C P C C B C 4 010 B

A P P LY ST R U C T U R A L
P R I N C I P L E S TO R E S I D E N T I A L
LOW R I S E C O N ST R U C T I O S

LESSON 2
TODAYS TOPICS:
- Loads
- Calculation exercises
 NOTATION TO QUANTITIES :

Notation: Quantities:

106=

10–2=

104 x 103 =
 NOTATION TO QUANTITIES :

Notation: Quantities:

106= 1 000 000

10–2= 0.01

104 x 103 = 10^7

 WHAT ARE LOADS :

Loads - When engineers refers

to loads they usually mean the entire
collection of forces acting on the object.
This would include any moments acting on
the object. Sometimes the term load
is used to mean only those forces caused
by gravity (i.e. weight forces).
THE KILLER WHALE OR ORCA (ORCINUS ORCA) -
3600KG TO 5400KG
THE LION – 190KG
The African bush elephant – 6000kg
LIST 3 TYPES OF PRIMARY
LOADS :
 LIST 3 TYPES OF PRIMARY
LOADS :

1. Dead Loads

2. Live Loads

3. Environmental loads
EXPLAIN THE 3 TYPES OF
PRIMARY LOADS AND GIVE
EXAMPLES :
 EXPLAIN THE 3 TYPES OF
PRIMARY LOADS AND GIVE
EXAMPLES :
1. D: Loads that’s are permanent/fixed
such as a concrete slab, frame,
brickwork etc
2. L: Loads that can be moved such a
people, furniture etc
3. E: loads impacted by the environment
such as wind, flood, tsanami, snow etc
CALCULATION EXERCISE:
Masonry wall sitting on
reinforced concrete slab.

Calculate:
1) Mass in tonnes
2) Force of the total
structure
3) If the allowable
bearing pressure
(ABP) of the soil
below id 60KPa what
will happen to the
structure when it is
built

Material Density:
NOTE: the structure includes a 45mm
Reinforced Concrete: 2500kg/m^3
softwood door
Brickwork: 1900 kg/m^3
Softwood: 550 kg/m^3
P1) Mass(Kg) = Volume(m^3) x P2) What is the force of the total structure:
Density(kg/m^3) Force(N)= Mass(Kg) x Acceleration(m/s^2)

Vd = 2.15 x 0.85 x 0.045 = 0.082 m^3 Total Force (N) = 9068.3 x 10 = 90683 N
(door)
Note: if required to convert Newtons to Kilo
Vb1= 3.2x 5.5x 0.23 = 4.048 m^3
Newtons divide the force by 1000
(brick wall no opening)
Vbo= 2.15 x 0.85 x 0.23 = 0.420m^3
(opening in brick wall) P3) If the allowable bearing pressure (ABP)
Vb = Vb1 – Vbo =4.048– 0.420(v door of the soil below is 60KPa what will happen
opening)= 3.628 m^3(brick wall with to the structure when it is built:
opening)
V3 = 5.5 x 0.52 x 0.3 = 0.852 m^3 Pressure (KPa)= Force (KN) / Contact
(reo slab) Area (M^2)

Mass = (Vd x D1) + (Vb x D2) + (V3 x P = 90.683/ (0.52 x 5.5) = 31.070KPa
D3)
= (0.082 x 550) + (3.628 x 1900) + Therefore the structures pressure of
(0.852 x 2500) kg 31.070kPa is less than the soils ABP 60KPa
= 45.1 + 6893.2 + 2130 and the structure is satisfactory.
Mass = 9068.3kg
Mass in tonne = 9.068 tonne
CALCULATION EXERCISE:
Calculate:
Determine the maximum number of blocks
that may be placed on the scaffold.
The diagram represents a new
type of aerated concrete block
it is delivered on pallets to site
and they will be placed on
scaffold. Each pallet will hold
60 blocks. We have been
advised the scaffold can hold a
maximum of 2 tonne.
Each block has the following
dimensions: 500mm long x
250mm high x 200mm wide.
The block has 2 circular cut
outs that go through the width
of the block. These cut outs
have a diameter of 100mm
each.
Material Density:
Aerated block: 350kg/m^3
Mass(Kg) = Volume(m^3) x Density(kg/m^3)
Volume:
V1 = π(r^2)h = π x (0.05)^2 x 0.2 = 0.00157 m^3 (per cylinder)
V2= 0.5 x 0.25 x 0.2= 0.025 m^3 (per full block no holes )
V3= V2 – (2 xV1) = 0.025 – 2(0.00157)= 0.022 m^3 (per block
with holes)

Maximum number of blocks on the scaffold :

2000kg /(0.022 x 350) = 259.74 blocks = 259 blocks permitted
Note: weight of pallets not accounted for
DIFFERENT TYPE OF BEAMS:
Simply supported beam:
the beam simply rests on
supports, such that it is free to
rotate when loaded – one hinge
support – one roller support

Continuously supported
beams:
A beam extending over more than
two supports
DIFFERENT TYPE OF BEAMS:
Cantilever beams:
A projecting beam fixed
only at one end, while the
other end has no support

Which is most efficient

beam and why:
The continuous supported
beam due to reduction in
beam deflection, moment of
inertia and beam size.
 LIST 3 X MAIN FACTORS THAT AFFECT HOW
A BEAM WILL DEFLECT AND EXPLAIN IN DETAIL:
1. Load

2. Beam support

3. Material properties
EXPLAIN IN DETAIL 3 X MAIN FACTORS THAT
AFFECT HOW A BEAM WILL DEFLECT :
• Load: an applied force produced from the load
causing bending/deflection
• Support: The way in which a beam is supported also
affects the way the beam bends
• Material Properties: The amount by which a material
stretches or compresses when subjected to a given force
measured by the modulus of elasticity
EXPLAIN THE BEAM TERMS & USE SKETCHES:
• Tension:
the bottom surface is in tension and tries to get
longer (streched)

• Neutral Axis:
The neutral axis is the axis through a beam where
the stress is zero, that is there is neither
compression nor tension.
• Compression:
The top surface of the beam is compressed and
tries to get shorter (squashed)
CALCULATION EXERCISE:
Determine the self weight of the following:
450UB52.7 (universal beam) @ 8meters long

Note: if required to convert Newtons to Kilo

Newtons divide the force by 1000
CONCLUSION