"Behavior of passive electronic elements"
Dra. Claudia Isabel Gomez Montes
Universidad Politecnica De Aguascalientes
up210617@alumnos.upa.edu.mx
up210617@alumnos.upa.edu.mx
up210617@alumnos.upa.edu.mx
up210617@alumnos.upa.edu.mx
Summary - In this document we obtained the behavior of passive
electronic elements and how these passive elements works and
interact with each other and with other active components (such
as transistors or integrated circuits) to form more complex
electronic circuits. Its behavior depends on its physical and
electrical properties, such as resistance, capacitance, and
inductance.
Index— Introduction , objective, theoretical framework,
basic theoric , procedure , results, observations, references,
INTRODUCTION
The passive electronic elements play a crucial role in the
design and operation of electronic circuits by providing
resistance, energy storage, and response to magnetic fields.
Understanding their behavior is essential for the design
and optimization of electronic circuits for various
applications.
I. OBJETIVE
A. The objective of the study of the behavior of passive
electronic elements is to acquire the necessary knowledge
to design, analyze and effectively use these components in
electronic circuits, in order to achieve optimum
performance and satisfy the specific requirements of each
application.
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this practice, you have the opportunity to build circuits
quickly and safely, without the need for soldering or
printed circuit boards. The breadboard consists of a matrix
of electrically interconnected holes, where components are
inserted and the necessary connections are made.
One of the key components in this practice are resistors.
These small pieces limit the current that flows through the
circuits, allowing you to control the operation of the other
components. By using resistors of different values, you
can experience variations in the current intensity and in the
voltage applied to other components.
Another very common component in these practices is the
capacitor. These devices have the ability to store energy in
the form of electrical charge, and are used in a wide range
of applications. By experimenting with capacitors on a
breadboard, you can see how they charge and discharge in
different circuit configurations, and how they affect the
behavior of other components.
Building circuits on the breadboard also provides an
opportunity to learn about Ohm's Law and the
relationships between voltage, current, and resistance. By
applying this law, one can calculate and understand how
electric current is distributed in a circuit and how potential
differences are established at different points.
MULTIMETER
A multimeter is an electronic instrument widely used by
electrical technicians and engineers. This is used to measure
the three basic electrical characteristics: voltage, current and
resistance, although it can also be used to test the continuity
between two points in an electrical circuit.This device has
different functions, since it can be used as an ammeter,
voltmeter and ohmmeter. A multimeter can be used to test
batteries, electrical wiring, electric motors, and power
A - How to do a Voltage measurement
Measuring voltage with a multimeter is a very simple process
and only requires a few steps:
-First, put the black wire in the COM slot and the red wire in
the V slot. It is very important not to reverse the wires and
make sure to coordinate the wires correctly.
-Next, we need to select the mode for DC (direct current) and
AC (alternating current) voltage using the center selection
dial. Once this is done, we must configure the multimeter to
measure voltage, not ohms or amps.
-Now we need to select the range and check what the regular
voltage of the device is. This is usually indicated in the
owner's manual or somewhere on the battery. We recommend
noting the range at one level above the voltage you want to
measure in order to get an accurate reading.
-Ideally, test the multimeter on a battery and select the highest
regular voltage range for the battery using the center knob.
Thus, we only have to read the display to find the voltage
measurement. If we have placed the cables correctly and
established the correct voltage range, the voltage reading will
appear quickly.
B - How to do Current measurement
-Connect the negative (black) tip first connect the black test
lead to the COM socket of your multimeter
-Connect the positive (red) tip next, the red test lead is
connected to the respective amp input (milliamps or 20A)
-Select AC or DC current set your multimeter to the correct
measurement range. Pay attention and select whether you
want to measure alternating current or direct current
-Place the tips to measure current, the circuit has to be opened
or disconnected, so that the multimeter can be placed in series
as a so-called "jump wire."
-Write down the result now you will be able to see the value
of the current intensity on the screen of the multimeter
C - Resistance color code
Passive devices
They are those that do not have the ability to control the
current through another electrical signal. Examples of passive
electronic components are capacitors, resistors, inductors,
transformers, and diodes.
A. Definition and operation of Resistor
Resistance is an essential component in an electrical circuit. It
is made of carbon or other electrically resistant materials that
act as an obstacle when electrical current passes. That is, it
opposes the passage of current so that the electrical system
does not suffer overloads.
Definition and structure of Electrolytic
Capacitors
It is an electronic device that stores electrical charge. It
consists of two conducting plates separated by an insulating
material called dielectric. Different types of insulating
materials are used to build the dielectric depending on the use.
Definition and structure of Ceramic
Capacitors
Ceramic capacitor is a type of (non-polarized) capacitor
used in many applications from audio to RF. Values range
from a few picofarads to around 0.1 microfarads. Ceramic
capacitors are by far the most widely used type of capacitor.
Basic operation of the capacitor
An electrical signal (electrons) reaches one of its plates,
upon encountering a dielectric the signal cannot pass through
it, which generates an excess charge on that surface.
Definition, structure, and operation of relay
The relays have a coil connected to a current, when it is
activated, it produces an electromagnetic field, which causes
the relay contact that is normally open to close and thus
allows the current to pass through a circuit to exert certain
action, such as starting an engine.
Active devices
Definition and characteristics of active
elements
These are components that can control the flow of
electricity in an electrical or electronic circuit. The different
types of Printed Circuit Boards have at least one active
component.
Those devices or components that need an external source
to function in a circuit are also called Active Components.
Some examples of active components are transistors, diodes,
silicon controlled rectifier
 Definition and operation of Light Emitted
Diode
It is a small light source that is illuminated by the
movement of electrons through a semiconductor material. The
semiconductor families can be incorporated into devices that
emit light over much of the visible spectrum with electrical
excitation. LEDs are used where low power consumption and
long life are important. Some of the applications include:
brake lights, advertising, and traffic signals. These light
emitting diodes and laser diodes are revolutionizing many
communication and display technologies.
PROCEDURE
CIRCUIT 1
For this circuit, the first thing we did was identify the value
of each resistor by its color code, and order them in ascending
order. Then, using the voltage source set to 5 V, we connect
each resistor in series with the LED, one by one. The following
table will show the results obtained from the measurement of
voltage and current in each element.
.
Taking into account what was observed, answer the following
questions: *With what resistance did the LED stop emitting
light? None, with all the resistors emitting light, the resistance
does not affect the intensity of the light. *What voltage and
current does the LED and each resistor have when the LED
stops emitting light? When the LED was on, the variables are
small, however, it may not be possible to measure it on,
because when connecting the cables from the multimeter to
the LED, it turns off. *What is the function of resistance? It is
to regulate the flow of current that passes to the LED
CIRCUIT 2
a. Apply voltage by connecting the source set to 5 volts to the
relay, and 0 volts in the second section of the circuit.
b. Activate the relay pressing the push botton, allowing the
capacitor to charge for a moment. Take the voltage
measurement across the capacitor by holding down the push
button.
Results: 1.328 V
c. Deactivate the relay. Take the voltage measurement across
the capacitor when you release the button. What happen whit
the LED flash? Why did that effect occur? Write your
conclusions and observations.
Results: 1.959 V, the red LED no longer emitted light. This
happened because the relay let the current continue its flow
and this caused this situation.
d. Change the capacitor for 33 μF capacitor, repeat the step b
and c, what changed in the response of the LED? Without
pressing: 1.985 V Pressing: 1.380 V
 When the button is not priced the red focus is on and therefore
has voltage and current, while the green does not. And when
green is precious, it turns on and has current and voltage while
red does not have.

RESULTS
After the practice it was possible to verify in a better way the
CIRCUIT 3 importance that each element has in the creation of these
electrical circuits, the relay is very important since it allows
the flow of current inside a plate, like the switch since it is
closed to the pressing it allows the relay to perform the
function, the resistors are used for the intensity of the light and
to be able to increase and control said current flow,
meanwhile the capacitor was used to store energy for when
the relay is inactive

BOTTO WITHOU BOTTO PRESSE

M PB T N PB D
N.A NO
VOLTAG CURREN VOLTAG CURREN OBSERVATIONS
E T E T
During the course of the Practice called "Behavior of passive
RELA 0 0 4.622 V 0.062 A electronic elements" the following observations were
X observed: The first observation was that how the passive and
COIL active components had to be connected to the Breadboard and
RED 1.952 V 0.22 A 134.5 V 0 how the values of the parameters to be observed during the
LED test were calculated, where they were set to a certain electrical
R1 2.986 V 0.064 A 0 0 signal. Another observation was that during practice there was
a bit of difficulty knowing the value of each resistor and how
GREE 15.7 V 0 2.152 V 0.026 A each component was connected to avoid an accident or
N damage to the material. Therefore, it was important that the
LED teacher supported us in carrying out this Practice on passive
R2 6v 0 2.828 V 0.059 A and active components. During the practice, it was possible to
contemplate and remember the ways to distinguish each
passive and active element of the circuit, in addition to
applying the knowledge that was collected in the previous unit
about the units and how they are mediated in the elements of
interest, so it was a good practice to observe each type of
component

CONCLUISON
Electronic elements have different characteristics and
behaviors that are essential to the design and operation of
electronic circuits and systems. Understanding these
conclusions is crucial to achieving the desired performance
and functionality in any electronic application.

REFERENCES
https://www.areatecnologia.com/electricidad/condensador.htm
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https://electronicaonline.net/componentes-
electronicos/componentes-electronicos-activos-y-pasivos/

https://sdindustrial.com.mx/blog/relevadores/#:~:text=Los%2
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