B1 ENGLISH MÓDULE 2023.docx - PDF Actualizado

Building knowledge, developing skills and forming creatures of excellence
ENGLISH MODULE – B1 Level

® COPYRIGHT ARIEL DAVID SCHOOL
ARIEL DAVID SCHOOL

PEI: The Ariel David School a space for the exercise of computing
and development supported by comprehensive total quality and 1
continuous improvement
This is the
final lap
Do your best
ENGLISH
MODULE: B1 LEVEL
Name:
Level: Grade:
Teacher:
2023
PEI: The Ariel David School a space for the exercise of computing and development supported by comprehensive total quality and continuous improvement
Programming your apprenticeships

-Programando tus aprendizajes-
B1
2
What will you learn? -¿Qué vas a aprender?-
Listening, writing, reading and speaking

-Escuchar, escribir, leer y hablar.-
UNIT 1: Talking in present ¿What’s happening?

✓ Present simple and present continuous: state and action verbs.
✓ Present simple and present continuous: questions.
✓ State and action verbs:
✓ Likes and dislikes
✓ Asking with do and does (Review)
UNIT 2: Past and Time

✓ Past simple: Time expressions
✓ Past continuous
✓ Kind of verbs
✓ Articles, Relative pronouns
UNIT 3: Perfect Times

✓ Present perfect (1): Time expressions
✓ Present perfect (2): For and since
✓ Comparison: Comparatives and superlatives, less, the least.
✓ Expressions of quantity
UNIT 4: Talking about the future

✓ Will, might and may: Predictions.
✓ First conditional:
✓ Must and have to, had to and should
✓ Verb patterns: 3
✓ Future intentions; going to, hoping to, would like to.
✓ Used to
UNIT 5: Passive voice and phrasal verbs

✓ Passive voice: present and past
✓ Present continuous for future arrangements
✓ Present perfect continuous
✓ Phrasal verbs
✓ Second conditional: too and enough
Final competences B1
ACHIEVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

-INDICADORES DE LOGRO Y DESEMPEÑO-
Al finalizar sabrás que lo has logrado si al terminar el módulo puedes

decir que:
✓ Demuestro interés por el manejo de palabras y los tiempos 4
verbales, de tal manera que los aplico en la conversación y
escritura.
✓ Hago presentaciones breves para describir, narrar y justificar.
✓ Comprendo ideas generales de eventos, hechos y personajes.
✓ Respondo y aplico la gramática del Inglés para la creación de textos
cortos.
✓ Empleo expresiones de tiempo en la construcción de textos básicos.
✓ Identifico conectores y adverbios, dentro de oraciones y textos.
✓ Narro en forma oral y escrita características de personas, animales
etc.
✓ Manejo coherentemente los superlativos y comparativos en las
lecturas y construcción de textos.
✓ Comprendo la información implícita en textos relacionados con
temas de interés.
✓ Valoro la lengua extranjera que estoy aprendiendo como medio de
comunicación y entendimiento con personas de otras culturas.
Unit 1: Talking in present. What’s happening?

(Unidad 1: hablando en presente ¿qué está pasando?)
5
Asked generating (In your notebook)
In which cases we to use the present simple and continuous?
TO REMEMBER…
Present simple and present continuous: state and action verbs
Grammar
Present simple
Use the present simple to talk facts and things that are generally true.
It rains a lot in Britain.
-Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar de hechos y cosas que
generalmente son verdad: Llueve mucho en Gran Bretaña-
Use the present simple also to talk about regular actions habits.
We have a skiing holiday every winter.

-Utilizamos el presente simple para hablar también sobre los hábitos de
acciones regulares: -Tenemos unas vacaciones de esquí cada invierno-
Structure:
Affirmative Negative Sentences Interrogative

6
Sentences Sentences
Subject + verb (to
Suject + verb to be + be) + negative (not) + Verb to be + subject
complement complement + complement + ?
I am Canadian. I’m not Canadian. Are you Canadian?
Present Continuous Tense
Use the present continuous tense to describe an action happening now

or around now.
Se utiliza el presente continuo para describir una acción ocurriendo
ahora o alrededor de ahora.
Structure
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interrogative

Sentences Sentences Sentences in negative
Suject + verb Subject + verb Aux to be + Aux to be +

to be + verb ing (to be) + subject + not + subject +
+ complement negative (not) + verb ing
verb ing +
verb ing +
+complement+?
complement complement + ?
I am Reading a I’m not reading Are you reading Are not you
book. a book. a book? reading a
book?
Verbos de Estado
Los “Stative/static verbs” (Verbos de Estado), son verbos que en 7
Inglés no son utilizados en los Tiempos verbales Continuos o Progresivos,
es decir, aquellos en que se utiliza como auxiliar el verbo “to be”
conjugado tanto en presente como en pasado, y en los que además los
verbos principales no llevan la terminación –ing, que en español se traduce
en las terminaciones, -ando, -iendo, -to, -so, -cho; y es que precisamente,
como su nombre lo indica, estos verbos su usan principalmente para
referirse a sentimientos, sentidos, emociones o percepciones, más no a
acciones (que son en las que se hace mayor énfasis en los Tiempos
Progresivos o Continuos).
Los verbos que nos son llamados de “estado”, se llaman “verbos
dinámicos”, y hacen alusión usualmente a acciones. Los principales
“stative verbs” son:
o Verbos que expresan sensaciones o sentidos:

Feel (sentir), see (ver), hear (oír), smell (oler), taste (probar de gusto),
notice (notar/fijarse), seem (parecer), look (mirar o parecer).
o Verbos que expresan emociones o preferencias:

Love (amar), hate (odiar), like (gustar), dislike (disgustar), want (desear),
need (necesitar), prefer (preferir), mind (cuidar/preocuparse).
o Verbos que expresan percepción u opinión:

Think/believe (pensar/creer), know (saber), understand (comprender),
remember (recordar), forget (olvidar), hope (esperar de esperanza),
mean (significar), imagine (imaginar).
o Other verbs: be (ser), have/possess (tener/poseer), own (poseer),

belong (pertenecer a), cost (costar).
Verbos de acción
Los verbos de acción, como lo indica su nombre, son verbos que
demuestran una acción.
Recuerda que en el idioma Inglés existen verbos irregulares a los cuales 8
no se les puede agregar ING debido a que su forma verbal cambia
dependiendo del tiempo a conjugar. Es por eso que es INDISPENSABLE
que se memoricen estos verbos. En la parte final del libro encontrarás la
lista completa de estos verbos.
Let's practice!
1. Match the photos A – D with the types of weather in the box.
A B
BIZZARD DROUGHT HURRICANE STORM
C D
Do you have any of this weather in your country?
2. Read these internet news reports.
Online News: WEATHER

I’ts three days after Hurricane Katrina hit the US coast, but
New Orleans is still suffering from strong wind / fog and heavy
rainy / rain. Thousands of people are waiting for help. Half of
the city is underwater and the army is still reparing the river
walls.
The green and pleasant land of England is turning brown. After

two cold, humid / dry winters and hot / rain summers, the
southeast of England is experiencing a serious drought. Many
lakes and rivers are now wet / dry.
Following yesterday’s blizzards and heavy fall of snow /

cloudy, the police in New Zeland are using helicopters to reach
hundreds of people in the countryside. It is still very warm /
windy and the ice / sun is causing problems for the rescue
teams.
Which situation is the most serious? Why?
10
3. Which of these sentences are in the present simple? Which are in

the present continuous?
1. At the moment, I’m covering the windows with wood.

2. We always help everyone.
3. The number of strong hurricanes is increasing.
4. Warm seams cause hurricanes.
4. Complete these sentences. Use the present simple or present

continuous of the verbs.
1. ”Be quiet! I to the news on the radio” (listen)
2. In India, most rain usually _ in the summer months, June to

August. (fall)
3. Lightning the Empire State Building in New York 500 times

every year. (hit)
4. These days, more rain in Australia because of global warming.

(fall)
5. It tropical countries like Brazil. (not snow)
6. ”It now. Let’s go to the park”. (not rain)
5. Underline the main verb in these sentences. Are they state or action
verbs in these examples?
1. It is still very cold today.
2. It’s coming towards Florida.
3. I have a lot of food in my house. 11
4. Hurricanes are getting stronger.
5. I know about the danger.
In your Notebook…
1. Escriba 10 oraciones en presente continuo y presente simple usando

verbos de acción y de estado, del mismo modo indique el verbo a usar.
2. Realice 10 oraciones usando los verbos irregulares en modo de

pregunta.
Present simple and present continuous: Questions
Reading and speaking
1. Discuss these questions with a partner.
1. Are there seasons in your country? If so, what’s your favourite

season? Why?
2. Do you like winter? Why / why not?
3. What do you know about winter in Russia? What do you know about
Siberia?
2. Put the words in order to make questions. Then ask answer the
questions with a partner.
1. sad you days do on feel cloudy ?
2. wearing your teacher what’s today ?
3. English are fun learning you for ? 12
4. time your how spend free you do ?
3. Write four of five sentences describing winter in your country.
Likes and dislikes:
Usamos la expresión Like para hablar de cosas o acciones que nos

agradan, nos gustan o disfrutamos hacienda, por ejemplo comer un
helado, salir de paseo, hacer cierto deporte, entre otras cosas. Así
mismo la expresión dislike hace referencia a cosas o acciones que nos
generan disgusto o desagrado. Sin embargo, en el idioma inglés hay
muchas formas de decir que algo nos gusta o no nos gusta. Observemos:
Likes:
I love... Me encanta(n)...
...reading leer
I like... Me gusta(n)...
...computers las
I'm interested in... Me
computadoras
interesa(n)...
...travelling viajar
I'm fond of... Me gusta(n)... 13
Dislikes:
I hate... Odio...
...reading leer
I dislike... No me gusta(n)
...computers las
I don't like... No me gusta(n)
computadoras
I'm not interested in... No me
...travelling viajar
interesa(n)...
En ambos casos, las expresiones son seguidas de un sustantivo o de un

verbo en -ing (forma del gerundio).
Intenta pensar en frases para decir lo que le gusta y lo que no le gusta

hacer, comenzando con alguna de las opciones mostradas. Por ejemplo:
I like dancing. I love learning English.

Me gusta bailar. Me encanta aprender inglés.
I'm fond of cooking. I don't like playing video-games.

Me gusta cocinar. No me gusta jugar a los videojuegos.
I hate writing letters. I'm not interested in cinema.

Odio escribir cartas. No me interesa el cine
Like/Dislike + Verb with ing
I like drinking milk
Let’s Practice:
14
1. Fill the information about the next characters, think in her/his likes
and dislikes and write additional information
2. Make an interview to some of your partners. Write different things

about she or he. Use likes, dislikes and different information that you
want to use.
3. Fill the information below about yourself:

15
Name:
Age:
Favorite color
Favorite food
Favorite music
Another
Likes
Another
Dislikes
Review: Asking with do and does.
En la parte final de esta unidad encontrarás algunas preguntas básicas

para sostener una conversación sencilla en inglés. Notarás que las
preguntas básicas están en presente simple y se usan con el verbo

auxiliar do y does. A pesar que la traducción de do equivale al verbo
hacer, en este caso es un auxiliar que indica el presente simple En este
momento solo se observará cómo este se usa para preguntar
información personal. Eg.
✓ Where do you live? (¿en dónde vives?) 16

✓ Do you have children? (¿tienes niños?)
✓ Do you speak English? (hablas inglés)
La respuesta corta a estas preguntas puede ser
✓ Yes, I do
✓ No, I Don’t
Es importante señalar que el uso de do y does, varía de acuerdo a la

persona gramatical:
® COPYRIGHT ARIEL DAVID SCHOOL 2021
Let’s practice:
1. Complete the sentences with do or does:
a) she play soccer?
b) you like listening to music?

17
c) you watch TV at night? Yes, I
d) Laura work on Saturdays? Yes, she
e) the cat drink milk? Yes, it
f) Maria and Laura listen to music at home?
g) he computer work fine? No. it
In your notebook
Write 10 questions using do or does and answer it.
Reading comprehension
Artists use color to create patterns. Color can also show different moods.
Bright colors make us feel happy and energetic. Dark colors make us feel calm
or sad.
The primary colors are red, yellow, and blue. They are the colors that can be
mixed together to make different colors.
Mixing two primary colors makes a secondary color. The secondary colors are
orange, green, and violet (purple). Orange is made by mixing yellow and red.
Green is made by mixing yellow and blue. Violet is made by mixing red and blue.
Intermediate colors can be made by mixing a primary and a secondary color
together. Some intermediate colors are blue violet and red orange. Black, white,
and gray are special colors. They are called neutral colors.
Colors have been organized into a color wheel. It shows the three primary
colors, the three secondary colors, and the six intermediate colors. Artists use
the the color wheel. It helps them know which colors they want to use together.
1. After reading the article answer:
a) What kinds of colors make us feel calm?
b) What kinds of colors make us feel like we have lots of energy? 18
c) What are the primary colors?
d) What are the secondary colors?
e) What tool do artist use to organize all the colors?
2. Color the “color wheel”
Unit 2: Past and Time?

(Unidad 2: pasado y tiempo)

19
What would you change if you can travel to the past?
Past simple: Time expressions

We use de past simple to talk about finished actions and situations in
the past. We know, and often say, the time of the action or situation.
Es el tiempo que utilizamos para hablar de una acción comenzada y

terminada en un momento pasado. Equivale más o menos a nuestro
"pretérito indefinido".
Los verbos regulares en past simple se construyen con -ed al final,

como "played", que es el pasado de "play" ('jugar'). No hay
que olvidar los verbos irregulares, como es el caso de "ran", pasado
de "run" ('correr'), "wrote",pasado de "write" 'escribir'), "ate", pasado
de "eat" ('comer'), entre otros…
Affirmative Negative Sentences Interrogative

Sentences Sentences
Subject + aux (did)
Suject + verb in (was or were) + not + Aux (Did) (was/were)
past+ complement main verb in present + subject +
+ complement complement + ?
I ate a pizza -You didn’t do the -Did you do the

yesterday homework last week homework?
-She wasn’t at home -Was she at home

last night last night
Expresiones temporales del pasado
Veamos ahora cuáles son las expresiones temporales que van siempre
acompañadas del verbo en past simple. Y el pasado es todo aquello que
20
pasa con anterioridad a hoy (today) a ahora (now) que es el presente.
✓ Yesterday
✓ The other day
✓ Last week, last month, last year
✓ When (+ un momento concreto)
✓ Just now
✓ Ago (para cuando hablas de una cierta cantidad de tiempo)
✓ In x years
Estas expresiones de tiempo sólo las puedes usar con el past simple, no
con el futuro, ni con el presente, sino únicamente con el pasado simple.
Todas estas expresiones tienen en común que se refieren a un momento

en el pasado, no a un periodo o a un periodo largo, sino solo a un momento
concreto en el pasado.
Veamos unos ejemplos con cada una de las expresiones temporales:
✓ Yesterday, I went to the beach with my friend Aly because it the

sun was shinning.
- Ayer fui a la playa con mi amiga Aly porque brillaba el sol.
✓ The other day Peter came over and we had a chat about our trip
to Paris.
- El otro día, Peter se pasó por casa y charlamos sobre nuestro

viaje a París.
✓ Last week, the teacher explained us the use and form of the past
simple. Now it's all very clear!
- La semana pasada, la profesora nos explicó el uso y formación del
pasado simple. ¡Ahora está todo muy claro! 21
✓ Last month, I went to The Script concert and I feel madly in love
with the lead singer Danny O'Donoghue.
- El mes pasado fui al concierto de The Script y me enamoré
locamente del cantante principal Danny O'Donoghue.
✓ Last year, the museum Guggenheim a great exhibition about the

Baroque painting.
- El año pasado, el museo Guggenheim acogió una gran exposición
sobre la pintura Barroca.
✓ We started hanging out together and becoming an item when we

were in college.
- Empezamos pasando tiempo juntos y haciéndonos pareja cuando
estábamos en la universidad.
✓ I wrote a post about the past simple just now.

- Escribí un artículo sobre el pasado simple ahora mismo.
✓ I worked in that bakery two years ago and I loved it. I learned
how to bake a delicious bread.
- Trabajé en esa panadería hace dos años y me encantó. Aprendí
como hacer un pan delicioso.
Let's practice!
1. Match the beginnings and endings of these sentences.
1. Her mother died one year later.

2. She left school one year ago.
3. She married Benjamin when she was sixteen 22
4. She started training in the same year.
2. Chose the best adjectives. Use your dictionary.
1. She is very dedicated / lovely / friendly. She always does her

training.
2. Her husband is helpful /talented / determined. He makes
breakfast every morning.
3. She is very kind / patient / determined. She never stops and
she wants to succeed.
Speaking
Look at the photo. Do you know this person? What did he do in his life?
Discuss what you know about his with your partner.
23
Time to read
My vacations are wonderful, Alice and Paul are swimming in the sea and Tom is in
the park. He´s playing with a friend. Peter is listening to the radio and reading. I
am sitting on the beach, eating an icecream.
We’re having a fantastic holiday.
Question:
What´s the author of the text doing?
a. The author is sit on the beach and eat an ice cream

b. The author is swimming in the sea
c. The author is sitting on the beach, eating an ice cream
d. We are sitting on the beach, eating an ice cream
2. Answer the following questions according to the reading
The city or the country:

What do you prefer living in the city or living in the country?
The city is more interesting than the country. There is so much more to
do and see, but the city is more dangerous than the country. People in
the city aren't as open and friendly as those in the countryside. The
country is more relaxed, too.
24
Also, the city is busier than the country. However, the country is much
slower than the city.
Some people think that the country is so slow and boring, that is much
more boring than the city.
But, I think that living in the country is cheaper than living in the the
city. The city is more expensive than the country.
Life in the country is also much healthier than in the city, it's cleaner
and less dangerous in the country. But, the city is so much more exciting.
It's faster, crazier and funnier than the country.
QUESTION:
A) Which of the following options is a negative reason for living in a

city?
A. The city is much boring that the county

B.The city is cheaper than the country
C.The city is more expensive than the country
D.The city is crazier and funnier than the country
B) Which is helthier?
A. The city
B. None
C. Both of them
D. The country
C) Which is more dangerous?
A. The city
B. None
C. Both of them
D. The country 25
D) Make a summary of the text
Past continuous
El pasado continuo se utiliza para acciones que ocurrieron en un momento

específico en el pasado. Como el presente continuo, se forma con el verbo
auxiliar “to be” y el gerundio.
Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Gerundio
I, he, she, it was talking, eating, learning, doing,

going
you, we, they were talking, eating, learning, doing,

going…
Structure
Para formar el pasado continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el
gerundio (infinitivo + “-ing”) del verbo. El verbo auxiliar “to be” está en
el pasado simple, pero ten en cuenta que “to be” es un verbo irregular.
Affirmative Sentences
Suject + (was/were) + gerund
I was talking. (Estaba hablando.)
Negative Sentences
Subject + Past to be (was/were) + negative auxiliar (not) 26
+ gerund
I was not talking. (No estaba hablando.)
Interrogative Sentences
Aux to be in pat + subject + gerund + ?
Were you talking? (¿Estabas hablando?)
Another examples:
✓ He was eating. (Estaba comiendo.)

✓ They were learning. (Estaban aprendiendo.)
✓ He was not [wasn’t] eating. (No estaba comiendo.)
✓ They were not [weren’t] learning. (No estaban aprendiendo.)
✓ Was he eating? (¿Estaba comiendo?)
✓ Were they learning? (¿Estaban aprendiendo?)
Uses (Usos)
1. El pasado continuo lo utilizamos para una acción larga que ya en el

pasado fue interrumpida. La acción que se interrumpe está en pasado
continuo y la acción que provoca la interrupción está en pasado simple.
When y While señalan el uso del pasado simple y continuo. En general,
usamos el pasado simple directamente después de “when” y el pasado
continuo después de “while”.
Ejemplos:
Jose called while I was watching the news. (Jose llamó mientras
estaba mirando las noticias.)
He was walking to work when he fell. (Estaba caminando hacia su

trabajo cuando se cayó.)
Was it raining when you left? (¿Estaba lloviendo cuando te fuiste?) 27
2. Se usa el pasado continuo para hablar sobre acciones en un tiempo

específico en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
Paula wasn’t living in Spain in 2005. (Paula no estaba viviendo en
España en el 2005.)
We were still working at 10 o’clock last night. (Todavía estábamos

trabajando a las 10 de la noche. )
3. Se usa el pasado continuo para dos acciones que estaban ocurriendo

al mismo tiempo en el pasado.
Ejemplos:
My son was reading while I was cooking. (Mi hijo estaba leyendo
mientras que yo estaba cocinando.)
They were talking very loudly while we were trying to watch the
movie.(Estaban hablando muy alto mientras nosotros estábamos
intentando mirar la película.)
Let's practice!
1. Completa las frases con la forma correcta del verbo que está entre
paréntesis.
a) We Were playing (play) videogames yesterday at 3 o'clock. 28

b) They (not/do) their homework yesterday at 3 o'clock
c) What he (watch) on television?
d) Howard (like) the movie.
e) My parents (work) when I came home.
2. Complete correctly
a) What yesterday morning (¿Que estabas haciendo
ayer por la mañana?)
b) We to music when she shouted (Nosotros
estábamos escuchando música cuando ella gritó)
c) They the Wall (Ellos no estaban pintando el muro)
d) to him when I saw you? (¿Estabas hablándole
cuando te vi?)
e) (¿Estaba ella riendo?)
f) I (Yo estaba saltando)
g) She (Ella estaba nadando)
h) They when you arrived (Ellos estaban jugando
cuando llegaste)
i) Last month, where ? (El pasado mes, ¿dónde
estabas trabajando?)
j) When we called him, he (Cuando
le llamamos, estaba conduciendo)
k) (¿Estaba mi perro 29
comiendo?)
l) I kissed him while he (Le besé mientras
estaba bailando)
Exercise at home
Photo album
1. Escribir cinco hábitos que tenían en el pasado empleando la

estructura I used to.
2. Luego al frente de cada una de estas frases deben escribir una
frase en presente simple para contrastar el hábito del pasado con
el hábito actual.
• Por ejemplo : When I was a teenager I used to dance every

Friday(cuando era adolescente bailaba todos los viernes) –
Now, I dance once a month (ahora sólo bailo una vez al mes)
3. Finalmente debe seleccionar fotos de internet o fotos personales

que sirvan para ilustrar ese contraste.
4. Se debe realizar por medio de Power Point que parezca un foto
álbum.
5. Se debe preparar para exponer en clase.
6.
Reading comprehension:
Albert Einstein
This well - Known German scientist was born in ulm, in 1879 and
died in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1955. He formulated the
30
theory of relativity and in 1921 won the Nobel Prize. His studies
helped with the development of nuclear physics.
Frida Kahlo
This mexican artist was born in Mexico city in 1907, but she
changed her date of birth to 1910, the year of the Mexican
Revolution. She won the National Painting in Mexico. Her
famous painting was a self portrait: The Two Fridas. She died
in 1954.
Pablo Picasso
He was born in Málaga , in 1881 and died in Provenza, in 1973.

His father was a painter too, and taugh him how to paint .
Althought he lived in France, his most famous painting was the
Guernica, an important picture that shows the destruction of his
Spanish city during the Second World War.
a). When was Frida born?
a. México
b. 1907
c. 1954
d. Provenza
b) Who did paint the Guernica?
a. Frida Kahlo
b. Pablo Picasso
c. Pablo González
d. Albert Einstein
c) Who was the oldest?
31
a. Pablo Picasso
b. Pablo González
c. Albert Einstein
d. Frida Kahlo
In your notebook…
Traduce los textos empleados para el anterior ejercicio de comprensión

de lectura.
EVALUATION PROCESS:
My job was in class:
Complying with the mission was:
My teacher says
TEACHER´S SIGNATURE
STUDENT´S SIGNATURE
PARENT´S FIRM
Articles, relative pronouns

What can I do to be better day by day?
32
Utilizamos los pronombres relativos para referirnos a un sustantivo (una
persona o una cosa) mencionado antes y al que queremos agregar más
información o modificar. Los pronombres relativos pueden referirse a
algo o alguien en singular o plural. Algunos pronombres relativos se
pueden usar sólo con personas, otros sólo con cosas y algunos con ambos.
A continuación, tienes una lista de los pronombres relativos.
Pronombre Persona Cosa
that (que) x x
which (que/cual) x
who (que/quién) x
whom (que/a quien) x
whose (cuyo) x x
Gramatical Rules
El pronombre relativo se encuentra en lugar de un sustantivo. Este

sustantivo suele aparecer anteriormente en la oración.
That
“That” es el pronombre relativo más utilizado en inglés hablado, ya que

se puede utilizar tanto con personas como con cosas. Se utiliza para
sustituir “which”,“who” o “whom” en cláusulas que definen el sustantivo.
Ejemplos:
33
This is the book that won the Pulitzer prize last year. (Este es el
libro que ganó el Permio Pulizer el año pasado.)
This is the restaurant that received the excellent reviews in the

newspaper.(Este es el restaurante que recibió excelentes críticas en
el periódico.)
Which
“Which” sólo se puede utilizar con las cosas.
Ejemplos:
My new job, which I only started last week, is already very
stressful. (Mi nuevo trabajo, que acabo de empezar la semana pasada,
ya es muy estresante.)
The house in which we lived in when we were children burnt down last
week.(La casa en la que vivíamos cuando éramos niños se quemó la
semana pasada.)
Who
Solo se puede utilizar “who” con personas.
Ejemplos:
My sister, who just moved in with me, is looking for a job. (Mi
hermana, que se acaba de mudar conmigo, está buscando un trabajo.)
I never met someone who didn’t like music. (Nunca he conocido a

alguien que no le guste la música.)
Whom 34
“Whom” se utiliza para hacer referencia al objeto indirecto del verbo,

pero no lo utilizamos mucho en inglés coloquial. Más a menudo
utilizamos “who” en vez de“whom”.
Ejemplos:
The woman with whom I was talking to was my cousin. (La mujer con
quién estaba hablando era mi prima.)
This is Peter, whom I met at the party last week. (Este es Peter, a
quien conocí en la fiesta la semana pasada.)
Whose
El uso de “whose” indica posesión, tanto para las personas y las cosas.
Ejemplos:
That is the girl whose parents got divorced last year. (Esa es la chica
cuyos padres se divorciaron el año pasado.)
Paul, whose wife just had a baby, will not be at work for a few
weeks. (Paul, cuyo esposa acaba de tener un bebé, no irá a trabajar
durante unas semanas.)
When and where, why
Estos adverbios relativos a veces se utilizan en lugar de un pronombre

relativo para hacer la frase más fácil de entender. Estos adverbios se
refieren a expresiones de tiempo, lugares o motivos.
Ejemplos:
35
The university where I teach is an excellent school. (La universidad
donde enseño es una escuela excelente.)
Can you tell me when is the best time to call? (¿Puedes decirme cuando
es la mejor hora para llamar?)
Let's practice!
Vocabulary and speaking
1. Put these words into three groups: A for newspaper and magazines,
B for television and radio, and C for computers and the internet.
(some words can go in more than one group)
Advert - article - celebrity - comedy – computer game - reality

TV show - drama - email - journalist - presenter - producer -
programme - documentary - search engine - series soap opera -
- station webcast
2. Are these staments true for your country? Discuss them with a
partner.
1. Newspapers are boring.
2. There are a lot of magazines about celebrities.
3. Soap operas are all the same.
4. Computer games are violent and expensive.
5. Journalists usually tell the truth.
Grammar: Articles
3. Complete these grammar notes with the words in the box.
A / an the no article
36
1. Use with plural nouns, to talk about people or things in
general.
2. Use with a singular noun, and to talk about a
person’s job.
3. Use with singular or plural nouns, to talk about a
particular person, place or thing, or to talk about people, places
or things you listener knows about.
Let’s practice
Complete the sentences with “a” “an” “the” or non article( O )

a) He is actor
b) Do you like westerns?
c) Is there cinema near your house?
d) What’s the difference between comedy and romantic
comedy?
e) Tokyo story by Yasujiro Ozu is number one film of all time
Reading and Speaking
4. Discuss these questions in small groups.
1. How often do you watch the news on television? Which

channels do you watch?
2. What are the big news stories at the moment?
5. Chose the correct meaning, a or b, for each sentence.
1. I love watching soap operas
a) I love all soap operas.
b) I love only some soap operas.

37
2. Jason isn’t here. He’s at the cinema in town.
a) We know which cinema.
b)We don’t know which cinema
6. Complete the conversations in questions 6 – 10. Mark A, B or C
A. At 6 o’ clock
1. What is he buying? B. In the corner
C. Some carrots
A. Because of the traffic

2. Why are you late? B. Of course
C. Become in a disorder
3. Do you know Carl? A. Who?

B. When?
C. What?
4. Can you pass me the salt? A. I like it
B. It’s all right
C. Here you are
38
Unit 3: Perfect times

(Tiempos perfectos)

39
What have you done to improve this world?
Present perfect (1): Time expressions
El presente perfecto equivale más o menos al pretérito perfecto del

español. Veremos las diferencias en la sección sobre usos. En general, es
una mezcla entre el presente y el pasado. Lo usamos para acciones en el
pasado que tienen importancia en el presente.
Gramatical rules
Structure
Para formar el presente perfecto, se usa el verbo auxiliar “to have” en
el presente y el participio pasado del verbo. Para verbos regulares, el
participio pasado es la forma simple del pasado. Ver la lección sobre el
pasado simple para más información sobre como formar el pasado.
Sujeto Verbo Forma Corta Participio

auxiliar Pasado
I, you, Have I’ve, you’ve, talked, learned,

we, they we’ve, they’ve traveled…
he, she, it Has he’s, she’s, it’s talked, learned,

traveled…
Nota: Ten en cuenta que hay muchos participios pasados irregulares en

inglés. A continuación tienes una lista de unos de los participios pasados
irregulares más comunes.
Verbo Pasado Simple Participio pasado
40
be was/were been
do did done
go went gone
make made made
see saw seen
Structure
Affirmative: Subject + auxiliary verb (to

have) + past participle
I have (I’ve) talked with John
Negative: Subject + auxiliary verb (to have) +

not + past participle
She hasn’t gone to work
Interrogative: auxiliary verb (to have) +

Subject + past participle + ?
Have you been to London?
Uses
Se usa el presente perfecto para acciones que ocurrieron en un tiempo

no concreto antes de ahora. El tiempo específico no es importante. Por
lo tanto, no solemos usar expresiones de tiempo específicas (“this
morning”, “yesterday”, “last year”…) con el presente perfecto. Se puede
usar el presente perfecto con expresiones de tiempo no concretas
(“never”, “ever”, “many times”, “for”, “since”, “already”, “yet”…). Este

concepto de tiempo no específico es bastante difícil de comprender,
por este motivo, a continuación tienes los usos particulares del
presente perfecto.
1. Se usa el presente perfecto para describir una experiencia. No lo

usamos para acciones específicas. 41
Ejemplos:
I have never flown in a plane. (Nunca he volado en un avión.)
He has worked in many different museums. (Ha trabajado en muchos

museos diferentes.)
We have been to Río de Janeiro. (Hemos ido a Río de Janeiro.)
2. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para un cambio en el tiempo.
Ejemplos:
I have become more timid in my old age. (Me he vuelto más tímido en
mi vejez.)
Their English has improved a lot this year. (Su inglés ha mejorado
mucho este año.)
He has learned to be more patient. (Ha aprendido a ser más

paciente.)
3. Se usa para los exitosos.
Ejemplos:
Our football team has won the championship three times. (Nuestro
equipo de fútbol ha ganado el campeonato tres veces.)
Dan has finished writing his first novel. (Dan ha terminado de

escribir su primera novela.)
Scientists have succeeded in curing many illnesses. (Los científicos

han tenido éxito en la curación de muchas enfermedades.)
4. Usamos el presente perfecto para acciones que todavía no han 42

sucedido. El uso del presente perfecto en estos casos indica que aún
estamos esperando la acción, por eso, frecuentemente usamos los
adverbios “yet” y “still”.
Ejemplos:
The plane hasn’t arrived yet. (El avión no ha llegado todavía.)
Our team still hasn’t won a championship. (Nuestro equipo aún no ha

ganado un campeonato.)
You haven’t finished your homework yet? (¿No has acabado todavía
los deberes?)
5. Se utiliza el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones en

diferentes momentos en el pasado. El uso del presente perfecto en
estos casos indica que son posibles más acciones en el futuro.
Ejemplos:
We have spoken several times, but we still can’t reach an
agreement. (Hemos hablado varias veces, pero todavía no podemos
llegar a un acuerdo.)
Our team has played 4 games so far this year. (Nuestro equipo ya ha
jugado 4 partidos este año.)
I love New York! I have been there 5 times already and I can’t wait
to go back.(¡Me encanta Nueva York! Ya he estado allí 5 veces y no
puedo esperar para regresar.)
6. En general, usamos el presente perfecto continuo para situaciones

que han empezado en el pasado pero siguen en el presente. Pero como
hemos visto, hay unos verbos que no podemos usar en los tiempos
continuos. En estos casos, usamos el presente perfecto.
Ejemplos:
How long has Michael been in Barcelona? (¿Cuánto tiempo ha estado 43
Michael en Barcelona?)
I have loved you since the day I met you. (Te he querido desde el día
que te conocí.)
In your notebook:
Realiza un mapa conceptual con la información leída anteriormente.
Let's practice!
paréntesis.
Sample:
a) Have you been (be)to Asia?2.
b) She (not/study) for the exam.

c) Adam and Natalie (live) together for 3 years.
d) Where he (go)?
e) We (not/leave) yet.
f) I (want) a new car for a long time.
g) the bus (arrive) yet?
h) They (bring) their children with them.
paréntesis, puede ser presente perfecto o pasado simple.
Sample:
a) We WENT (go) to the movies last night.
b) Tom (see) that movie three times already.

c) I (read) yesterday's newspaper, but I (read, not) 44
today's.
d) The students (have) eight exams last month.
e) The students (have) eight exams this month. [The month
hasn't ended yet.]
f) The students (have) eight exams in the last month.
g) They (practice) for the concert for over three hours now.
h) you ever (be) to a professional football game?
i) you (enjoy) the game?
j) How long you (work) here?
k) The children (grow) a lot since the last time I (see)
them.
l) We still never (see) snow.
m) What did you have for breakfast this morning? I (have) a
coffee and croissant.
n) you (sing) professionally for long?
Reading exercise
Lea el dialogo y escoja la respuesta más apropiada.
1.
Doctor
Take this medicine for a week and you'll start to feel better.
Patient
- -
Doctor
Are you sure? It's the best on the market.
Patient
Yes I am. Can you please prescribe another one?
A) What shall i do if unexpected side effects arise? 45

B) What is the ideal dosage for my weight?
C) No, it's too early to prescribe another medicine.
D) But I've used it before and it did not help at all.
E) It looks as if the illness has already been cured.
2.
Jake
How did you like the movie you saw last night?
Karen
I can't say it was the best I've ever seen.
Jake
-
Karen
Certainly not. Do not waste your time.
A) Did you go alone or with a friend from work?

B) Hadn't you read the reviews before you went to see it?
C) What do you mean by saying it depends?
D) I knew I could always count on you.
E) Then you wouldn't recommend it, would you?
3.
Father
What? You crashed the car again?
Son
- -
Father
I'm sure it wasn't. This is the third accident you have had this
year.
Son
You're very angry now, dad. We had better talk about this later
on.
A) I do apologize. I promise it won't happen again. 46

B) Was the car in good condition?
C) But it wasn't my fault. You've got to believe me.
D) Was it worth the money and time you had wasted?
E) Why do you ask? Don't you know it's too late now?
4.
Chuck
- -
Sue
Why do you think so?
Chuck
Whenever we meet, she pretends not to see me.
Sue
I don't thin k it's because she hasn't got over her anger. She's
having
a bad time at work nowadays.
A) It seems that Martha is still angry with me.

B) Martha will never make a good manager.
C) I have never seen a smarter woman than Martha.
D) One thing that I especially like about Martha is her sincerity.
E) Martha has finally managed to get over her resentment.
5.
Tom
- -
Mary
Are you kidding? We are in June.
Tom
So what? What's wrong with June?
Mary
The right time to trim your roses is the beginning of winter, when
they
lose their flowers.
47
A) Are you going to plant those roses in your garden in June or
July?
B) Can you help me prune the roses in the garden at the weekend?
C) I didn't know your brother knew so much about gardening.
D) Have you got any idea what the right time is to shorten rose
plants?
E) Are we supposed to do anything special to keep the roses fresh?
Complete the sentences with the most appropriate options.
1. Even though the two parties appear united in negotiations, ----.
A) the level of trust between them will always remain, at best,

tenuous
B) they weren’t able to agree on the subject
C) they will eventually reach an agreement
D) it is impossible for him to succeed
E) the president unexpectedly rejected it
2. The moment I saw the sad face of my girl friend, ----.
A) I begin to feel depressed

B) I have realized that we will have a discussion about our
relationship
C) I had decided to leave the house

D) I found out that something was wrong
E) she has gone out to have a walk
3. You had better take your mobile phone with you ----. 48
A) so that you can lose it

B) or I couldn’t have called you
C) because I will not be at home during the whole day
D) If you had wanted to go abroad
E) in case you may not find one when you are in need of it
4. ---- when they learned that the chairman would not be able to join
the meeting.
A) Hardly had the committee learned the reason of the meeting

B) When they realized why they were all there in that early time of
the
day
C) It wasn’t until they got a phone call about an urgent meeting the
next
day
D) However professional they tried to be seen
E) They will have already discussed the most important subjects
5. ----, the Grammys are the highest rated.
A) There are many music awards shows in the US

B) Although Grammys are considered to be highly prestigious
C) Because there is only one big music awards show in the US
D) Much as people are looking forward to next Grammy awards
show
E) Of the "big three" music awards shows
49
Present perfect (2): For and since
For y Since son dos preposiciones que se utilizan con el presente

perfecto y el presente perfecto continuo.
I have lived here since 2006 (vivo aquí desde 2006)

I have lived here for 2 years. (vivo aquí desde hace 2 años)
I have been studying English for 3 months (llevo estudiando inglés 3
meses)
For significa "desde hace" o "durante" y se usa con un período de tiempo,

por ejemplo: ten minutes, two hours, one day, a month, a year, a long
time....
I've waited for an hour / I've been waiting for an hour (he esperado
durante una hora / llevo esperando una hora)
She has lived in Alicante for a long time (ella vive en alicante desde hace
mucho)
50
We've worked in the same company for two years (trabajamos en la
misma empresa desde hace dos años)
Since significa "desde" o "desde que" y se usa para señalar un momento

concreto en el tiempo, por ejemplo: 10 o’clock, Tuesday, 2nd January,
August, 200, we arrived, I was ten years old....
I haven't eaten anything since 10 o'clock (no he comido nada desde las
10)
We haven't seen each other since 2001 (no nos hemos visto desde
2001)
I've lived in Spain since I was ten years old (vivo en España desde que
tenía 10 años)
Excercises
Completa las frases con since o for.
1. I have been working here ..................2 years.

2. He has lived in that flat…………………December 2007.
3. I’ve had this jacket………………………4 months.
4. They have been on holiday…………..1 month.

5. I have been married…………………10 days.
Completa con for o since:
1) I have been studying mathematics three hours
2) George has worked in this company 8 years 51
3) The socialist party has been in power March 2004
4) This terrorist has been in prison _ three years
5) My mother has been travelling last April
6) The oil price has been going up _ three months
7) Alice has been in her bedroom two hours
8) We have been married 1992
9) The socialist party has been in power 6 months
10) What weather! It has been snowing two days
11) It is unbelievable. They have been arguing 6 o'clock
12) The oil price has been going up _ last March
13) My French teacher has been ill one week
14) I have been studying mathematics 4 o'clock
15) This terrorist has been in prison _ 2001
16) My boyfriend has been sleeping _ 7 o'clock yesterday evening
17) My mother has been travelling 4 months
18) Alice has been in her bedroom 6 o'clock
19) George has worked in this company 1997
20) My boyfriend has been sleeping _ 15 hours

52
21) We have been married 12 years
22) It is unbelievable. They have been arguing 4 hours
23) My French teacher has been ill last week
24) Our king has been abroad 10 days
25) It has been snowing Thursday
Comparison: Comparatives and superlatives, less, the least.
Como observamos en unidades pasadas se usan los adjetivos para

describir cosas, personas o lugares. Sin embargo los adjetivos que
pueden variar en el grado o intensidad tienen formas comparativas y
superlativas. A continuación se presentarán las reglas sobre cómo
formar estas formas comparativas y superlativas.
REVIEW
Comparatives
Grado positivo:
Este hace referencia a un grado sencillo y simple de cualidad:
✓ Mary runs fast. (Juan corre rápido.)

✓ Angela’s room is clean. (La habitación de Angela está limpia.)
✓ I am tall. (Soy alto.)
✓ New York is big. (Nueva York es grande.)
Grado comparativo:
Al hacer comparaciones, podemos destacar la superioridad, inferioridad 53
o igualdad de calidad de uno u otro. La estructura de cada uno de estos
grados de comparación es diferente.
En las comparaciones de superioridad, el adjetivo, que está en la forma

comparativa es seguido por “than”.
✓ Juan runs faster than Mark. (Juan corre más rápido que Mark.)
✓ Angela’s room is cleaner than Sue’s. (La habitación de Angela está
más limpia que la de Sue.)
✓ I am taller than Beth. (Soy más alto que Beth.)
✓ New York is bigger than Los Angeles. (Nueva York es más grande
que Los Angeles.)
En los comparativos de inferioridad se usan las conjunciones “not

as…as” or “less…than”. En ambos casos, el adjetivo está en el grado
positivo.
✓ Mark is not as fast as Juan. (Mark no corre tan rápido como

Juan.)
✓ Sue’s room is less clean than Angela’s. (La habitación de Sue no es
tan limpia como la de Angela.)
✓ Beth is not as tall as me. (Beth no es tan alta como yo.)
✓ Los Angeles is not as big as New York. (Los Angeles no es tan
grande como Nueva York.)
1. 'Fewer than' con los sustantivos contables en plural.

I have got fewer books than you.
Tengo menos libros que tú.
2. 'Less ... than' para comparar los sustantivos incontables.

She has got less energy than you.
Tengo menos energía que tú.
Finalmente en los comparativos de igualdad con el adjetivo en el grado
positivo, se usa la conjunción “as…as” para formar las comparaciones de 54
igualdad.
✓ Mark is as fast as Juan. (Mark corre tan rápido como Juan.)

✓ Sue’s room is as clean as Angela’s. (La habitación de Sue es tan
limpia como la de Angela.)
✓ Beth is as tall as I am. (Beth es tan alta como yo.)
✓ Los Angeles is as big as New York. (Los Angeles es tan grande
como Nueva York.)
También se puede modificar un comparativo con un cuantificador (much,

a lot, a little, slightly…)
✓ Juan is a lot faster than Mark. (Juan corre mucho más rápido que
Mark.)
✓ I am a little taller than Beth. (Soy un poco más alta que Beth.)
Superlatives
El grado superlativo denota la calidad en el grado más alto y como en

español, se usa “the” delante del adjetivo en la forma superlativa
✓ Juan is the fastest. (Juan es el más rápido.)

✓ Angela’s room is the cleanest. (La habitación de Angela es la más
limpia.)
✓ I am the tallest. (Soy el más alto.)
✓ New York is the biggest city in the United States. (Nueva York es
la ciudad más grande de los Estados Unidos.)
Si el adjetivo es posesivo, no se usa “the”. Además no se usa “the” si

comparamos algo con sí mismo.
✓ His smartest student is Lisa. (Su estudiante más lista es Lisa.)

✓ New York is coldest in January. (Nueva York es más frío en
enero.) 55
Rules
Para realizar superlativos en inglés se debe tener en cuenta lo siguiente
Rule Comparative Superalative

Para adjetivos de una Añade: “-er” Añade: “-est”
sílaba faster fastest
Para adjetivos de una Añade: “-r” Añade: “-st”
sílaba que terminan en nicer nicest
“e”
Para adjetivos de una añade: consonante + añade: consonante +
sílaba que terminan en “-er” “-est”
consonante + vocal + hotter hottest
consonante
Rule Comparative Superalative
Para adjetivos de dos sustituye “y” por: sustituye “y” por:
silabas que terminan “-ier” “iest”
en “y” funnier funniest
Para adjetivos de dos añade: “more”/“less” añade: “the
o más silabas more beautiful most”/“the least”
less beautiful the most beautiful
the least beautiful
Adjetivos irregulares:
Adjective Comparative Superalative

Good Better Best
Bad Worse Worst
Far Further Furthest
56
Algunas cualidades no pueden variar en intensidad o grado porque son
extremos, absolutos o adjetivos de clasificación. Estas cualidades no
tienen forma comparativa o superlativa.
Extremos
freezing (helado)
excellent (excelente)
Absolutos
Dead (muerto)
Unique (único)
Clasificación
Married (casado
Domestic (doméstico)
Let's practice!
1. Choose the right option to the next sentences:
a) My mother is than my father.
old
older
the oldest
the old
b) What is movie you have ever seen?
funny
funnier
the funniest 57
the funny
c) That movie was bad, but it wasn't I have ever seen.
baddest
worsest
worse
the worst
d) Rachel's hair is not as as Sarah's.
long
longer
the longest
more long
e) Yesterday's exam was than the one last month.
difficult
difficulter
the difficultest
more difficult
f) Peter is as as Alex.
fast
faster
the fastest
the faster
g) I think Mary is woman I have ever seen.
beautiful
the most beautiful 58
the beautifulest
the beautifuler
h) Her room is only a little bit than mine.
bigger
the bigger
big
he biggest
i) He is when he is playing football.
the happier
happiest
the happy
happyest
j) Michael's house is from the train than Betty's.
far
the furthest
the farther
further
2. Complete the adjectives using the comparative form
1. It´s too noisy here. Can we go to a (quiet) place?

2. The hotel was (big) than that in which we stayed last year.
3. Your work is (good) than mine.
4. The accident could have been (bad) than it was.
5. I was (nervous) in my exam yesterday than Mark.
59
6. I´d like to have a (fast) car. The one I have now is really old.
7. Last week it was really hot. Today is (cold) than then.
3. Complete the sentences using the superlative form of the adjectives
1. It´s a very nice house. It´s house in the street.

2. This is a cheap restaurant. It´s I´ve ever been.
3. It was a very valuable painting. I´m sure it
was painting in the gallery.
4. She´s a very good tennis player. Her trainer says she is .
5. He´s a very dangerous criminal. The police says he
is in the country.
6. We should buy him a beautiful present. Last year we gave
him gift of all in his birthday.
4. Write the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in

these sentences
1. She was a very intelligent student. She was girl in her

class.
2. It´s a very old castle. Experts argued it is in Britain.
3. I´m going to sleep on the sofa. The floor
is (uncomfortable) than it.
4. This new job is (important) for me than the last I had.
5. Living in the countryside is (healthy) than leaving in town.
6. These instructions were (difficult) ones I have ever

read
Don’t forget the rules:
I’m the funniest cat in this book… Wait, I am the only… 60
In your notebook
Make a conceptual map of this topic
Reading Comprehension
Q&A
Every month, Transport Today answers you questions.
Q How fast can I travel? What are the top speeds I can go by sea, land or
in the sky? –James, Liverpool
A You’re obviously in a hurry James!
Let’s start with reveling on land. Modern cars can go very fast, an Italian
Lamborghini Murcielago has a top speed of about 325 kilometers per hour,
but there’s a speed limit on the majority of motorways, so you can only
drive at around 120kph
Trains are usually faster than cars. The French high-speed train (TGV)
goes at 300kph with passengers, but the Maglev train is even faster, with
a top speed of 430kph. This new type of train travels just above the
ground. Not on it. There are only one or two in use at the moment.
Of course, planes are faster than cars or trains. The new superjumbo
(Airbus A380) travels at about 900kph; fast, but slower than the older
1. Match the means of transport mentioned in the text with these

speeds:
a) 66kph:
b) 300kph:
c) 325kph: 61
d) 430kph:
e) 900kph:
2. Which information can you find in the article?
a) We can drive at 120kph on motorways in Italy
b) The name of the French high speed train is the TGV
c) There is a Maglev train in Shangai
d) The superjumbo can fly non-stop from London to Sydney
e) Both the jumbo and the superjumbo can go over 850kph
f) Traveling by sea is slow
Expressions of quantity
Countable and uncountable nouns:

some and any
Some y Any son dos de los cuantificadores más usados en el idioma

inglés junto con much y many los cuales se verán también en esta
unidad.
Ambos términos significan alguno, alguna, algunos, algunas y

generalmente se utilizan cuando no es necesario establecer de manera
exacta cuán grande o pequeña es la cantidad que se expresa. Suelen ser
muy empleados como el plural de los artículos indeterminados a y an.
Se usa Some acompañando a sustantivos contables e incontables en

oraciones afirmativas. Por ejemplo:
62
✓ There are some letters for you (Hay algunas cartas para ti)
✓ There is some sugar in the pot. (Hay algo de azúcar en el
recipiente)
También se puede utilizar some para construír una interrogacióndonde

se espera una respuesta afirmativa, estableciendo una manera educada
para preguntar si alguien desea algo de tomar o comer, por ejemplo:
✓ Would you like some tea? (¿Te gustaría un poco de té/ un té)
✓ May I have some more coffee? (¿Podría tomar algo más de café?)
Se emplea Any para acompañar sustantivos contables e incontables en

preguntas y también en oraciones negativas. Por ejemplo:
✓ We haven’t got any shirts in your size (No tenemos camisas de tu

talla.)
✓ There aren’t any bottles of milk in the fridge. (No hay botellas de
leche en el refrigerador.)
✓ Have you got any shirts in my size? (¿Tienen algunas camisas de
mi talla?)
✓ Are there any bottles of milk in the fridge? (¿Hay botellas de
leche en el refrigerador?)
Algunos nombres pueden ser contables o incontables con diferentes

significados
A tomato Some tomatoes Some tomato
Remember: 63
Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

✓ Can have a/an in front ✓ Do not have a/an in front
of them of them
✓ Have a plural form ✓ Do not have a plural form
✓ Can have some or any in ✓ Can have some or any in
front of the plural front of them
✓ Only use singular verbs
Let’s practice:
1. Complete the next sentences with some or any
a) There are …………… letters for you.

b) Is there …………… news from Harry?
c) Have we got …………… bread for breakfast?
d) Would you like …………… more coffee?
e) There are …………… alternatives to do the exam.
f) …………… people relieve anything they read in the papers.
g) We don’t have …………… shirts in your size.
h) The employees didn’t paint ............... building.
i) …………… of the tourists missed the trip.
2. Complete with some or any and translate it
a) There is hardly …………… petrol in the tank.
b) I haven’t made …………… mistake in the test.

64
c) …………… of the money is missing.
d) I have travelled to Paris without ...............problems.
e) …………… cities were destroyed during the war.
f) The government didn’t take …………… measure to solve the crisis.
g) There were …………… 200 tourists in the museum.
Much and many
Como se explicó anteriormente existen diferentes clases de

cuantificadores. Así como some y any, existen much y many, palabras
que significan mucho y que también tienen usos particulares
Si nos referimos a un sustantivo en singular, utilizaremos Much, por

ejemplo:
✓ Much information (mucha información)
✓ Much traffic (mucho tráfico)

✓ Much luggage (mucho equipaje)
En cambio si hacemos referencia a un sustantivo en plural, entonces

usaremos Many, por ejemplo:
✓ Many flowers (muchas flores)

65
✓ Many pencils (muchos lápices)
✓ Many books (muchos libros)
En el lenguaje cotidiano, MANY y MUCH se usan generalmente para

realizar preguntas y en frases negativas, por ejemplo:
✓ Is there much milk in that bottle? (Hay mucha leche en aquella

botella?)
✓ Have you got many friends? (Tienes muchos amigos?)
✓ There wasn’t much juice in the fridge. (No había mucho jugo en la
nevera)
✓ Many people don’t know about my past. (Mucha gente no conoce mi
pasado.)
En el lenguaje formal, sin embargo, es frecuente que se emplee much y

many en frases afirmativas, por ejemplo:
✓ Many soldiers were sent to Irak. (Muchos soldados fueron

enviados a Irak.)
How much and how many
Teniendo en cuenta la forma en cómo se utilizan los nombres contables

e incontables, se utilizar el how much y el how many para realizar
preguntas por cantidad. Si se trata de sustantivos contables, se
aplica How many y si se trata de sustantivos incontables, se usa How
much.
Estas expresiones siempre van seguidas de un sustantivo; luego, el

verbo y el resto de la oración.
✓ How many cars do you have?

¿Cuántos autos tienes?
✓ How much money do you have?

66
¿Cuánto dinero tienes?
How much se utiliza también para preguntar precios.
✓ How much is this car?

¿Cuánto cuesta este auto?
✓ How much are the potatoes?

¿Cuánto cuestan las papas?
También se usan en forma genérica para preguntar "cuánto hay". En

este caso, van seguidas del sustantivo y luego, is / are there.
✓ How many cars are there?

¿Cuántos autos hay?
✓ How much money is there?

¿Cuánto dinero hay?
Remember:
How many/much + Noun + verb + Complement
Let’s practice:
1. Draw three examples of countable and three examples of
uncountable nouns and write its quantity
67
2. Complete the sentences with many or much and translate it:
a) I have eaten so …………… ice-cream cones.
b) We need …………… employees for the company.
c) There are …………… accidents in this street.
d) Have you had …………… cars in your life?
e) …………… exercises were very difficult.
f) You didn’t do so ............... effort.
68
g) I have …………… questions to ask you.
h) …………… workers took part in the new project.
i) Paris has …………… places to visit.
j) I have read …………… novels during the summer.
3. Complete with how much and how many.
a) stars are there in the sky?

b) people live on islands?
c) birds are there?
d) water is in the ocean?
e) money is in a bank?
f) countries are there in the world?
g) bread is eaten per day?
h) bones are there in the human body?
i) sand is in the deserts?
j) information is on the internet?
Reading comprehension:
Read the next article and answer the questions below
Everything that is alive needs energy. All animals get the

energy they need from food. People are animals. Think about 69
the human body as an amazing machine. It can do all kinds of
things for us. Food is the fuel that helps keep the amazing
machine running.
Plants use sunlight to make their own food. Animals are not
able to do that. Some animals eat plants. Some animals eat
other animals as meat. Some animals, like people, eat both
plants and animals.
Since plants make their own food using sunlight, the sun’s
energy is found in plants. The sun’s energy is very strong. It
loses a lot of its strength by the time it goes into a plant.
When we eat plants, we get more of the sun’s energy than

when we eat animals. That’s why it is good to eat fruits and
vegetables. When an animal eats a plant, the energy is less
strong. The animal also used its energy to find the plant to eat.
When a second animal eats the first animal, it gets even less
energy than the first animal got. The second animal used a lot
of energy to chase its prey.
Like a car that has to be filled with gasoline, living things have
to eat again and again. Instead of gasoline, living things use
food as fuel.
a) What is the main topic of this article?
Where do all animals get their energy?
70
b) Where do plants get their energy?
c) If our bodies are amazing machines, then food is our:
d) Why do we get more energy from eating vegetables than we get

from eating meat?
e) If a third animal eats the second animal, will it get more or less
energy?
EVALUATION PROCESS:
My teacher says
PARENT´S SIGNATURE
Unit 4: Talking about future

(Hablando sobre el futuro)
Asked generating (In your notebook) 71
How will be society in the future?
Will (future and another cases)
"Will" es un modal auxiliar. Significa que combina con el infinitivo de los

verbos no-modales (en muchos casos para expresar el futuro). "Will" no
es variable. No cambia con las distintas personas. Tiene una forma
contraída " 'll ", la cuál se utiliza en los textos escritos menos formales
y en el inglés hablado:
Sujeto + will + infinitivo (sin "to").
I will see my friends next week. (Veré a mis amigos la semana que viene.)
He will get ill if he doesn't eat properly. (Se pondrá enfermo si no come
bien.)
John and Mary will get married soon. (John y Mary se casarán pronto.)
I'll phone him tomorrow. (Lo llamaré mañana.)
She'll fall off that bike if she isn't careful. (Se caerá de su bicicleta si
no tiene cuidado.)
They'll paint the house this weekend. (Pintarán la casa este fin de
semana.)
John'll come and visit us in a few days. (John vendrá a visitarnos dentro
de unos días.)
"Shall" es también (pero no siempre) posible en la primera persona:
I shall see my friends next week. (Veré a mis amigos la semana que viene.)
La forma contraída de "shall" es " 'll "
I'll see my friends next week.

72
La forma interrogativa:
Hay inversión entre el sujeto y el auxiliar modal "will" en la forma

interrogativa:
Will I see you again later on? (¿Te veré luego?)
Will you help me with my English homework? (¿Me ayudarás con los
deberes de inglés?)
Do you think John and Mary will get married soon? (¿Piensas que John y
Mary se casarán pronto?)
También posible en primera persona:
Shall I see you again later on? (¿Te veré luego?)
La forma negativa:
Empleamos la combinación de palabras de "will + not" o "shall + not":
I will not (shall not) say this again! (¡Esto no volveré a decir!)
La forma negativa se suele contraer a "won't" en el inglés escrito

informal y hablado:
I won't say this again! (¡No volveré a decir esto!)

There won't be any beer left if we're late for the party. (No quedará
más cerveza si llegamos tarde para la fiesta.)
John won't go to work tomorrow. (John no irá a trabajar mañana.)
La forma negativa contraída de "shall not" es "shan't":
"I shan't say this again!"
Make your own summary of the structure:
73
Affirmative:
Example:
NW
egiallti-
vee
: l uso en la vida real:
Predicción para el futuro.
Example:
Interrogative:
Example:
"Will" se utiliza para expresar una predicción.
I think the weather will be better tomorrow. (Creo que hará mejor
tiempo mañana.)
What do you think will happen at the end of this book? (¿Qué crees
pasará al final del libro?)
En este contexto, podemos también utilizar "shall" en la primera persona

singular y plural. Sin embargo, "will" también es aceptable y
probablemente más común en el inglés hablado:
One day I shall (will) have a beautiful house in the country. (Un día
tendré una casa preciosa en el campo.)
"Going to" también es normalmente posible en este contexto:

One day I'm going to have a beautiful house in the country. (Un día voy
a tener una casa preciosa en el campo.)
Pero si hablamos de una predicción donde se ve claramente qué va a pasar

en el momento de hablar, hay que utilizar "going to" mientras "will" no
será posible. Ver "going to" para las predicciones...
Asimismo, podemos utilizar "will" para hacer una predicción sobre qué 74
estará pasando ahora mismo en otro lugar:
Don't phone now; they'll be in bed. (No llames ahora; estarán acostados.)
I can hear a car outside. It'll be John. (Escucho un coche fuera. Será
Juan.)
Activity
1. Repasar el uso del futuro simple en inglés (will) explicado.

2. Escoger cinco temas o áreas de interés sobre las nuevas
generaciones.
• Por ejemplo: I think that by 2040 people will only study in
their bedrooms. (creo que para el año 2020 la gente sólo
estudiará en sus cuartos).
3. Para cada tema hacer dos predicciones empleando will y acompañar
esa predicción de un verbo de opinión como think (pensar), believe
(creer).
4. Organizar la información para que en cada párrafo se exprese la
predicción sobre uno de los temas.
5. Finalmente en una hoja edite texto para hacerlo ver como una noticia
y se le da un título a ese noticia.
Reading exercise
1. Since flu viruses have been shown to be one of the major causes of
bronchitis, ----.
A) acute and chronic bronchitis were both thought to be

inflammations of
the air passages
B) infants, young children, and the elderly are more likely to get the
disease
C) The American Lung Association estimates that about 14 million
Americans suffer from the disease 75
D) getting a flu vaccine may also help prevent acute bronchitis
E) the fever and most other symptoms, except the cough, disappear
after three to five days
2. ---- who hides his powers beneath the persona of Clark Kent, a mild-
mannered newspaper reporter
A) Superman was played in the movies most famously by actor

Christopher Reeve
B) One of the most beloved characters in comic book history
C) Created by writer Jerry Siegel and artist Joe Shuster for
National
Comics
D) Superman came to Earth as a baby from the planet Krypton
E) Superman is a seemingly immortal, superhuman comic-strip
character
created in the late 1930s
3. ----, but the installation of its primary cargo, a European science

laboratory, will be delayed for a day Due to the health problem of an
astronaut.
A) Space agency officials would not disclose who

was ill or what the problem was
B) U.S. space shuttle Atlantis arrived at the International Space

Station
on Saturday
C) NASA rules prevent much disclosure about astronaut health
problems
D) Schlegel flew on a shuttle in 1993 and was scheduled to take part
in 76
two of the three spacewalks planned for this mission
E) A similar tear occurred on a shuttle flight in June, and NASA
sent out a
spacewalking astronaut
4. Guitar Hero is a rhythm-based game ----.
A) that it is one of the most favorite games today

B) to whom we are really grateful since we have great time playing it
C) but you had to be very good at playing guitar in order to
participate
D) you could have played even if you didn’t have a guitar
E) where you have to play a "guitar" in time with many well known
tracks
5. ----, the debate over the best plan of attack to solve the problem is
far from settled.
A) Much as there are many good sides of using bio fuels

B) Because global warming is the biggest problem of our era
C) Though the existence of global warming is indisputable at this
point
D) Despite of the fact that the authorities tried best ways to solve
the
pollution problem
E) No matter what we have done so far about the problems

reflected to us
Will, might and may

Los verbos modales son unos verbos que actúan como muletillas en las 77
frases; es decir, ayudan a construir el significado de estas. El uso de
estos verbos se centra en que los verbos léxicos en inglés, no pueden
ser modificados en su raíz como hacemos en español:
▪ Esperaba que viniera a casa — I expected him to come home.

vs
▪ Es posible que pueda venir esta noche — She may come tonight.
Los verbos ingleses carecen de flexión, ya que solo permiten añadir la

“-s” de tercera persona y, por ello, necesitan de estos verbos
modales que les ayuden a transmitir el significado.
Hoy nos centraremos en los verbos modales que indican probabilidad: will,
may y might.
Will
Will" es un modal auxiliar. Significa que combina con el infinitivo de los

verbos no-modales (en muchos casos para expresar el futuro). "Will" no
es variable. No cambia con las distintas personas. Tiene una forma
contraída " 'll ", la cual se utiliza en los textos escritos menos formales
y en el inglés hablado:
Sujeto + will + infinitivo (sin "to").
I will see my friends next week. (Veré a mis amigos la semana que
viene.)
He will get ill if he doesn't eat properly. (Se pondrá enfermo si no come
bien.)
John and Mary will get married soon. (John y Mary se casarán pronto.)
78
I'll phone him tomorrow. (Lo llamaré mañana.)
She'll fall off that bike if she isn't careful. (Se caerá de su bicicleta si
no tiene cuidado.)
They'll paint the house this weekend. (Pintarán la casa este fin de
semana.)
John'll come and visit us in a few days. (John vendrá a visitarnos
dentro de unos días.)
La forma interrogativa:
Hay inversión entre el sujeto y el auxiliar modal "will" en la forma

interrogativa:
Will I see you again later on? (¿Te veré luego?)

Will you help me with my English homework? (¿Me ayudarás con los
deberes de inglés?)
Do you think John and Mary will get married soon? (¿Piensas que John y
Mary se casarán pronto?)
La forma negativa:
La forma negativa se suele contraer a "won't" en el inglés escrito

informal y hablado:
I won't say this again! (¡No volveré a decir esto!)

There won't be any beer left if we're late for the party. (No quedará
más cerveza si llegamos tarde para la fiesta.)

John won't go to work tomorrow. (John no irá a trabajar mañana.)
May /meɪ/
Este verbo modal se usa para indicar posibilidades en un futuro y su usa 79

de la siguiente manera:
▪ He may come tomorrow – Es posible que venga mañana.

▪ He may not come tomorrow – Es posible que no venga mañana.
May no vamos a poder negar juntarlo con not (es decir, contraerlo en
negativo), como hacemos con otros verbos como el “do not”–> “don’t”.
Solo se usa la partícula “not” para transmitirllanamente el significado
negativo.
▪ May he come tomorrow? – ¿Es posible que venga mañana?
Para hacer bien la pregunta con este verbo, solo es

necesario intercambiar el orden del sujeto y el verbo de la oración
afirmativa y las respuestas siempre se darán en la forma:
▪ Yes, he may
▪ No, he may not.
Otro de los usos de may es para pedir permiso de una manera educada:
▪ You may start the exam, if you want. – Podéis empezar con el
examen, si queréis.
También nos sirve para hacer preguntas de una manera más educada:
▪ May I leave now? – ¿Le importa si salgo ahora?
Might /maɪt /
Might es un casi un sinónimo de may

y se usa también para 80
indicar posibilidades en el presente y en el futuro (más abajo te
explico las diferencias).
▪ He might come tomorrow.

▪ He might not come tomorrow.
▪ Might he come tomorrow?
El uso y la manera de construir las frases con este verbo modal es la

misma que usamos con “may”, por lo que no será necesario memorizar
estas reglas de construcción de frases.
Los verbos modales son muy simples de usar y con solo un poco
de práctica, aprenderemos a usarlos rápidamente y en los contextos
adecuados.
1) Usamos MAY en vez de MIGHT
a) Si es probable que hagas algo

▪ I may go to the cinema tonight
…es decir, “puede que esta noche vaya al cine”
b) Si estás hablando de permisos

▪ You may go out with your friends after lunch
…es decir, “(tienes permiso) para salir con tus amigos después de comer”
2) Ten cuidado: MAY NOT y MIGHT NOT no son lo mismo:

▪ I may not go out tonight
Da la idea de que no tienes permiso para salir, mientras que
▪ I might not go out

Da la idea de que hay muchas probabilidades de que no salgas esta noche.
81
3) En la forma del pasado siempre se usa might, no may.

▪ He might have gone out last night– Puede que anoche saliera
▪ He might have tried to call while I was out–Puede que haya

intentado llamar mientras yo estaba fuera
Let's practice!
1. Complete with will or wont:
a. Don't get up, I answer the phone.
b. If you eat too much you put on weight.
c. Don't stay out too late, you get up on time.
d. I don't think she pass the exam, she isn't very good.
e. You may as well go home now, I be back for hours.
f. Go to bed and you feel better tomorrow.
h. It's Mary's birthday next month. She be 18.

i. They are on holiday for two weeks so they be here tomorrow.
j. they want dinner?
k. If the weather is ok, the plane leave on time. 82
2. Translate the ten previous sentences:
a.
b.
c.
d.
6. Will Steven buy a new house next year?
e. ________________________
No, he won't.
f. ________________________
No, he didn't.
g. ________________________
7. Are you going to play cards tonight?
Yes, we are.
h. ________________________
Yes, we did.
i. _________________________ _
8. Will you go the party?
j. Yes, we will.
________________________
Yes, she will.
Reading!
1. What will you do next year?

I finished school.
I will finish school.
2. Are you going to work tomorrow?

Yes, I am.
Yes, he will.
3. What are you going to do for Christmas?

I'm going to stay at home.
I stayed at home. 83
4. Where will you go on your holidays?
I will go to Berlin.
He will go to Berlin.
5. Are you going to call the police?
Yes, I was.
Yes, I am.
1. Search de next auxiliars: can – will – may – do- be- have –must –
might- could – shall –would – should.
First conditional
Se forma con if + simple present + simple future. Se emplea cuando una
situación es real o posible: If it rains today, I'll stay at home. Aquí
tienes algunos ejemplos traducidos.
84
If clause Main clause
If + Present tense will / can / may / must +
verb
If it rains today, I'll stay at home
We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely
to happen.
• If we take John, he'll be really pleased.

• If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
• If they tell us they want it, we'll have to give it to them.
• If Mary comes, she'll want to drive.
The 'if' clause can be used with different present forms.
• If I go to New York again, I'll buy you a souvenir from the Empire
State Building.
• If he's feeling better, he'll come.
• If she hasn't heard the bad news yet, I'll tell her.
The "future clause" can contain 'going to' or the future perfect as well
as 'will'.
• If I see him, I'm going to tell him exactly how angry I am.
• If we don't get the contract, we'll have wasted a lot of time and
money.
The "future clause" can also contain other modal verbs such as 'can'
and 'must'.
• If you go to New York, you must have the cheesecake in Lindy's.

• If he comes, you can get a lift home with him.
Let’s practice:
85
86
Must and have to, had to and should
"Must" y "Have to" expresan una obligación. A veces se pueden utilizar

indistintamente (especialmente con la primera persona donde
prácticamente tienen el mismo sentido), no obstante existen ciertas
diferencias.
"Must" se utiliza con el tiempo presente y futuro
"Have to" con pasado, presente y futuro
Autoridad externa Autoridad del emisor
Pasado Had to Had to
Presente Have to Must
Futuro Will have to Must

87
"Must": el emisor impone una obligación.
"Have to": el emisor no impone ninguna obligación, se limita a comunicar

una obligación que existe.
• (Teacher) You must do your homework (El profesor impone el deber

de hacer los deberes)
• (Student) I have to do my homework (El estudiante se limita a
comunicar una obligación que le ha sido impuesta)
• You must stop making noises (El profesor ordena a sus alumnos)
• You have to stop smoking (La mujer le recuerda a su marido una
obligación que le ha impuesto el medico)
• I cannot stay longer, I have to go home (mis obligaciones familiares
me obligan a volver a casa)
"Must" también se puede utilizar para expresar un consejo de
forma enfática.
Ver la diferencia entre:

• You should stop smoking
• You must stop smoking
En ambos casos no se trata de una obligación sino de un consejo.
Con "must"el consejo es más enfático.
Structure:
Must
Affirmative: Subject + must + main verb + complement

You must clean the house
Negative: Subject + must + not + main verb + complement 88

You must not go to that party
Interrogative: Must+ Subject + Verb + complement + ?

Must you talk with her?
Have to
Affirmative: Subject + Have to + main verb + complement

You have to do my homework
Negative: Subject + don’t/doesn’t + have to + main verb +

complement
I doesn’t have to present the final essay.
Interrogative: Do+ Subject + Have to + Verb + complement + ?

Do you have to leave now?
HAD TO
El pasado de "have to" (tener que) es "had to."
Afirmativo - I had to study.
Español:
Negativo - I didn't have to study.
Español:
Interrogativo - Did you have to study?

89
Español:
have (tener) vs. have (haber)
La palabra "have" en inglés puede significar "tener" o "haber" en

español, depende del contexto.
I have a car. - Yo tengo un carro.

I have finished. - Yo he terminado.
Cuando "have" tiene el significado de "tener," se conjuga como un verbo

regular en el inglés americano. Requiere un verbo auxiliar (do/does) en
el negativo e interrogativo.
Tiempo Presente (I/You/We/They)
You have a car.

You don't have a car.
Do you have a car?
Tiempo Presente (He/She/It)

He has a car.
He doesn't have a car.
Does he have a car?
Cuando "have" tiene el significado de "haber" (el presente perfecto), la

palabra "have" es el verbo auxiliar.
Presente Perfecto (I/You/We/They)

You have finished.
You haven't finished.
Have you finished?
Presente Perfecto (He/She/It)

He has finished.
90
He hasn't finished.
Has he finished?
Could
El verbo 'Could' Expresa poca probabilidad o condicionalidad. Significa:

podría, pude, podía, pudiera de acuerdo con el contexto: I could dance
if I could practice.
I could - podría / pude / podía / pudiera
Affirmative: Subject + Could + verb infinitive without to+

complement
You could be wrong
Negative: Subject + could not (couldn’t) + verb infinitive without

to + complement
I couldn't see very clearly.
Interrogative: could + Subject + Verb Inf. Without to+

complement + ?
Could you open the window?
Could + Have: Subject + Could + Have + verb past participle+

complement
You could have told me you weren't at home!
It could have been worse.
Another examples:
• They could manage without us.

Ellos pudieron/podrían arreglárselas sin nosotros
• I could help Ann if she only let me.
Yo podría ayudar a Ann si tan solo me dejara
• Mrs. Jones couldn't stand the smell 91
La señora Jones no pudo/podría soportar el olor.
• Could you open the window?
¿Pudiste/podrías abrir la ventana?
• You could have bought when was in offer
Pudiste haber comprado cuando estaba en oferta
Should
Usamos 'should' para expresar grado de posibilidad o probabilidad, así

como también para obligación débil. Significa: debería, tendría que. I
should study.
I should - debería / tendría que
Affirmative: Subject + should + verb infinitive without to+

complement
We should go to sleep.
Negative: Subject + should not (shouldn’t) + verb infinitive

without to + complement
Nick shouldn't be working.
Interrogative: should + Subject + Verb Inf. Without to+

complement + ?
Should I write Maggie a letter?
Another examples
• You should tell Miss Baker the truth.

Deberías decirle la verdad a la señorita Baker.
• They should leave as soon as possible.
Ellos deberían salir lo antes posible.
• Ben should exercise more. 92
Ben debería ejercitarse más.
• It shouldn't take long.
(Esto) No debería tardar mucho.
• Should we worry?
¿Deberíamos preocuparnos?
Summary
Let’s practice
1. Complete the gaps with a form of have to or must.
a) The teacher said: "You do all exercises on page 21 in Look

Ahead."
b) I help my little brother more. My father said so.
c) I take these medicines. The doctor said so.
d) I write lines as a punishment because I threw the shoe of my

neighbour through the window.
e) Sorry, I can't come. I clean my room. I can't live in such a
mess anymore.
f) He clean the classroom because he had been throwing papers
on the ground. 93
g) "You help me", said the mysterious woman to the detective.
h) "The rules be obeyed at all times!" shouted the headmaster.
i) "I go. Otherwise I'll miss my train."
j) I be home at one o' clock. Otherwise, my mother will kill me
2. Write should or shouldn't to complete the following sentences.
a) You smoke in bed.

b) You go to the opera in London. It’s great.
c) You tell her about it. It’s too depressing.
d) You cross the street at red traffic lights.
e) The doctor told him that he eat less. He’s too fat.
f) I think you spend less money on clothes. They’re
too expensive.
g) That’s a fantastic book. You read it.
h) He is often late to work. You get up earlier.
i) She tell lies.
j) He’s fifteen. He drive a car.
3. Write an example of each modal verb:
Must:
Have to:
Should:
4. Match the right answer
94
5. Make a rules chart explaining your obligations at school, house and

others
My obligations
Verb patterns:
Verb patterns
En inglés entran en juego muchas reglas cuando se usan dos verbos
juntos en una misma frase. El patrón verbal es la forma en la que usarás
el segundo verbo cuando éste es dependiente del primero. Por ejemplo:
95
I like drinking green tea after dinner or I like to drink green tea after
dinner
En este ejemplo puedes ver que en la primera oración el verbo está
en ing y en la segunda en infinitivo (to infinive). En este ejemplo ambas
formas son correctas y significan lo mismo.
Qué es tan difícil de eso?
Claro, hasta ahora parece bastante fácil, pero el verbo like es un
ejemplo de un verbo que puede ser usado de ambas formas sin que el
significado cambie. Otra cosa sería si usara como primer verbo stop en
lugar de like. Por ejemplo:
I stopped drinking water when exercising or I stopped to drink water
when exercising
En este ejemplo las dos frases son correctas pero tienen distintos
significados. En la primera oración, dejé de tomar agua (“drinking
water“) y en la segunda, dejé de hacer lo que estaba haciendo
(exercising) para tomar agua.
Así que ahora puedes ver que dependiendo del primer verbo que
usemos, sabremos qué forma emplearemos con el verbo que sigue.
Veamos todas las posibilidades.
Verbos que son seguidos por la forma ING (gerundio)
Ahora que sabemos de la existencia de estas reglas, las vamos a dividir
en categorías y exploraremos todas las opciones disponibles al usar los
patrones verbales.
En la primera categoría veremos todos los verbos que son seguidos por
la forma ing. Estos verbos pueden ser conjugados de la forma que
gustes, siempre y cuando el segundo verbo esté en ing.
Miss- I miss playing guitar on the weekend
Apprectiate- I appreciated playing the guitar on the weekend
Practice- I’m going to practice playing the guitar on the weekend
Consider- I have considered playing the guitar on the weekend 96
Admit- I admitted playing the guitar on the weekend
Cant’stand- I can’t stand playing the guitar on the weekend
Como puedes ver, todos estos verbos, independientemente de su
conjugación, siempre son seguidos por verbos en ing.
Verbos que son siempre seguidos por infinitivos (to infinitive).
Del mismo modo que hay verbos que siempre son seguidos por ing,
también hay verbos que siempre son acompañados por verbos en
infinitivo.
Como en la primera categoría, estos verbos pueden ser conjugados de
cualquier manera siempre y cuando el segundo verbo esté en infinitivo.
Echemos un vistaso a algunos de los más comunes.
Demand- I demanded to pay the bill
Offer- I’m going to offered to pay the bill
Wait- I was waiting to pay the bill
Decide- I have decided to pay the bill
Hope- I hope to pay the bill (nunca dije esto)
Plan- I didn’t plan to pay the bill
Como puedes ver, estos verbos siempre son seguidos por verbos en
infinitivo. Del mismo modo que los verbos seguidos de ing, no importa la
conjugación del primer verbo siempre y cuando respetes el patrón que
éste impone sobre el segundo verbo: la forma ing o el infinitivo.
Future intentions
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Going to
Usamos going to para:
1) Hablar de planes o intenciones para el futuro.

La diferencia con el presente continuo para futuro es que usamos el
presente continuo cuando el plan ya es fijo; ‘going to’ se usa cuando el
plan aún no está organizado ni hay ningún vínculoque nos fuerce a llevar
a cabo esa acción:
▪ I’m going to see him soon – Voy a verlo pronto

▪ I’m seeing him tomorrow at four – Lo veo mañana a las cuatro
▪
2) También utilizamos esta forma verbal para predecir que algo va a

suceder porque estamos presenciando una situación que nos asegura que
esto pueda pasar en breves instantes.
▪ Look at that cat! It’s going to fall off the tree — ¡Mira ese gato!
Se va a caer del árbol
▪ If he continues doing that he’s going to break something —Si
sigue haciendo eso va a romper algo.
¿Cómo se forma?
Como ya hemos comentado antes, esta forma verbal se crea de manera
muy parecida al presente continuo . Este tiempo verbal es muy fácil para
nosotros, porque utilizamos una expresión muy parecida en
español: ‘going to…’ = ‘voy/vas/va/vamos/vais/van a…’.
98
Structure
Affirmative: Sujeto + Presente del verbo ‘to be’+ going to +

Infinitivo + (Complemento)
I am going to travel to New Orleans tomorrow
Negative: Sujeto + Presente del verbo ‘to be’ + not + going to +

Infinitivo + (Complemento)
You aren’t going to finish that meal
Interrogative: (Wh-word) + Presente del verbo ‘to be’ + Sujeto +

going to + Infinitivo + (Complemento)
Where is he going to live when he moves?
Another examples
Angela isn’t going to visit her aunt – Angela no va a visitar a su tía

We aren’t going to have a starter – No vamos a tomar entrada
Are you going to order some wine? – ¿Vas a pedir vino?
Are they going to try that new restaurant? – ¿Van a probar ese
restaurante nuevo?
Would like to
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El verbo modal ‘would’ va seguido del infinitivo ‘like’ para formar esta
expresión tan común en inglés. Vamos a profundizar en los usos al tiempo
que vemos cómo se construye esta forma verbal. podemos utilizar
la combinación ‘would like’ en diferentes situaciones.
1) Expresar deseos
Una de ellas es para expresar deseos, cosas que nos gustaría que
ocurrieran. Para ello, pondremos un infinitivo precedido de ‘to’ justo
detrás de ‘would like’.
Sujeto + would/wouldn’t + like + infinitivo con ‘to’ + (Complemento)

▪ He wouldn’t like to be a doctor – No le gustaría ser médico
▪ I’d like to have a bigger flat– Me gustaría tener un apartamento más

grande
Supongo que has notado que en su forma afirmativa, el verbo modal

‘would’ puede contraerse, añadiendo solo ’d’ al sujeto.
▪ He’d like to know more people– Le gustaría conocer a más gente
2) Ofrecimientos
También utilizamos esta forma verbal para ofrecer algo. En este caso el
verbo va en su forma interrogativa.
(Wh-word) + would + Sujeto + like + (Complemento)

▪ Would you like a sandwich? – ¿Quieres/Quiere un sandwich? 100
▪ Would you like to come to my party? – ¿Te gustaría venir a mi fiesta?
2.1- Algo tangible

Cuando lo que ofrecemos es algo tangible (en este caso sobre todo se
utiliza con comida y bebida), tras ‘would like’ tendremos
inmediatamente aquello que se ofrece en forma de nombre u otra forma
nominal.
▪ Would you like a beer? – ¿Quieres una cerveza?

▪ Would you like some chocolate cake? – ¿Quieres un poco de torta de
chocolate?
2.2- Ideas abstractas

Si en lugar de ofrecer algo tangible invitamos a alguien a
alguna actividad, el complemento del verbo ‘would like’ será una forma
verbal, donde el verbo será un infinitivo con ‘to’
▪ Would you like to go for a walk? – ¿Quieres dar un paseo?

▪ Would you like to drive my new car? – ¿Te gustaría conducir (manejar)
mi coche (auto) nuevo?
Let’s Practice
1. Make your own summary of the structure:
Affirmative:
Example: 101
Negative:
Example:
Used to
Interrogative:
Example:
2. Put the verbs into the correct form. Use going to and translate.
a) It (rain) is going to rain

Spanish:
b) They (eat) stew.
Spanish:
c) I (wear) blue shoes tonight.
Spanish:
d) We (not / help) you.
Spanish:
e) Jack (not / walk) home.
Spanish:
f) (cook / you) dinner?
Spanish:
g) Sue (share / not) her biscuits.

Spanish:
h) (leave / they) house?
Spanish:
i) (take part / she) in the contest?
Spanish:
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3. Write sentences in going to future.
a) he / get up / early
▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
b) they / do / their best

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
c) you / learn / Irish

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
d) she / buy / a computer

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
e) we / take / the bus

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
f) she / watch / the match

103
▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
g) they / wait / in the park

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
h) He / buy / bread / this afternoon

▪ Positive:
▪ Negative:
▪ Question:
4. Write a shot story using going to
5. Complete the sentences using would like to and choosing a verb of

the chart. Later translate it
Do / eat / get / go / play / visit / wait
you grandpa?
104
they to the cinema today?
you the homework now?
you tennis?
Tom some sandwiches?
they here?
Ann a ticket for a concert?
6. Make a cartoon about some situation using would like to.
In your notebook
Write 15 sentences using would like to and 15 using going to
Used to
El verbo “use” significa “usar” o

“utilizar”. Sin embargo, cuando
utilizamos este verbo en el
pasado simple, más la
preposición “to”, como verbo
105
modal, el significado cambia.
Además, se puede utilizar “used
to” como adjetivo. A
continuación encontrarás los
diferentes usos.
El verbo modal “used to” se emplea para indicar algo que ocurría o
sucedería en el pasado de manera habitual. También, se utiliza para algo
que antes era verdad pero ya no lo es. Como con los otros verbos
modales, “used to” está seguido por la forma base del verbo (el
infinitivo sin “to”).
Structure
Affirmative: Subject + used to + verb + Complement

I used to go to the museum when I was young
Negative: Sujeto + didn’t + use to + verb + complement

I didn’t use to like vegetables but now I do
Interrogative: Did + Sujeto + used to + verb + Complement

Did you use to live here?
Another examples:
• Didn’t he use to smoke a lot? (Él solía fumar mucho, ¿no?)

• I didn’t use to like mushrooms, but now I do. (No me solían gustar
las setas, pero ahora si.)
• Food didn’t use to be so expensive. (La comida no solía ser tan 106
cara.)
• We didn’t use to go away on holiday very often when I was

young. (No solíamos ir de vacaciones a menudo cuando era
joven.)
• Did you use to live here? (¿Vivías aquí antes?)
• Did they use to go to the beach in the summers? (¿Solían ir a la

playa durante los veranos?)
• He used to smoke a pack of cigarettes a day, but he quit last
year. (Solía fumar un paquete de cigarrillos al día, pero lo dejó
el año pasado.)
• I used to like mushrooms, but not anymore. (Me solían gustar las
setas, pero ya no.)
• There used to be a great restaurant here, but it closed a few

years ago. (Había un gran restaurante aquí, pero cerró hace unos
años.)
Let’s practice
1. Make an affirmative sentence, negative sentence or question using

‘used to + infinitive':
a) I / live in a flat when I was a child.
b) We / go to the beach every summer?
c) She / love eating chocolate, but now she hates it
d) He / not / smoke
107
e) I / play tennis when I was at school
f) She / be able to speak French, but she has forgotten it all
g) He / play golf every weekend?
h) They both / have short hair
i) Julie / study Portuguese
j) I / not / hate school
2. Complete the explanation with a word from the box.
Simple / not / past / didn’t / infinitive
a. We use “used to” to talk about things that happened or were true in
the , but not now.
b. You can always use the past instead of used to.
c. We use “used to” to emphasize that the action or state is
what happens now.
d. “Used to” is followed by the verb.
e. To make questions and negatives with used to, we use did and
.
3. Mix and match
108
In your notebook
Write a list about the things that you used to do when you were
younger and illustrate it.
History is often the story of the never-ending struggle for control

over land. People have traveled great distances for land. They have
endured pain and suffering for the chance to get land. They have
fought in bloody battles and wars to claim their own little corner of
Earth.
Stories of explorers claiming new lands for their countries

have one stunning thing in common. In culture after culture,
native peoples have been overlooked and abused. Indigenous
109
people have often lived in a country for thousands of years
before it was “discovered.” In Africa, it was the native African
tribes who were abused. In Australia it was the Aborigines and
Torres Strait Islanders. In the Americas, it was the Native
Americans, who were called “Indians” by mistake.
The U.S. government signed many peace treaties with Native

Americans when the nation was young. A peace treaty is a
document in which both sides agree on the terms for peace.
Unfortunately, these treaties were often unfair to Native
Americans. Many natives did not understand English well. They
did not understand the treaty. Some native leaders signed
away their rights to land in order to get personal wealth. They
neglected the needs of their people. The ultimate purpose of
the treaties was to push Native Americans off their lands.
These were the lands where their people had lived long before
the arrival of European explorers.
During the l830s, the U.S. government forced the Choctaw,

Cherokee, Creek, Seminole and other tribes off their land on
the east side of the Mississippi River. They were marched
around 1,200 miles to eastern Oklahoma, then known as Indian
Territory. Thousands died from disease and exposure on the
way. This was such a devastating event to the Native
Americans that it became known as the Trail of Tears.
Once that had been accomplished, settlers decided they should be

able to have any land on the west side of the Mississippi River, too.
Several hundred Cheyenne were killed in the Sand Creek Massacre
of 1864. In 1890, Lakota people were killed by soldiers at 110
Wounded Knee, South Dakota. Sadly, they were killed even though
they had already surrendered. Many Americans are shocked and
ashamed of the way native peoples were treated. We cannot
change what has been. However, we can learn from our past and
never treat people this way again.
After reading answer:
1. What was the Trail of Tears?
2. Name one reason that the Native Americans agreed to treaties that
were unfair to them.
3. Members of which tribe were killed bysoldiers at Wounded Knee?
4. What is a peace treaty?
5. What is the main purpose of this readingpassage?
111
5. How the reading invites to change our social imaginary toward
Colombian indigenous?
6. Design a painting inviting to the others to respect the social races

and present it in the next class.
EVALUATION PROCESS:
My teacher says
PARENT´S FIRM
Unit 5: Passive voice and phrasal verbs

(Unidad 5: Voz pasiva y frases verbales)

Have been your life as you want?
112
La voz pasiva se utiliza para mostrar interés por la persona o cosa que
es objeto de una acción, en lugar de la persona o cosa que realiza dicha
acción. Dicho de otro modo, la persona o cosa más importante pasa a ser
el sujeto de la oración.
Examples:
• The passive voice is used frequently. (= nos interesa la voz pasiva,

no quién la usa.)
• The house was built in 1654. (= nos interesa la casa, no quién la

construyó.)
• The road is being repaired. (= nos interesa la carretera, no quién

la está arreglando.)
En ocasiones empleamos la voz pasiva porque desconocemos o no

queremos mencionar quién realizó la acción.
Examples:
• I noticed that a window had been left open.

• Every year thousands of people are killed on our roads.
• All the cookies have been eaten.
• My car has been stolen!
La voz pasiva suele utilizarse en textos formales. Cambiar a la voz activa

hará que lo que escribes resulte más claro y fácil de leer.
Pasiva Activa
A great deal of meaning is A few well-chosen 113

conveyed by a few well- words convey a great deal of
chosen words. meaning.
Our planet is wrapped in a A mass of gases wrap around

mass of gases. our planet.
Waste materials are The city disposes of waste

disposed of in a variety of materials in a variety of ways.
ways.
Si queremos decir quién o qué realiza la acción en una construcción en

pasiva, empleamos la preposición "by". Cuando sabemos quién realizó la
acción y el sujeto nos interesa, siempre es mejor optar por la voz activa.
Structure
En inglés, la voz pasiva está compuesta por dos elementos:

la forma apropiada del verbo "to be" + "past participle" Es decir,
dependiendo de la intención se puede usar la voz pasiva en forma
presente o en forma pasada.
In Pasiva Activa
"A Hard Day's Night" was The Beatles wrote "A Hard
written by the Beatles. Day's Night".
The movie ET was Spielberg directed the movie

directed by Spielberg. ET.
114
This house was built My father built this house.
by my father.
present:
In the present, the passive voice uses the verbs is and are + past
participle of the main verb. The passive voice present is often used to
describe:
Processes
First the apples are picked, then they are cleaned, and finally they’re
packed and shipped to the market.
General thoughts, opinions, and beliefs

1. New York is considered the most diverse city in the U.S.
2. It is believed that Amelia Earhart’s plane crashed in Pacific Ocean.
3. Hungarian is seen as one of the world’s most difficult languages to
learn.
4. Skin cancers are thought to be caused by excessive exposure to the
sun.
In past:
In the past, the passive voice uses the verbs was and were + past
participle of the main verb.The passive voice past is often used to
describe:
Events in history 115

George Washington was elected president in 1788.
Crimes / Accidents
Two people were killed in a drive-by shooting on Friday night.
Ten children were injured when part of the school roof collapsed.
Examples in the structure
Afirmativa Negativa Interrogativa Interrogativa

negativa
The house The house Was the house Wasn't the

was built in wasn't built built in 1899? house built in
1899. in 1899. 1899?
These houses These Were these Weren't these

were built in houses houses built in houses built in
1899. weren't built 1899? 1899?
in 1899.
Affirmative:
Object + to be (present or past) + main verb past participle +
complement
Negative:
Object + to be (present or past) +not + main verb past participle
+ complement 116
Interrogative:
To be (present or past) + object + main verb past participle +
complement
LA VOZ PASIVA CON INFINITIVOS

El infinitivo en la voz pasiva se emplea detrás de los verbos modales y
de la mayoría de los verbos que normalmente van seguidos de infinitivo.
Examples:
▪ You have to be tested on your English grammar.

▪ John might be promoted next year.
▪ She wants to be invited to the party.
▪ I expect to be surprised on my birthday.
▪ You may be disappointed
LA VOZ PASIVA CON EL "GERUND"

El "gerund" en la voz pasiva se utiliza después de las preposiciones y
verbos que normalmente van seguidos de "gerund".
Examples
▪ I remember being taught to drive.
▪ The children are excited about being taken to the zoo.

▪ The children are excited to be taken to the zoo.
▪ Most film stars hate being interviewed.
▪ Most film stars hate to be interviewed.
▪ Poodles like to be pampered.
▪ Poodles like being pampered
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USO DE "TO BE BORN"
"To be born" es una formación pasiva y suele emplearse en pasado. Sin
embargo, en algunos casos, el presente o el futuro resultan apropiados.
Examples:
▪ I was born in 1976.

▪ Where were you born?
▪ Around 100 babies are born in this hospital every week.
▪ We don't know on exactly which day the baby will be born.
In your notebook:
Realiza un mapa conceptual con la información leída anteriormente.
Let’s practice
1. Write the passive voice to each sentence, keep in mind the

concordance with the grammar time.
a) People speak Portuguese in Brazil.
b) The staff cleans all the hotel rooms daily.
c) We update the company website frequently.
d) People see this beach as the most beautiful in the country.
118
e) Somebody ships the products via express mail.
f) A friend gave me this sweater.
g) A famous author wrote these letters.
h) The teachers chose her to receive the award.
i) A knock at the door woke us all up.
j) Over 300,000 students took the college entrance exam.
2. Rewrite the sentences in present passive voice.
a) He opens the door
b) We set the table.
c) She pays a lot of money.
d) I draw a picture
e) They wear blue shoes.
119
f) They don't help you.
g) He doesn't open the book
h) You do not write the letter
i) Does your mum pick you up?
j) Does the police officer catch the thief?
3. Rewrite the sentences in past passive voice.
a) She sang a song.
b) Somebody hit me.
c) We stopped the bus.
d) A thief stole my car.
120
e) They didn't let him go.
f) She didn't win the prize.
g) They didn't make their beds.
h) I did not tell them.
i) Did you tell them?
j) Did he send the letter?
4. Rewrite the sentences in active voice
a) This book was written by an Irishman.
b) The bag was packed by his mother.
c) The club was founded by Ron and Peggy.
d) Coffee is sold by Marie. 121
e) Football is played by the children.
5. Are the sentences written in active or passive voice?
a) They are listening to their music.

Active voice
Passive voice
b) Steven likes to play baseball.
Active voice
Passive voice
c) The bus driver was hurt.
Active voice
Passive voice
d) These cars are produced in Italy.
Active voice
Passive voice
e) He lost his keys yesterday.
Active voice
Passive voice
6. Put the words in order to form questions in passive voice.
122
In your notebook
Write 20 examples of passive voice passive and active
Create a short tale using this topic
Present Continuous
123
El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que está pasando
en el momento en el que hablamos.
✓ I’m studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.)

✓ He’s eating at the moment. (Está comiendo en este momento.)
✓ Is it raining? (¿Está lloviendo?)
También lo usamos para hablar de algo que está sucediendo en la

actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se
utilizan expresiones de tiempo como “currently”, “lately” o “these days”.
✓ They’re learning English. (Están aprendiendo inglés.)

✓ She’s currently looking for a job. (Actualmente está buscando un
trabajo.)
✓ Are you working much lately? (¿Estás trabajando mucho
últimamente?)
Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que está ya decidido

que se hará en el futuro próximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro
que lo planificado sucederá.
✓ I’m going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.)
✓ He’s not [He isn’t] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase
manaña.)
✓ Are you working next week? (¿Trabajas la semana que viene?)
Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar “to be” y el

gerundio (infinitivo + “-ing”) del verbo.
124
SUBJECT AUX “TO BE” GERUND
I am Talking,
He/She /It is eating, learning,
You/We/They are doing…
Structure
Affirmative Sentences
Suject + verb to be + gerund
I’m talking. (Estoy hablando.)
Negative Sentences
Subject + verb (to be) + negative auxiliar (not) + gerund
I’m not talking. (No estoy hablando.)
Interrogative Sentences
Auxilar verb to be + subject + gerund + ?
Are you talking? (¿Estás hablando?)
Let’s practice
1. Complete the sentences putting the verb to be and the main verb to
make sentences in present continuous
a) Sam (play) in the championship

b) Paul (negative) (betray) his partners
c) Andrew and John (sell) a collection
d) Ruth (cook) cupcakes?
e) She (drink) a lemonade
f) I (hope) that you improve in your compromises
125
g) You (not) (waste) your holliday sleeping
h) they (build) a new flat?
2. Look at the picture below and write and answer, what are they doing?
You have to write a sentence for each one
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
126
h)
i)
3. Make sentences in present continuous using the next aspects form a
daily routine
Eg: Wake up -> He is waking up early
a) Take a shower
b) Go for a walk
c) Have a breakfast
d) Play videogames
e) Watch T.V
f) Go to sleep
4. Read the next text, underline the sentences in present continuous,

then translate it and make a draw considering the information of the
text
Right now, it is Monday morning. Mike and Tina are at home. They
are sitting at a table. They are eating breakfast.
At this moment, Tina is drinking coffee. She is eating a pastry. She
is sitting across the table from Mike. She is talking to Mike.
Mike is Tina's husband. He is sitting at the table with Tina. He is
also drinking coffee. Mike is listening to Tina.
127
After breakfast, Mike and Tina are leaving for work. They work in
the city. They are riding the bus to work.
Translate it:
5. Look at the next picture, what are doing each one?
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__
__ 128
__
__
__
__
__
In your notebook
Search pictures in diaries and magazines and make description about
what is happening.
Present perfect continuous
El presente perfecto continuo, muchas

veces tiene la equivalencia de la
traducción “llevar + gerundio” en
español, pero el uso de esta forma es
más frecuente en inglés. Se utiliza para
acciones que han empezado en el
pasado pero continúan en el presente.
Grammar and form:
Como en el presente perfecto, usamos el verbo auxiliar “to have”

además de “been” (el participio pasado del verbo “to be”) más el
gerundio del verbo.
Subject Auxiliary Gerund
I, you, we, they have been talking, studying, waiting…

129
he, she, it has been talking, studying, waiting…
Structure:
Affirmative: noun + auxiliar (to have) + “been” + gerund.

They have [They’ve] been talking for three hours
Negative: Noun + auxiliar (to have) + “not” + “been” + gerund

They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes.
✓ Present perfect con nuous

Interrogative: auxiliar (to have) + noun + “been” + gerund + ?
H✓avP
ehtrhaesyalbveeernbstalking for a long time?
✓ Second conditional: too and enough
Another examples:
She has [She’s] been studying English since she was 16. (Ha estado
estudiando inglés desde que tenía 16 años.)
I have [I’ve] been waiting for you for over an hour! (¡Te llevo
esperando durante más de una hora!)
She hasn’t been studying English for very long. (No ha estado
estudiando inglés durante mucho tiempo.)
Don’t worry, I haven’t been waiting long. (No te preocupes, no llevo

esperando mucho tiempo.)
Have you been waiting long? (¿Llevas esperando mucho tiempo?)

130
Let’s practice
131
Ahora traduce al español las anteriores oraciones:
a.
b.
c.
d.
2. Put the verbs into the correct form (present perfect continuous).
a) He (work) has been working in this company since 1985.

b) I (wait) for you since two o'clock.
c) Mary (live) in Germany since 1992.
d) Why is he so tired? He (play) tennis for five hours.
e) How long (learn / you) English?
f) We (look for) the motorway for more than an hour.
g) I (live) without electricity for two weeks.

h) The film (run / not) for ten minutes yet, but
there's a commercial break already.
i) How long (work / she) in the garden?
j) She (not / be) in the garden for more than an hour.
132
Phrasal verbs
Phrasal and prepositional verbs
In English, there are many verbs that consist of two parts: the verb
plus either a preposition or an adverb.
The difference between prepositions and adverbs is that prepositions

are linked with nouns or pronouns, while adverbs are part of and
dependent on the verb. Below we can see the difference between these
two types with the example, “live down” which can act as a
prepositional verb or an adverbial verb.
Prepositional
He lives down the street.
Adverbial
I couldn’t live down that incident.
Compound verbs can be transitive or intransitive depending on whether

or not they have an object. This will depend on the order of the
sentence.
We are not going to concentrate on the different types of compound

verbs. For now, it’s most important to keep in mind that phrasal verbs
and prepositional verbs are verbs and generally have a different
meaning than the principal verb that forms them.
For example, the verb “give” means “to put in the possession of
another”, but when we add the preposition “up”, the meaning changes.
“Give up” means “*to abandon” or “to surrender*”. Therefore the verbs
“give” and “give up” are two distinct verbs.
Después de comprender lo anterior, podemos pasar a comprender
directamente algunas los phrasal verbs. Inicialmente observemos sus
133
clases:
intransitive: estos verbos no tienen un objeto (p.ej. The car broke down
yesterday.)
inseparable: el objeto debe ir después del "phrasal verb" (p.ej. I’m too
busy to deal with the client right now.)
separable: el objeto puede interponerse entre el verbo y una

preposición o adverbio (p.ej. The waiter added the bill up. o The waiter
added up the bill.)
A continuación observarás algunos phrasal verbs, sin embargo, la lista

es bastante extensa. Para conocerlos más te recomiendo el diccionario
de phrasal verbs de la universidad de Oxford.
Remember: Phrasal verb: Verb + preposition = one meaning

Verb + adverb = one meaning
Phrasal verbs examples
134
Get: (write your example)
Look:_ (write your example)
135
Take: (write your example)
Come: (write your example)
136
Put: (write your example)
Bring: (write your example)
137
Keep: (write your example)
Break: (write your example)
Let’s practice
1. Fill in the blanks using the words in the box below, then click the
"Check" button to check your answers.
about after away back by for in into off
on over together up 138
a. We had some problems when we checked the hotel. They

had reserved the room under the wrong name.
b. My book club meets regularly to discuss selected novels. In fact, we

are getting next week to talk about a really unique mystery
novel called Illusion.
c. Mrs. Jones's husband passed last Friday. We are going

to attend his funeral next week.
d. In the dream, my wallet turned a butterfly and flew

away. Isn't that symbolic. I think I'd better stop spending so much
money.
e. Before the plane took , the flight attendant told

everyone to fasten their seat belts and put their chairs in an upright
position.
f. Don't forget to put your gloves . It is cold outside!
g. The police chased the robber down the street and through the park
but they couldn't catch him. He got by jumping on the
back of a passing truck.
h. Fred told us to keep . He said the dog was very

aggressive and that it might even be rabid.
139
i. I am looking an apartment near the beach. I would like a

studio or a one bedroom with a view of the ocean.
j. I can't believe how much John takes his father. They

look and act exactly the same.
k. I can mail the letter for you. I go the post office on my

way to work.
l. If you watch your money, stay in hostels, make your own food, and
plan carefully, you can get there on less than $30.00 a day.
m. If you don't understand the word "superstitious," look

it in the dictionary.
n. For legal reasons, our lawyer wants to go the papers

thoroughly before we sign them.
o. Popular protest and extensive media coverage finally helped

bring change in the country's environmental policies.
p. Mr. Octavio checked our names the list one by one as we

entered the room.
q. I can't hear what they are saying on TV. Can you please turn
it ?
r. This radio station is based in Chicago, which is 60 miles from here.

That is why the broadcast doesn't come clearly.
140
s. This is the most intensive language course I have ever taken. I have
to study four hours per night just to keep with the pace of
the class.
t. I think the experiment supports my theory, but I need to

go the results a couple of times to make sure that no
mistakes were made while collecting the data.
2. Search the meaning of the phrasal verbs below and complete the
sentences
passed away, do without, look forward to, called off, made up, carried
away, break out, run out, put up with, keep up.
a) Don't smoke in the forest. Fires easily at this

time of the year.
b) I seeing my friends again.
c) I'm afraid; we have of apple juice. Will an orange
juice do?
d) Your website has helped me a lot to the good
work.
e) A friend of mine has her wedding.
f) His mother can't his terrible behavior anymore.
g) As an excuse for being late, she a whole story.

h) I got by his enthusiasm.
i) I just cannot my mobile. I always keep it with
me.
j) she was very sad because her father last week.
141
Second conditional: Too and enough
Too equivale al español "demasiado".
Se utiliza siempre antes de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.
This exercise is too easy. Este ejercicio es demasiado fácil.

I arrived too late. Llegué demasiado tarde.
Luego del adjetivo, puede agregarse "to" más un verbo.
He's too young to drive. Es demasiado joven para conducir.

He's too weak to lift it. Es demasiado débil para levantarlo.
Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "demasiado/a/os/as" y va siempre

seguido de many o much, dependiendo del tipo de sustantivo contable o
incontable.
There are too many people. Hay demasiada gente.

There is too much shadow. Hay demasiada sombra.
Enough equivale al español "lo suficientemente".
Se utiliza siempre después de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.
I arrived early enough. Llegué lo

suficientemente temprano.
También puede ser seguido de "to" más un verbo.
He isn't old enough to drive. No es lo suficientemente viejo

como para manejar.
He isn't strong enough to lift it. No es lo suficientemente fuerte 142
como para levantarlo.
Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "suficiente/s" y va siempre

antes.
There aren't enough chairs. No hay suficientes sillas.

There isn't enough light. No hay suficiente luz.
Too and enough
Form
too + adjective or adverb
too much/many + noun
too much/many + of + pronoun/determiner
adjective or adverb + enough

enough + noun
enough + of + pronoun/determine
Let's practice!
1. Translate to Spanish the next sentences:
1. This computer is too slow to do this calculation.
2. Elaine is too old to enter here.
3. This suitcase is too heavy to carry.
4. It isn't sunny enough to sunbathe. 143
5. Are you tall enough to reach that shelf?
6. You're too young to drive.
7. You aren't old enough to drive.
8. That sweater is big, it's too big for you.
9. The garden isn't big enough to play football.
10. This coffee is too strong for me.
Is the water warm enough?
We don’t have enough plates. 144
There is too much milk in this coffee.
There were too many people.
There was too much pepper on the steak
Paul is not old enough to drive
They haven’t got enough players in their team.
I can’t go sailing because there isn’t enough wind
I ate too much lunch.
There is too much noise here. 145
Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was born into slavery in Maryland. As an

adult, he escaped into freedom. He became a writer, orator and advocate
for the abolition of slavery. In 1845, 16 years before the start of the
Civil War, Douglass published his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of 146
Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. In this passage from Chapter
VIII, Douglass is a 10 year old slave.
In a very short time after I went to live at Baltimore, my old master’s

youngest son Richard died; and in about three years and six months after
his death, my old master, Captain Anthony, died, leaving only his son,
Andrew, and daughter, Lucretia, to share his estate. He died while on a
visit to see his daughter at Hillsborough. Cut off thus unexpectedly, he
left no will as to the disposal of his property. It was therefore necessary
to have a valuation of the property, that it might be equally divided
between Mrs. Lucretia and Master Andrew. I was immediately sent for,
to be valued with the other property. Here again my feelings rose up in
detestation of slavery. I had now a new conception of my degraded
condition. Prior to this, I had become, if not insensible to my lot, at least
partly so. I left Baltimore with a young heart overborne with sadness,
and a soul full of apprehension..
I took passage with Captain Rowe, in the schooner Wild Cat, and, after a sail
of about twenty-four hours, I found myself near the place of my birth. I
had now been absent from it almost, if not quite, fi ve years. I, however,
remembered the place very well. I was only about fi ve years old when I left
it, to go and live with my old master on Colonel Lloyd’s plantation; so that I 147
was now between ten and eleven years old.
We were all ranked together at the valuation. Men and women, old and
young, married and single, were ranked with horses, sheep, and swine. There
were horses and men, cattle and women, pigs and children, all holding the
same rank in the scale of being, and were all subjected to the same narrow
examination. Silvery-headed age and sprightly youth, maids and matrons,
had to undergo the same indelicate inspection. At this moment, I saw more
clearly than ever the brutalizing effects of slavery upon both slave and
slaveholder.
In your notebook
1. Make a summary talking the most important things of the text.
2. In the passage, Douglass explains that slavery was humiliating. Cite

an example from the text that most clearly supports this idea.
3. Find one additional text example that also supports the idea that
slavery was humiliating.
4. Make a painting about slavery creating a message for your partners.
Irregular Verbs
Infinitivo Pasado Participio Traducción

arise arose arisen surgir
awake awoke awoken despertar(se)
bear bore borne soportar
148
1
beat beat beaten golpear
become became become convertirse en
begin began begun Empezar
bend bent bent doblar(se)
bet bet bet Apostar
bid bid bid Pujar
bind bound bound Encuadernar
bite bit bitten Morder
bleed bled bled Sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
breed bred bred criar
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir
burn burnt burnt quemar(se)
burst burst burst estallar
buy bought bought comprar
cast cast cast tirar
catch caught caught coger
choose chose chosen elegir
cling clung clung aferrarse
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept arrastrar
cut cut cut cortar
deal dealt dealt tratar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn dibujar

dream dreamt dreamt soñar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer(se)
feed fed fed alimentar
149
feel felt felt sentirse
fight fought fought pelearse
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled huir
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar(se)
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
freeze froze frozen helar(se)
get got got conseguir
give gave given dar
go went gone irse
grind ground ground moler
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had haber, tener
hear heard heard escuchar
hide hid hidden esconder(se)
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held agarrar(se)
hurt hurt hurt hacer daño
keep kept kept guardar
kneel knelt knelt arrodillarse
know knew known saber, conocer
lay laid laid poner
lead led led llevar
lean leant leant apoyarse
leap leapt leapt brincar
learn learnt learnt aprender

leave left left dejar
lend lent lent prestar
let let let permitir
lie lay lain echarse
light lit lit encender(se)
lose lost lost perder
150
make made made 15
hacer
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrar(se)
overcome overcame overcome vencer
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
ride rode ridden montar
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse
run ran run correr
saw sawed sawn serrar
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender(se)
send sent sent enviar
set set set poner
sew sewed sewn coser
shake shook shaken agitar
shear sheared shorn esquilar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shrink shrank shrunk encoger(se)
shut shut shut cerrar(se)
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir(se)
sit sat sat sentar(se)

sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid resbalar
smell smelt smelt oler
sow sowed sown sembrar
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped sped acelerar
15
151
spell spelt spelt deletrear
spend spent spent pasar, gastar
spill spilt spilt derramar
spit spat spat escupir
split split split hender
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear(se)
spread spread spread extender(se)
stand stood stood estar de pie
steal stole stolen robar
stick stuck stuck pegar(se)
sting stung stung picar
stink stank stunk apestar
strike struck struck golpear
strive strove striven esforzarse
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swim swam swum nadar
swing swung swung balancear(se)
take took taken tomar(se)
teach taught taught enseñar
tear tore torn romper(se)
tell told told contar, decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown lanzar
tread trod trodden pisar
undergo underwent undergone sufrir
understand understood understood entender
upset upset upset afligir
wake woke woken despertar(se)

wear wore worn llevar (puesto)
weave wove woven tejer
weep wept wept llorar
win won won ganar
wind wound wound enrollar
withdraw withdrew withdrawn retirar(se)
152
wring wrung wrung 15
torcer
write wrote written escribir
BIBLIOGRAPHY
✓ ARIEL DAVID SCHOOL, Institutional Educational Project.

✓ ESL Language
✓ http://www.curso-ingles.com/
✓ http://www.aprenderinglesfacil.es/
✓ http://www.really-learn-english.com/
✓ K12reader: Reading instruction resourses
✓ Language Leader coursebook
EVALUATION PROCESS:
My teacher says
PARENT´S FIRM

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Building knowledge, developing skills and forming creatures of excellence

ENGLISH MODULE – B1 Level

ARIEL DAVID SCHOOL

Programming your apprenticeships

Listening, writing, reading and speaking

UNIT 1: Talking in present ¿What’s happening?

UNIT 2: Past and Time

UNIT 3: Perfect Times

UNIT 4: Talking about the future

UNIT 5: Passive voice and phrasal verbs

ACHIEVEMENT AND PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

Al finalizar sabrás que lo has logrado si al terminar el módulo puedes

✓ Demuestro interés por el manejo de palabras y los tiempos 4

verbales, de tal manera que los aplico en la conversación y

✓ Hago presentaciones breves para describir, narrar y justificar.

✓ Comprendo ideas generales de eventos, hechos y personajes.

✓ Respondo y aplico la gramática del Inglés para la creación de textos

✓ Empleo expresiones de tiempo en la construcción de textos básicos.

✓ Identifico conectores y adverbios, dentro de oraciones y textos.

✓ Narro en forma oral y escrita características de personas, animales

✓ Manejo coherentemente los superlativos y comparativos en las

lecturas y construcción de textos.

✓ Comprendo la información implícita en textos relacionados con

✓ Valoro la lengua extranjera que estoy aprendiendo como medio de

comunicación y entendimiento con personas de otras culturas.

Unit 1: Talking in present. What’s happening?

In which cases we to use the present simple and continuous?

Present simple and present continuous: state and action verbs

We have a skiing holiday every winter.

Affirmative Negative Sentences Interrogative

I am Canadian. I’m not Canadian. Are you Canadian?

Present Continuous Tense

Use the present continuous tense to describe an action happening now

Affirmative Negative Interrogative Interrogative

Suject + verb Subject + verb Aux to be + Aux to be +

o Verbos que expresan sensaciones o sentidos:

o Verbos que expresan emociones o preferencias:

o Verbos que expresan percepción u opinión:

o Other verbs: be (ser), have/possess (tener/poseer), own (poseer),

BIZZARD DROUGHT HURRICANE STORM

Do you have any of this weather in your country?

2. Read these internet news reports.

Online News: WEATHER

The green and pleasant land of England is turning brown. After

Following yesterday’s blizzards and heavy fall of snow /

Which situation is the most serious? Why?

3. Which of these sentences are in the present simple? Which are in

1. At the moment, I’m covering the windows with wood.

4. Complete these sentences. Use the present simple or present

1. ”Be quiet! I to the news on the radio” (listen)

2. In India, most rain usually _ in the summer months, June to

3. Lightning the Empire State Building in New York 500 times

4. These days, more rain in Australia because of global warming.

5. It tropical countries like Brazil. (not snow)

6. ”It now. Let’s go to the park”. (not rain)

1. It is still very cold today.

2. It’s coming towards Florida.

3. I have a lot of food in my house. 11

4. Hurricanes are getting stronger.

5. I know about the danger.

1. Escriba 10 oraciones en presente continuo y presente simple usando

2. Realice 10 oraciones usando los verbos irregulares en modo de

Present simple and present continuous: Questions