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Alkaloid - Unit - II
Alkaloid - Unit - II
ALKALOIDS
Presented By : Gitanjali Rohit
INDEX
General introduction of alkaloids
Color: The majority of alkaloids are colorless but some are colored
Exceptions:
Salts insoluble In water: e.g. quinine monosulphate
Exceptions:
d-Tubocurarine is more active than the corresponding l-
form.
Both quinine (l-form) and its d- isomer quinidine are active.
The racemic dl-atropine is physiologically active.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERS:
Basicity:
> The unshared electron pairs on the nitrogen atom
is responsible for alkaloidal basicity.
Orange-reddish brown
4.Dragendorff’s acid Potassium bismuth
5. Murexide test
for Purine alkaloid alloxantin with ammonia to
Purple colour
100 °C
GENERAL EXTRACTION AND SEPARATION OF ALKALOIDS
➢ During fever
➢ Constipation
➢ Joint pain
➢ Hypnotic
➢ As sedatives properties
➢ As tranquilizer
PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTION:-
Sarpagandha yoga
Sarpagandha churna
Mahesvari vati
Opium
- Isoquinazoline Alkaloid
Opium Alkaloids
Biological source : Opium is the air-dried milky exudate, or latex,
obtained by incising the unripe capsules of the opium poppy
Papaver somniferum (Papaveraceae).
For opium production, the ripening capsules, which are just
changing color from blue- green to yellow, are carefully incised with
a knife to open the latex tubes.
Although the ripe poppy capsule can contain up to 0.5% total
alkaloids, opium represents a much concentrated form and up to
25% of its mass is composed of alkaloids ( more than 40 alkaloids
were identified).
Historical overview of opium
1-Opium in ancient Egypt :
The plant was known in Europe at least 4000 years ago, as
evidenced by fossil remains of poppy seed cake and poppy
pods found in the Swiss lake dwellings of the Neolithic
Age. Opium was probably consumed by the ancient
Egyptians and was known to the Greeks as well.
2- Opium wars:
The continuing illegal export of opium to China by the British
triggered a two-phase war, aptly called the Opium Wars, between
1839 and 1842.
They concluded with China being forced to accept opium and
endurea growing addiction rate.
CHEMISTRY OF ALKALOID :
Opium alkaloids usually occur naturally combined with a
specific acid: (Meconic acid).
■ Meconic acid present only in Opium withmorphine.
■ClassificationofOpiumAlkaloids
1.Benzylisoquinoline Alkaloids : Papaverine ,
Narcotine
2.Phenylethylamine Alka loids: Narceine
3.Phenanthrene Alkaloids: Morphine , Codeine,
Thebaine
4. Protopine: Cryptopine
Isolation of the major opium alkaloids Principle:
1Morphine (phenolic), codeine (water soluble) and narceine (-
COOH) are solublein NaOH.
2 Inpresence of NaOH, only codeine can be extracted by CHCl3.
3 Narceine dissolved in NH4OH (-COOH) leaving morphine
insoluble inNH4OH.
4. Papaverine, narcotine and thebaine are insoluble in NaOH.