Arch 512: Seminar I

Redevelopment of Houses at Kallyanpur slums in Dhaka city

with the Recycled Construction and Demolition Waste (C&D)
Md Mhafuzur Rahman 1, Sabina Akter 2
1
19104004, Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka, Bangladesh
2
19104007, Department of Architecture, University of Asia Pacific (UAP), Dhaka, Bangladesh

Corresponding Author: 19104004@uap-bd.edu

Abstract
In Dhaka city, the recycled construction and demolition waste (C&D) can be a possibility to
redevelop the slum dwellings. Various barriers limit effective C&D management strategies for
the circular economy in the construction sector. The paper aims to explore recycled materials
as C&D and opinions about C&D in informal settlements in Dhaka city. Case studies about
C&D in several countries of the global south were researched and a questionnaire survey was
conducted in Kallyanpur Slum to know how they reuse materials from C&D. Afterward, to get
the option of experts, a structured questionnaire was designed to collect the respondents'
knowledge of C&D, and its impacts of C&D. The results of the questionnaire survey were
analyzed using ranking analysis. C&D sites generate primarily concrete and bricks, while
construction sites generate a variety of materials (concrete, timber, brick, metal, sand, etc.).
This study evaluated the C&D waste recycling and provides ranking analysis to deliver better
social, economic and environmental outcomes of C&D waste.

Keywords: Redevelopment, Circular economy, Recycled material, Construction and

Demolition. waste, Informal settlement, Dhaka

1 Introduction
Construction and demolition (C&D) waste is a term which describes the waste generated by
the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings or engineering works. C&D waste
management has become one of the major environmental concern in both economically
developed and developing countries like ours (Bangladesh). Construction and demolition
(C&D) waste is one of the world's significant waste flows. According several researches
investigate, C&D waste has reached 30–40% of the total solid waste because of the large-
scale construction and demolition activities as a result of growing urbanization and city
redevelopment (Akhtar and Sarmah, 2018, Jin et al., 2017, Zhao et al., 2010). C&D waste is
directly or incidentally generated from the construction and demolition of old structures. This
debris ends up going into landfills, adding to the waste stream that goes to the city's landfills
and increasing the impact on those landfills. This chapter introduces key ideas around
commons and its relevance to Construction and demolition (C&D) waste.

1.1 What is C&D waste

C&D (construction and demolition) waste is defined as the solid waste produced during the
construction, refurbishment, and demolition of buildings, roads, and other structures. It
includes but is not limited to materials such as bricks, concrete, metal, wood, plastics, plaster,
tiles, and glass. In our study, concrete, mortar, brick/block, metal and timber were only

pg. 1
 Arch 512: Seminar I

considered as primary waste materials. C&D waste can be utilized or recycled in some way in
new construction projects. Secondary components found in recycled C&D waste include
aggregates, soil amendments, and wastewater treatment materials. It can also be used for
energy, cover landfills, and make road base material. Overall, C&D waste can be reused and
recycled in a variety of ways. This decreases the number of materials that end up in landfills
and helps to reduce the environmental effect of building. Additionally, recovered C&D waste
may help reduce the cost of construction projects.

1.2 Importance and uses of C&D waste

Construction and demolition waste are a major source of recyclable materials that can be
reused in new projects because of its affordability and availability. These materials can
generate a large amount of waste that difficult to manage. C&D waste can be turned into a
resource with proper knowledge of reusing this debris into building materials. C&D waste is
most commonly used as a source of recycled materials for construction projects. Many of
these components can be reused in the same project or recycled into new building materials
as insulation, roofing, pavers, and so on. building and demolition waste can also be used in
roads, buildings and soil stabilization operations.

1.2.1 Environment sustainability

Construction and demolition wastes (C&D) are the most significant wastes generated by the
construction sectors. it has a serious impact on environment. C&D can cause huge amounts of
pollution when not managed properly. It may impact land and water pollution, air pollution,
soil erosion, biodiversity loss, the release of hazardous substances, and an increase in storm
water runoff. The reuse of C&D waste also helps to conserve natural resources and reduce
pollution. Since this waste is recycled, it serves as a great alternative to raw material, and its
use reduces the amount of energy required to manufacture new materials.

1.3 Recyclable construction materials

Construction waste creates significant harm because it is responsible for around one-third of
all waste in worldwide. Recycling construction materials has the potential to significantly
reduce the industry's impact on the planet. Construction and demolition waste used to be
disposed of in landfills. This, however, it has a major environmental impact since it
contaminates subsurface water and adjacent habitats. The builders and developers are
discovering that recycling benefits the entire sector. Commonly use recycle materials are
Bricks, Concrete, Metals, Paper and Cardboard, Plastic & timber

1.4 Construction waste and its collection method

Construction waste is principally a mix of materials left over generated during new
construction or a demolition waste. It can be a mix of lot of materials or in some cases can be
individual ones depending on the type of use. C&D waste can be generated as a result of
excavation operations, road construction, and structure renovation or demolition etc. Masonry
wastes can be easily mixed up with other wastes such as aggregates and bricks. common
C&D wastes can be lumber, drywall, metals, masonry (brick, concrete), carpet, plastic, pipe,
rocks, dirt, paper, cardboard, or green waste related to land development (AIA,2008). Inert
materials such as brick, concrete, rock, and other similar materials are often used as masonry
building waste. In the construction industry, wood waste is referred to as used wood finishes
and shuttering. Metallic waste includes cut parts of metallic materials such as new metal
studs, metal beams, and pipes, as well as scrap metal. Plastic and various diverse sorts of
waste materials may also be discovered on any building site.

pg. 2
 Arch 512: Seminar I

Hazardous Non-hazardous

o Insulation and asbestos materials o Concrete, Bricks, Stones, Woods,

o Treated wood, glass, plastic (alone
or in mixtures) containing hazardous
substances
o Gypsum materials, Paints and
varnishes, Paint cans & Adhesive or
sealant containers.
Glass, Plastic - excludes packaging
waste
o Metallic waste, including cable
Copper, bronze and brass,
Aluminum Lead, Iron and steel, Tin
etc.

Table 1: Construction and demolition waste classified according to hazardous characteristics.

(Adapted from Govt.UK (2016)

There are various kinds of materials wasted during construction and demolition process. Some
details of construction materials that are recyclable are given below:

1.4.1 Bricks
Bricks can be reused as long as they retain their structural integrity. Contaminants like as
mortar and plaster in brick waste might lower the value of bricks for reuse. Crushing bricks
into tiny pieces for reuse as filling materials also use as aggregates common use of bricks.

1.4.2 Concrete
Concrete is an incredibly common type of construction waste, accounting for 67.5% of all
construction and demolition waste by weight. Crushed reinforced concrete is in high demand
as a recycled material due to the current global sand shortage. Crushed concrete aggregate from
construction and demolition projects is a highly appealing option, as it can be created by
breaking down existing structures and used concrete blocks.

Fig 01: Process of waste concrete recycling (from google)

1.4.3 Ferrous Metal

Ferrous metal, such as iron and its alloys, are often found in demolition projects. It has a high
value for reuse and recycling, can be recycled almost completely, and can be recycled
multiple times. It is also highly profitable and can be recycled nearly completely.

pg. 3
 Arch 512: Seminar I

1.4.4 Masonry
The demolition of a masonry building creates masonry waste which can be recycled and used
as a set of recycled masonry. It can be used as heat insulating concrete or as a composite in
clay bricks.

1.4.5 Non-ferrous Metal

Nonferrous metals, such as aluminum, copper, lead, and zinc, have high value for reuse and
recycling, and electrical wiring contains valuable recyclable metals.

1.4.6 Paper and Cardboard

Paper and paperboard are estimated to be one-third of construction and disposal waste, which
is recycled and recycled to produce new paper products.

1.4.7 Plastic
Construction businesses may be able to recycle some of their plastic trash if they sort and
clean it ahead of time. Mixed plastics and pollutants can be more difficult to recycle, but
recycled plastic can be used in goods such as street furniture, roofs and floors, and PVC
window noise barriers.

1.4.8 Timber
Wood is a major part of construction debris, often from roof beams, wall supports, and
hardwood flooring. Cleaning, denailing, and sizing are necessary to reuse wood components
in excellent condition. Companies may also recycle discarded wood by chipping or shredding
it and utilizing it as filler. The greater the quality of wood, the more valuable it is for reuse or
sale. Construction and demolition garbage produce significant amounts of wood waste all
around the globe.

1.5 C&D waste in context Dhaka

Dhaka's rapid urban growth has resulted in an increase in construction and demolition waste
production. This growth has posed major environmental and social concerns, as the waste
from building materials like sand, lime, cement, bricks, ceramic tiles, timber, rubble, steel,
cement blocks, paint, and PVC pipes has begun to pile up. To address the issue, investment in
housing and infrastructure in Dhaka has been increased, leading to the construction of multi-
storied buildings in place of single storied buildings. The government and private sector are
also working to ensure that the proper disposal of construction and demolition waste is taking
place in Dhaka to reduce environmental and social impacts.

1.6 Objectives
o Implement reuse and recycling of materials.
o Minimize the production of wastes with proper management of C&D waste materials.
o Develop strategies for architects to improve waste management performance.
o Reduce pollution effect, Protect groundwater and environment.
o Ensure Sustainability.

1.7 Outcomes

1.8 Brief about next chapter

pg. 4
 Arch 512: Seminar I

2 Literature Review

2.1 C&D waste

Bangladesh generates far more C&D waste than many other developed and developing
countries. The use of outmoded technologies, a lack of community sensitization, a lack of
public knowledge, and a lack of law enforcement are the main causes of a greater level of
C&D waste generation in Bangladesh. As a result, C&D rubbish is now one of Bangladesh's
main solid waste sources. The question of how to get rid of this enormous volume of C&D
rubbish is worrying the country more and more. However, with good management, this C&D
waste might serve as a valuable resource for the country. Metal, mortar, concrete, brick,
plastic, wood, ceramic, and glass can all be recycled to an extent of about 80%. Metal,
mortar, concrete, brick, plastic, timber, etc. are also included in the waste.

This suggests that C&D waste has a significant economic value. Given that C&D waste
makes up roughly 10–30% of the total solid waste produced, it can be a significant source of
money. The risk of pollution can be reduced and money can be made by properly managing
C&D waste.In a developing nation like Bangladesh, research was done on ways to lessen
C&D waste in the city of Dhaka and on how Bangladeshis perceive the country's construction
waste management practices. Furthermore, Yasmin and Rahman (2017) focused on the solid
waste management practices in the city of Dhaka, whereas Matter et al. (2015) explored the
implications of policies for recycling solid waste. It's interesting that little research has been
done on Bangladesh's WGR of C&D waste and the economic benefits of recycled building
materials.

In Bangladesh, rapid economic development and expanding urbanization have resulted in

tremendous building and demolition waste production, which has in turn led to a serious
degradation of the environment. Realizing the production of C&D waste in this quickly
expanding building industry is urgently necessary. Additionally, C&D waste nowadays and
environmental effects in a particular area are no longer just local problems. To ensure that the
knowledge obtained here can be applied to practical aspects of the country, it is crucial to
research the WGR and recycle values in Bangladesh and compare them with those in other
nations.

2.2 Construction waste management of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is still undertaking significant development projects as a developing nation.

Numerous large-scale projects, like the Padma River Bridge, are now underway around the
nation, and many more will soon get underway. Prior to beginning building work in any
region, trash generation and management become a crucial concern, according to past
evaluations. The scenario of Bangladesh's building waste management, however, is very
badly taken into consideration in terms of research and technological resources. Regarding
the generation and management of solid waste, some statistics are known. However, there
isn't enough knowledge about building and demolition trash to forecast a situation in the
future and take preventive action.

pg. 5
 Arch 512: Seminar I

Brick, wood, metal, glass, and industrial wastes were included in Zahur's 2007 research study
on Bangladesh's solid waste generation.Brick, wood, metal, glass, and industrial waste were
added to the list of solid waste in Bangladesh.

We can get a general sense of waste generation from prediction of solid waste generation.
According to estimates by Bahauddin & Uddin (2012), Bangladesh's metropolitan regions
currently produce about 16015 tons of waste per day, and by 2025, that amount will have
increased to almost 47000 tons per day. Therefore, careful consideration should be paid to the
generation of construction waste and its management, which includes thorough investigation
and study. An excellent strategy for the initial stage is a field survey. Collaboration and
communication are important at every stage of construction, from the client to the field
workers. In Bangladesh, clients and customers rarely express concerns regarding the handling
of building materials.

2.3. Environmental Issues

Construction waste's impact on the environment is a constant concern, and adequate

management is necessary to prevent environmental liabilities. The development work's
building operations have an impact on the area's natural resources. According to Kumar &
Kaushik's study from 2005, energy use for direct and indirect construction-related activities
accounts for almost 50% of total national energy use. The transfer of materials is also a part
of the activity. Construction waste disposal practices, such as dumping into woods, streams,
ravines, vacant land, etc., start the harmful effects of construction waste by causing erosion,
contaminating wells, and harming water tables and surface water (Arslan et al., 2012).

2.4. Cause of construction waste

Construction and demolition (C&D) wastes can be caused by a variety of factors, including
frequent design modifications, worker error, improper material storage, inadequate planning,
low rates of waste reuse and recycling, and mistakes in material ordering. Accurate quantity
take-off, phase planning to enhance construction sequencing, 3D coordination to eliminate
errors and omissions, providing design review for project participants, and improved site use
are BIM's abilities to prevent these causes of C&D wastes.

Wastes produced worldwide during construction, demolition, and remodeling projects have
grown significantly throughout the years. Construction and demolition (C&D) waste creation
is a major problem in Malaysia. As a result of the construction industry's rapid development,
a lot of C&D waste is produced.

Construction wastes are produced for a number of reasons, including the following:

i. Regular design modifications

ii) A worker error

iii) Improper material storage

iv) A lack of planning

v) Low rates of waste reuse and recycling

pg. 6
 Arch 512: Seminar I

vi). Mistakes in the material ordering

vii) Effect of weather

2.5 Waste use in site

construction waste is the methodical whole or partial removal of a building's structural

systems, other subsystems, and materials. Building demolition typically uses three different
techniques: human wrecking, mechanical wrecking, and explosive charge demolition (Dolan
et al., 1999). The majority of manual wrecking in Bangladesh is used approach While
explosive charge destruction is never employed, mechanical wrecking is scarcely ever. The
benefit of hand trashing is that it may produce waste with the best potential for recovery and
reclamation. Since most demolition includes cutting and ripping with tools and by hand, it is
a tremendously labor-intensive process. This technique involves breaking up pieces of
concrete and chipping old plaster with conventional tools and equipment. Tools like a
hammer, chisel, and others

It should be noted that every effort is made to separate each brick in its natural shape when
removing plaster and masonry work. A group of workers breaks down the structure, and
another group (the loaders) carries the debris outside and deposits them in a designated spot.
After that, it is transported to the location for use by using trucks, men-driven tricycle
carriages (referred to as van gari locally), men-driven two-wheeled curts (referred to as thela
gari locally), etc. (Saifullah et al, 2009). Table 1 lists the sources of construction waste
creation and its uses in Bangladesh.

Waste material Source of generation Probable use

Electric wiring Electric wiring Recycle

Plumbing pipes Water supply and drainage Recycle

Timber Door and window panel Reuse after epairing

Plaster & floor finish Building surface Mostly in land filling, very few reuse

Concrete piece Slabs, beams, columns, RCC walls Mostly in land filling, very few reuse

Full brick Masonry works, partition walls Reuse in masonry and as brick
chips

Half brick Masonry works, partition walls Mostly as brick chips, very few in land

filling

2.6 Waste use off side

Recently, as part of a research study (shown in figure 4), a two-story structure with four
apartments was constructed using recycled concrete blocks from a city building with 22
stories that had been demolished, Dhaka Rangs Bhaban (illustrated in figure 3). According to
the Housing and Building Research Institute (HBRI). In addition to being helpful for

pg. 7
 Arch 512: Seminar I

recycling building trash, it is also economical; according to HBRI (Ahsan et al 2011), it saves
50–80 BDT/sft. Concrete bricks are the project's primary wall construction material. Concrete
blocks from the pulled-down structure were initially transferred to the construction site on
HBRI property.The blocks were then crushed by the motor operated crushing machine to
yield a mixture of coarse and fine aggregates.

2.7 Recycling system in Dhaka

The DCC doesn't engage in any resource recovery work. Three steps are taken informally to
recover or salvage wastes with some market value. First, the housewives sort out the trash
that has a higher market value, such as papers, bottles, fresh containers, used clothing, and
shoes, and then they sell them to street vendors (known locally as "feriwallas").Broken glass,
cans, cardboard, waste paper, rags, plastics, metals, and other home waste are among the
things. Both trash collectors who reclaim materials from bins and final disposal sites as well
as street hawkers who buy used materials directly from homesteads are how the reclaimed
materials end up in waste and old material businesses. The waste dealers sort the materials
properly, sell them to customers, and supply them to the proper industries and mills for
processing or remodeling.The market-recycled processed material eventually finds its way
back to users.

2.8 Recycling Shop

These stores are dispersed around Dhaka, but are largely found in the city's historic district.
The stores ranged in size from 80 to 200 square feet. In the majority of situations, the shops
are located relatively close to their homes. Nearly 88% of the shops are located within 0–0.5
km. The primary activities of recycling shops are segregation, collecting, and storage, and the
primary commodities used are paper, iron, plastic, and construction waste. Nearly 74% of
stores are open seven days a week, operating between 10 and 12 hours per day. Due to
physical handling and a lack of safety equipment, everyone working at the recycling facility
faces some occupational health risks, just as the scavengers and 98% of people don't use any
safety equipment since they can't afford it and don't care that it poses a health risk. The stores
sell their products to wholesale recycling businesses or manufacturers that are located in
Dhaka's historic district. According to the respondents' opinions, the recycling market is now
in average condition (54%).

2.9 Price of waste materials.

Selling price of demolition waste Items Rates

Full Brick : 40-50% of new bricks

Half brick : 20% of new bricks

Rubbish : 300-700 BDT/ truck

Reinforcement : 50-60% of original cost

2.10 C&D waste use in informal settlement

pg. 8
 Arch 512: Seminar I

Information about the materials used to build the largest home's roof, walls, and floors was
recorded following a physical inspection. The distribution of households (in percent) for roof
and slum locations . Mostly tin was used for the roof.(94.0%) is followed by brick/cement
(2.9%) and wood/bamboo (3.1%). However, there were few differences in roof materials
between slum areas.the proportion of homes in wall and slum areas broken down by kind of
construction. Tin made up 70.4% of the wall, while brick and cement made up
29.1%.However, the type of wall used differed depending on the slum. In Korail, 90.7% of
the walls were made of tin. Mirpur (75.3%), Dhalpur/Shayampur (55.8%), and Tongi (54.1%)
were the next highest. Brick/cement walls made up about 46% of the walls in Tongi,
followed by those in Dhalpur/Shayampur (42.1%), Mirpur (24.7%), and Korail (9.1%).

the percentage breakdown of families for floor and slum locations according to the type of
building. Brick and cement made up the majority of the flooring (88%), followed by wood
and bamboo (7.8%) and earth/katcha (4.2%). The type of flooring differed slightly amongst
slum areas. Brick and cement made up about 90% of the flooring in Korail, Mirpur, and
Dhalpur/Shayampur, compared to 82.5% in Tongi; the next three cities, Dhalpur/Shayampur,
Mirpur, and Korail (9%–10%), used either wood/bamboo or earth/katcha for their floors.

pg. 9
 Arch 512: Seminar I

3 Methodology
3.1 The Field research
We are physically visited Kallyanpur slum, the site took 10 min walking distance from main
road. At first we gather data from questionnaire survey from resident. Their opinion
perspectives also help us their thought about Construction and Demolition(C&D) Waste.
Most of the people in the slum use recycled materials. They mostly have clear idea about
C&D wastes and some of them are good craftsman in using this recycled material for
building use. They bought the building waste from local vendors who collect this C&D waste
from construction sites. Their primary observation is, the material (tin) the use primarily is
not good quality. In kallyanpur most of the house are made out of recycled tins. They think
the recycled materials are cheap but not good for long run.

quality of recycled matarials uses of recycled matarials

Bad Avarage Good very Good Yes No

4 Background
4.1 Kallyanpur slum
Kalyanpur slum was built in 1988 on 13 acres of low-lying land within city capital Dhaka. The
land is owned by the Ministry of Housing and Public Works. Its history dates back to the early
days of British India's division into India and Pakistan, when the newly established Pakistan
government acquired property for the rehabilitation of Bihari refugees due to partition. The
Bihari community was eventually rehabilitated in the Mohammadpur neighborhood to the
south, and the land was gradually occupied by marginalized and homeless individuals. Many
of these people moved to Dhaka to find jobs, especially after the devastating flood of 1988.
From 1988 through the 1990s, a tremendous number of houses were built on this land. in 2003,
the number of populations reached approximately 40,000 people.

4.2 People settlement at Kallyanpur slum

Dhaka is a rapidly urbanizing city with a high population growth rate and a shortage of housing
facilities, which leads to increased construction to meet the demand for shelter. Housing forms
have changed drastically due to land shortages, high land prices, and increased demand for
shelter. Lower income people can’t afford well facilized apartment. So, they began to live in a
densely crowded neighborhood with a affordable house rent. The majority of residents in
Kalyanpur slum are tenants. Many tenants have lived in the Kalyanpur slum for up to 25 years
and are extremely devoted to their landlord. A average monthly rent for a residence ranges
between 1,200 and 3,000 BDT.

pg. 10
 Arch 512: Seminar I

4.3 Ownership and dwellers Income group

there is no specific statistics on the number of owners and tenants in Kalyanpur slum,
interviews with respondents show that the majority of residents are tenants. Many tenants are
currently becoming owners by acquiring from their current landlords.

4.4 Income group

Though many people in Kalyanpur slum work as garment workers or sell their labor in other
formal and/or informal sectors located outside the slum, the slum's business and production
generate the majority of the earnings. The majority of slum people work within the slum,
which is also where the majority of businesses are located. Home-based entrepreneurship is
an important component of the Kalyanpur slum, proving the relevance of the slum house as a
productive asset and its function in stimulating economic activity, as argued by Grant (2010).

Figure 2: Earning chart within the slum (from google)

The chart indicating the majority of the respondents' incomes are generated within the slum.
Plotting the respondents' daily income against the total distance walked in a day demonstrates
that money is not always correlated with areas outside of the slum or distant from their
neighborhood.

4.5 Types of employment (work)

Most people of Kalyanpur slum work in garments, shops, locally developed business.

5 Analysis and findings

pg. 11
 Arch 512: Seminar I

5 Analysis and findings

5.1 Field survey

Kalyanpur slum (pora basti) was selected as study area which is situated at Kalyanpur
mahalla under Kalyanpur ward of Mirpur thana in Dhaka district. The Kalyanpur slum (pora
basti) is located within latitude of 23°47΄05΄N and longitude of 90°21΄49΄E. Mirpur thana is
situated in zone no. 4 under Dhaka North City Corporation, When we visit this area , as well
as a large number of socio-cultural and commercial activities that happened in the alley of
slum .The slum are very narrow and the condition of house is very poor conditions.There
recycled materials are sale in near to the slum from the picture 1

Picture 1 ( C&D shops) Picture 2 Picture 3

5.2 Experiences of dwellers (local people)

As the field results we see that there are many low income people. In this area people who are
rental they live in tin shade and bamboo materials and who is the land owner live in the brick
house.

pg. 12
 Arch 512: Seminar I

5.3 Materials cost, durability and quality

The people of the Kalyanpur slum used different types of material in building houses and
they think C&D waste materials are affordable for their economy.

Fig4 : C&D waste materials use percentage and its factors of analysis

5.4 Opinion from expert

From the expert opinions,

pg. 13
 Arch 512: Seminar I

Fig 5 : C&D waste materials use percentage and its factors of analysis

5.5 Analysis findings

The study gives us some common factors ( costs, affordability, quality ) of C&D) waste
materials that states the people of the kallyanpur slum (unplanned settlement) broadly
connected with this recycled materials and they have a subjective perspective according
income and comfort. They think only cheap material is not their desire, it must sustain in long
terms.

6 Concluding remarks
In the current work, an effort has been made to draw attention to a number of problems with
CDW management in Bangladesh. First, it was noted during the site tour that concrete and
bricks are the two main wastes produced at construction sites. Concrete, brick, and other
materials are produced in large quantities at construction sites, though.
The quantity of waste materials is proportional to wet work, according to the site
observations. The outcome indicates that fundamental changes to the building materials are
required.
The results of a questionnaire survey on CDW knowledge, CDW effects, and barriers to
enhancing construction and demolition waste management performance were also provided
in this publication. It has been noted that the respondents' degree of CDW management
understanding is inadequate. Nevertheless, educated responses and also this study concluded
that women are more aware of and knowledgeable about the CDW management system than
participants, which limits CDW management's advancement. To determine the relative
importance that depends on socioeconomic status, ranking analysis was employed.

Acknowledgment
Primary data and visuals for this study were gathered through a number of field surveys
conducted in 2023. Additionally, images from secondary sources are included. We would
want to extend our sincere thanks to everyone who helped make our study successful,
especially our teachers Md. Nawrose Fatemi sir and Tahmina Rahman madam .

pg. 14
 Arch 512: Seminar I

References

The American Institute of Architects (AIA). 2008. Construction Waste Management

Strategies: Best Practices”, AIAP072739- BP 10.05.36. [Online] Available at
http://www.aia.org/aiaucmp/groups/secure/documents/pdf/aiap072739.pdf

Banks, N. (2009). Urban Poverty in Bangladesh: Earning a living in Dhaka slums. Retrieved June 9,
2017, from http://urbanpovertyinbangladesh.blogspot.co.nz/2009/09/earning-living-in-dhaka-
slums.html

Ahmed, B., Hasan, R., & Maniruzzaman, K. M. (2014). Urban Morphological Change Analysis of
Dhaka City, Bangladesh, Using Space Syntax. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 3(4),
1412–1444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi3041412

Waste Management Volume 95, 15 July 2019, Pages 10-21 (An empirical study of
construction and demolition waste generation and implication of recycling)

socio-economic and health status of slum dwellers of the kalyanpur slum in dhaka city

identification of construction and demolition waste generation rates, and recycling and reuse
potential: a case of dhaka city

Informal Waste Recycling Activities: A Case Study of Dhaka City, Bangladesh

Strategies to Reduce Construction and Demolition (C&D) Waste for Sustainable

Building Design in Dhaka: Role of Architects

.Recycling Construction and Demolition Waste Materials

Chowdhury, M., Upadhyay, A., Briggs, A. and Belal, M. (2016). An empirical analysis of
green supply chain management practices in Bangladesh construction industry. European
Operation Management Association (EurOMA) Conference 2016, 17–22 June 2016,
Trondheim, Norway.

pg. 15