Definition 1 Let V be a vector space.

A set S ⊂ V is said a translation-set in

V if:

1. S is lineable;
2. 0 ∈
/ S;
3. λS ⊆ S, for every λ ∈ K\ {0};
4. For every non-trivial subspace W of V with W ⊊ S ∪ {0}, there exists
v ∈ V \ W such that v + W ⊆ S.

Example 2 The set ℓp \ ℓq with 0 < q < p is a tranlation-set in ℓp . In fact,

ℓp \ ℓq is lineable, 0 ∈
/ ℓp \ ℓq , λ (ℓp \ ℓq ) ⊆ ℓp \ ℓq and furthermore, fixing
x0 ∈ ℓq \ {0}, we have

x0 + x ∈ ℓp \ ℓq , for every x ∈ ℓp \ ℓq .

Then, if W is a subspace of ℓp with W ⊆ (ℓp \ ℓq ) ∪ {0}, we obtain

x0 + W ⊆ ℓp \ ℓq .

Example 3 The set Z (X), with X = c0 or ℓp , p ∈ [1, ∞], is a translation-set

in X. In fact, Z (X) is maximal lineable, 0 ∈
/ Z (X), aZ (X) ⊆ Z (X) for every
a ∈ K\ {0}, and furthermore, if W ⊊ Z (X) ∪ {0} is a non-trivial subspace,
we can take x0 ∈ Z (X) \ W . Since x0 + x ∈ Z (X), for each x ∈ Z (X) and
W ⊊ Z (X) ∪ {0} we have
x0 + W ⊂ W .

Example 4 ver exemplo dos operadores injetivis, sobrejetivos, etc...

Theorem 5 Let V be an λ-dimensional vector space. If S ⊂ V is a translation-

set, then the set S is (n, ℵ0 )-lineable for every n ∈ N.

Proof. Let Y be an n-dimensional subspace of V such that

Y \ {0} ⊆ S.

Consider the set

AY := {E : Y ⊆ E ⊊ S ∪ {0} and E is a subspace of V } .

Since Y ∈ AY , we obtain that AY ̸= ∅. Furthermore, follows of Zorn’s

Lemma that there exists a maximal subspace E ∈ AY . Let us to prove that
dim E ≥ ℵ0 . Suppose that dim E = m for some m ∈ N. Since S is a translation-
set, there is a vector v ∈ V \ E such that

v + E ⊂ S.

Since
E ⊂ Kv + E and dim Kv + E = m + 1 > m,

1
it is enough to show that
Kv + E ⊊ S ∪ {0} .
Let u ∈ (Kv + E). If u ∈ E \ {0}, write u = v + (u − v) ∈ v + E ⊂ S. Let us
suppose that u ∈
/ E. Hence, there is λ ∈ K \ {0} and w ∈ E such that

u = λv + w.

Since
u = λv + w = λ v + λ−1 w ∈ λ (v + E) ⊂ λS ⊂ S,

we obtain that
Kv + E ⊂ S ∪ {0} .
This contradicts the maximality of E. Therefore

dim E ≥ ℵ0 .

This means that S is (n, ℵ0 )-lineable.

Corollary 6 Let V be an infinite-dimensional vector space and W be a non-

trivial subspace of X. If V \ W is lineable, then V \ W is (n, ℵ0 )-lineable, for
every n ∈ N.

Corollary
T 7 Let X be a vector space.
T If Λ is a family of subspaces of X such
that E∈Λ (X \ E) is lineable, then E∈Λ (X \ E) is (n, ℵ0 )-lineable for every
n ∈ N.

Theorem 8 Let V be a vector space and S ⊂ V a translation-set. The set S is

pointwise ℵ0 -lineable.

Theorem 9 The set ND (ver o artigo do Bernal com o Gustavo) is (n, ℵ0 )-

lineable, for every n ∈ N.