International Review on Modelling and Simulations (I.RE.MO.S.), Vol. 4, N.

4
August 2011

Modeling and Simulation the Current Transformer for Measuring

Current Harmonics Using MATLAB-SIMULINK

B. Vahidi1, V. Farahani2

Abstract – The present describe a method to teach power system engineers how to represent the
hysteresis in current transformer modeling. This algorithm allows multi-valued hysteresis
behavior to be represented. This method has been implemented into MATLAB-SIMULINK to
analyzed the current transformer when excited with nonsinusoidal currents, a current transformer
is simulated and the results are shown. Evaluation of the simulation with 40 students is very
positive in terms of their developing confidence in and understanding of this simulation.
Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved.

Keywords: MATLAB-SIMULINK, Current Transformer, Hysteresis

Nomenclature All current transformers (CTs) used in measurement

are basically similar in construction, standard
H Magnetic Field (A/M) transformers in that they consist of magnetically coupled
B Magnetic Induction (T) primary and secondary windings, wound on a common
Hm Peak Value Of H iron core, the primary winding being connected in series
Bm Peak Value Of B with the network unlike voltage transformers. They must
Hc Coercive Field therefore withstand the networks short-circuit current
NS Secondary Turn [15]. There are two types of current transformers:
Lc Magnetic Core Mean Path Length 1- Wound primary type,
Ac Core Sectional Area 2- Bar primary type.
g Air Gap The wound primary type is used for smaller current.
λm Peak Value Of λ Instruments and meters are required to work accurately
Dout External Diameter Of CT up to full-load current, but above this, it is advantageous
Din, Internal Diameter Of CT to saturate and protect the instruments under fault
Height Effective Height Of CT conditions. Hence, it is common to have metering CTs
Drev Dmax1 with a very sharp knee-point voltage [15].
Today’s power systems planning and maintenance
requires monitoring and recording of harmonic currents
I. Introduction and harmonics powers [16]. The goals of these
Power engineering education is receiving a lot of measurements are:
attention lately due to restructuring and deregulation of 1) Frequency spectrum of current flowing in network
utility industry. This has resulted in a significant turnover [17].
of the work force where quite a few professionals have 2) To detect resonance or electromagnetic interference
either changed their jobs or retired as a sequence. conditions [18].
Therefore new university graduates should be equipped 3) Harmonic pollution sources location [19], [20].
with required knowledge needed in a more competitive The measure of CT performance is the ability to
industry. reproduce accurately the primary current on the
The modeling and simulation in power engineering secondary side of the CT in terms of its magnitude and
education is not a new concept. A number of excellent shape [21]. CT saturation leads to inaccurate current
educational papers on this subject have been published. measurement [21].
A variety of software tools are available to simulate
electrical circuits; one is OrCAD. Many simulations of
II. CT Equivalent Circuit
different aspects of a power system and engineering
application using PSpice, MATLAB and EMTP have The general equivalent circuit of a CT should contain
been presented by different researchers [1]-[14]. the primary section and the secondary section combined
with the burden [22]. Fig. 1(a) shows an equivalent

Manuscript received and revised July 2011, accepted August 2011 Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved

1563
 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

( )
circuit of a CT and its excitation circuit. Lc H
Fig. 1(b) shows the phasor diagram. imag = = aλ + bv 1 − cλ 2 (2 )
Ns
It consist of an inductor Lp and Rp which represent
the primary system inductance and resistance
where:
respectively, Ls and Rs represent the equivalent
secondary inductance and resistance respectively. RB and
LB represent the burden equivalent resistance and λ = N s φ = N s Ac B = ∫ Vs dt (3 )
inductance respectively. Lm and Rm represent the
magnetizing inductance and core loss resistance Lc H m LH
is the linkage flux, where a = , b= c c ,
respectively. N s λm Ns
1 Vs
c= , λm = N s Ac Bm and v = ξ →0.
2
λm ξ +V s
NS, Lc and Ac are the secondary turn, magnetic core
mean path length and cross sectional area, respectively. g
is air gap and λm is peak value of λ .
(a)
Following equations are the best fitting empirical
expressions that describe the coercive and the maximum
magnetic fields as function of the peak magnetic
induction [22], [27]:

⎛A⎞
H c = 2 Bm − 0.032 Bm12.42 ⎜ ⎟ (4 )
(b) ⎝m⎠
Figs. 1. Equivalent circuit of CT
⎛A⎞
H m = 3.0797 Bm 0.6989 + 7.9577 × 10-5 gBm ⎜ ⎟ (5 )
⎝m⎠
III. Hysteresis Model
Various approaches for modeling the hysteresis Fig. 2 shows the linkage flux and Fig. 3 shows
behavior have been described in the literature. The hysteresis loop.
steady state and transient behavior are defined by
exponential flux paths expressed in terms of three
nonlinear parameters [23].
The model selected in the present paper is based on
the approaches described in references [22], [24], [25],
[26].
As described in reference [27], the hysteresis element
can be defined of major and minor loops.
The minor loop trajectories of a hysteresis element
can be defined in terms of its major loop.
All points of operation are assumed to be within the
major loop. The points, beyond which the characteristic
becomes single-valued are defined as the positive and Fig. 2. Linkage flux variation
negative saturation points [25].
During normal operation (low flux density in core),
the H-B relation for ferromagnetic core is [22]:

B ⎡ ⎛ B ⎞2 ⎤
H= H m ± ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ Hc (1 )
Bm ⎢⎣ ⎝ Bm ⎠ ⎥⎦

where H and B are the magnetic field (A/m) and

magnetic induction (T), respectively, Hm and Bm are peak
value and Hc is the coercive field.
From equation (1) the following equation can be
obtained [22]:
Fig. 3. Hysteresis loop

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

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 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

To generate the closed minor loops the following As can be seen in Fig. 5 the measured voltage is sent
fundamental can be applied [24]: inside a minor loop the to integral block in order to compute the λ . Hysteresis
magnetizing current depends only on the last two equation block is made the λ -Imag relationship.
reversal points, and each curve tends to return to Following blocks are in hysteresis equation block (All of
previous-to-last reversal point. Effectively, after parts of these blocks are from Matlab-Simulink).
detecting a reversal at point 2, it tends to return to
previous-to last reversal point (point 1), a new trajectory
2-1 is calculated. First, Dmax, which is the distance
between the reversal point 2 and the appropriate half of
the major loop is calculated (Fig. 3). In addition, the
vertical distance Dmin between 1 and the major loop is
calculated (0 in this example). By assuming, that the
vertical distance decrease linearly with φ , all the points
of trajectory are then defined. A linear relation D( φ ) of Fig. 6. Hm product block

D as function of the flux is found at each reversal point Hm is output of Fig. 6 where:
and is stored in memory along with the coordinates of Dout = External diameter of CT,
this point. Memorization is important in order to Din = Internal diameter of CT,
represent properly the behavior of embedded loops as the height = Effective height of CT.
evolution on Fig. 3. From Fig. 3: The effective cross section of CT (A) is:

D ( φ ) = Dslope × φ+ Dincpt (6 ) A = ( Dout - Din )× height (9 )

where: The Hc is obtained from Fig. 7.

Dmax1 − 0
Dslope = (7 )
ϕmax − ϕrev

Dincpt = Dmax1 − Dslope × ϕrev (8 )

Minor loop trajectories for decreasing values of flux Fig. 7. Hc product block
are created in a similar manner [25].
The a, b, c coefficients are obtained from Fig. 8.
π
III.1. Major Loop Modeling In this calculation K = and Average length of flux
2
The simulated circuit is shown in Fig. 4. π
path = ( Dout − Din ) × .
2

Fig. 4. Simulated circuit Fig. 8. a, b, c coefficients product blocks

In Fig. 4 the current transformer is an ideal The magnetize current of major loop are obtained
transformer. The hysteresis modeling block is a current from Fig. 9 where:
control source that control the magnetize current by slipe = +1 if slope of λ >0
voltage which is across the source. Fig. 5 shows this slipe = -1 if slope of λ <0
block circuit.

Fig. 9. Magnetize current product block

Fig. 5. Circuit of hysteresis modeling block

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

1565
 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani
The output of switch is:
( )
aλ + b 1 − cλ 2 if slope of λ >0,
aλ − b (1 − cλ ) if slope of λ <0.
2
The slipe parameter is obtained from Fig. 10.
Fig. 10. Slipe product block
III.2. Minor Loop Modeling
Fig. 11 shows a linkage flux of CT which produces
the minor loops and its hysteresis loops are shown in
Fig. 12.
Fig. 11. Linkage flux variation in a CT
which produces minor loops
Fig. 12. Hysteresis loops for above mentioned CT
If the flux is in the 1, 2, 3, and 4 regions (Fig. 11), we
will have minor loops. Time intervals that these regions
will be occurred, are detected. At these time intervals
equations for minor loop, and for other regions the major
loop equations are used. These time intervals will be
detected by flowing block (Fig. 13, which is placed in
hysteresis equation block) and at reverse path the λrev ,
I rev , λ ptl , I ptl and Drev will be calculated.
Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved
1566
Fig. 13. Minor loops λ − I calculation
dd is the slope of flux and it is equal to +1, -1 or 0 for
positive slope, negative slope and zero slope
respectively. At the input of u1 a pulse with -1, -2, 1 or 2
will be generated. The following circuit (Fig. 14) is
placed in If Action Subsystem.
Fig. 14. Circuit for counting
There is a counter in If Action Subsystem block, if the
slope of flux changes before its peak value the count will
be changed by one. Fig. 15 shows this process. Counted
parameters are used for identification of minor loops.
From Figure 15:
Count = -1 for traces (1 → 2 ) , ( 3 → 4 ) , ( 5 → 6 ) ,
( 7 → 8) ;
Count = +1 for other cases
Therefore count is used for detection of forward
trajectory of minor loops.
In order to detection the reversal trajectory of minor
loops the following circuit (Fig. 16) is placed in
hysteresis equation block (Fig. 5).
At moment that if condition of block of Fig. 13 is
satisfied, the value of ddout is chosen as the value of dd.
The if condition of Fig. 16 is:
(U1>0) & (U2 = U3)
International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4
 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

There is the following block (Fig. 17) in the If action

Subsytem block of Fig. 16.

Fig. 17. If Action Subsystem block of Fig. 16

Therefore rec = -2 (Fig. 16) for reversal trajectory of

minor loops and is zero for other trajectory. Therefore:

Count + rec <0 for minor loops

Count + rec >0 for major loop

The following circuit (Fig. 18) which is placed in

hysteresis equation block (Fig. 5), is selected the proper
magnetized current at output. Production of Imag of
major loop is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 18. Block for producing proper magnetized current

Fig. 15. Flux variation + count variation

The Imag of minor loops are produced as follows.

In order to construct the minor loops, we need to have
λ ptl , λrev , Dmax1 and Dmax2. For computing Dmax1 and
Dmax2 we need to have iptl and irev. The values of λ ptl ,
λrev , iptl and irev are outputs of block of Fig. 13, block of
Fig. 19 stores these values.

Fig. 16. Reversal trajectory detection block

The output of this block is:

-2 where λ ptl ≤ λ ≤ λrev ;
-0 for other values of λ .
Fig. 19. Block for storing λ ptl , λrev , iptl and irev

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

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 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

For the moment that condition of Fig. 13 satisfied, the Then:

linkage flux and magnetized current will be stored (Fig. D ptl = λ ptl - λ2 (15)
19).
If count < 0 (forward trajectory of minor loops), the
Dλ = Dslope × λ + Dincpt (16)
values of λ ptl and iptl will be equal to values of λ and i
respectively (Fig. 18). If rec > 0 (it contain the reversal
D ptl - 0
trajectory of minor loops as well), the values of λrev and Dslope = (17)
irev will be equal to values of λ and i respectively (Fig. λ ptl - λrev
18). The linkage flux and magnetized current for other
times are the same as this moment. Dincpt = D ptl - Dslope × λ ptl (18)
Now we have to calculate the Drev: for known Irev the
value of λ1 (linkage flux at point 1) is computed from
I mag = a ( λ - Dλ ) - b ⎡1 - c ( λ - Dλ ) ⎤
2
(19)
[25]: ⎣ ⎦

( )
I rev = aλ + b 1 - cλ 2 ⇒ bcλ 2 - aλ + I rev - b = 0 Fig. 20 shows circuit for computing the Drev , this
circuit is placed in If Action Subsystem block (Fig. 13).
(10)
a ± a 2 - 4bc ( I rev - b )
⇒λ =
2bc

The following value (greater) of linkage flux is

acceptable:

a + a 2 - 4bc ( I rev - b )
λ1 =
2bc Fig. 20. Block for computing the Drev

Then: Circuit of Fig. 21 is used to compute the magnetize

current of minor loops. This circuit is placed in
Dmax1 = λ1 - λrev (11) hysteresis equation block (Fig. 5).

and:

Dλ = Dslope × λ + Dincpt (12)

where:

Dmax1 - 0
Dslope =
λmax - λrev

Dincpt = Dmax1 - Dslope × λrev

The value of Imag is computed due to the assumption

of linear dependence of between linkage flux, and
distance between major and minor loops.
The Imag is computed from:

I mag = a ( λ + D ( λ ) ) + b ⎡1 - c ( λ + D ( λ ) ) ⎤
2
(13)
⎢⎣ ⎥⎦

For reverse trajectory at minor hysteresis loop, the

value of λ2 will be computed from following formula:

-a - a 2 + 4bc ( I rev + b ) Fig. 21. Block to compute minor loop hysteresis

λ2 = (14)
2bc

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

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 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

Fig. 22 shows the circuit which is placed in Fig. 21 Loop of Hysteresis of Fig. 22 to compute the magnetized
block. current.

Fig. 25. Circuit for computing the magnetized current

IV. Simulation Results

Fig. 22. Block for computing the Dλ A CT with Following specifications are simulated
[16]:
In Fig. 22, the Dλ is computed by Dλ block. Minor Current ratio: 100/5 A
Loop of Hysteresis block is used to computed the f = 50 Hz
magnetize current of minor loops. Following circuit (Fig. NP = 1
23) is placed in the Dλ block of Fig. 22 to compute the NS = 20
Dslope and Dincpt. Zs = 0.5 25.84 Ω
S = 12.5 VA
Din = 0.13 m
Dout = 0.2 m
Rec = 500 Ω
w (rectangular cross section effective height) = 0.06 m
Fig. 26 shows harmonic phase angle error versus
phase difference for different harmonics when the CT is
feed by following current:

i p = 2 ⎡⎣ I p1 sin ( wt + α1 ) + I ph sin ( hwt + α h ) ⎤⎦ (20)

where:
g = air-gap
α h = the phase angle of h order of current harmonics
Ih
The effect of on phase angle error is shown in
I1
Fig. 23. Circuit for computing Dslope and Dincpt Fig. 27.

Circuit of Fig. 24 is placed in block Dλ (Fig. 22) to

compute the Dλ .

Fig. 24. Circuit for computing the Dλ

Fig. 26. Harmonic phase angle error versus phase difference for
The following circuit (Fig. 25) is placed in Minor different harmonics order (g = 10-5 m)

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

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 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

Table II shows the average scores for each question

out of students’ feedback.

TABLE II
AVERAGE SCORE OBTAINED FROM STUDENTS’ ANSWERS
Average score
Question 1 3.42
Question 2 3.57
Question 3 3.37
Question 4 3.52
Total 3.47

VI. Conclusion
In the present paper MATLAB-SIMULINK is used to
simulate the CT for measuring current harmonics. By
using blocks of MATLAB saturation effect is modeled
and in this modeling major and minor hysteresis loops
Ih are considered. By considering the minor hysteresis
Fig. 27. Phase Angle error versus for different harmonics
I1 loops the error will be reduced. Effects of different
( α h - α1 = 0 , g = 10 -5 m )
parameters on phase angle error are shown, which shows
the ability of method for this job. Evaluation of the
project involving 40 students indicates benefits of this
V. Student Feedback project for learning and mastering the subject. This
method cannot be used for modeling the transient state of
The methodology described in the present paper has the current transformer and can just perform the steady
explained for 40 senior undergraduate students in power state analysis of the current transformer.
system.
They used the methodology and filled a questionnaire
form. References
The questionnaire consisted of four questions shown [1] B. Vahidi, A. Agheli, S. Jazebii, “Teaching short-circuit withstand
in Table I. test on power transformers to M.Sc. students And junior engineers
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10 [6] B. Vahidi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, “Simulation of Ward Leonard
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Fig. 28. Answers of students to the questionnaire testing of power transformers to senior undergraduate students,
IEEE Trans. Educ., vol. 48, no. 2, May 2005, pp 307-312.

Copyright © 2011 Praise Worthy Prize S.r.l. - All rights reserved International Review on Modelling and Simulations, Vol. 4, N. 4

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 B. Vahidi, V. Farahani

[8] B. Vahidi, S. M. Tabatabaei, M. M. Baharlou, Power System Authors’ information

Lightning Transient Simulation on OrCAD with Corona Effect
Consideration for Educational Purposes, Computer Applications 1
Department of Electrical Engineering, Amirkabir University of
in Engineering Education, Technology, Tehran, Iran.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/38664/home,
Accessed 16 May. 2011, DOI: 10.1002/cae.20552. Behrooz Vahidi was born in Abadan, Iran in
[9] B. Vahidi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, Standstill Frequency Response 1953. He received the B.S. in electrical
Test Analyzer by Using Excel Macro for Educational Purpose, engineering from Sharif University of
Computer Applications in Engineering Education, Technology, Tehran, Iran in 1980 and M.S.
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/38664/home, degree in electrical engineering from Amirkabir
Accessed 22 Feb., 2010, DOI: 10.1002/cae.20415. University of Technology, Tehran, Iran in 1989.
[10] B. Vahidi, E. Esmaeeli, MATLAB-SIMULINK Based Simulation He also received his Ph.D. in electrical
for Digital Differential Relay Protection of Power Transformer for engineering from UMIST, Manchester, UK in
Educational Purpose”, Computer Applications in Engineering 1997. From 1980 to 1986 he worked in the field of high voltage in
Education, industry as chief engineer. From 1989 to present he has been with the
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/38664/home, department of electrical engineering of Amirkabir University of
Accessed 22 Feb., 2010, DOI: 10.1002/cae.20493. Technology where he is now a professor. His main fields of research
[11] B. Vahidi, A. A. Damaki Aliabad, A Software Based on are high voltage, electrical insulation, power system transient, lightning
MATLAB for Teaching Substation Lightning Protection Design protection and pulse power technology. He has authored and co-
to Undergraduate Students with Emphasize on Different Striking authored five books and more than 220 papers on high voltage
Distance Models”, Computer Applications in Engineering engineering and power system. Prof. Vahidi is senior member of IEEE.
Education,
http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/38664/home, Vahid Farahani was born in Arak, Iran in 1986.
Accessed 23 Jun. 2009, DOI: 10.1002/cae.20307 He received the B.S. in electrical engineering
[12] B. Vahidi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, W. Gawlik, Determining from Amirkabir University of Technology,
Parameters of Turbine’s Model Using Heat Balance Data of Tehran, Iran in 2008. Currently he is M.Sc.
Steam Power Unit for Educational Purposes, IEEE Trans. Power student at Amirkabir University of Technology,
Systems, Vol. 22, No. 4, pp. 1547-1553, 2007. Tehran, Iran. His main fields of research are
[13] M. R. Bank Tavakoli, B. Vahidi, W. Gawlik, An Educational harmonics in in power system and
Guide to Extract the Parameters of Heavy Duty Gas Turbines reconfiguration of power distribution systems.
Model in Dynamic Studies Based on Operational Data, IEEE
Trans. on Power Systems, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 1366-1374, 2009.
[14] R. A. Naghizadeh, B. Vahidi, M. R. Bank Tavakoli, Estimating
the Parameters of Dynamic Model of Drum Type Boilers Using
Heat Balance Data as an Educational Procedure, IEEE Trans. on
Power Systems, DOI: 10.1109TPWRS.2010.2061879.
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