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Capitulo 2
Capitulo 2
Capitulo 2
Mfkojs
Lumt`s
]cstjafs lj fgmofnjs
O`s aftjrcfojs cglcmfl`s s`g afgjnfl`s lj tfo afgjrf quj sj `ktjgefg ofs lcajgsc`gjs lj
o`s jojajgt`s, y erfmcfs fo ljsfrr`oo` lj ofs tãmgcmfs lj bfkrcmfmcýg lj h`raceýg scapoj y
fmjr` sj hf p`lcl` ljsfrr`oofr of tãmgcmf ljo prj-jsb`rzfl`.
rjscstjgmcf sjajnfgtj f =:9 De / ma» of quj rjsuotf m`g brjmujgmcf of rjscstjgmcf aæs
jm`gýacmf. Js ljsjfkoj `ktjgjr ugf fotf rjscstjgmcf lj afgjrf ræpclf jg ofs pofgtfs quj
jofk`rfg jojajgt`s prjtjgsfl`s m`g of bcgfoclfl lj o`erfr ugf erfg pr`lummcýg jg sjrcj `
pfrf of rjutcoczfmcýg lj o`s jgm`brfl`s pfrf `trfs jstrumturfs.
Of rjscstjgmcf ljpjgljræ ljo tcp` lj jstrumturf quj sj lcsjöj4 p`lræ sjr afy`r pjr` g`
ajg`r f =:9 De / ma». Ofs rfz`gjs
rfz`gjs s`g ofs sceucjgtjs>
sceucjgtjs>
Jo us` lj h`race`gjs
h`race`gjs aæs rjscstjgtjs
rjscstjgtjs pjractj
pjractj fuajgtfr of
of afegctul o`s
o`s jsbujrz`s
lj prj-m`aprjscýg y o`erfr ug ajn`r fpr`vjmhfacjgt` lj t`lf of sjmmcýg.
※ ※
1 4 ℹ 1
ℹ
6
M`aþgajgtj sj japojfg
japojfg o`s fmjr`s F-=2, F-:5; E[ :9 @ JO F-:88 E[ ”
E[ ” :94
:94 of tãmgcmf
tãmgcmf lj
bfkrcmfmcýg ljo fmjr` lj fotf rjscstjgmcf m`akcgf fljmuflfajgtj pr`mjs`s quáacm`s y
ajmægcm`s pfrf a`lcbcmfr ofs pr`pcjlfljs
pr`pcjlfljs sjeþg o`s rjqucsct`s lj of jstrumturf l`glj sjræg
utcoczfl`s.
Ljslj jo pugt` lj vcstf quáacm` o`s p`rmjgtfnjs lj jojajgt`s tfojs m`a`, Mfrk`g`,
Afgefgjs`, ]cocmc`, jgtrj `tr`s vfráfg sjeþg of pr`pcjlfl quj sj rjqucjrj mfrfmtjrczfr.
Ceufoajgtj ajlcfgtj
ajlcfgtj o`s pr`mjs`s ajmægcm`s
ajmægcm`s lj tjapofl`
tjapofl` jg brc` ` mfocjgtj sj pujlj
pujlj
vfrcfr of rjscstjgmcf quj sj rjqucjrj.
Of fotf rjscstjgmcf ljo fmjr` m`akcgflf m`g su erfg lumtcoclfl pjractj cgtr`lumcr jsbujrz`s
fot`s jg of jstrumturf prj-jsb`rzflf4 pujlj p`r jstf rfzýg lj sjr ljo fmjr` lj fotf
rjscstjgmcf fo fpocmfrsj o`s jojajgt`s lj h`raceýg prj-jsb`rzfl`.
;
;.;.6 FOFAK[J]
O`s fofakrjs cglcvclufojs
cglcvclufojs sj
sj jofk`rfg f pfrtcr ljo ofacgfgl`
ofacgfgl` jg mfocjgtj
mfocjgtj lj ocge`tjs lj
fmjr` hfstf `ktjgjr fofakrjs rjl`gl`s, o`s acsa`s quj ouje` ljo jgbrcfacjgt` pfsfg f
trfvãs lj tr`qujojs pfrf rjlumcr su lcæajtr` hfstf su tfafö` rjqujrcl`. Jo lcæajtr` jstæ
jgtrj ; y 3 aa4 o`s fofakrjs pujljg sjr ocs`s
ocs`s ` m`rruefl`s.
=
O`s t`r`gjs
t`r`gjs pujljg `ktjgjrsj jgtrj ug rfge` lj tfafö`s quj vf ljslj =/8‑ hfstf 9.2‑ lj
lcæajtr`, scjgl` o`s aæs m`augjs o`s lj =/8‑ y lj 6/;" m`g ærjfs g`acgfojs lj :<.8 y 38.5
aa;, rjspjmtcvfajgtj.
rjspjmtcvfajgtj.
O`s lcæajtr`s
lcæajtr`s vfráfg jgtrj 6¿‑
6¿‑ y ±‑ js ljmcr> lj 2,=: aa f 6;,5 aa4 of rjscstjgmcf
rjscstjgmcf
efrfgtczflf f of r`turf jstæ jgtrj 65:5: y 6838= De/ma» y jo a`luo` lj jofstcmclfl jgtrj
6¼838.=59 y 6¼328.289 De/ma».
Jo foaf ljo mfkoj scrvj m`a` s`p`rtj f o`s t`r`gjs quj jstæg jgr`oofl`s f su forjljl`r. Jo
foaf sj bfkrcmf lj lcvjrs`s aftjrcfojs, ljpjglcjgl` ljo trfkfn` fo mufo sj vf f ljstcgfr jo
mfkoj, scjgl` o` aæs usufojs>
k) Jo foaf lj t`rýg, quj jstæ b`rafl` p`r ug t`rýg, ceufo f o`s lja
lja`s
`s quj m`ap`gjg
jo mfkoj.
Jo foaf lj fmjr` sj utcoczf pfrf z`gfs l`glj jo mfkoj jstf sunjt` f sjvjr`s fpofstfacjgt`s
` mufgl` jo mfkoj trfkfnf jg ouefrjs l`glj jxcstjg tjapjrfturfs auy jojvflfs quj
`mfsc`gjg quj jo foaf lj bckrf sj lföj m`g jo mfo`r. \fakcãg jstj tcp` lj foaf pr`p`rmc`gf
ugf rjscstjgmcf flcmc`gfo f of rupturf, lj fpr`xcaflfajgtj ug 69%, ljpjglcjgl` lj of
m`gstrummcýg ljo mfkoj.
O`s mfkojs m`g foaf lj fmjr` s`g ocejrfajgtj aæs ráecl`s quj o`s mfkojs lj foaf lj bckrf,
pjr` s`p`rtfg o`s l`kojmjs fljmuflfajgtj.
fljmuflfajgtj.
O`s Mfkojs m`g foaf lj bckrf sj usfg jg fqujoofs fpocmfmc`gjs jg quj o`s mfkojs g` jstæg
jxpujst`s f ofs m`glcmc`gjs ajgmc`gflfs. Jst`s mfkojs s`g bæmcojs lj afgjnfr y aæs
joæstcm`s.
<
Ofs mfrfmtjrástcmfs lj o`s lumt`s ljpjgljg ljo scstjaf prjjsb`rzfl` quj sj utcocmj p`lræg
vfrcfr jo lcæajtr`, jo aftjrcfo m`g jo mufo sj o`s bfkrcmf., jtm.
Jg of jstrumturf o`s lumt`s ljkjræg jstfr ukcmfl`s pjrbjmtfajgtj ajlcfgtj jspfmcfl`rjs
quj pjractfg ocefr m`glumt`s m`g of fraflurf sjmuglfrcf4 ofs trfyjmt`rcfs lj o`s lumt`s
ljkjræg afgtjgjrsj pjrbjmtfajgtj jg bugmcýg lj ofs gjmjsclfljs quj jo lcsjöfl`r
pr`yjmtj, o`s lumt`s ljkjg efrfgtczfr tfakcãg ugf pjrbjmtf sjooflurf m`g of bcgfoclfl quj
jstj sj jgmujgtrj vfmc` jg su cgtjrc`r, jvctfgl` quj sj cgtr`luzmf ojmhfl`, ` mufoqucjr `tr`
aftjrcfo fgtjs lj hfkjr m`o`mfl` o`s mfkojs.
AJ \FOCM@]
LZM\@] AJ
\@] LJ YR M
LZM \@]
]`g lumt`s poæstcm`s quj pjractjg ugf erfg bojxckcoclfl4 y lfg bfmcoclfl fo ljsfrr`oo` lj ofs
LZM \@]
\@] LJ M FZM H@
]`g tuk`s lj mfumh` jg lcbjrjgtjs lcæajtr`s quj p`r o` ejgjrfo s`g cgbofkojs4 ugf vjz quj
jo h`raceýg hf jglurjmcl` y qujlf jo vfmc` jg jo jojajgt` sj o`s pr`mjlj f ljscgbofr y
rjtcrfro`s `ktjgcãgl`sj fsá ug lumt` lj h`raceýg4 ljkcl` f su m`st` jg of fmtufoclfl jstj
scstjaf mfrjmj lj us`.
O`s lcbjrjgtjs tcp`s lj lumt`s quj sj pujljg utcoczfr ljkjg tjgjr ug mm`gtfmt`
`gtfmt` fljmufl`
fljmufl` m`g
o`s jojajgt`s lj fgmofnj m`g of bcgfoclfl lj pjractcr of cgyjmmcýg lj of ojmhflf lj mjajgt`
pfrf m`gsjeucr quj o`s mfkojs qujljg flhjrcl`s f of jstrumturf.
Ljpjglcjgl` ljo scstjaf lj p`stjgsfl`s quj sj utcocmj sj p`lræ tjgjr mfkojs flhjrcl`s `
g` flhjrcl`s, mufoqucjrf
mufoqucjrf lj o`s l`s scstjafs ljkjræ efrfgtczfr quj o`s mfkojs g` sj `xcljg
:
` sj ljtjrc`rjg. Jg o`s mfkojs g` flhjrcl`s aumhfs vjmjs sj utcoczf erfsf pfrf jvctfr su
`xclfmcýg ` ljtjrc`r`4 jg mfakc` jg o`s mfkojs flhjrcl`s sj o`s pr`tjej ajlcfgtj of
cgyjmmcýg lj ojmhflf bouclf lj mjajgt` m`g jo bcg quj of ojmhflf sjf jo aftjrcfo lj
flhjrjgmcf
flhjrjgmcf y pr`tjmmcýg.
Of ojmhflf jstfræ m`gstctuclf p`r mjajgt` y feuf4 ` p`r mjajgt` feuf y frjgf bcgf jstf
ojmhflf sj cgtr`lumj fo lumt` ajlcfgtj k`akfs quj pjractjg ejgjrfr prjsc`gjs
;
Jxcstj ugf erfg vfrcjlfl lj jojajgt`s lj fgmofnj, mflf ug` lj joo`s m`g mufoclfljs
vjgtfn`sfs sjeþg o`s bfkrcmfgtjs y scjaprj prjtjglcjgl` jocacgfr pr`kojafs ljsvjgtfn`
ljsvjgtfn`s`s
s`s
tfojs m`a`>
Jo m`rrcacjgt`
m`rrcacjgt` lj o`s fgmofnjs
fgmofnjs jo a`ajgt`
a`ajgt` lj of trfgsbjrjgmcf
trfgsbjrjgmcf lj mfrefs fo
h`raceýg. Ljkj m`gscljrfrsj quj ofs bujrzfs quj g`rafoajgtj sj afgjnfg
jg jojajgt`s p`stjgsfl`s s`g fotfs y quj scjgl` pugtufojs cgcmcfoajgtj
ljkj trfgsactcrsj fo h`raceýg scg s`krjpjs`s o`s jsbujrz`s flacsckojs ljo
h`raceýg jst` hf lfl` a`tcv` quj sj hfefg ugf cgbcgclfl lj lcsjö`s,
prjtjglcjgl`
prjtjglcjgl` `ptcaczfr su bugmcýg.
O @ ] EF\@ ] >
Jst`s s`g jojajgt`s ajmægcm`s lcsjöfl`s p`r o` ejgjrfo pfrf m`gsjeucr jo fofrefacjgt`
ljo fmjr`, jstæg jqucpfl`s m`g lcfojs y fpfrft`s lj ajlclfs lj tfo afgjrf quj sj pujlj
trfgsb`rafr jo`gefmc`gjs
jo`gefmc`gjs ` ljb`rafmc`gjs
ljb`rafmc`gjs jg jsbujrz`s y p`ljr lj jstf afgjrf suacgcstrfr
suacgcstrfr
fo jojajgt` jstrumturfo of bujrzf lj lcsjö`. \fakcãg hfg scl` ljsfrr`oofl`s ugf erfg
mfgtclfl lj tcp`s, afrmfs p`r o`s lcbjrjgtjs lcsjöfl`rjs y g`rafoajgtj sj tcjgj jg jo
ajrmfl` jg mfoclfl lj frrcjgl` ` pfe` p`r ljrjmh`s lj utcoczfmcýg yf quj s`g jojajgt`s
auy mfr`s.