and mesoderm

B) Ectoderm and endoderm

C) Mesoderm and endoderm

D) None of the above

Answer: B) Ectoderm and endoderm

226. Which of the following is true about the formation of the notochord in humans?

A) It forms from the dorsal mesentery.

B) It forms from the neural crest cells.

C) It forms from the primitive streak.

D) It forms from the hypoblast.

Answer: C) It forms from the primitive streak.

227. The notochord extends from which structure to which structure in the developing embryo?

A) Primitive node to the oropharyngeal membrane

B) Neural plate to the neural crest cells

C) Prechordal plate to the neural tube

D) Mesoderm to the endoderm

Answer: C) Prechordal plate to the neural tube

228. The notochord contributes to the development of which of the following structures?

A) Muscles of the limbs

B) Bones of the skull

C) Vertebral column

D) Lungs

Answer: C) Vertebral column

229. Which of the following germ layers gives rise to the notochord?

A) Ectoderm

B) Mesoderm
C) Endoderm

D) All of the above

Answer: B) Mesoderm

230. What is the role of the notochord in the formation of the neural tube?

A) It induces the formation of the neural plate.

B) It promotes the folding of the neural plate.

C) It separates the neural plate from the surface ectoderm.

D) It contributes to the formation of the neural crest cells.

Answer: B) It promotes the folding of the neural plate.

231. Which structure serves as the axial support in the early embryo?

a. Neural crest cells

b. Notochord

c. Somites

d. Placenta

Answer: b. Notochord

232. The notochord is derived from which germ layer?

a. Ectoderm

b. Endoderm

c. Mesoderm

d. All three germ layers

Answer: c. Mesoderm

233. The notochord plays a role in the formation of which of the following structures?

a. Neural tube

b. Brain

c. Spinal cord

d. All of the above

Answer: d. All of the above

234. Which of the following is true regarding the notochord?

a. It is present throughout fetal development and into adulthood.

b. It is replaced by bone during fetal development.

c. It disappears during fetal development and is replaced by the vertebral column.

d. It is only present during the first week of embryonic development.

Answer: c. It disappears during fetal development and is replaced by the vertebral column.

235. The notochord is located in which of the following regions of the embryo?

a. Dorsal midline

b. Ventral midline

c. Lateral midline

d. None of the above

Answer: a. Dorsal midline

236. The notochord is necessary for the formation of which of the following structures?

a. Heart

b. Kidneys

c. Limbs

d. None of the above

Answer: d. None of the above (it is necessary for the formation of the neural tube and axial skeleton)

237. What is the name of the process by which the notochord induces the formation of the neural tube?

a. Neurulation

b. Gastrulation

c. Cleavage

d. Blastulation

Answer: a. Neurulation

238. Which of the following structures is derived from the notochord?

a. Muscles
b. Skin

c. Cartilage

d. Blood vessels

Answer: c. Cartilage

239. In humans, the notochord is first visible at what stage of development?

a. Blastula

b. Gastrula

c. Neurula

d. Fetal

Answer: c. Neurula

240. What is the function of the notochord in the developing embryo?

a. To provide nourishment to the developing embryo

b. To induce the formation of the neural tube

c. To form the limbs and other appendages

d. To form the digestive system

Answer: b. To induce the formation of the neural tube.

241. What is neurulation?

A. Formation of the notochord

B. Formation of the neural crest

C. Formation of the neural tube

D. Formation of the somites

Answer: C

242. What is the role of the notochord in neurulation?

A. Induces formation of the neural tube

B. Forms the brain

C. Forms the spinal cord

D. Forms the somites

Answer: A

243. During neurulation, the neural plate folds to form which structure?

A. Notochord

B. Neural crest

C. Neural tube

D. Somites

Answer: C

244. Which cells are responsible for forming the neural crest during neurulation?

A. Ectodermal cells

B. Mesodermal cells

C. Endodermal cells

D. Notochordal cells

Answer: A

245. Which of the following structures gives rise to the neural tube?

A. Neural crest

B. Notochord

C. Somites

D. Ectoderm

Answer: D

246. What is the name of the process by which the neural tube separates from the ectoderm?

A. Gastrulation

B. Neurulation

C. Cleavage

D. Differentiation

Answer: B

247. The neural tube gives rise to which structures?

A. The brain and spinal cord

B. The heart and lungs

C. The liver and pancreas

D. The kidneys and bladder

Answer: A

248. In humans, neurulation begins at which point in development?

A. Conception

B. 1 week after conception

C. 2 weeks after conception

D. 3 weeks after conception

Answer: D

249. Failure of neurulation can result in which condition?

A. Cleft lip and palate

B. Spina bifida

C. Down syndrome

D. Turner syndrome

Answer: B

250. Which of the following signaling pathways is important in neurulation?

A. Notch pathway

B. Hedgehog pathway

C. Wnt pathway

D. BMP pathway

Answer: B

251. Which layer of the embryo gives rise to the neural crest cells?

A. Endoderm

B. Mesoderm

C. Ectoderm
D. Notochord

Answer: C

252. Which of the following is a defect that can occur during neurulation?

A. Neural tube closure

B. Ectoderm differentiation

C. Mesoderm migration

D. Neural crest formation

Answer: A

253. What is the name of the structure that forms at the anterior end of the neural tube and gives rise to the brain?

A. Telencephalon

B. Diencephalon

C. Mesencephalon

D. Rhombencephalon

Answer: A

254. The notochord is derived from which embryonic layer?

A. Endoderm

B. Mesoderm

C. Ectoderm

D. All of the above

Answer: B

255. Which of the following structures is derived from the neural crest?

A. Brain and spinal cord

B. Muscles of the face and neck

C. Bones of the skull

D. All of the above

Answer: B, C (option D is also correct as it includes B and C)

256. Which of the following is derived from neural crest cells?

a) Epidermis

b) Neural tube

c) Dorsal root ganglia

d) Pituitary gland

Answer: c) Dorsal root ganglia

257. Which of the following is NOT a derivative of neural crest cells?

a) Adrenal medulla

b) Facial cartilage

c) Spinal cord

d) Schwann cells

Answer: c) Spinal cord

258. Which of the following structures is NOT formed by the migration of neural crest cells?

a) Sensory ganglia

b) Sympathetic ganglia

c) Parasympathetic ganglia

d) Adrenal medulla

Answer: c) Parasympathetic ganglia

259. Which of the following is NOT a function of neural crest cells?

a) Formation of cranial and spinal nerves

b) Development of the autonomic nervous system

c) Formation of adrenal glands

d) Development of the digestive system

Answer: d) Development of the digestive system

260. The migration of neural crest cells is regulated by:

a) Fibroblast growth factor

b) Sonic hedgehog
c) Notch signaling

d) Wnt signaling

Answer: c) Notch signaling

261. Which of the following is a characteristic of neural crest cells?

a) They are only present in the head region

b) They are only present in the trunk region

c) They are multipotent

d) They differentiate into only one cell type

Answer: c) They are multipotent

262. Which of the following is a disorder caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration?

a) Spina bifida

b) Down syndrome

c) Cleft palate

d) Turner syndrome

Answer: c) Cleft palate

263. Which of the following is a signaling pathway that plays a role in neural crest cell development?

a) PI3K-Akt pathway

b) Notch signaling pathway

c) JAK-STAT pathway

d) MAPK/ERK pathway

Answer: d) MAPK/ERK pathway

264. Which of the following is a cell type derived from neural crest cells?

a) Smooth muscle cells

b) Cardiac muscle cells

c) Skeletal muscle cells

d) Red blood cells

Answer: a) Smooth muscle cells

265. Neural crest cells give rise to which of the following structures in the head and neck region?

a) Ear

b) Nose

c) Teeth

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

256. Which of the following is NOT a type of neural crest cell?

a) Cranial neural crest cells

b) Cardiac neural crest cells

c) Trunk neural crest cells

d) Sacral neural crest cells

Answer: b) Cardiac neural crest cells

257. Which of the following is a protein expressed by neural crest cells that is involved in their migration?

a) N-cadherin

b) Collagen

c) Elastin

d) Keratin

Answer: a) N-cadherin

258. The development of which of the following structures requires the presence of neural crest cells?

a) Kidneys

b) Liver

c) Spleen

d) Adrenal glands

Answer: d) Adrenal glands

259. Which of the following is a signaling molecule that is secreted by neural crest cells and plays a role in their development?

a) Sonic hedgehog
b) Fibroblast growth factor

c) Bone morphogenetic protein

d) Wnt

Answer: a) Sonic hedgehog

260. What is the first sign of somite development?

a) Appearance of a mesodermal core

b) A medial outpocketing of the neural tube

c) Fusion of the neural folds

d) Differentiation of the notochord

Answer: b) A medial outpocketing of the neural tube

261. Which of the following is not derived from somites?

a) Skeletal muscle

b) Cartilage of the vertebrae

c) Dermis of the skin

d) Kidney

Answer: d) Kidney

262. Somites form in a cranio-caudal direction. Which part of the embryo do the first somites form in?

a) Cervical region

b) Thoracic region

c) Lumbar region

d) Sacral region

Answer: a) Cervical region

263. Which of the following somites will form the occipital bone of the skull?

a) First

b) Second

c) Third

d) Fourth
Answer: d) Fourth

264. What is the role of the sclerotome in somite development?

a) Forms the dermis of the skin

b) Forms the axial skeleton

c) Forms the skeletal muscle

d) Forms the urogenital system

Answer: b) Forms the axial skeleton

265. Which of the following is not a subdivision of the somite?

a) Sclerotome

b) Dermatome

c) Myotome

d) Syndetome

Answer: d) Syndetome

266. What is the name of the structure that forms from the lateral mesoderm and surrounds the somites?

a) Intermediate mesoderm

b) Somatic mesoderm

c) Splanchnic mesoderm

d) Lateral plate mesoderm

Answer: b) Somatic mesoderm

267. Which of the following is not a type of vertebrae formed by the somites?

a) Cervical

b) Thoracic

c) Lumbar

d) Sacral

Answer: d) Sacral

268. What is the function of the dermatome?

a) Forms the dermis of the skin

b) Forms the axial skeleton

c) Forms the skeletal muscle

d) Forms the urogenital system

Answer: a) Forms the dermis of the skin

269. Which of the following structures is derived from the myotome?

a) Axial skeleton

b) Skeletal muscle

c) Dermis of the skin

d) Kidney

Answer: b) Skeletal muscle

270. Which of the following is not a type of muscle that develops from the somites?

a) Skeletal muscle

b) Cardiac muscle

c) Smooth muscle

d) Striated muscle

Answer: b) Cardiac muscle

271. Which of the following is a transient structure formed by the somites that is involved in the development of blood vessels?

a) Dermomyotome

b) Sclerotome

c) Syndetome

d) Angioblast

Answer: d) Angioblast

272. What is the name of the structure that forms from the medial part of the sclerotome and surrounds the notochord?

a) Dermatome

b) Myotome

c) Syndetome
d) Chordamesoderm

Answer: c) Syndetome

273. Which of the following is not a subdivision of the lateral plate mesoderm?

a) Somatic mesoderm

b) Splanchnic mesoderm

c) Intermediate mesoderm

d) Cardiac mesoderm

274. What is the allantois?

a) A pouch of endodermal tissue that forms the gut

b) A structure that forms the heart

c) A sac-like structure that forms from the hindgut

d) A membrane that forms around the embryo

Answer: c) A sac-like structure that forms from the hindgut

275. What is the function of the allantois in the embryo?

a) It produces red blood cells

b) It produces white blood cells

c) It stores waste products

d) It provides nutrients and removes waste from the developing embryo

Answer: d) It provides nutrients and removes waste from the developing embryo

276. Which embryonic structure does the allantois fuse with to form the placenta?

a) Amnion

b) Chorion

c) Yolk sac

d) Neural tube

Answer: b) Chorion

277. The allantois forms from which germ layer?

a) Ectoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Endoderm

d) Exoderm

Answer: c) Endoderm

278. The allantois is part of which membrane in the developing embryo?

a) Amnion

b) Chorion

c) Yolk sac

d) Germinal membrane

Answer: b) Chorion

279. What is the function of the allantoic duct?

a) It connects the yolk sac to the embryonic gut

b) It connects the amnion to the chorion

c) It connects the allantois to the bladder

d) It connects the neural tube to the ectoderm

Answer: c) It connects the allantois to the bladder

280. Which of the following is NOT a role of the allantois?

a) It forms the umbilical cord

b) It secretes hormones that regulate embryonic development

c) It produces blood cells

d) It helps to maintain fluid balance in the embryo

Answer: c) It produces blood cells

281. What happens to the allantois after birth?

a) It forms part of the umbilical cord

b) It fuses with the amnion to form the chorion

c) It is reabsorbed by the body

d) It becomes the bladder in the adult

Answer: c) It is reabsorbed by the body

282. The allantois gives rise to which important structure in the embryo?

a) Heart

b) Lungs

c) Kidneys

d) Liver

Answer: c) Kidneys

283. The allantois is essential for the development of which major organ system?

a) Cardiovascular system

b) Respiratory system

c) Nervous system

d) Urinary system

Answer: d) Urinary system

284. In what week of development does the allantois begin to form?

a) Week 1

b) Week 2

c) Week 3

d) Week 4

Answer: b) Week 2

285. The allantois plays a role in which of the following processes?

a) Gastrulation

b) Neurulation

c) Somitogenesis

d) Placenta formation

Answer: d) Placenta formation

286. The allantois is derived from which of the following structures?

a) The mesoderm

b) The endoderm

c) The ectoderm

d) The mesenchyme

Answer: b) The endoderm

287. What is the function of the umbilical cord during fetal development?

a) To connect the fetus to the amniotic sac

b) To connect the fetus to the mother's circulatory system

c) To connect the fetus to the placenta

d) To transport nutrients from the fetus to the mother

Answer: c) To connect the fetus to the placenta

288. What is the composition of the umbilical cord?

a) Only blood vessels

b) Only connective tissue

c) Blood vessels and connective tissue

d) Nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue

Answer: c) Blood vessels and connective tissue

289. Which of the following blood vessels is found in the umbilical cord?

a) Superior vena cava

b) Inferior vena cava

c) Umbilical vein

d) Pulmonary artery

Answer: c) Umbilical vein

290. The umbilical cord has how many arteries?

a) 1

b) 2
c) 3

d) 4

Answer: b) 2

291. What is the function of the umbilical arteries in the umbilical cord?

a) To transport oxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

b) To transport deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

c) To transport oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

d) To transport deoxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus

Answer: b) To transport deoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta

292. What is the function of the Wharton's jelly in the umbilical cord?

a) To provide nourishment to the fetus

b) To protect the umbilical vessels from compression

c) To produce blood cells

d) To secrete hormones

Answer: b) To protect the umbilical vessels from compression

293. Which of the following is a complication associated with a short umbilical cord?

a) Preterm labor

b) Fetal growth restriction

c) Pre-eclampsia

d) Gestational diabetes

Answer: b) Fetal growth restriction

294. True or False: The umbilical cord is typically cut and clamped shortly after birth.

a) True

b) False

Answer: a) True

295. Which of the following is NOT a common type of umbilical cord abnormality?
a) Single umbilical artery

b) Nuchal cord

c) True knot

d) Three umbilical arteries

Answer: d) Three umbilical arteries

296. Which of the following is a possible consequence of a nuchal cord?

a) Preterm labor

b) Fetal growth restriction

c) Neonatal sepsis

d) Fetal hypoxia

Answer: d) Fetal hypoxia

297. What is the term used to describe a condition where the umbilical cord prolapses before the fetus during labor?

a) Placenta previa

b) Abruptio placenta

c) Cord prolapse

d) Umbilical hernia

Answer: c) Cord prolapse

298. Which of the following is a treatment option for a cord prolapse during labor?

a) Emergency cesarean section

b) Vaginal delivery with forceps

c) Induction of labor

d) Bed rest

Answer: a) Emergency cesarean section

299. True or False: The umbilical cord can regenerate if it is cut or damaged during fetal development.

a) True

b) False

Answer: b) False
300. The ectoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Lungs

b. Muscles

c. Epithelium of the skin

d. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Answer: c. Epithelium of the skin

301. The mesoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Nervous system

b. Epidermis

c. Digestive system

d. Kidneys

Answer: d. Kidneys

302. The endoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Bones

b. Cartilage

c. Liver

d. Heart

Answer: c. Liver

303. The notochord is derived from which germ layer?

a. Ectoderm

b. Mesoderm

c. Endoderm

d. It is not derived from any germ layer

Answer: b. Mesoderm

304. The somites give rise to which of the following structures?

a. Bones
b. Blood vessels

c. Nervous system

d. Lungs

Answer: a. Bones

305. The neural crest cells give rise to which of the following structures?

a. Muscles

b. Kidneys

c. Teeth

d. Lungs

Answer: c. Teeth

306. The lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Nervous system

b. Muscles

c. Epidermis

d. Digestive system

Answer: b. Muscles

307. The paraxial mesoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Nervous system

b. Epidermis

c. Bones

d. Blood vessels

Answer: c. Bones

308. The notochord induces the formation of which germ layer?

a. Ectoderm

b. Mesoderm

c. Endoderm

d. All of the above

Answer: b. Mesoderm

309. The endoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Heart

b. Blood vessels

c. Cartilage

d. Lungs

Answer: d. Lungs

310. The ectoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Kidneys

b. Liver

c. Sweat glands

d. Lymph nodes

Answer: c. Sweat glands

311. The mesoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Spleen

b. Adrenal gland

c. Pancreas

d. Stomach

Answer: b. Adrenal gland

312. The neural crest cells give rise to which of the following structures?

a. Heart

b. Blood vessels

c. Adrenal gland

d. Lungs

Answer: b. Blood vessels

313. The endoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Epithelium of the respiratory tract

b. Cartilage of the nose

c. Epidermis of the skin

d. Muscles of the tongue

Answer: a. Epithelium of the respiratory tract

314. The mesoderm gives rise to which of the following structures?

a. Epithelium of the digestive tract

b. Smooth muscle of the blood vessels

c. Epidermis of the skin

d. Nervous tissue of the brain

Answer: b. Smooth muscle of the blood vessels

315. During which week of development does the folding of the embryo occur?

a) Week 1

b) Week 2

c) Week 3

d) Week 4

Answer: c) Week 3

316. What is the significance of the folding of the embryo during development?

a) It creates the neural tube

b) It separates the intraembryonic coelom

c) It establishes the primitive gut

d) All of the above

Answer: d) All of the above

317. Which germ layer contributes to the formation of the midgut during folding of the embryo?

a) Ectoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Endoderm
d) None of the above

Answer: c) Endoderm

318. During which stage of folding does the head fold begin to form?

a) Lateral folding

b) Cranial folding

c) Caudal folding

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Cranial folding

319. What is the name of the structure that forms during folding and gives rise to the diaphragm?

a) Pleuroperitoneal fold

b) Esophageal mesentery

c) Dorsal mesentery

d) Allantois

Answer: a) Pleuroperitoneal fold

320. During folding, the endoderm-lined yolk sac is incorporated into which structure?

a) Amnion

b) Chorion

c) Yolk stalk

d) Gut tube

Answer: d) Gut tube

321. What is the name of the structure that forms during folding and connects the midgut to the yolk sac?

a) Allantois

b) Vitelline duct

c) Cloacal membrane

d) Notochord

Answer: b) Vitelline duct

322. Which of the following structures does not form during folding?

a) Neural tube

b) Primitive gut

c) Intraembryonic coelom

d) Limb buds

Answer: d) Limb buds

323. Which germ layer contributes to the formation of the body wall during folding of the embryo?

a) Ectoderm

b) Mesoderm

c) Endoderm

d) None of the above

Answer: b) Mesoderm

324. Which of the following structures is formed by the folding of the embryo and gives rise to the thoracic cavity?

a) Dorsal mesentery

b) Ventral mesentery

c) Pleuropericardial fold

d) Allantois

Answer: c) Pleuropericardial fold

325. Which of the following structures is formed by the folding of the embryo and gives rise to the pelvic cavity?

a) Dorsal mesentery

b) Ventral mesentery

c) Urorectal septum

d) Allantois

Answer: c) Urorectal septum

326. What is the name of the structure that separates the intraembryonic coelom during folding?

a) Septum transversum

b) Urorectal septum
c) Mesentery

d) Pleuroperitoneal fold

Answer: d) Pleuroperitoneal fold

327. Which of the following structures is formed by the folding of the embryo and gives rise to the pericardial cavity?

a) Dorsal mesentery

b) Ventral mesentery

c) Pleuropericardial fold

d) Allantois

Answer: c) Pleuropericardial fold

328. Which germ layer contributes to the formation of the epithelial lining of the respiratory and digestive tracts, as well as glands and organs
such as the liver and pancreas?

a) Ectoderm

b) Endoderm

c) Mesoderm

d) All of the above

Answer: b) Endoderm

329. What is the placenta?

a) An extra embryonic membrane

b) An embryonic membrane

c) A fetal membrane

d) A maternal membrane

Answer: a) An extra embryonic membrane

330. What is the main function of the placenta?

a) Gas exchange

b) Nutrient exchange

c) Waste elimination

d) Hormone secretion
Answer: b) Nutrient exchange

331. The placenta is formed from which structures?

a) Chorion and amnion

b) Yolk sac and allantois

c) Umbilical cord and chorion

d) Trophoblast and uterine wall

Answer: d) Trophoblast and uterine wall

332. What is the role of the syncytiotrophoblast in placental development?

a) Formation of the umbilical cord

b) Maternal-fetal nutrient exchange

c) Secrete progesterone and estrogen

d) Invade the uterine wall

Answer: d) Invade the uterine wall

333. Which layer of the placenta is derived from the maternal tissue?

a) Chorion

b) Amnion

c) Decidua

d) Syncytiotrophoblast

Answer: c) Decidua

334. What is the function of the intervillous space in the placenta?

a) Gas exchange

b) Nutrient exchange

c) Waste elimination

d) Hormone secretion

Answer: a) Gas exchange

335. Which hormone is produced by the syncytiotrophoblast in the placenta?

a) Progesterone

b) Estrogen

c) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

d) Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer: c) Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

336. The placenta develops from which embryonic structure?

a) Ectoderm

b) Endoderm

c) Mesoderm

d) Trophoblast

Answer: d) Trophoblast

337. What is the function of the cytotrophoblast in the placenta?

a) Formation of the umbilical cord

b) Maternal-fetal nutrient exchange

c) Secrete progesterone and estrogen

d) Formation of the chorion

Answer: d) Formation of the chorion

338. What is the role of the placental barrier?

a) To prevent oxygen exchange

b) To prevent nutrient exchange

c) To prevent waste exchange

d) To prevent hormone exchange

Answer: b) To prevent nutrient exchange

339. What is the main component of the umbilical cord?

a) Chorion

b) Amnion

c) Yolk sac
d) Allantois

Answer: d) Allantois

340. Which maternal blood vessels are involved in the formation of the placenta?

a) Uterine arteries

b) Ovarian arteries

c) Renal arteries

d) Superior mesenteric arteries

Answer: a) Uterine arteries

341. What is the function of the fetal capillaries in the placenta?

a) To carry oxygenated blood to the fetus

b) To carry deoxygenated blood away from the fetus

c) To exchange nutrients and waste products with maternal blood

d) To secrete hormones

Answer: c) To exchange nutrients and waste products with maternal blood

242. Which hormone is responsible for the maintenance of the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

Answer: Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)