Assignment Title : Two-Way MANOVA (Assignment 6)

Student’s Name : Goh Jia Quan (GS65807)

Course : KOM6115 Advanced Statistics for Communication Research

Lecturer : Prof. Dr. Jusang Bin Bolong

Assignment Topic and Tasks: Run Partial Correlation based on data provided.

A. Case Study

B. Research Variables

C. Research Objective

D. Conceptual Framework

E. Hypothesis

F. Result (table/interpretation/implication and suggestion of study)

G. Appendix: SPSS output.

1. Case study

A researcher surveyed 210 respondents about the corporate social responsibility of their

organizations. The questionnaire consisted of five parts. Respondents filled in their demographic

information in Part A. Meanwhile, Part B measures the awareness of the organization’s CSR

initiatives (AW); Part C measures the congruence between the organization and CSR initiatives

(FT); Part D measures the organizational motives for engaging in CSR initiatives (MT); and

lastly, Part E measures the employees’ attitude toward the organization (AT).

2. Research Variables

1.

2.

2.1. Independent variables: Marital status (Single, Married, Divorced), Level of education

(SPM/STPM, Diploma/Degree, Master/PhD)

2.2. Dependent Variables: CSR Awareness, CSR Motivation, Employees Attitude. 1=

Strongly disagree … 5= Strongly agree (Compute to score/ratio)

3. Research Objective

This study aims to identify the interaction effect of marital status and level of education

towards the three aspects of corporate social responsibilities which are the awareness of the

organization’s CSR initiatives (AW), the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT)

and the employees’ attitude toward the organization (AT).

4. Research Framework

Figure 1 illustrates the research conceptual model to be tested in the current study.
Figure 1. Research Conceptual Framework.

CSR Awareness

Marital status

CSR motivation

Education level

Employees attitude

5. Hypothesis

Based on the literature review, the current study hypothesis is as follow:

Ho: There is no interaction effect of marital status and level of education to the three

aspects of corporate social responsibilities which are the awareness of the organization’s CSR

initiatives (AW), the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT) and the employees’

attitude toward the organization (AT).

Ha: There is a significant interaction effect of marital status and level of three aspects

of corporate social responsibilities which are the awareness of the organization’s CSR initiatives

(AW), the motivation for engaging in the CSR initiatives (MT) and the employees’ attitude

toward the organization (AT).

6. Results and interpretation

 Based on Table 1, the result of Multivariate Pillai’s Trace Tests displays that there is a

significant effect of marital status [F (6, 3.921), p = 0.001, <0.05] and level of education [F (6,

6.698), p = 0.000, <0.05] towards the dependent variables. Thus, the null hypothesis was

rejected (accept Ha). This means that the researcher can indicate that marital status and level of

education are the main factor towards the three aspects of corporate social responsibilities which

are the awareness of the organization’s CSR initiatives (AW), the motivation for engaging in the

CSR initiatives (MT) and the employees’ attitude toward the organization (AT). In addition,

there is significant interaction effect of marital status and level of education [F (9, 3.828), p

= 0.000, <0.05] towards the dependent variables.

Table 1: Multivariate Pillai’s Trace Tests (b) for effects of Gender and Age
towards Communication Skill

Partial Eta
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared

Marital Wilks’
.892 3.921 6.000 400.000 .001 .056
status Lambda

Level of Wilks’
.826 6.698 6.000 400.000 .000 .091
education Lambda

Marital Wilks’
.847 3.828 9.000 486.898 .000 .054
status * Lambda
Level of
education

A two-way between-groups multivariate analyze of variance was performed to

investigate marital status and level of education to all dependent variables. It also tests the main

and interaction effects of both independent variables.

 From Table 2, marital status has significant effect to CSR motivation [F (2,5.078), p =

0.007, <0.05] and employees attitude score towards the organizations [F (2, 10.072), p = 0.000,

<0.05], but no significant effect towards the CSR awareness [F (2, 2.140), p = 0.120, >0.05]. The

eta squared value of CSR motivation is .048 indicates that only 4.8 percentage contribution made

by CSR motivation, and the value of employee’s attitude score is .091 indicates that only 9.1

percentage contribution made by employee’s attitude score. The findings concludes that marital

status is the factor towards CSR motivation and employees’ attitude score.

The second independent variable level of education has significant effect to CSR

awareness [F (2,3.878), p = 0.022, <0.05] and CSR motivation [F (2, 14.630), p = 0.000, <0.05],

but no significant effect towards the employees’ attitude score [F (2, 2.566), p = 0.079, >0.05].

The eta squared value of CSR awareness is .037 indicates that only 3.7 percentage contribution

made by CSR awareness, and the value of CSR motivation is .127 indicates that only 12.7

percentage contribution made by employee’s attitude score. The findings concludes that level of

education is the factor towards CSR awareness and CSR motivation.

Table 2: Test Between-Subjects Effect

Dependent Type III Sum Partial Eta
df Mean Square F Sig.
Source Variable of Squares Squared
Marital status ScoreAW 17.562 2 8.781 2.140 0.120 .021
ScoreMT 116.760 2 58.380 5.078 0.007 .048
ScoreAT 106.778 2 53.389 10.072 0.000 .091
Level of ScoreAW 31.828 2 15.914 3.878 0.022 .037
education ScoreMT 336.381 2 168.191 14.630 0.000 .127
ScoreAT 27.200 2 13.600 2.566 0.079 .025
Marital status ScoreAW 91.808 3 30.603 7.457 0.000 .100
* Level of ScoreMT 45.344 3 15.115 1.315 0.271 .019
education ScoreAT 36.278 3 12.093 2.281 0.080 .033
R Squared = .182 (Adjusted R Squared = .154)
R Squared = .240 (Adjusted R Squared = .213)
R Squared = .191 (Adjusted R Squared = .163)
 Post hoc tukey was conducted to check the mean score differences between three groups

of marital status (single, married, divorced) towards dependent variables. From Table 3, there is

no significant difference between marital status towards the CSR awareness. There is significant

difference between single and married towards CSR motivation but no significant difference

between single vs divorced and divorced vs married. Meanwhile, there are significant differences

between single vs married and married vs divorced but no significant difference between single

and divorced towards the employees’ attitude score.

Table 3: Pairwise comparison of marital status on dependent variables.

Dependent Mean Difference

Variable (I) Status (J) Status (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
ScoreAW Single Married .859 .416 .121
Divorced .175 .716 1.000
Married Single -.859 .416 .121
Divorced -.684 .655 .894
Divorced Single -.175 .716 1.000
Married .684 .655 .894
ScoreMT Single Married 2.115 .697 .008
Divorced -.391 1.199 1.000
Married Single -2.115 .697 .008
Divorced -2.506 1.097 .070
Divorced Single .391 1.199 1.000
Married 2.506 1.097 .070
ScoreAT Single Married 1.686 .473 .001
Divorced -1.002 .814 .660
Married Single -1.686 .473 .001
Divorced -2.688 .745 .001
Divorced Single 1.002 .814 .660
Married 2.688 .745 .001

Besides, Post hoc tukey was also conducted to check the mean score differences between

three level of education (SPM/STPM, Diploma/Degree, Master/PhD) towards dependent

variables. From Table 4, there is no significant difference between level of education towards the
CSR awareness. There is significant difference between SPM/STPM and diploma/degree, and

also diploma/degree and master/PhD holders towards CSR motivation but no significant

difference between SPM/STPM and master/PhD holders. Meanwhile, there are significant

differences between SPM/STPM and diploma/degree towards the employees’ attitude score.

Table 4: Pairwise comparison of level of education on dependent variables.

Dependent Mean Difference

Variable (I) Status (J) Status (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
ScoreAW SPM / STPM Diploma /-1.023 .429 .054
Degree
Master / PhD -1.197 .568 .109
Diploma /SPM / STPM 1.023 .429 .054
Degree Master / PhD -.174 .546 1.000

Master / PhDSPM / STPM 1.197 .568 .109

Diploma /.174 .546 1.000
Degree
ScoreMT SPM / STPM Diploma /-4.085 .718 .000
Degree
Master / PhD -1.789 .951 .184
Diploma /SPM / STPM 4.085 .718 .000
Degree Master / PhD 2.296 .913 .038

Master / PhDSPM / STPM 1.789 .951 .184

Diploma /-2.296 .913 .038
Degree
ScoreAT SPM / STPM Diploma /-1.620 .487 .003
Degree
Master / PhD -.775 .646 .695
Diploma /SPM / STPM 1.620 .487 .003
Degree Master / PhD .845 .620 .523

Master / PhD SPM / STPM .775 .646 .695

Diploma /-.845 .620 .523
Degree
 Table 5 shows the mean value for each dependent variable across all marital status and

level of education. Looking at ScoreAW (CSR awareness), single respondents with master/PhD

have the highest mean value of 25.8333 and divorced diploma/degree holders have least mean

value of 21.75. Next, for CSR motivation scores, single diploma/degree holders have the highest

value of 38.2308 and married SPM/STPM holders have the lowest value which is 32.0750.

Lastly, for ScoreAT, divorced master/PhD holders have the highest value which is 24.0 and

married master/PhD holders have lowest value of 19.5625. In overall, single respondents have

higher score of CSR awareness, CSR motivation and Attitude scores towards the organizations.

Table 5: Descriptive Statistics

Status     Mean Std. Deviation N

ScoreAW Single SPM / STPM 22.1538 0.89872 13

   
    Diploma / Degree 25.0385 1.07632 26
    Master / PhD 23.8333 1.16905 6
 
  Total 24.0444 1.63701 45
  Married SPM / STPM 22.8000 2.65253 40
   
    Diploma / Degree 23.7113 1.81406 97
    Master / PhD 21.9375 3.47311 16
 
  Total 23.2876 2.33304 153
  Divorced Diploma / Degree 21.7500 1.28174 8
   
    Master / PhD 25.2500 0.50000 4
Total 22.9167 2.02073 12
Total SPM / STPM 22.6415 2.35416 53
 
  Diploma / Degree 23.8550 1.81922 131
  Master / PhD 22.8846 3.03746 26
Total 23.4286 2.20203 210
ScoreMT Single SPM / STPM 32.8462 5.22568 13
   
    Diploma / Degree 38.2308 2.45451 26
    Master / PhD 35.0000 2.44949 6
   Total 36.2444 4.18415 45
  Married SPM / STPM 32.0750 5.12604 40
   
    Diploma / Degree 34.9072 2.02115 97
    Master / PhD 32.7500 4.80971 16
 
  Total 33.9412 3.64229 153
  Divorced Diploma / Degree 36.5000 2.67261 8
   
    Master / PhD 35.0000 0.00000 4
  Total 36.0000 2.25630 12
Total SPM / STPM 32.2642 5.11089 53
 
  Diploma / Degree 35.6641 2.51950 131
  Master / PhD 33.6154 4.04056 26
Total 34.5524 3.82257 210
ScoreAT Single SPM / STPM 21.4615 1.85362 13
   
    Diploma / Degree 23.6154 1.87781 26
    Master / PhD 21.6667 1.63299 6
 
  Total 22.7333 2.08239 45
  Married SPM / STPM 20.4750 2.66013 40
   
    Diploma / Degree 21.6495 1.93671 97
    Master / PhD 19.5625 4.08197 16
 
  Total 21.1242 2.52441 153
  Divorced Diploma / Degree 22.5000 2.44949 8
   
    Master / PhD 24.0000 0.00000 4
Total 23.0000 2.08893 12
Total SPM / STPM 20.7170 2.50674 53
 
  Diploma / Degree 22.0916 2.09560 131
  Master / PhD 20.7308 3.65029 26
Total 21.5762 2.51624 210

7. Discussion and conclusion

CSR activities are important to improve the public images of all organizations and

employees as well (Swift et al., 1989). By joining the CSR activities, employees will have better
understanding and respects towards their organizations (James, 2020). During the last 30 years,

government has been encouraging government agencies and private companies to increase the

amount of CSR activities for the employees to participate. In the research of Coulson et al.

(2014), young employees have more interests in participating the CSR activities held by the

organizations. Besides, McCartney (2017) reported that unmarried workers will more likely to

give commitment to the CSR activities, which is similar to our findings. This outcome also

proved by several researchers including Joel et al. (2018), Goh et al. (2019), Wong (2019), Perry

et al. (2020) and Augustine (2021).

8. Implication

This research outcomes may help the organizations to organize better CSR activities for

different marital status employees. It is recommended to understand the lower participation rate

of married co-workers. For example, they have children and spouse to take care after working

hour. Thus, management teams can choose a better timing to organize such CSR activities to

allow them joining.

9. Future recommendation

This research only investigated respondents from Selangor areas. To improve the

accuracy of the results, respondents from other states of Malaysia can be included in the next

survey. Moreover, generalization of the model can be achieved with bigger size of population.

10. Appendix

Between-Subjects Factors
Value Label N
Status 1 Single 45
2 Married 153
3 Divorced 12
Education 1 SPM / STPM 53
2 Diploma / Degree 131
3 Master / PhD 26

Descriptive Statistics
Status Education Mean Std. Deviation N
ScoreAW Single SPM / STPM 22.1538 .89872 13
Diploma / Degree 25.0385 1.07632 26
Master / PhD 23.8333 1.16905 6
Total 24.0444 1.63701 45
Married SPM / STPM 22.8000 2.65253 40
Diploma / Degree 23.7113 1.81406 97
Master / PhD 21.9375 3.47311 16
Total 23.2876 2.33304 153
Divorced Diploma / Degree 21.7500 1.28174 8
Master / PhD 25.2500 .50000 4
Total 22.9167 2.02073 12
Total SPM / STPM 22.6415 2.35416 53
Diploma / Degree 23.8550 1.81922 131
Master / PhD 22.8846 3.03746 26
Total 23.4286 2.20203 210
ScoreMT Single SPM / STPM 32.8462 5.22568 13
Diploma / Degree 38.2308 2.45451 26
Master / PhD 35.0000 2.44949 6
Total 36.2444 4.18415 45
Married SPM / STPM 32.0750 5.12604 40
Diploma / Degree 34.9072 2.02115 97
Master / PhD 32.7500 4.80971 16
Total 33.9412 3.64229 153
Divorced Diploma / Degree 36.5000 2.67261 8
Master / PhD 35.0000 .00000 4
Total 36.0000 2.25630 12
Total SPM / STPM 32.2642 5.11089 53
Diploma / Degree 35.6641 2.51950 131
Master / PhD 33.6154 4.04056 26
Total 34.5524 3.82257 210
ScoreAT Single SPM / STPM 21.4615 1.85362 13
Diploma / Degree 23.6154 1.87781 26
Master / PhD 21.6667 1.63299 6
Total 22.7333 2.08239 45
Married SPM / STPM 20.4750 2.66013 40
Diploma / Degree 21.6495 1.93671 97
Master / PhD 19.5625 4.08197 16
Total 21.1242 2.52441 153
Divorced Diploma / Degree 22.5000 2.44949 8
Master / PhD 24.0000 .00000 4
Total 23.0000 2.08893 12
Total SPM / STPM 20.7170 2.50674 53
Diploma / Degree 22.0916 2.09560 131
Master / PhD 20.7308 3.65029 26
Total 21.5762 2.51624 210

Multivariate Testsa
Partial Eta
Effect Value F Hypothesis df Error df Sig. Squared
Intercept Pillai's Trace .983 3749.510 b
3.000 200.000 .000 .983
Wilks' Lambda .017 3749.510b 3.000 200.000 .000 .983
Hotelling's Trace 56.243 3749.510 b
3.000 200.000 .000 .983
Roy's Largest Root 56.243 3749.510 b
3.000 200.000 .000 .983
D3 Pillai's Trace .109 3.880 6.000 402.000 .001 .055
Wilks' Lambda .892 3.921b 6.000 400.000 .001 .056
Hotelling's Trace .119 3.961 6.000 398.000 .001 .056
Roy's Largest Root .103 6.925 c
3.000 201.000 .000 .094
D6 Pillai's Trace .178 6.531 6.000 402.000 .000 .089
Wilks' Lambda .826 6.698b 6.000 400.000 .000 .091
Hotelling's Trace .207 6.864 6.000 398.000 .000 .094
Roy's Largest Root .185 12.388 c
3.000 201.000 .000 .156
D3 * D6 Pillai's Trace .157 3.713 9.000 606.000 .000 .052
Wilks' Lambda .847 3.828 9.000 486.898 .000 .054
Hotelling's Trace .177 3.905 9.000 596.000 .000 .056
Roy's Largest Root .149 10.063 c
3.000 202.000 .000 .130
a. Design: Intercept + D3 + D6 + D3 * D6
b. Exact statistic
c. The statistic is an upper bound on F that yields a lower bound on the significance level.

Levene's Test of Equality of Error Variancesa

Levene Statistic df1 df2 Sig.
ScoreAW Based on Mean 6.632 7 202 .000
Based on Median 6.269 7 202 .000
Based on Median and with 6.269 7 141.505 .000
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 6.495 7 202 .000
ScoreMT Based on Mean 17.573 7 202 .000
Based on Median 9.675 7 202 .000
Based on Median and with 9.675 7 134.792 .000
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 16.776 7 202 .000
ScoreAT Based on Mean 4.567 7 202 .000
Based on Median 3.385 7 202 .002
Based on Median and with 3.385 7 149.467 .002
adjusted df
Based on trimmed mean 4.547 7 202 .000
Tests the null hypothesis that the error variance of the dependent variable is equal across groups.
a. Design: Intercept + D3 + D6 + D3 * D6

Tests of Between-Subjects Effects

Type III Sum of Pa
Source Dependent Variable Squares df Mean Square F Sig. S
Corrected Model ScoreAW 184.436a 7 26.348 6.420 .000
ScoreMT 731.676 b
7 104.525 9.092 .000
ScoreAT 252.568 c
7 36.081 6.807 .000
Intercept ScoreAW 39994.877 1 39994.877 9745.526 .000
ScoreMT 88366.100 1 88366.100 7686.498 .000
ScoreAT 35548.263 1 35548.263 6706.512 .000
D3 ScoreAW 17.562 2 8.781 2.140 .120
ScoreMT 116.760 2 58.380 5.078 .007
ScoreAT 106.778 2 53.389 10.072 .000
D6 ScoreAW 31.828 2 15.914 3.878 .022
ScoreMT 336.381 2 168.191 14.630 .000
 ScoreAT 27.200 2 13.600 2.566 .079
D3 * D6 ScoreAW 91.808 3 30.603 7.457 .000
ScoreMT 45.344 3 15.115 1.315 .271
ScoreAT 36.278 3 12.093 2.281 .080
Error ScoreAW 828.992 202 4.104
ScoreMT 2322.248 202 11.496
ScoreAT 1070.713 202 5.301
Total ScoreAW 116282.000 210
ScoreMT 253766.000 210
ScoreAT 99085.000 210
Corrected Total ScoreAW 1013.429 209
ScoreMT 3053.924 209
ScoreAT 1323.281 209
a. R Squared = .182 (Adjusted R Squared = .154)
b. R Squared = .240 (Adjusted R Squared = .213)
c. R Squared = .191 (Adjusted R Squared = .163)

Pairwise Comparisons
95% Confidence Interval for
Mean Difference Differenced
Dependent Variable (I) Status (J) Status (I-J) Std. Error Sig.d Lower Bound Upper Bou
ScoreAW Single Married .859 .416 .121 -.146 1
Divorced .175a
.716 1.000 -1.554 1
Married Single -.859 .416 .121 -1.864
Divorced -.684a .655 .894 -2.266
Divorced Single -.175b
.716 1.000 -1.905 1
Married .684b
.655 .894 -.898 2
ScoreMT Single Married 2.115 *
.697 .008 .433 3
Divorced -.391a 1.199 1.000 -3.286 2
Married Single -2.115 *
.697 .008 -3.796
Divorced -2.506 a
1.097 .070 -5.153
Divorced Single .391b
1.199 1.000 -2.504 3
Married 2.506b 1.097 .070 -.142 5
ScoreAT Single Married 1.686 *
.473 .001 .544 2
Divorced -1.002 a
.814 .660 -2.968
Married Single -1.686 *
.473 .001 -2.827
Divorced -2.688a,* .745 .001 -4.485
 Divorced Single 1.002b .814 .660 -.964 2
Married 2.688b,* .745 .001 .890 4
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. An estimate of the modified population marginal mean (J).
b. An estimate of the modified population marginal mean (I).
d. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.

Pairwise Comparisons
95% Con
Mean Difference
Dependent Variable (I) Education (J) Education (I-J) Std. Error Sig.d Lower Bou
ScoreAW SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.023 a
.429 .054 -2
Master / PhD -1.197 a
.568 .109 -2
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.023b .429 .054 -
Master / PhD -.174 .546 1.000 -1
Master / PhD SPM / STPM 1.197 b
.568 .109 -
Diploma / Degree .174 .546 1.000 -1
ScoreMT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -4.085a,* .718 .000 -5
Master / PhD -1.789 a
.951 .184 -4
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 4.085 b,*
.718 .000 2
Master / PhD 2.296 *
.913 .038
Master / PhD SPM / STPM 1.789b .951 .184 -
Diploma / Degree -2.296 *
.913 .038 -4
ScoreAT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.620 a,*
.487 .003 -2
Master / PhD -.775 a
.646 .695 -2
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.620b,* .487 .003
Master / PhD .845 .620 .523 -
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .775 b
.646 .695 -
Diploma / Degree -.845 .620 .523 -2
Based on estimated marginal means
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.
a. An estimate of the modified population marginal mean (I).
b. An estimate of the modified population marginal mean (J).
d. Adjustment for multiple comparisons: Bonferroni.
 4. Status * Education
95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable Status Education Mean Std. Error Lower Bound Upper Bound
ScoreAW Single SPM / STPM 22.154 .562 21.046 23.262
Diploma / Degree 25.038 .397 24.255 25.822
Master / PhD 23.833 .827 22.203 25.464
Married SPM / STPM 22.800 .320 22.168 23.432
Diploma / Degree 23.711 .206 23.306 24.117
Master / PhD 21.938 .506 20.939 22.936
Divorced SPM / STPM . a
. . .
Diploma / Degree 21.750 .716 20.338 23.162
Master / PhD 25.250 1.013 23.253 27.247
ScoreMT Single SPM / STPM 32.846 .940 30.992 34.700
Diploma / Degree 38.231 .665 36.920 39.542
Master / PhD 35.000 1.384 32.271 37.729
Married SPM / STPM 32.075 .536 31.018 33.132
Diploma / Degree 34.907 .344 34.228 35.586
Master / PhD 32.750 .848 31.079 34.421
Divorced SPM / STPM . a
. . .
Diploma / Degree 36.500 1.199 34.136 38.864
Master / PhD 35.000 1.695 31.657 38.343
ScoreAT Single SPM / STPM 21.462 .639 20.202 22.721
Diploma / Degree 23.615 .452 22.725 24.506
Master / PhD 21.667 .940 19.813 23.520
Married SPM / STPM 20.475 .364 19.757 21.193
Diploma / Degree 21.649 .234 21.189 22.110
Master / PhD 19.562 .576 18.428 20.697
Divorced SPM / STPM . a
. . .
Diploma / Degree 22.500 .814 20.895 24.105
Master / PhD 24.000 1.151 21.730 26.270
a. This level combination of factors is not observed, thus the corresponding population marginal mean is not estimable.

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Mean Difference 95% Confidence Interval
Dependent Variable (I) Status (J) Status (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Bound Upper Boun
ScoreAW Single Married .7569 .34354 .073 -.0543 1.5
 Divorced 1.1278 .65817 .203 -.4262 2.6
Married Single -.7569 .34354 .073 -1.5680 .0
Divorced .3709 .60730 .814 -1.0630 1.8
Divorced Single -1.1278 .65817 .203 -2.6818 .4
Married -.3709 .60730 .814 -1.8048 1.0
ScoreMT Single Married 2.3033* .57499 .000 .9457 3.6
Divorced .2444 1.10159 .973 -2.3565 2.8
Married Single -2.3033 *
.57499 .000 -3.6609 -.9
Divorced -2.0588 1.01645 .109 -4.4588 .3
Divorced Single -.2444 1.10159 .973 -2.8454 2.3
Married 2.0588 1.01645 .109 -.3411 4.4
ScoreAT Single Married 1.6092 *
.39043 .000 .6873 2.5
Divorced -.2667 .74800 .932 -2.0328 1.4
Married Single -1.6092* .39043 .000 -2.5310 -.6
Divorced -1.8758 *
.69019 .019 -3.5054 -.2
Divorced Single .2667 .74800 .932 -1.4995 2.0
Married 1.8758 *
.69019 .019 .2462 3.5
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 5.301.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.

Multiple Comparisons
Tukey HSD
Mean Difference 95% Co
Dependent Variable (I) Education (J) Education (I-J) Std. Error Sig. Lower Boun
ScoreAW SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.2135 *
.32979 .001 -1.9
Master / PhD -.2431 .48505 .871 -1.3
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.2135 *
.32979 .001 .4
Master / PhD .9703 .43494 .068 -.0
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .2431 .48505 .871 -.9
Diploma / Degree -.9703 .43494 .068 -1.9
ScoreMT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -3.4000 *
.55197 .000 -4.7
Master / PhD -1.3512 .81183 .221 -3.2
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 3.4000 *
.55197 .000 2.0
Master / PhD 2.0487 *
.72796 .015 .3
Master / PhD SPM / STPM 1.3512 .81183 .221 -.5
Diploma / Degree -2.0487* .72796 .015 -3.7
ScoreAT SPM / STPM Diploma / Degree -1.3746* .37480 .001 -2.2
Master / PhD -.0138 .55125 1.000 -1.3
Diploma / Degree SPM / STPM 1.3746 *
.37480 .001 .4
Master / PhD 1.3608 *
.49430 .018 .1
Master / PhD SPM / STPM .0138 .55125 1.000 -1.2
Diploma / Degree -1.3608* .49430 .018 -2.5
Based on observed means.
The error term is Mean Square(Error) = 5.301.
*. The mean difference is significant at the .05 level.