Government

Notes
GOVERNMENT - The group of people who rule or control a country.

GOVERNMENT IS OF MAIN 4 TYPES

 Constitutional Monarchy
 Absolute Monarchy
 Democracy
 Dictatorship

Meaning of Monarchy : The system of government or rule by a king or queen.

Absolute Monarchy was a Government with a sovereign leader who came into power by
marriage or offspring; they had complete control with no limitations from constitution or
law. They were considered the head of state and head of Government.

constitutional monarchy, system of government in which a monarch (see monarchy) shares

power with a constitutionally organized government. They have limitations and They are
bound by Constitution of Country .

Democracy : a system in which the government of a country is elected by the people.

Dictatorship : form of government in which one person or a small group possesses
absolute power without effective constitutional limitations.

Some basic difference :

Monarchies and dictatorships : are similar because they both consist of one ruler who leads
the whole area. However, a dictatorship is a ruling with force while a monarchy consists of
a person who has rules and gives some power to the
people.
 Levels Of Government

 Three levels
 Central Or Union Government : For Whole Country .

Functions : Some main Functions such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking,
communications and currency and also subjects present in concurrent list.

 State Government : For particular State .

Functions : States have jurisdiction over education, agriculture, public health, sanitation,
hospitals and dispensaries and many other departments. The state governments also have to
maintain the internal security, law and order in the state.

 Local Government : For Town or Village Area .

Functions

 Planning and zoning bylaws.

 Taxation.
 Local business support.
 Collaborating between communities and in the larger region.
 Accessing and using programs offered by provincial and federal governments.
 Advocating for community economic development priorities with governments and industry.
The local governance entities are broadly classified into urban and rural, which are further sub-
divided based on the size of population in case of the urban bodies and based on the size of
population and hierarchy in case of the rural bodies.

Urban areas usually refer to cities, suburbs and towns. Rural areas usually refer to
villages. Urban areas have more development in terms of access to infrastructure and
connectivity like airports, ports, railways, housing, roads etc. Rural areas usually don't
have much development in terms of infrastructure.

Urban Rular
Urban areas usually refer to cities, Rural areas usually refer to villages
suburbs and towns.   

Urban areas have more development in Rural areas usually don’t have much
terms of access to infrastructure and development in terms of infrastructure.
connectivity like airports, ports, railways,
housing, roads etc.

Land in urban areas is used for Rural areas usually have a lot of vacant
development activities. There is usually lands without much development.
not much land available which has not
been used for developmental activities

Urban areas are densely populated
As of 2018, approximately 34% of India’s
population lives in urban areas
Although the total population living in
urban areas is much less compared to
Rural areas, the population density is
very high in urban areas
Rural areas are sparsely populated
More than 65% of India’s population
lives in rural areas as per 2018 figures.
From 2008 to 2018 there has been a
steady decline in the percentage of the
population living in rural areas of India,
due to migration
The population density is less in rural
areas compared to urban areas.
Urban areas have a scarcity of land
There is very high pollution in urban
areas due to high population density,
vehicles and industries.
There is not much greenery in urban
areas of India, since most of the land is
occupied by buildings and roads
Jobs are concentrated in the services
industry, manufacturing industry, trade
and commerce
In urban areas, the problem of social
barriers is minimal, there are equal
opportunities for jobs, education etc.  areas due to gender, religion, caste,
Urban Means big towns or cities
Rular Administration
Rural areas do not have land scarcity.
There is not much pollution in
rural areas compared to urban areas,
due to lesser vehicles, lower population
density and lesser industries
There is more greenery in rural areas of
India
Jobs are concentrated in agricultural
activities.
In rural areas of India, there is always a
lot of difference in social status in rural
culture etc. 
Ruler area means Villages
Zilla Parishad: The Zila Panchayat or District Development Council or Mandal Parishad or
District Panchayat is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system and functions at the district
levels in all states. A Zila Parishad is an elected body. Block Pramukh of Block Panchayat are
also represented in Zila Parishad. The Zila Panchayat or District Development Council or
Mandal Parishad or District Panchayat is the third tier of the Panchayati Raj system and
functions at the district levels in all states. A Zila Parishad is an elected body. Block Pramukh of
Block Panchayat are also represented in Zila Parishad.
Function. The Zila Parishad is an official body that coordinates the activities of the Panchayats
in all its developmental activities,such as minor irrigation works, vocational and industrial
schools, village industries, sanitation and public health among others.
Functions of Zila Parishad are as under:
1. It is responsible for giving proper advice to Gram Panchayats and Block Samitis & assist in their
functioning.
2.It acts as a connecting link between state government and bodies at the lower level.
3.It overlooks the implementation of the Five-year plans.
4.In accordance with the Block Samiti, it makes the developmental plans for the whole district.
5.It even gives advice to the State government regarding the development efforts and plans in the district
level.

Janapad Panchayat Or Panchayat Samiti

This is the local government body at the tehsil or taluka or block level. All the villages under a
tehsil (block) form the Development Block. The Block Panchayat works as a link between the
Gram Panchayat and the Zila Parishad.
Its function is to look after the working of all the Panchayat Samiti and Gram Panchayats under
the district. It also executes various welfare programmes in the district.

Gram Panchayat
Gram Panchayat is a basic village-governing institute in Indian villages. It is a democratic structure
at the grass-roots level in India. It is a political institute, acting as cabinet of the village. The Gram
Sabha work as the general body of the Gram Panchayat.

Main functions of the Gram Panchayat are: Maintenance and construction of water resources,
roads, drainage, School buildings and CPR (common property resources). Levy and collect
local taxes. Execute government schemes related to employment.

Gram Sabha Gram Sabha is the general assembly of all the people of a village, who have
attained the age of 18 years and their name is entered in the voter list. The executive committee
of the Gram Sabha is known as Gram Panchayat which consists of the representatives elected
by the Sabha. The members of members of Gram panchayat. Are selected among the
members of Gram Sabha by secret voting. For the period of 5 years.

Functions of Gram Sabha:

(i) It elects the members of the Gram Panchayat
(ii) The Gram Sabha supervises the work of the village panchayat.
(iii) It approves the annual budget of the panchayat.
(iv) It reviews the performance of the Gram Panchayat.

Nyaya panchayat
The Nyaya Panchayat is a part of the Panchayat system, which was established to resolve
villagers' problems. Its many functions include resolving minor criminal and civil issues in which
the parties present their arguments to the Panchayat members.
Its functions are as follows: It aims to resolve minor criminal and civil disputes by having the
disputants explain their sides to the Panchayat members. They have the right to raise small
fines but not to imprison persons. Their primary goal is to provide low-cost, quick justice.
LOCAL POLICE

 The state police is headed by Director General of police { DGP}

 The states are divided into districts and each. District Police administration
is headed by superintendent of police (SP)
 That district is subdivided into 5 or 6 circles. Each circle is headed by a
deputy Superintendent of police. (DSP)
 Each circle has about the 10 local police station ,Called thanas ,under it.
 Each police station or thana is supervised by Station House officer (SHO)
Who is an inspector under him work sub inspector, Head constable,
constable, sub-constable etc works .
 Each police station has an area located to it. If people of the area have any
problem they approach the police station where first information
report(FIR) is lodged.

Land Record
 The district is supervised by the District commissioner or the district
collector. It is divided into subdivision which are headed by sub-divisional
magistrates (SDM) .
 Each a subdivision is for the divided into Tehsil or taluka. Which are
supervised by the tahsildar on the talukdars .
 Each taluka or tahsil is divided into Paraganas which are headed by Kanuga.
 Each paraganas has various villages under it ,Which are headed by Patwari .
Patwari is the land record keeper.
 All Disputes related to land are handeld by the sarpanch along with the
patwari is also known as a lekhpal or karamchari.