Particle Theory/States of Matter

 Matter describes all the different types of things (substances) found in our universe that
have mass and take up space.
 There are four states of matter: solid, liquid, gas, and plasma. We’re ignoring plasma.
 Particles are tiny pieces of matter.
 These particles of matter can be atoms or molecules.
 Most substances can exist in all three states of matter.
 State changes are brought about by heating and cooling.

Air Pressure
 Heating and cooling cause expansion and contraction.

Expansion
 Many substances expand when heated.
 When heated, the particles (atoms or molecules) in a substance vibrate more.
 This means they need more space.
 So the substance expands.


Contraction
The opposite happens when most substances are cooled.
EXP
 When cooled, the particles (atoms or molecules) in a substance vibrate less.
 This means they need less space (room).
 So the substance contracts.

Density CON
 Density is defined as mass per unit volume (the amount of matter within a certain volume).
 D=m÷v

mass= 144 kg
volume= 72 m3
144 ÷ 72= 2 kg/m3

 Density (generally): Solid > Liquid > Gas

Periodic Table
 Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, how and why substances combine or
separate to form other substances.
 The Periodic Table shows all known elements in the Universe.

Using the Periodic Table
 Molecules (H2O, CO2) are made of atoms.
 Atoms are made of three things:
 protons (positive particles +)
 neutrons (neutral particles)
  electrons (negative particles -)
 The Periodic Table tells you how many of each are in one atom.

 Atomic Number: The number of protons found in the nucleus (middle) of an atom OR the
number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an atom.
 Symbol: An abbreviation (short form) of the element name.
 Atomic Weight: The number of protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of an atom.
Types of Substances
 Element: A substance composed of a single kind of atom.
 Compound: A substance in which two or more different elements are CHEMICALLY bonded
together.
 Mixture: Two or more substances that are mixed together but are NOT chemically bonded.
Element Compound Mixture

Chemical Reactions
 When we see colour change, energy being released, and a gas being formed (smell) - we are
looking at a chemical change.
 This process of forming new substances (like gas or smoke) is called a chemical reaction.
 Chemical reactions can be described using models called Word Equations.
 Substances that you start with (reactants) are on the left.
 The new substances formed (products) are on the right.
Carbon + Oxygen react --> Carbon Dioxide

Reactants Products
the starting materials in a reaction the substances produced in the reaction

Rocks, Weathering and Erosion

 Geology is the study of the Earth and its processes.
 There are three types of rock: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
Igneous
 Igneous Rock is formed when molten (melted) rock called magma or lava cools down to a
 solid.
 Molten (melted) rock is called magma when it is inside the Earth, usually found in the
magma chamber.
 When the magma reaches the Earth's surface it's called lava.
 Extrusive Rocks are formed when lava cools above ground.
 Intrusive Rocks are formed when magma cools below ground.
Sedimentary
 Sedimentary rock is formed from broken down rock, remains of plants, trees and dead
creatures.
 These pieces of sediment are moved to an ocean or lake where compaction and
cementation happen.
Metamorphic
 Metamorphic Rock is formed when Igneous or Sedimentary rock is exposed to high
temperature or pressure.

Weathering and Erosion

 Weathering is the breaking down of rock into smaller pieces.
 Physical (Mechanical) Weathering: The physical breaking up of rock into smaller pieces.
Size and shape change but composition doesn't.
 Chemical Weathering: Rocks are broken down by chemical reactions involving materials
such as; water, oxygen, carbon dioxide and acids.
 Biological Weathering: Rocks are broken down by the growth of plants and the
activities of humans and animals. Weathering caused by living things.
 Erosion is the transportation (movement) of those smaller pieces of rock by wind, gravity,
water or ice.

The Rock Cycle

 Rocks don't always remain as one rock type.
 The rock cycle describes how rocks change between the three different rock types.
Fossils
 Fossils are the preserved (kept the same) remains or traces of once-living (dead) organisms.
 A scientist who studies the history of life on Earth through fossils is called a paleontologist.
 Fossils are mostly found in sedimentary rocks.
 There are two main types of fossils: body fossils and trace fossils.
 Body Fossil: The preserved physical remains of a plant or animal. (bones, teeth,
exoskeletons)
 Trace Fossils: Preserved marks left by an animal or rarely, a plant. (footprints,
burrows/nests)
How are fossils formed?
Let’s look at an ammonite.

1. The ammonite dies and sinks to the bottom of the ocean.

2. The soft parts of the ammonite decay, leaving only the hard shell.
3. Over time, sediment settles to the bottom of the ocean, covering and eventually
burying the ammonite shell.
4. Over thousands to millions of years, cementation and compaction changes the
sediment into sedimentary rock. Minerals in the rock replace the minerals in the shell, making a
fossil.
5. Sea level changes over time. This can bring marine rocks to the surface. Weathering
and erosion then expose fossils for people to find.

Plant Structure and Function

 Plants have three main parts: the roots, the leaves and the stem.
 Roots: Absorb water and minerals from the soil and hold the plant into the ground.
 Leaves: Collect energy from the Sun and make food for the plant by a process called
photosynthesis.
 Stem: Supports the plant above ground, and transport the water and minerals to the
leaves.

 Adaptations are special characteristics that allow plants to live and survive in particular
conditions and environments.

Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants make their own food.
 For photosynthesis, plants need...
  Energy from the sun.
 Carbon dioxide from the air.
 Water and minerals from the soil.
 Chlorophyll to absorb light energy.

Chemical Reaction for Photosynthesis

Light
Chemical Equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Word Equation: Carbon Dioxide + Water ---> Sugar/Glucose + Oxygen
Reactants Products

 Small holes called stomata on the underside of a leaf allow gases in and out.
 Stomata take in carbon dioxide from the air.
 Water vapour and oxygen passes out of the leaf through stomata.
 Plants have transport systems to move food, water and minerals around.
 Xylem tubes transport water and dissolved minerals from the roots to leaves.
 Phloem tubes transport sugars made in the leaves around the plant.

The Solar System

The Universe
 The universe is all of space and time (think everything).
 The best theory today for the formation of the universe is called the Big Bang Theory.
 Scientists believe this happened about 13.8 billion years ago.
Stars
 A sphere of luminous(makes light) gas.
 Mostly made of hydrogen and helium.
 Nuclear fusion in a star's core releases light and heat.
 The clouds of gas where stars are made are called nebulae.
Planets
 A large spherical body in space that orbits a star.
 It does not produce any light.
 Planets are formed as the matter around stars comes together due to gravity.
 Planets revolve around the Sun in paths called “orbits”.
 All planets have an elliptical (oval) orbit except Mercury which is very nearly circular.
 Types of Motion:
 When a planet makes a complete trip around the Sun it is called a revolution.
 When a planet turns once on its axis it's called a rotation.

Revolution Rotation
 Categories of Planets
 Terrestrial (Rocky) Planets:- Planets with solid surfaces.
 Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars
 Jovian (Gas Giant) Planets:- Planets with gaseous surfaces.
 Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Pearson Textbooks
Here are the pages you can look at for more information.

Particle Theory/States of Matter Pearson Physics pg. 70

Air Pressure Pearson Chemistry pg. 76-77
The Periodic Table Pearson Chemistry pg. 90-91
Chemical Reactions Pearson Chemistry pg. 66, 88
Rocks, Weathering and Erosion Pearson Chemistry pg. 120-127
The Rock Cycle Pearson Chemistry pg. 120
Fossils Pearson Chemistry pg. 126
Plant Structure and Function Pearson Biology pg. 9-13
Photosynthesis Pearson Biology pg. 150-151
The Solar System Pearson Physics pg. 117-132