MAGNETISM

Engr. Joannarose Congzon, ECT

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 MAGNETS 02 ELECTROMAGNETISM

03 MAGNETIC FIELD 04 MAGNETIC FORCE ON

MOVING CHARGES
01
MAGNETS
 MAGNETS
Magnets may attract or repel other magnets.

magnetic pole is the part of a magnet that exerts

the strongest force on other magnets or magnetic
material - North pole and South Pole

like poles repel and unlike poles attract

● impossible to separate north and south

poles
 MAGNETIC POLES IN MAGNETS
impossible to separate north
and south poles

like poles repel and

unlike poles attract
 TYPES OF MAGNETS
1. Ferromagnetic Magnets
• Has a very high relative permeability.
• Permeability –measures the magnetization that a
material obtains in response to an applied
magnetic field.
• Strongly magnetized
• group of materials made from the alloys of the rare earth
elements is also used as strong and permanent magnets. -
> neodymium
• EXAMPLES: Alnico, Cobalt, Iron, Nickel, Steel, Ferrites
they can also be magnetized themselves ; permanent magnet
 TYPES OF MAGNETS
2. Paramagnetic Magnets
• Relatively permeability slightly greater than 1.
• weakly magnetized and do not retain magnetic
properties
EXAMPLE: Aluminum, Chromium, Manganese, Platinum

3. Diamagnetic Magnets
• Relative permeability is less than 1
• Weakly magnetize
• Do not retain magnetic properties
HOW ARE MAGNETS
FORMED?
 DOMAINS
• Regions within the material called
domains act like small bar
magnets.
• Within domains, the magnetic poles
of individual atoms are aligned.
• Domains are small and randomly
oriented in an unmagnetized
ferromagnetic object.
• In response to an external magnetic
field, the domains may grow to
millimeter size, aligning themselves
 DEMAGNETIZATION
a permanent magnet can be
demagnetized by hard blows or by
heating it in the absence of another
magnet. Increased thermal motion at
higher temperature can disrupt and
randomize the orientation and size of
the domains.
Curie temperature
well-defined temperature for ferromagnetic
materials which they cannot be
magnetized
 02
ELECTROMAGNETISM
 ELECTROMAGNETS
Early in the 19th century, it was discovered that
electric current cause magnetic effects.
The first significant observation was by the
Danish scientist, Hans Christian Oersted
(1777-1851), who found that a compass needle
was deflected by a current-carrying wire.
 ELECTROMAGNETISM
Electromagnetism, is the use of electric
current to make magnets. These temporarily
induced magnets are called
electromagnets.
ELECTROMAGNETISM

An electromagnet
creates magnetism
with an electric current
 Current Magnetic Field
“Current produces Magnetic Fields”
Can magnets produce
current?
YES!
“Magnetism produces
electric current”
Important notes:
• Electric charges moving through a wire
create electric current.
• Because electric currents are made up of
moving charges, they create magnetic fields.
An electromagnet is a coil of wires that
becomes a magnet when electric current runs
through it.
• Electromagnets only work when the electric
current is turned on.
• Increasing the electric current or increasing
the number of wire loops increases the
strength of the electromagnet.
03
MAGNETIC FIELD
Electric Forces
Electric forces are described using the concept of the
electric field, which is a force field around electric
charges that describes the force on any other charge
placed in the field.
Magnetic Field
The magnetic field is the area around a magnet in which
the effect of magnetism is felt. We use the magnetic field
as a tool to describe how the magnetic force is distributed
in the space around and within something magnetic in
nature.
MAGNETIC FIELD LINES PROPERTIES
The direction of the magnetic field is tangent to the field line at any point in space. A
small compass will point in the direction of the field line.

The strength of the field is proportional to the closeness of the lines. It is exactly
proportional to the number of lines per unit area perpendicular to the lines (called
Areal Density).

Magnetic Field Lines can never cross. This means that the field is unique at any point in
space.

Magnetic field lines are continuous, forming closed loops without beginning or end.
They go from the North pole to the south pole

North and South poles could not be separated. If magnetic monopoles existed, then
magnetic field lines would begin and end on them.
 04
FORCE ON MOVING CHARGE
 Left Hand Rule VS Right Hand Rule
The Left Hand Rule and Right Hand Rule are types of visual
mnemonics that were developed by John Ambrose Fleming in the late 19th
century. They are used to show the direction of the motion, field and current. The
Left Hand Rule applies to electric motors, while the Right Hand Rule applies to
generators.
Left Hand Rule
The Left Hand Rule is a simple way
of working out the direction of motion in an
electric motor. This rule helps one to
understand and remember in which
direction is the motion in an electric
motor.
• The Thumb represents the direction of the
Thrust on the conductor / Motion of the
Conductor.
• The Fore / First finger represents the
direction of the magnetic Field
• The Centre finger represents the direction
of the Current
Right Hand Rule
Fleming's right-hand rule can be
used for generators. The right-hand rule
shows the direction of induced current
when a conductor moves in a magnetic
field.
• The Thumb represents the direction of
Motion of the conductor.
• The First finger represents the direction of
the Field. (north to south)
• The Second finger represents the
direction of the induced or generated
Current (the direction of the induced
current will be the direction of conventional
current; from positive to negative).
 COMPARISON
LEFT HAND RIGHT HAND

Invented by John Ambrose Fleming John Ambrose Fleming

Used for Electric Motors Generators

The direction of motion in an electric The direction of induced current when a

Purpose
motor conductor moves in a magnetic field.

represents the direction of the Thrust on represents the direction of Motion of the
Thumb
the conductor / Motion of the Conductor. conductor.

represents the direction of the magnetic represents the direction of the Field. (north
First/Fore finger
Field to south)
represents the direction of the induced or
generated Current (the direction of the
Center Finger represents the direction of the Current induced current will be the direction of
conventional current; from positive to
negative).
 Lorentz Force Law
The Lorentz force is the force F on a charged particle q
moving at a velocity v through a magnetic field B and an
electric field E
In particular, the Lorentz force considers the action of both electric and
magnetic fields on charged particles.

𝑭 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
Where:
Note:
F - magnetic force (N)
q – charge (C) • SI unit for magnetic field strength (B) is
v - speed (m/s) Tesla (T) which is named after Nikola
Tesla
B - magnetic field strength (tesla/T)
θ - the angle between the direction of v and B • cgs unit is gauss (G), where 1 G = 10^-4 T
Force on current-carrying conductor

Where:
F - magnetic force
I - current
𝓵 - length of the straight conductor in a
uniform magnetic field
B - magnetic field
θ - angle between I and B

𝑭 = 𝑩𝑰𝓵𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
 Right Hand Rule - 2

Corkscrew rule/Ampere Rule

 Right Hand Rule - 2

Corkscrew rule/Ampere Rule

 MAGNETIC FIELD ON STRAIGHT WIRE
Magnetic field produced by current obeys the Right
Hand Rule - 2
𝝁𝒐 𝑰
𝑩𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒘𝒊𝒓𝒆 =
2𝝅𝒓
where,
𝝁𝒐 = permeability of free space
I = current
r = shortest distance to the wire

SI UNIT: TESLA (T)

MAGNETIC FIELD ON CURRENT CARRYING LOOP
Magnetic field produced by current obeys the
Right Hand Rule - 2
𝝁𝒐 𝑁𝑰
𝑩𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒍𝒐𝒐𝒑 = 2𝑹
(at center of loop)

where,
𝝁𝒐 = permeability of free space
I = current
R = radius of the loop
N = number of loops

SI UNIT: TESLA (T)

 MAGNETIC FIELD ON SOLENOID
Magnetic field produced by current obeys the
Right Hand Rule - 2
𝝁𝒐 𝑵𝑰
𝑩𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒐𝒊𝒅 =
𝓵
where,
𝝁𝒐 = permeability of free space
I = current
N = number of loops
𝓵 = length

SI UNIT: TESLA (T)

END.
ANY QUESTION?