Creep

Creep
RICARDO BAPTISTA
Creep
Elastic and plastic strains are commonly idealized as appearing instantly
upon the application of stress
Further deformation that occurs gradually with time is called creep
strain
◦ Steam turbines in power plants
◦ Jet and rocket engines
◦ Nuclear reactors
◦ Failure of lightbulb filaments
◦ Gradual loosening of plastic eyeglass frames
24/05/2022 RICARDO.BAPTISTA@ESTSETUBAL.IPS.PT 2
Creep Testing
The most common method
of creep testing is simply to
apply a constant axial force,
either in tension or
compression, to a bar or
cylinder of the material of
interest.
Since the force is to be held
constant for long periods of
time, simple dead weights
and a lever system may be
used.
Strain versus time behavior
There is an initial nearly instantaneous occurrence of elastic and
perhaps also plastic strain, followed by the gradual accumulation of
creep strain. The strain rate, ε˙ = dε/dt, hence the slope of the ε versus t
plot, is at first relatively high.
However, ε˙ decreases and often becomes approximately constant, at
which point the primary or transient stage of creep is said to end, and
the secondary or steady-state stage to begin.
At the end of the secondary stage, ε˙ increases in an unstable manner as
rupture failure approaches, with this portion being called the tertiary
stage. In this final stage, the deformation becomes localized by the
formation of a neck as in a tension test, or voids may form inside the
material, or both may occur.
Creep for different

loadings
Stress versus steady-state
strain rate
Creep at
different
temperatures
Stress versus rupture life
curves
Creep at
different
temperatures
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-0.16Si
(Ti-6-22-22S) behavior
Material Model
Material Model
In practice
Fios com 3.15 mm de diâmetro e 254 mm de
comprimento foram ensaiados à fluência…
0.07
0.06
0.05
Strain (mm/mm)
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time (min)
5.71 8.56 11.42 MPa
In practice
0.08 1
1 10 100
0.07
y = 0.0032x + 0.0022
0.06 0.1
0.05
0.04
dε/dt
0.01
0.03 y = 0.0015x + 0.0019
y = 2E-05x2.1761
0.02
y = 0.0007x + 0.001 0.001
0.01
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
0.0001
σ (Mpa)
5.71 8.56 11.42
Deformation
Mechanism
Maps
RICARDO.BAPTISTA@ESTSETUBAL.IPS.PT 5/24/2022 14
Deformation Mechanism Maps
In practice
Consider nickel with the same grain size. This material is subjected to a
tensile stress of 6 MPa at a temperature of 900◦C. What is the
approximate strain rate, and what creep mechanism is dominant?
Larson-Miller Parameter
In practice
The Cr-Mo-V steel is used in an application where the applied stress is 400 MPa. The
planned actual service life is 20,000 hours, and a safety factor of 1.5 on stress is
required.
(a) What is the highest permissible operating temperature?
(b) What safety factor on life is achieved by using the factor of 1.5 on stress?
(c) What safety margin in temperature corresponds to the factor of 1.5 on stress?
In practice
a) 𝑇 log 20 000 + 22 = 128200 − 141500 log 600 +
64380 log 600 2 − 9960 log 600 3
𝑇 = 700°𝐾
b) 𝑇 = 700°𝐾, 𝜎 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎 -> 𝑡 = 15 530 773ℎ
c) 𝜎 = 400𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑡 = 20 000ℎ -> 𝑇 = 777°𝐾
Ti-6Al-2Sn-2Zr-2Cr-2Mo-0.16Si
(Ti-6-22-22S) behavior
Stress Relaxation
Stress Relaxation
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2014.06.002
In practice
Different types of polyethylene used in this study
(a) ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene
(UHMWPE) GUR 1020 blended with vitamin E, (b)
UHMWPE GUR 1020, (c) Vitamin E-blended cross-
linked polyethylene (XLPE) GUR 1020 (75 kGy
gamma radiation), and (d) XLPE GUR 1020
(75 kGy gamma radiation, remelted)
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.025
In practice
Superior view of the knee demonstrating the
transition from the attachment to the meniscus
and the bone insertion site. The collagen fiber
orientation of the attachment is also visible.
The medial meniscus was bisected allowing the

medial anterior attachment (MA) and medial
posterior attachment (MP) to be tested. The
lateral anterior attachment (LA) was also tested.
In practice
Composed of a compliant polycarbonate-
urethane (PCU) matrix which is reinforced
circumferentially with high modulus ultrahigh
molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fibers
(a) Representative creep response of specimens from the static soaking test from a virgin implant (●) and an implant soaked in
simulated physiological fluid (SPF) for 6 months (●). (b) Representative creep response of specimens from the dynamic soaking
test from an implant which was pre-soaked for two weeks (●) and an implant which underwent 2 million load cycles in SPF (●)
In practice
(a) Stress relaxation responses of specimens from the static soaking test
from a virgin implant (●) and an implant soaked in simulated physiological
fluid (SPF) for 6 months (●). (b) Representative stress relaxation responses
of specimens from the dynamic soaking test from an implant which was
pre-soaked for two weeks (●) and an implant which underwent 2 million
load cycles in SPF (●)
The relaxation response was found to fade over time, and

the time constant (τ) for this decay is determined by the
time needed for it to decay to approximately 37% of the
difference between its initial (instant) response and the
asymptotic value.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compsci
tech.2005.11.016
In practice PSU + HA PGLA + HA
polysulphone–hydroxyapatite
poly(lactide-co-glicolide)–hydroxyapatite

Creep - DRB

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Creep - DRB

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Creep for different

5.71 8.56 11.42 MPa

The medial meniscus was bisected allowing the

The relaxation response was found to fade over time, and

In practice PSU + HA PGLA + HA

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