is a person who has been found to have committed a
wrongful act in the course of the standard judicial
processes. There must be a final verdict of his guilt.
is a person who has violated the penal laws and have been
guilty of the charges upon observing the standard judicial
procedure
WHAT ARE CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMINALS
A person, who violate criminal law because of the impulse
of the moment, fit of passion or anger or spell of extreme
jealousy.
persons who acted in consonance with deliberate thinking
persons whose actions arise from infra-psychic conflict
between the social and anti-social components of his
personality
persons whose psychic organization resembles that of
normal individuals except that he identifies himself with
criminal prototype.
What are Criminals classified on the basis of behavioral
system
the lowest form of criminal career. They engaged only on
conventional crimes which requires limited skills. They lack
organization to avoid arrest and conviction.
these criminals have a high degree of organization to
enable them to commit crimes without being detected and
committed to specialized activities which can be operated
in large scale business. Force, violence, intimidation and
bribery are used to gain and maintain control over their
activities. Organized crimes of this special type include
various forms of rackets, control of gambling, prostitution
and distribution of prohibited drugs
they are highly skilled and able to obtain considerable
amount of money without being detected because of
organization and contact with other professional criminals.
These offenders are always able to escape conviction. They
specialize in crimes which require skills rather than
violence such as confidential games, pickpocketing,
shoplifting, sneak thievery, counterfeiting and others.
What are Criminals classified on the basis of their activities
those who earn their living through criminal activities
those who commit criminal act as a result of unanticipated
circumstances.
those who continue to commit criminal acts for such
diverse reason due to deficiency of intelligence and lack of
self-control
those who are actually not criminals but constantly in
trouble with legal authorities because they commit theft,
larcenies and embezzlement which are intermixed with
legitimate economic activities.
What are Criminals classified on the basis of mental
attitude
those who commit crimes in an impulsive manner usually
due to aggressive behavior of the offender. Such altitude is
clearly shown in crimes of passion, revenge or resentment.
those who commit crimes because they are pushed to it by
inducement, reward or promises without considering its
consequence.
those who are normal in their behavior but merely
defective in their socialization processes. To this group
belongs the educated and respectable members of the
society who may be criminals on account of the situation
they are involved
Crime is produced only by one factor or variable be this is
social, biological, or mental. This theory is no longer in use
at present
Crime is not a product of a single cause or factor but a
combination of several factors. Some factors are playing a
major role while the others are playing the minor role
What are the EARLIER EXPLANATIONS TO THE EXISTENCE
OF CRIMINALITY
Accordingly, men commit anti-social acts because of
demons, spirits, or someone from the “other world”
instructed, forced or pushed them to do so. This belief is
true during the pagan age when any wrongful act of men
from the evil spirits and to avoid them from being under
their influence and control they resorted to the use of
rituals
Men manifest criminal behavior because they are sinful so
God wants to punish them. During the ancient period,
criminals are given the right of sanctuary whereby they
can seek refuge in the temples of God so that they will be
free from prosecution and punishment. Early American
system of prison management do not give them more
opportunity to ask for forgiveness from God.
assification school of Thought by Beccaria) According to
Beccaria, men are fundamentally a biological organism
with Intelligence and rationality which control their
behavior. Before men; do something (commit crimes), he
tries to determine the amount of pain he will suffer and
the amount of pleasure he will receive. His future actions
will depend on the algebraic sum of the two
considerations. If there will be more pain, he will carry on
his plan to commit unlawful act.
The explanation accepts the facts that crimes are
committed in accordance with the free will of men but the
acts of committing a crime is modified by some causes that
finally prevail upon the person of commit crimes. These
cause are pathology, incompetence, insanity or any
condition that will make it impossible for the individual to
exercise free will entirely. In the study of legal provisions,
this termed as either mitigating or exempting
circumstances
According to Cesare Lombroso, who is now considered as
the father of modern Criminology, criminals are born with
some physical characteristic which becomes causes of
crimes.
Earlier criminologist correlated climate, humidity, wind
velocity, atmospheric pressure, rainfall, nature of soil and
other geographical pressure, nature of soil and other
geographical factors to the existence and development of
crimes and criminalities Following are some of the
explanations formulated by criminologist about
geographical and crimes;
According to Queteles’s “thermic law of delinquency”
crimes against person predominate in the south pole and
during warm season while crimes against property
predominate in the North Pole and cold countries.
According to Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws, criminality
increases in proportions as one approaches the equator
and drunkenness increases as one approaches the north
and south pole.
Crimes against person are more in summer season while
crimes against property are more during rainy season.
Climatic condition directly affects one’s irritability and
causes criminality. During hot season, people get out of
the houses more, and there is more contact ad
consequently more probability of personal violence.
More crimes of violence are recorded in fertile level lands
than in hilly rugged terrain. There is more congregation of
people and there are more irritations. There is also more
incidence of rape in the level land.
There is also more incidence of violent crimes during warm
months from April up to July having its peak in May. This is
due to may festivals, excursions, picnics and other sort of
activities wherein people are more in contact with one
another
According to Dexter, the number of arrest increases quite
regularly with the increase of temperature. The increase of
temperature affects the emotional state of the individual
and leads to fighting. The influence of temperature upon
females is greater than upon male
According to survey, large numbers of assaults are found
to be correlated with low humidity and a small number
with high humidity. It was explained that low and high
humidity are both vitally and emotionally depressing to
the individual.
Under the same study, it was explained that during high
wind, the number of arrest were less. It may be due to the
presence of more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that
lessens the vitality of men to commit violence.
Men as a living organism have been the object of several
studies which has the purpose of determining the causes
of crimes
This is the study of the relationship between the facial
feature and human conduct of a person in relation to his
crimes.
the way to discover the character of a person is by
This is the study of the external formation of the skull that
indicates the formation of the brain and the development
of its various parts in relation to the behavior of the
criminal.
claimed in their study that the shape of the head of the
criminals differ from that of the non-criminals. The theory
however, was found without scientific basis
It is very common that these criminals are known by
childhood days whenever they become the subject matter
of jokes by others.
Types of Physique BY KRETSCHMER
TYPES OF PHISIQUE BY WILLIAM SHELDON
Relatively great development of digestive viscera;
tendency to put on fats; soft round body; short tapering
limbs, small bones; smooth velvety skin
Relatively predominance of muscles, bone, and the motor
organs of the body; large wrist and hands.
Relatively predominance of skin and its appendages which
includes the nervous system; lean, delicate body, fragile,
small delicate bones, fine hair, relatively