Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1987 8 Reinforced Concrete Plate Element Subjected To Cyclic Loading
1987 8 Reinforced Concrete Plate Element Subjected To Cyclic Loading
ReinforcedConcretePIateEIementsubjectedtoCycIicLoading
EI6mentdedaIIeenbetonarm6soumisadescha「gescycIiques
StahIbetonplattentragwerkenunterWechsellast
SUMMARY
AcomprehensivemodeIhasbeendeveIopedtoanaIyzethebehaviou「under「eversedcycIicloadingof
AcomprehensivemodeIhasbeendeveIopedtoanaIyzethebehaviou「under「eversedcycIic
帽info「cedconcretepIateeIements,withthe「einforcementunibrmIydistributed・Themodelcomp「isesten‐
sion,comp旧SSionandshearmodelsofcrackedconc「ete,andamcdeIfo「「einfo「cementintheconcrete;
andaIsoasocaIIedsmearedcrackmodeIisinco「porated・TheapplicabiIityofthismodeIhasbeenve「ified
bycomparingthep「edictionswithpubIishedexperimentaIresuItsof「Binfo「cedconcretepaneIs.
RESUME
Unmod6IeglobaIa6t6d6veIopp白pour6tudierIescomporIementsd,GI6mentsdedaIIesenb6tonarm6D
avecdesbarresd,armaturedistribu6esuniform6ment,sousIDeIfetdechargescycIiquesaItem6es・Lemod今
● Iecomprenddescasdetension,compressionetcisaiIIementdeb9tonfissur6,ainsiqu,unmodeIederen‐
forcementdub6ton;iIestaussienvisag6unmod61edefissu「ationhomog6n6is6aLavaIeurdecemod6Ie
a6t6v6rifi6eencompa「antlespr6visionsavecIesr6suItatsexp6rimentauxpubli6spou「despanneauxen
b6tonarm6.
ZUSAMmENFASSUNG
EinumfassendesModeIIzu「AnaIysedesVerhaItensvonBetonfIachentragwerkenmitgIeichmassigver‐
teiIterBewehrungunterWechseIbelastungwu「deentwickeⅡ、DasgesamteModeIIenthaItZug,、「uck・
undSchubmodeⅡesowieeinModeⅡfijrStahIbetonundbehandeItauchverIeiIteRissbiIdung(smea「ed
c「aclO・DieAnwendbarkeitdesModeⅡswu「deanVe「gIeichs「cchnungenmitverOffentIichtenErgebnissen
anStahIbetonscheibenijbe「prijft.
576 RCPLATEELEMENTSUBJECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING 鐵も
1.nITRODUcTエ0N
Themechanicalbehaviorsofreinforcedconcretemembersundercyclicorreversed
loadingarebeingclarifiedbymanyexperimentalworks.Ho官ever,veryfe甘
甘orkshavebeendoneforanalytic日lpredictionof上heBebehavior8[1]-[5】,
main1ybecauBeofthedifEicul上yinmodelingthecrackedconcreteappropriately・
DuetothesamereasonnoneoEthecontes上antslrasabletopredic上thebehaviors
formonotonicloadingintheCollinBICompetition[61.Beforepredictingthe
behaviorBofareinforcedconcretememberDthebehaviorBofanelementofthat
memberBhouldbepredictedaccura上ely.
ForanalyBisofaplateelementhavingdistributedreinforcementDthesmeared
crackmodelisappropriate.Wehavebeentryingtodevelopmaterialmodels[7】
thatarecapableofacuratelydeBcribingthebehaviorsofcrackedConcrete,and
theBemodelsstoodteBtBofcompariBonagainBtexperimenmlreBultBonpanelg
conductedbyVecchioandCollinBorbyAoyagiandYamadaoThepresen上modelhaB
beendevelopedoutoftheBemodelBBoaBtoincludethecaseBofreversedcyclic
loading.
2.llATFRTALHODELING
2.1General
Reinforcedconcretep1ateelementBareoftenpreBentedaBaBuperi、PoBitionof
concreteandreinEorcemen上.ェncheconcretepartDtakingtheyaxiBin上he
directionoEcracksandthexaxiBnormaltoitDtheconBti上utivelawsof
crackedconcretecanbeconBtlBuctedwithcomparativeeasein上ermsoftensile
s上irfneBsalong上hexaxiBandcompreBsionalongtheyaxiBaBBhowninFigo1・
ThecoordinatesEorthereinforcementisconvenientlytakeninthedirectionBof
themoreinEorcementaxeB,andtheconstitutiveequationsforreinforced
concretecanbeobtainedbyBuperimpoBingthetwoelementBbycoordinate
conversion.HouUeverDitistoberemembere。上hatDbecauBetheserulesare
fortheconcreteandthereinforcemen上aselementofareipforcedConcrete,they
canbedifEer⑨TntEromthoBetha上areforiBolatedreinforcPmPntorforisolated
COnCre上e,
角一h
y
ii》’ごIlll<I
)
crack
」
ユTinclDE
八人
回
69
-1゜b/雁 0 oWil
FilR・LThecoordmateBEor 威圧・2Crackingcriteriaofconcreteunder
crackedConcrete biaXialBtreBBBtateB[8][,]
蝋も H,OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-J・IZUMO 577
ThecrackinghasbeenasBumedtooccurintheconcretewhentheprincipal
tensilestradnhasreachedtheultimatetensilestrairLHereDtheultimate
tensileBtrainisgenerally0.01too・O3X,butforthesakeofsimp1icity,it
wasBettotwiceoftheprincipalstrainatthetimewhenthestressactingon
concretehaBreachedthetensilefractureenvelope。Thisistopredictthe
occurrenceofcrackingwithcertaindegreeofaccuracyevenin上hecaBesof
nDmmiEormstreBsdistribution-
Asfor上hefractureenvelopeDthosethathavebeenproposedwithemphasison
crackingunderbiaxialloading,oneduetoNmaEorcompression-tension[8]and
theothertoAoyagiandYamadaror上ension-上enBion【,],havebeenadoptedas
showninFigo2.AccordingtoMaekawa,thefractureenveloPesformonotonic
loadingarehardlyaffectedbytheloadin8path[101.Anotherassumptionhas
beenthattheconcreteremainsperfec上lyelasticuntilcrackingasshownin
Figo3.
Onsetofcrackinginreinforcedconcretemeansthattheconcretehaslostits
loadcarryingcapacityatthep1aneoEcrack,andtheretheentiretensile
Eorceisbornebythereinforcement.エ、theportionbetweentwocracksn
nowever,concretestillbearsupapartofthetensileEorceowingtothebond
stressthattransferBthetensileforceEromreinEorcement上oconcrete・
ThereforeDreinEorcedconcretedevelopB,evenaEterithasbeencracked9a
higherBtiffpessthanthatofaniBolatedreinforcement.Thisincreaseof
stifEnessowing上oconcreteisgenerallyknownasthetensionstiffening.
I、ordertoaccomodatethiBphenomeno、,variousproposalB,suchasamethod
tbatasBumeBeitherbondB1iprelation[11]-[12]orbondstressdistribution
【13】,onethatassumeBmaximumstrainaveragestrainrelatiopforreinforcement
ll4】-【l5LonethatassumeBdirectlytheBtreBsstrainrelationfor
‐
reinfrocedconcreteI16】-【l7LandonethatasBumesaveragestreBsaverage
strainrelationforconcrete[18】-[191,havebeenadvanced.Judgingthe
methodthatpresupposesanaveragestressaverageBtrainrelationforconcrete
tobemostconvenienttoapplytothep1ateelementsDwenaveselectedtheone
thatisshowninFi9.4[7].Theparametercthatisincludedinthi8modelis
torepresentthebondDandavalueofOo4isappropriateEorordinarydeformed
bars,while0.2fitBuFelltothecasesof打eldedmeBhthatVecchioandCollins
employed.
② 毎面“
Crac king
(‘
⑰⑪の出口の
めい④角』②
と地=2EUD
EC
 ̄-句 Eを璽巫
0 0
ごfOERH Strain
Strain
FiR.3StreBBBtrainrelationof FiR.4TensionBtiffeningmodelI7]
cDncreteEortenndon
578 RCPLATEELEMENTSUELlECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING 』;iL
ValuesaccordingtothismodelarecomparedwithproposalsbyMoritaandKaku
【20LandVecchioandCollins[21]asshouminFig、5.
orロ。z/(‘
1.0
’
隠
蘂
【14
ErmDr
0 0.4%
Fi良.5Tensionstiffeningmodelcomparedwiththeproposalsby
HoritaandKaku[20]andVecchioandCollins[21].
Thetensions上irfeningmodelonqmloadingandreloadinghasbeendevelopedon
thebasisoftheexperimentalresultsofTamaiandShimaI221.mthemodel,
thestressactingonconcretewasassumedtoconsistinthestresstransferred
EromreinEorcementbybondandthattransferredbycontactofcracksurEaceand
thesetwowereindividuallymodeled.ThestressarisingErombondwas
presentedbyaquadraticcurveconnectingtheenvelopeandtheoriginfor
unloading,andbyastraight1ineextendingtotheenvelopeforreloadingas
showninFig.6and7゜Asthecontactofcracksurfacestakesplacethefaster
thela西gerthesheardisplacementalongthecrackDthetensilestrainaとonset
oEcon上actwastakentobeaEunctionoftheshearstrainoUnloadingaEter
contactwasmadetoproceedelasticallyataslackenedstiffness,whereasthe
contactstresswasmadetobecomezeroonreloadingasshowninFigs、6and7゜
けr=O"I+、“ ②=②I+Z。
C〃 E汀
)iii
!
Fi良.7TensionBtiEEeningmodel
Fig.6皿…謡 :艦謡;g【謡.’ forreloading[22】
澱も HOKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-J・lZUMO 579
2.4CompreBBionModelofCr1ckedConcrete
ForthecompreBsiveBtiffneBBofconcretein上hecrackdirection(ydirection)D
modifiedMaekawaoBmodelwaBuBed・IntheHaekawamodelI10L上heinitial
elaBticmodulusEoD上hefractureparameterKo,andthecompreBgivep1astic
s上rainareintroducedtodefinetheenvelopeforcompreBsivestressesand
compresBiveBtrains,sothatunloadingandreloadingcanbeco、veniently
deBcribedaBBhowninFi9.8。Sinceneitherthefractureparame上ernorthe
plaBticBtrainchangesinBidetheenvelopeDtneinternalcurvesarerepresented
byBtrai8h上linesoEslopesEoKoDmeaningthatnoenergyiBdi8Bipatedintne
unloadingandreloading.A1though上hiBisuntrue,thiBaBBumptionmaywellbe
toleratedforitsmeritoEhighlysimp1iEyingthecalcula上ion9provided上hat
theenergyconsumedincompreBBivedeformationofconcreteiBBufficientlysmall
comparedwiththetotalexpenditureofenergy.ActuallyDmodelingoE
increasingi、上ernaldamageBundercyclicloadingiBnecesBary上oreasonably
describe上heenergyconsumptionintheunloadingandreloadingprocess.For
上hispurpoBeDamodelhasbeencompletedrecentlybythepresentauthors,
■hichwillbereportedinduetime.
Thecompressiveplastics上rainhasbeenformulated,asshowninFig,9,in
termsofasinglevaluefunctionofthemaximumcompresBivegtrainthatthe
bodyhadsuBtainedinthepasttheBtrainrightontheenvelope.Furthermore9
thisformulahasbeenexperimentallydemonBtratedtobeapplicableeventothe
caBeswherecrackBarepreBentinparalleltothedirectionofcompre8sion[231.
Thefrac上ureparameterKo,whichiBtorepreBenttheex上e、上oftheinternal
damageoEconcrete,hasalsobeenaBBumedtobeafunc上ionof上hemaximum
compreBBivestrainasinthecaBeofp1asticstrainaBshowni、Fig.10.
However,thefractureparameteri8affectedbythecracksrunninginparallel
tothecomprssiondirection・ThisisclariEiedbyacompreBsiontestingof
crackedreinforcedconcretecylindersasshouminFig・11[231.
Cl,曰“
ツー譜
②…=KoEo(‘ん"-ど#,)
P
瓜
.》』■』E口』]⑰C一]⑪因一生
藻
獄
0
3
●
(Ej,…,。i,
、l
ロ
ェ
■
めめ①』》⑪
EC KoEo EPP~
ワク
X= ̄
仁
EEO
ロ
ロ
Z
1
oGj,,
0
gCc
Strain Strainratio
FiR、8MaekawamodelforcompreBBion[10] FiR.,P1asticstrainintermsof
afunc上ionof
themaximumcompreBsivestrain[10]
580 RCPLATEFI肩MENTSU印ECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING 綴も
KC
』①]①E2句△①』三.2』
l
》誌
X
() l
Strainratio T1T
FiR、lqFractureparameterfor EiR・ULCompressivetest
uncrackedconcreteUO] specimens[23]
エthasbeenpointedoutbyVecchioandCollinstha上rheapparentcompressive
s上rengthands上iffnessaredecreasedbycracks.since上hesephenomenamaybe
attributedmainlytostressrelaxationtakingplaceinrhevicinityofcracks,
wehaveelectedtotakearatioofthefractureparameterKandthatof
uncrackedconcreteKoasafunctionofthe上ensileStraininthedirection
normal上ocracks.Namely,theparameterKwasseヒヒobethesameasKoforthe
tensiles上rainlessthanO・l2XDbeconstantat0.6Koforthe上ensiles上rain
ofoverO、44%,andtochange1inearlyintheinterveningrangeasshownin
Fi8.12.Forcomparision,theBtrengthratiosoftheproposalsofVecchioand
Co11inB[21],Cervenka[24lDandMiyaharaandMaekawa[23]areshowninthe
Fig、12.
ThevaluesobtainedbythemodifiedHaekawamodelarecomparedumth上he
experimenta1valuesduetoHiyaharaandHaekawatharincludethecasesof
unloadingandreloadingwiththetensilestrainconstantasanexamp1e.It
willbes⑧eninFig・l3thatagreementisquitesarisfactoryexceptforthelack
ofbulgeintheunloadingcurve.
巧…/ノィ
サ
1.0
K/KC
.一一国』功⑫巴』一m
1.0
KpIIins
0
5
■
0.6
とJ■。〃 9F
00.12 0.44 00.10.20.3
Stmin(%)
FiRJZRelationshipbetweentheratio FiR・型llodifiedMaekawamodelversus
(K/KC)andtensi1estrain experimentalresult[23]
`も H・OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-j・IZUMO 581
ToaccomodatetheplaBticBtrainthatiBincurredinconcretewhensubjectedto
acompressivestresBDtheBtresBstraincurvewasshiftedbytha上muchamount
of上hecompresBivep1asticstraintowardthecompressive8上re8BasBhownin
Figol4.HereDtheten8ileelaBticmoduluBwaBassumedtobeEoKDtheBameaB
forcompressivestreBs,andthetensileBtrengthtobeKft.Thesehavebeen
veririedexperimentally.
CD
9F
FiR、1&Constitutivelawsofcrackedconcrete
fromcompressiveregionto上ensilere8ion
2.5ShearTransferModel
Thou8hmauuyinvestigationshavebeendoneonthemechanismofsheartransfer
alongcracks,rhemajorityisconcernedon】ywithmonotonic1oading.Wehave
developedacontactdensitymodelthatapplieswelltocyclicloading2assuming
eachcrack上oconsistofnumerouscontactplanesorientedinvariousdirections
asillustratedinFi8.15.Bygivingappropria上edistributionprofilestothe
orientationsofthecontactmicrosurfacesandtotheireffectiveareas,
relationamongthesheardisp1acementDthecrackopeningandtheshearstreBs
hasbeenformulated.
ぬり(MPa)
(U
G
0 等
FiRJユSheartranSfermechanism FiR.lQShearrransfermodel
582 RCPLATEFIFMENTSUpLIECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING 』'も
Thismodelisdescribedbyanintegralequa上ionwithregardto上hedirectionsof
contactp1anes,andisabletopredicヒヒhesheartransEerbehaviorEorany
loadingpaths.Whentheloadingismonotonic,inparticular,thisintegral
equationhasananalyticalsolution,inwhichtheshearstressisgivenbya
uniquelydeterminableEunc上ionoftheratiobetweensheardisplacementandthe
crackopeningasshowninFi9.16.Thisfunctionwasconsideredtorepresent
theenvelopeforthesheartransferredstresses.Where,theratiogivesthe
orientationofap1anesituatedataboundarybetweencontactingsurfacesand
noncontactingsurfaces.
Thoughsheartransferredstressesintheunloadingandreloadingcanbe
calculatedbythiscontactdensitymodel,itisnottoowellsuitedfor
analysiBoEreinEorcedconcretep1ateelements,becauseofthetroubleof
numericalintergration.Whennumericalintegrationswereactuallyconducted
fornuanydifferentpathsDitwasfoundthatnogreaterrorswouldbeincurred
evenifthesheartransferredstresswereeXpresseduniquelybytheratio
betweentheBheardisp1acementandthecrackopening.Onthebasisofthis
fac上,itwasdecidedthatthesheartransferredstressshouldmovealonga
straightlinethatpassedthroughtheenvelopepoimtfortheonsetofunloading
andthecorrespondingp1asticpointasshowninFi8.17.
A1thoughthismodelisEorasinglecrack,theaverageshearstiffnessesfor
elementscontainingmultitudeofcracksinacertaindistributioncanbe
presentedbytheaveragestrain上ha上isgivenbytherelativedisp1acement
acrossacrackdividedbythespacingtothenextcrack.mthesecases9the
ratiobetweenthesheardisp1acementandthecrackopeningcoincideswiththat
ofshearstrainandtensilestrain,andtheshearstressactingonanelement
containingcracksmaybeevaluatedsolelybytheshearstrainandthetensile
BtrainregardlesBDEthecrackspacing.ThecompressivestreBsesarisingfrom
sheartranBferandactingnormaltothecrackp1anearepresentedintermsof
theseaveragestrainraLioasshowninFi8.18.
②〃
場(MPa)
3.幻F_。
[Llc
O~■
3-ざ-0 ビエタ
0 β=-て了
FiR、17.SheartransfermodelEor Fi区.l8LCompreBsivestreBsactingon
unloadingandreloading thecrackBurfaceduetosheartranBfer
」;,iL H・OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-J・lZUMO 583
2.6SteelReinforcPmentModelinConcr球P
AsEuentionedearlier,thetensilestiffnessofareinforcedconcretemaybe
representedbyasuperimpositionofthetensionstiffeningduetoconcreteand
thetensilestifEnessthesteelreinforcementdcvelops.However,rhe
constitutivelawsforreinforcementneedbemodeledtakingthebondroconcrete
intoaccounr,sothatitshouldbedifferentfromthatforanisolatedsteel
reinforc⑧mPnt.Moreover2thestressactingonareinforcfPmPntinbGtwePntwo
cracksisnotuniformbecauseofthebond,takin8onamaxiunumatthep1aneof
crackasshowninFi8.19.
Crack
/
P
 ̄
 ̄
Average
FiR・lqStressdistriburionofreinf「ocementincrackedconcrerE
●
Asareinforcementmaybetreatedasclasticbodyuntilthestressactmgonlt
●
reachestheyields上rengthoEthatreinforcementatthep1aneofconcretecrackD
therelationbetweentheaveragesrreBsandaveragestrainisP1as上icasinthe
caseofiSolatedreinEorcement.oncethestressreachestheyieldstrength
andthereinforcementyields,however,thestiffnesBthatrepresentsth⑧
averageBtressaveragestrainrelationsuffersarapiddecrease.Itis
importantroreco8nizethatyieldin8ofreinforcedconcrereaBBucbtakesp1ace
whentheBtressa上thep1aneofconcretecrackhasreachedtMDyieldstrength,
norwhentheaveragesrressinareinforcementhasbecomeequalrotheyield
strengthofisolatedreinforcement.Thisdifferenceisclearlyshowninthe
uniaxialtensiletestingoEreinforcedconcreteelementconductedbyTamaiet
al、asBhowninFig、20[25].Itisa1sotobenotedthatthep1asticstrain
shelf,whichisoftenseeninthestressstraincurveofisolatedsteel
reinforcementDisnotpresentinthccasesofreinforcedConcTet②,butthe
stressstartstoincreasemonotonicallywithstrainasinthestrainbardening
stageofisolatedreinforcement.
●
OnewayofdeterminingrheaverageStressaveragestrainrelationafteryie1ding
ofreinforcementistoassumeadistributionprofilefortheTeinEorcement
BtreBBesactinginbetweencracks.Tamaietal・asBumedthisprofiletobe
sinuBoidalandthetensileBtreBBoEconcretelEemainBintheBamerelationas
thatBhowninFig・seveninthepo8tyieldingrange・CalculationBconductedEor
manypanelB,withtheyield8trengthofreinforcemen上,strengthofconcreteD
reinforce、entratioOdifEerenceinreinforcementratiobetweentwodirections,
andtheanglebetweenthecrackBandreipforcementaxesaBparameterBDshowed
thattheaveragestressaverageBtrainrelationmaywellbepreBentedbya
straigh上lineshowninFig、20.
584 RCPLATEELEMENTSUBJECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING 綴も
(呵垈三)めめの』》⑩①如句』①シベ
Freebar
Of
Oy
4
-----些些g-par------------ ̄
&緯grlllUIll
汕一④
0 1 2
Averagestrain(%)
二基二二uAvera8estressandavPragpstTainrPlationofrPinforcement
AsthisappareuutstrainhardPningrateisaffectedbyrherPinforcemPnrbondin8
property,concretestrengrhDreinforcPmcnrratio,reinforcPmentratiodiEferencB
bfbtweentwodireCtions,andanglpbGtwcPnrPinfoTcPmentandcrack,aparamerer
hasbeenprovidedro⑧ValuatetbPircffPctsintegra11y・Asitwasfoundj
howeverjrhattheseinfluGncesmaybeneglectedwirhoutmuchaggravatingthe
prccisionofcalculation,rherPsultsprPsPntedhereinareallrhosethatwere
obtainedwiththeparanlet⑧rsetequaltouniry.
Asfortheconstitutiveruleforremforcementintheunloadin8andreloadin8,
theKatoosmod⑨1[26lwasadoptedforitsgooda8re②mentwithrhePxpcrimental
resu1ts・Toincorporat⑧theKatomodelinthemethodofTamaieta1・for
determinin8theaveragesrressavPragcstrainrelation,rPinforcPmentstresses
correspondingtostrainsatvariousp1acesalongthebaraxisshouldbe
intfPgratedoverthewho1G1engrhtogiveanaverage・Sincecomparisonofthis
methodwiththeoneinvolvin8theaveragestrainofreinforcementsasthe
reinforcementstrainandtheaveragcstressofreinforcementsasthe
reinforcementstressshowedaverysmalldifferencewbenappliedtotheKato
modelasshowninFi9.21,themoreconvcnientlattermehTodbasbeenusedin
thepreSentStudyに2】.
0.6
Calculation
(甸生。)めめ①』》⑰の凶■■のシベ
00
42024
-7-ファ言~薑毫7
0
ゲ
夕
P
"
〃」
●
亥
3
'圦暦麺鴛.。‘
"
00
ゲ
●
夕
臣>
Reinforcementratio:1%
C
脆=28.6MPa:fy=367MPa
-0.6
Averagestrain(%)
Fi22LSteel reinErocementinconcreteunder
reversedcyclicloadin8 comparedriththeexperimentalreBultS[221
‘も H・OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-J・IZUMO 585
3-._jLGORITHH
Tbeal8oritbmtha上computeBouttheBtreBsstrainrelationBforanelementiB
shoumaBfollowB・エヒcompriBeBaroutinethatcalculateBBstrainincrementfor
a8ivenBtreBBincrementthroughaBtiffneBsmatri工toobtainthetomlBtrain
andtheBとreBBthatcorrespondB上Cit.ThiBproceBsiBreiterateduntilthe
differencebetweentheBtressthuBobtBinedandthatgivenatfirBthaBbecome
8mallerthananappropriatelygivenlimitvalue・
TheBtiffneBBmatrixiBgivenforthefirBtroundofroutinewithavaluethat
hadori8inallybeenEorthepreviouBBtreBB1evel.OntheBecondround,the
B上iEEneBBmatrixiBchangedtothenewoneDbutnofurtheraltera上ionBaredone
forBucceedingrounds.ThiBpracticeiBtotakeintoaccountthelargechange
thatoccurBinthestiffnessmatrixuponcrackingofconcre上eandyieldingof
reinforc2m⑨nt.Thes上iffneBBmatrixhaBbeenconBtruc上eduBingBtiEEnesses
thatareequaltoorslight1ylargerthanthetangentialstiffneBB.For
e2mmp1e,azerostiffnessisuBedforthenegativestiffneB8that上hetension
BtiEEeningmodelofconcretegive8.
Theconcre上ebeforecrackingiBaBBumedtobeanelaBticbodyDandupon
occurrenceofacrackDthedirectiopofthatcrackisfixedintermsof上he
coordinateBdeEinedinFi9.1.Then,theBtressiscalculatedfrom上hestrain
intbeconcreteaccordingtotheconBtitutiveruleforcrackedconcrete
developedinsection2.ェ、上hemeantime,thestreBsactingonareinforcement
iBcalculatedfromitsBtrainbytakingthereinforcementaxeBaBthe
coordinateBoandbyconvertingthecoordinatesDtheBe上wo8上reBBesare
BuperimpoBedeachothertocalculatetheBtresBforthereinEorcedconcrete.
OnoccurrenceofthesecondcrackDBimilarcalculationBareconduc上edin
●
conBideringthiBcrackalone.Subsequentcalculationsforconcretes上iffness
andreinforcementBtiffneBsaredoneonlyfort地tcrackwhicbinfluenceBthe
moreDthoughbothcracksaretakenintoaccountincalculatingtheconcrete
BhcnrBtiffness.
。
FortheunloadingandreloadingDmaterialmodelsthataresui上edforthis
proceBBareuBed,meaningthat上heunloadingandreloadingofthematerialsare
assumedtobeinharmonywi上h上hoBeoftheelement.ThiBaBBumptionis
perfectlyadmissibleiptheBin81eelemen上analysisofthepreBentworkDbutit
iBnotwithou上problemBwhenmanyelementBthatareBmallerthanthecrack
Bpacingareinvolved・BymakingtheBizeofelementappropriatelyforobjects
thatadmitofapplyingthesmearedcrackmodel,上heseproblemBcangenerallybe
foreBtalled.
4.EVALUATIONS
AB上hecomprehensivematerialmodelsthuBformulatedsoastoapp1ytoreinforced
concreteplateelementsaBdescribedinsecLion2havebeendevelopedonthe
resultsofcomparativelyBimp1eexperimentBDapp1icabilityofthemodelsuuas
examinedbycomparingthecalculationBaccordingtoBection3withtheresults
ofexperimentsconductedforreinforcedconcretepanels.
4.lEnveloDeB
ThecalculatedenvelopeBwereaBBeBBedagainstthel7panel8fromVecchio-
CollinBoexperiments,excludingthoBethattheiuwestigatorBthemselvesjud8ed
improperDandthe5panelsflBomAoyagi-Yamadaexperimen上B,excludingthe
biaxialtenBiletestreBults.ABanexample,Fig.22preBent8acomparisonto
thefourpanelBfromtheCollinsocompetition,expectthatheretensile
夢
、②① 刀○℃Fシ『mmFmzmz『の亡ロ」、。「m□『COくoEoFoシ○一二⑥
②n吋⑱ロ、[す⑪。、no回n吋⑭[の缶声色行二画のn句棹目的。。」PnnCNql屯砕[す[ず⑪⑦詫石の吋傍日⑩口、■房邑p惇巨の■二一「の村⑩
。
●
色、の」、ON。⑪』○巨埠P穴粋◎二・ 円す⑱PmH⑭の曰⑪口行砕ロー巨胖命の⑤P[杵②、白nnoH望C
s
切枠目』】■吋博望碩。。。■鮪吋の⑪日①ロ[②すい目①ワの⑪ロ◎す什色忰辱の。、◎何.ぽず⑪可のH勺の【■目⑱pRP芦円の⑰臣][⑩。
●
同oH⑪Hロロ戸や杵⑩竿■
、on【写①巨再庁砕目|国行の、佇句⑩弓、[写・ 片すの白く⑦Np、の。、H血行粋。”すの再起の⑪ロ
⑩坑口⑩、ピロの曰丙⑱色曰』n凹岸、■』色行脚。□⑩悼め。。③。ご枠【す別の碩凹吋已[。ご①、⑥与枠Cl。。■■』ロ助 色ロ」』。。⑭
[。シ◎]い、粋I閑色目白g凹む 巴す』房⑩庁すのnomm時⑥枠の曰戸。開くP用』ロ[牌。p陣、②。③識色ロ』参・⑪綱』
● ● C
所⑭国己⑪、[棹『⑩】]。
Shearstress(MPa)
輌守
<薑:‘
の
電
し、
I  ̄
 ̄
○巴○二一蝉二○ゴ
I
◎・山 CO』
●
⑫冨已。(寂)
Shearstress(MPa)
●1
●
。。⑬ 。。←
●
⑫弓輯旨(訳)
鰯も H・OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA JIZUMO 587
(何』二)めめの田]的田甸の二の
{上【
膠二
0.4 0.8
0
Strain( %)
(甸旦室)②②2局目の二m
Cc
! 「可
L」
Strain(%)
FiR、22CompariBonofthecalculationBwiththeexperimentalreBultB
byVecchio-Collinsforenvelope
FortheBhearStressortensileBtreBBcorresponding上oacertainstrainD0・OO2
forexampleotheaverageratio8betweenexperimentsandcalculationsislo02
forVecchio-Colli、sand0.99forAoyagi-Yamada,uuherethecofficientof
variatio、is6.7Zand8o9ZDreBpectively.
Theultimates上rengthforBhearfailureluasassume。上obe上hestress
correspondingtotheshearstrainalongthecrackp1aneoE0.004.Theultim急te
B上rengthforcompressionfailurewaBobtainedlrhenthecompresBivestrain
parallel上othecrackp1aneexceededthatcorresponding上o上heultimate
compreBBiveBtrengthoEconcrete。TheultimatestrengthEortenBionfailure
waBdefineda8tha上whentheaveragetenBileBtrainofreinforcementreachedthe
valueof0.01.EventhoughtheBevalueBareadmittedlyimneedoEfur上her
exauninationDitwasobservedthatBmallchangesinthosevalue8gaveriseto
littlechangesintheultimateB上rengths.
588 RCPLATFFIFMENTSU囚ECTEDTOCYCLICLOADING `、
ThecalculationBforcyc1ic1oadingwereevaluatedBgainBtthereBultBoE
Aoyagi-YamadaexperimentBl9LTheBtreBsstrainrela上ionsuFerefaithEully
reproducedevenfortheunloadingandreloadingaBBhowninFi9.23.
TheresultsforreversedcyclicloadingwerecomparedtoYoshikawaosresults
l27】ontorsionexperimentsoEreinforcedconcretecylinders,wherenoshearing
stresseswereactinginthep1aneofcrack・AsmaybejudgedinFig、24,the
calculaにioniBcapableoftracingtheeleme、上behavior8.HoweverDroundneBB
isBomewhatlackinginthecalculatedbehaviorB,ariBingrromtneinBufficient
bulgethatwaBgiventothematerialmodelsforunloadin8.
(甸垈室)めめのこめ①|扇この←
a91id
「1
L」
Strainofreinforcement(%)
FiR、2ユCompariBonof上hecalculationspiththeexperimentalresults
byAoyagi-Yamadaforcyclicloading
〆向、
r1 ▲
L」
Fi区.24ComparisouoEとhecalculaにions画iにh theexperimentalreBultB
byYoBhika功ae上a1.forreverBed cyclicloading
綴、 H・OKAMURA-KMAEKAWA-J・IZUMO 589
5.ConcludinFLRemarks
Acomprehensivemodelforreinforcedconcre上ep1ateelementhasbeendeveloped
withcomprisingtenBionDcompressionDandshearmodelsofcrackedconcreteand
amodelforreinforcemPntinth⑧Concrete.Theapplicabilityofthismodelhas
beenverifiedbycomparingwiththeresultsofexpeTmentsconductedEor
reinforcedconcretepanels.
Theproposedreinforcedconcretemodelcanbeapplicabletopredictingthe
envelopeofareinforcedconcretepanelsubjected上oin-p1aneforcesfairly
well.Theproposedreinforcedconcretemodelcanbecapab】eoftracingthe
p1ateelementbehaviorssubjectedtoreverBedcyclicloading.However,it
wouldbenecessarytousemoreaccuratematerialmodelsEorunloading.
Acknoumed露cntB
Theauthorswouldliketoexpresstheirappreciationtoourgradua上estudents,
Kr・Shin,H・Whohelpedtodeveloptheanalyticalprogramforreinforced
△
concretep1ateelementsDandHr,Shima9H.,Hr・LiDB。,Hr・TamaijS・and
Nr・DliyaharaDT.,ⅣhosucceBsfullydevelopedthemarerialmodelsforcracked
concrete.TheauthorSalsoaresincerely8ratefultoDr・Yamada,K・andDr・
Yoshika噸,H・whowillinglyofferedtheirvaluableexperimentaldata.
ThiBresearchwassupportedbytheGrant-in-AidforScientiEicResearch
No.61420035fromtheJapanMinistryoEEducatio、.
n匹E②rcnc…
●
【l]Cervenk8,V、andCerstle,K、H、,melasticAnalysisofReinforcedConcrete
PanelB,ExperimentalVerificatiomandApplicationpPublicationDIABSE,
Vol、32-,,1172
に]Darwin,、、andPecknold0,.A.,AnalysisofRCShearPanelsunderCyclic
Loading0JournalofSTDiv・DProc・ofASCEDVo1.102,No.STZpFeb、1976
[3】Aktan,H、H・andHansonDR.C、,NonlinearCyclicAnalysisofReinforced
ConcretePlaneStressMembersDACIPublicationSP63,1980
仏]SorenBenOS・エ.,P1asticityandEndochronicエnelasticityinFiniteE1ement
AnalysiBofReinforcedConcrete,FinalReportDVo1・Band21,IABSE
Colloquiuun,Copenhagen,1979
[5】Noguchi,H、,AnalyticalHodelsforReinforcedConcretememberBSubjected
toReversedCyclicLoading,SeminaronFini上eElementAnalysisof
ReinforcedConcreteStructure9JCエ,Vol、2Tokyo,Hay20-24D1985
【6ICollinB,M.P.,VecchioDF・andHehlorn,G、,A、エnternationalCompetitionto
Predict上heResponseofReinforcedConcretePanelsDFes上schriftProE・Bruno
Thurlimanzum60・GeburtBmg,1183
【7】OkamuraDH・DHaekawa,k・andSivasubramaniyam,S、,VerificationoEModelin8
forReinforcedConcreteFiniteE1ement,FiniteElementAnalyBiBof
ReinforcedConcreteStructure,Proc、oftheSeminarASCE,l985
●
18lNiwa,」.,Haekawa,K・andOkamulEa,n.DNonlinea1EFini上eE1ementAna1ysisoE
DeepBeamsDFinalReportIABSEColloquium,DelftDl981
[,IAoyagiDY・andYamada,K・DStrengthandDeformationCharacteriBticsof
ReinforcedConcreteShellE1ementBSubjectedtoエn-p1aneForceB,Proc・of
JCSEDNoo331DHarchD1983,ConcreteLibraryエntelmationalNo、491184
[l01Maekawa,K・andOkamura,H、,TheDeforma上ionalBehaviorandConB上itutive
EquationofConcreteuBingTheE1asto-P1asticandFrac上ureHodel0Journal
oftheFacul上yofEngineering,TheuniverBi上yoETokyoSeries
BDVo1.37,No.2,Sep上.,1983
111]Huguruma,H・andHori上a,S、,FundamentalStudyonBondbet甘eenSteeland
■Tm宜凹、、■
(insertb色fo定page591)
590 RcPLATEFoFMENTsuBJEcTEDTocYcLIcLoADING
Concreにe(エエ.Defoma上ionofReinforcedConcreteTensionMember),Trans・of
Aエコ,Sepに.,1167(inJapan…)
[1コ Yoshika官a,H・andTanabeDT・DAnAnalyticalS上udyEorTneTenBionSmffne8s
ofRei並otcedConc直eteHembers・nTbeBasisofBond-S1ipMech&、ism,Proc・
ofJSCE,No.366,Feb.,1986(inJapaneBe)
【13] Somayaji,S・andShah,S.P.,BondStreB團versusS1ipnelationshipnnd
Crackingne8pon8eoETensionHembers,ACエJoumal,Proc・Vol、78,No.3,
Hay-JuneD1981
Leonhardに、F、,CrackingContro1inConcretestructures,エABSESurveyS-4/770
--1--11
1111111
1111112
4567890
Aug・l977
CEB-FエPModelCodeforConcreteS上ruc上uresD1987Dpp・l59
BeebyDA.V・DThePredic上ionofCmckWidthinHardenedConcre上e,Strucural
Engineering(Londo□)DV57ADNo、1,Jan.,l979
RizkallaDSoH・andHwangL.S、,CrackPredictionforMembersinUniaxial
Tension,ACエJournal,Proc・V810llov.-Dec・D1984
Cilbert.EL・ェ.andWarnerDR・P.,TensionStiffeninginReinforcedConcrete
S1abBDProc・oEASCEDV104DNo・ST122Dec.,l978
HilEordDEW・andSchnobrich,W.C.,BehaviorofReinforcedConcre上eCooling
To官ersOUniverBityofエl1inoisatUrabana-Champaign,エl1inoisDHay21984
Hori上a,S・andKakuDr・OE工peTimentalStudyop上heDeformaEionofAxially
ReinEorcedConcre上ePriBimsBubjected上oTensionandDryingDCAJReviewof
Tbel8上hGeneralHeetin8Dl964
[21】 VecchiCDF・andCollinBDMP。,TheHodifiedCompressionFieldTheoryEor
回
ReinforcedConcreteE1eme、上sSubjected上oShear2ACエJournal,llarch-April,
l986
【22】 TamaiDS・andShima9H.,TensionSEiffeningEffectunderRever8edCyclic
Loading(underBubmittingJCエ)
[四] lIiyahara,T・andHaekawaDX.,NonlinearBehaviorofCcackedReinEorced
ConcreteP1ateE1emenにUnderUnixialCoppreBsionDProc・ofJSCE3No、378,
Feb.,1987(inJapaneBe)
【24] Cewenka,V、,cons上ituにiveHodelforCrackedReinforcedConcrete,ACエ
ユournaloNov.-Deco,l985
【251 TamaiDS・DShipaDH.、ェzumo,J・andOkamuraDH・DAverageStress-Avera8eStrain
RelationshiPofS上eelinUniaxialTensionMemberinPost-YieldRangeDProc・
ofJSCElIo、378,Feb.,1987(inJapanese)
【26】 Kato,B・DHechanicalPropertieBofSteelUnderLoadCyclesエdealizing
SeiBmicAcとiops,BulletinDoェnforma上ionDBIo・l31DCEBDェABSE-CEB
SymposiumDHay,l979
【27] Yoshika“,H、,eにa1.,S上udyonShearBehaviororConcre上GCC、Eainer
VesseloHazamaCorporaとionAnnualReportDl983(inJapanese)