Que.

1 Draw a neat and clean sketch of the OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference
Model.
Ans.1
The OSI, or Open System Interconnection, model defines a networking framework to implement protocols in seven
layers. Control is passed from one layer to the next, starting at the application layer in one station, and proceeding to
the bottom layer, over the channel to the next station and back up the hierarchy .
OSI Reference Model Diagram:-

The TCP/IP Model separates networking functions into discrete layers. Each layer performs a specific
function and is transparent to the layer above it and the layer below it. Network models are used to
conceptualize how networks should work, so that hardware and network protocols can interoperate. The
TCP/IP model is one of the two most common network models, the other being the OSI Model.
The TCP/IP Model of networking is a different way of looking at networking. Because the model was
developed to describe TCP/IP, it is the closest model of the Internet, which uses TCP/IP.
TCP/IP Reference Model Diagram:-
Que.2 Explain Functions of each layer in OSI reference model and TCP/IP reference
Model
Ans.2

Functions of layers in OSI Reference Model:

The specific description for each layer is as follows:
Layer 7: Application Layer
 Defines interface to user processes for communication and data transfer in network
 Provides standardized services such as virtual terminal, file and job transfer and operations

Layer 6: Presentation Layer

 Masks the differences of data formats between dissimilar systems
 Specifies architecture-independent data transfer format
 Encodes and decodes data;
 Encrypts and decrypts data;
 Compresses and decompresses data

Layer 5: Session Layer

 Manages user sessions and dialogues
 Controls establishment and termination of logic links between users
 Reports upper layer errors

Layer 4: Transport Layer

 Manages end-to-end message delivery in network
 Provides reliable and sequential packet delivery through error recovery and flow control mechanisms
 Provides connectionless oriented packet delivery

Layer 3: Network Layer

 Determines how data are transferred between network devices
 Routes packets according to unique network device addresses
 Provides flow and congestion control to prevent network resource depletion

Layer 2: Data Link Layer

 Defines procedures for operating the communication links
 Frames packets
 Detects and corrects packets transmit errors

Layer 1: Physical Layer

 Defines physical means of sending data over network devices
 Interfaces between network medium and devices
 Defines optical, electrical and mechanical characteristics
Functions of layers in TCP/IP Reference Model:

Layer 4: Application Layer (Process Layer)

 This layer provides the user with the interface to communication. This could be your web browser, e-mail
client (Outlook, Eudora or Thunderbird), or a file transfer client.
 The Application Layer is where your web browser, a telnet, ftp, e-mail or other client application runs.
 The Application Layer sends and receives data from, the Transport Layer.
Layer 3: Transport Layer (Host to Host Layer)
 The Transport Layer provides the means for the transport of data segments across the Internet Layer.
 The Transport Layer is concerned with end-to-end (host-to-host) communication.
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides reliable, connection-oriented transport of data between
two endpoints (sockets) on two computers that use Internet Protocol to communicate.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) provides unreliable, connectionless transport of data between two
endpoints (sockets) on two computers that use Internet Protocol to communicate.
 The Transport Layer sends data to the Internet layer when transmitting and sends data to the Application
Layer when receiving.
Layer 2: Internet Layer
 The Internet Layer provides connectionless communication across one or more networks, a global logical
addressing scheme and packetization of data.
 The Internet Layer is concerned with network to network communication.
 The Internet Layer is responsible for packetization, addressing and routing of data on the network.
 Internet Protocol provides the packetization, logical addressing and routing functions that forward packets
from one computer to another.
 The Internet Layer communicates with the Transport Layer when receiving and sends data to the Network
Access Layer when transmitting.
Layer 1: Network Access Layer
 The Network Access Layer provides access to the physical network.
 This is your network interface card.
 Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, ATM, OC, HSSI, or even Wi-Fi are all examples of network interfaces.
 The purpose of a network interface is to allow your computer to access the wire, wireless or fiber optic
network infrastructure and send data to other computers.
 The Network Access Layer transmits data on the physical network when sending and transmits data to the
Internet Layer when receiving.

Summary:
All Internet-based applications and their data, whether it is a web browser downloading a web page, Microsoft
Outlook sending an e-mail, a file, an instant message, a Skype video or voice call; the data is chopped into data
segments and encapsulated in Transport Layer Protocol Data Units or PDU's (TCP or UDP segments). The
Transport Layer PDU's are then encapsulated in Internet Layer's Internet Protocol packets. The Internet Protocol
packets are then chopped into frames at the Network Access layer and transmitted across the physical media (copper
wires, fiber optic cables or the air) to the next station in the network.
Que. 3 Give comparison of OSI and TCP-IP model
Ans.3
Comparison and contrast between the 2 main reference models which uses the concept of protocol
layering are as follows.
 The main differences between the two models are as follows:
1. OSI is a reference model and TCP/IP is an implementation of OSI model.
2. TCP/IP Protocols are considered to be standards around which the internet has developed.
The OSI model however is a "Generic, protocol-independent standard."
3. TCP/IP combines the presentation and session layer issues into its application
layer.
4. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into the
network access layer.
5. TCP/IP appears to be a simpler model and this is mainly due to the fact that it
has fewer layers.
6. TCP/IP is considered to be a more credible model - This is mainly due to the
fact because TCP/IP protocols are the standards around which the internet was developed
therefore it mainly gains creditability due to this reason. Where as in contrast networks are
not usually built around the OSI model as it is merely used as a guidance tool.
7. The OSI model consists of 7 architectural layers whereas the TCP/IP only has 4
layers.
8. In the TCP/IP model of the Internet, protocols are deliberately not as rigidly
designed into strict layers as the OSI model. However, TCP/IP does recognize four broad
layers of functionality which are derived from the operating scope of their contained
protocols, namely the scope of the software application, the end-to-end transport connection,
the internetworking range, and lastly the scope of the direct links to other nodes on the local
network.
9. The presumably strict consumer/producer layering of OSI as it is usually
described does not present contradictions in TCP/IP, as it is permissible that protocol usage does not
follow the hierarchy implied in a layered model. Such examples exist in some routing
protocols (e.g., OSPF), or in the description of tunneling protocols, which provide a Link
Layer for an application, although the tunnel host protocol may well be a Transport or even
an Application Layer protocol in its own right.
10. The TCP/IP design generally favors decisions based on simplicity, efficiency and ease of
implementation.
Que. 4 Draw and Explain TCP-IP model with neat diagram.
Ans. 4

The TCP/IP Model separates networking functions into discrete layers. Each layer performs a specific
function and is transparent to the layer above it and the layer below it. Network models are used to
conceptualize how networks should work, so that hardware and network protocols can interoperate. The
TCP/IP model is one of the two most common network models, the other being the OSI Model.
The TCP/IP Model of networking is a different way of looking at networking. Because the model was
developed to describe TCP/IP, it is the closest model of the Internet, which uses TCP/IP.

TCP/IP Reference Model Diagram:-

Functions of layers in TCP/IP Reference Model:

Layer 4: Application Layer (Process Layer)

 This layer provides the user with the interface to communication. This could be your web browser, e-mail
client (Outlook, Eudora or Thunderbird), or a file transfer client.
 The Application Layer is where your web browser, a telnet, ftp, e-mail or other client application runs.
 The Application Layer sends and receives data from, the Transport Layer.
Layer 3: Transport Layer (Host to Host Layer)
 The Transport Layer provides the means for the transport of data segments across the Internet Layer.
 The Transport Layer is concerned with end-to-end (host-to-host) communication.
 TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) provides reliable, connection-oriented transport of data between
two endpoints (sockets) on two computers that use Internet Protocol to communicate.
 UDP (User Datagram Protocol) provides unreliable, connectionless transport of data between two
endpoints (sockets) on two computers that use Internet Protocol to communicate.
 The Transport Layer sends data to the Internet layer when transmitting and sends data to the Application
Layer when receiving.
Layer 2: Internet Layer
 The Internet Layer provides connectionless communication across one or more networks, a global logical
addressing scheme and packetization of data.
 The Internet Layer is concerned with network to network communication.
  The Internet Layer is responsible for packetization, addressing and routing of data on the network.
 Internet Protocol provides the packetization, logical addressing and routing functions that forward packets
from one computer to another.
 The Internet Layer communicates with the Transport Layer when receiving and sends data to the Network
Access Layer when transmitting.
Layer 1: Network Access Layer
 The Network Access Layer provides access to the physical network.
 This is your network interface card.
 Ethernet, FDDI, Token Ring, ATM, OC, HSSI, or even Wi-Fi are all examples of network interfaces.
 The purpose of a network interface is to allow your computer to access the wire, wireless or fiber optic
network infrastructure and send data to other computers.
 The Network Access Layer transmits data on the physical network when sending and transmits data to the
Internet Layer when receiving.

Summary:
All Internet-based applications and their data, whether it is a web browser downloading a web page, Microsoft
Outlook sending an e-mail, a file, an instant message, a Skype video or voice call; the data is chopped into data
segments and encapsulated in Transport Layer Protocol Data Units or PDU's (TCP or UDP segments). The
Transport Layer PDU's are then encapsulated in Internet Layer's Internet Protocol packets. The Internet Protocol
packets are then chopped into frames at the Network Access layer and transmitted across the physical media (copper
wires, fiber optic cables or the air) to the next station in the network.