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CONTRIBUTE TO ELITE NOTES : No resource is error free and we do not guarantee the notes are free of errors. If you feel you want to add more contents or wish to be a part of Content Dev please contact us at support@notespaedia.comLite Biechenistryy We hope you enjoy using these notes They have been hand-crafted with an obsessive attention to details, with aim of capturing the course’s contentina way that’s right for you. Thank You Forte Stobde fim We Clot @ notespaedia Join our official telegram handles to get all updates t. me/notespaediaoar eons Carbohydrates Genetics Lipids ‘Amino Acids Vitamins Enzymes, Table Of Contents 111 142 159CARBOHYDRATE Cn Han On Gilucose — Polyhydroxyl . a ——~s . Reducing Sugars Non Reducing sugars —C=0 doesn't nave ¢ =o °8'O Trenalose = Glu+Glu 29: Glucose ® Sucrose = Glu + Fru No pree Carbony! gnp Linkage is A-La IStC of Gru @ 2°4C oF Fructose Benedicts Test > Semi-ayuantitative test Benedicls Reagent > Cuso4 + Nacos + t v Blue Alkaline Stabilises cOlorto med the sol” goin n@® in Reducing Subsiance Cu™(Cupnic) to Cut (Cuprous) Reduct" eo Cus0dg, Cu20 Red) GER “s gain op e-—> Reduct”Benedicis test] Positive Negative ® ¢ ides ave reducing Sugars. eg: Glucose 2g: Sucrose ; Trehalose Fructose Oligosacchanides | Polysacchanides @ Antioxidants luce a] O02 Sps 2g: j ® ce @ Homgentisic acid — $/i ALKAPTONORIA @) Ineorn Error - Pigment” Pinna , tip ob Nose , Palma Crease -H/o wrine turn dark Invg: OHPLC @ Tandem Mass Speciromeiry (Can be used to Screen S4 Inborn error 05 meianolism) © Detoxipicat” Reac” Phase 1—> Non Polar Substance Polar Substance Glucoronidat” geis excreted mM unine —On Long term Aepirin use -¢ i :< Monosacchanides (Cn Han On) Disacchanides (Cn(H20)n-1) Colour Rex” Of Carboxyl Molisch Test — Purple Ring Benedects Test Barpoed Test - dibh b/w mono & digacch Fenling Test — diph blw aldo 4 Ketognp Seliwnanopy - Ketogrp Osazone Test - diy Reducing monosach O Needle shaped - Glu t Fvuc Msunplower " - Maltogazone @Powderpuby " _- Lactosazone Complex Upid or Simple : proteins attatched mono Fen ee 7 Lipid { Prot. Igo ~-> 3-10 ci Poly —> 211 Qlycolipids = _Proteo eg: ganglioside glycans Monosaccharides Clagsiicat pased on —— - : Aldoses Ketoses Racpnang heme i a ® Based on nowopic'alom Erythvose = 9 &: Trioses Tetroseg Erytnnuiose Pentoces eteMalto-Trioge] (misnomer) ~> Oligosacchouride - Trigacchanide @ 3glucose residuec - Contains 16 ¢ atoms - MALT — Multiple Gilucose residues Disacchanide Sucrose d Glu+ Fructose @ aU>2) linkage ing { Mautose Glu ada) Reduun { 9 |gOmoutose } + (6) Tenolose J M4 ecu) lactose = Galact+ Giu All Corbonyavale prefer to nave aC1,4) linkages a ; atbranch—> & (6) Linkage Cellulose — Blinkage — Humans can't digest except Lactase (Laciose) multiple BC1,4) Qlucoge multiple molecwes Polysaccharide] 2 Ilunits Mt lysaccnanides ides bnaiaal (oF - Hetero polysacchani individuat units ; 2 - Same - Aipperent Storage Strucdurab £9: Gilycose Amino Sugars: Homo Homo\ V Highly Cem stn brancned conteun eg: |. Starch li. Glycogen Onbr multiple glu é 4 abn NOt Stable & Ciyb) Linkages (Melting Temp) -Melting Temp -15% 50% aw v Uoaywid at So Solid part Room temp [BLYGOIEN] (vive mucere) 7 SONOSE. berm tp Giugogenin — Spherical molecule qd) to which glu - ev sinaignt chain 3 is attaicned eo directly / indirec -Uy UrI3 Glu residue (14) Linkage ; @ Brancn a Ub) — arranged in @ compact ayer Structural Homo Polysaccharides 2g: ac cae @lnsulin @Ccnitin 4 4O plant Ceu wall © Fructose © Component op exoskeleton @Mutiple glu € tn Planis : BCL linkage tubers C): CD @ Maele up Ob NAG HETEROPOLYSACCHARIDES eg: MPS / GAG Glycosidic linkages ‘o'glycosidic N' glycosidic @ opthem Linkage Linkage Ruwes Nucleogidase © All MPS Long streught unbranched chain @ \ Quid & Amino sugar As) as Repetitive except” - {KE} inclead ob UA @ All MPS ~ Uronic acid -@D Giucoronic a cxcone (Iasnonie | » Gapain Tbe) Heparin Sw phate Dermalan Suiphale @(Giu NH2)— All MPS have glucosamine por Amino sugar except” (Gal NH2)> Mm@ (80¢7/cH3C00-) AMPS preper to get acetylated /Suiphoded to corny negative chorge Adv- Nataitvacted more To -vecharge; carries walker along Zz it ~> Cot viscosiy Ob ECM andl selectivity Oh aM ce srnc —aa Hyaluronic acid > © Synovium »% viterous KS type 4 0 => cornea Ke type an’ — loose connective ts. Heparin => © Mast cells : Naturc —> © Wn Aortic wan ; bun"- holds enz along vessel (Cipase} acts on TAG — converts to DIAG Glycerol + FA <— MAG Lipoprotein ipase — acts on Lipoprotein TAG ® in Blood transport Ob Lipids Chondroitin Suipale —> Cartilage ’ Bones ¥ Suipole — (Gilgest aisiriouiion} extha celular matrix.provides Gel-like consistency > -ve charge @ selectivity Ob Glomerwiar BM @ Heparin - Nodurat anticoagwant @ Heparin Swipate > enz. along vessel wall © K&T1 > Transparency ob Cornen Ccorneou scorn > oa ® > ©w Scleva > shape To @WA >O Neither culpoted rn nor narated @ Not omosened to —_ ® act as Sco i nat ® auring pum. ® During development - eipmndiiotyation: © Meiastasis COMPLEX CARBOHYDRATE Ribosomes (Free Ribosomes) Read prom 5/tO 3! ; codons <— 2 mRNA t-RNA ¢(Anticodon) Amino Acid — polypeptide chain grows prom Amino terminal end to Carboxyl end Cast) - can altatch only aminoacid.Label lysosomal - Mannose -6- P04 Protein - Membrane - Lipid side Chain - depault (doesn't can be attaicnea have eitner of 2) Only by RER / Holgi bodies Signal REcog” @ Amino OL these \ Peptide (RP) Terminal 3 proteins} | coguence lwides pol ide Chainto 9 polypepti oe Apter aitadching to RER ~> SBP is removed. Pre- Pro proteing ———> Pro-Proteing Modipicet” occurs as iney move through RER re- a ” 2g: Protein folding enapeomnn — io) Post-Translationor eg: Hyaroxyiat® Ob Praiine by vitc Proteins : —— Post translational Polar Non-Polan v Sorted out depending On labelProteogiycans > Pas GilycoproL gk * Bie onain MPs Side chain OA AS 2@vely charged | = ® in Eom core proteins 4 higher carb- é highly branched Oligosacch. content i ® w Ice £ ECF iit AU plasma. proteins except. Albumin (its a single prot) iv. ALL Receptor proteins *Ceninal core prot @ shoot highly branched oligosaccn: (Corbonyarate side chain) * Ils Side Chain aitodched to ‘olunkea - (Serine Fahreonine|”” [ (REpaRQIREN inven GPT anchored Carnbonydrale —> Carboxy end Ob Core Prov? al Obher end, Phosphotidy! inositol op Cell memio. Adv ob GP anchovage —> Longer arm ef mobility encounter any toxic subsiance.ee = ew Senate B Acclerating |_ cosq Ir, factor) curongmae Nocturnal ace pate op MAC bglobinunic. Classical Mannose Alternate Binding <— Showa be kept under check clone by coy. (during sleep @ night drop Up PH [PNA] ) - PIAA gene mutation y Codes (er PIGA enz. Catasyces Gilipialion sep DAF & CD5a @ @® B prot- 5 bunctionally defective DAF cDs5a Gilipialion step bor Anchoring need Pi&& enz.-Functions ob Giycosylation + Helps in { ing — alters solubility 2 Helps in — torespecive Inclusion Cell As — git, aepecive targetving / Labelling enz .to lysosome So There wil be inclusions v Muutiple inclusions in ces Tay Sach ds MOrganomegaily (Hs megaly) Gaucners as @ Coarse fea1ures ome** Invg: S-Lysosomeuw enz. aciivity —> high in plasma Tissue Lysdsomeou enz- activity > low Qa ce iad hs Es Lysosomal * Tcell ds T- Lysosomat |ISOMERISM >2¢ame ®have dipy str formula a Sains epatiovorientat” OOPlical > depends on plane polarized Lignt —t— Levo dextro U/- alt @Stereo — Aibper only in Spatial Oviemtat” i OG _, and’ @Eunetionak t — Fone came molecauar pormula, ; but @ GiU _, ain postn Ae i oaioc. dipb: punctionat grp peer 29: CoHi2 06 Sterepisomers © on asymmetnic c’atom v v ; In Glu > except Ist & Last glucose Fructose iis Cane ec Ribose Ribwose @c erytnose Eryinrulose |e in Fruc= except Is ,2"4 spun” @ NO of Stereo _ W'=No ob asymmeinie c’ atom Ot PH #-4—> Closed Ri glucose > © Sov’ ie ie Fructose > @) Aledose ketosestereoisomers Crystalline Gla 0 @ ae prystotogia | Glu — 32 ae “Form pH Fru > 16 Mutarota. : ov ahre ("se Ring porm @ PH-7-4 Be Guacopyranose vs Pyranose Furanose, — [B-Silucopyranoee 2/2" v v sc alom 4@ ctom Most Of Gil ee * st 26h Catom @D B-D Glucopy e Outside Ring ® Anomenism @ Epimerism ® Diastero Isomerism @ Enantiomenism 2 Respect t© anomenic / Funelional of Ls Ingu — iste Fru —> 2c is -OF Lies peed B < Plane ob Ring ib -OH Les creat a Plane op RingProperty by which same me i : Aib> wrt one op the Aasymm.c atom Olner than penultimate c’alom 8g @*)post” — OGilu._* Galas . @Ripose > cHo = n H oH = Arabinose 4 OH @@4 posi” H OH CH20H © Glucose & Mannose @ @Y c' atom diphb wrt one/more asymm. vc’ atom eg: Galac- + Mannose — @ 2743 4th Avabinose & xylose > @ ond 4 ard Lyx0se > both @ 2°44 3rd oF RIBOSE Enantiomerism] €nantio- mirror) mirror images orieniat” O4 OH in penultimate c¢ atom Rt Side »~ D>canbe dort’ of lt Side— L>canbe dort’ Racemase Racemic mixture Eayual aniant. DL v ODL ;—— (CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM ——— Codabolicm ETABOLIS Prnaboligm Cada.bolicrn * Complex ——> Simple * Break Covalent linkage , ; i, Enengy currency Enengy released trapped in ATP i. On wanted heat |. Substroue iwi > Enengy released trapped into ATP simuttoneously. + Oxidodive phosphorylat” — More Common. Oxidative Phospnorulat" oxidise puel —> energy trapped —> ce ase initially in NADH or FADH2 ae & C Reducing equivalents] nm eT oe released Substrate level Trapped in ATP Phosphogiycery) Kinase» Giycolysis (ADP —> ATP) Pyruvode Kinase Succinate Thiokinase > TCA Cydlef only : = Prono Creatine Kinase -> Muscle etAnapolisms] €g* + Glycogen So Pineubolic + during Starvation eq: Citric Acid Cyde depends on Energy Siatus Ob cou == Anabolic ; inlermediales ¥ gives accumulates 10 ATP per cycle ° — AbP © [Aigh]—> ATP ys ATP “Nn ADP FAD. NAD FADH, = NADH FADH2 NADH FAD NAD ast Step Acetyl CoA> Citric Synthase et ; u ———_ Citric Add GKalONLeIaIE>—> por Acparraie Synthesis 4 Can beused _ eecoth bor FA synthesis ee aL stad ; and cnolesterol por Protein Synthesis synthesisSerum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transamination Transaminase AST (SHOT ~—> PAspariate == Oxaloacetate ALT / SGPT ~— Alanine — Pyruvate ON OAK dehydrogenase —>ak& accumulate Gluiamale —> prot-Synthesis 2 Glutamine On@STK— Succinyl CoA accumulates used for Heme Synthesis 4S step: Glycine 7 ALA Synthase /PLA Succiny) CoA GLYCOLYSIS} aKo. EM pathwoy [Embden Meyernog] * in Cytoplasm Sphiiting Of Glucose (6c) Aerobic Anaerobic * 2Pyruvate * Qlattcue + 7ATP * ATP * Only pathway that can generate ATP even in Qosence of Oxygen: RBC, Retinal Corneal cele — devoid a ia le Lee ee aaaws oats wronie acd — Aerobic S ‘o ial Glucose Hexokinase_ - Glutokinase * Investment eS -aatP ee > Glucose, - nlucose -6-@ SPP > MMP shust on ooh Phosphohexo isomevase —Alloglevic cel Regulation * tovalent Fructose -©- P J eat ep oil Phosphohruttokinase - 1 rofrattotinnee-1 QR + Fie bis ® = Rate limiting Enzymes Aldolase ft © 2x Glyceraldghyde <—————> DHAP 2xNAD_ Hts, 3-® Phospho Iniose Isomerase . Se G NADH | Giiyeeraldehyde- 3-© dehydragenase < lodo acetate Srdedive : phos eporglath 2x C eee wbstrate kvel ) Gm « | @ a @intlyporia. & SARSENATE — Anemia. ax C3@G) | Mutase ~~ positional Isomerism ax C2-QO- Glycevole ) by Nook & K oxalate. 2g Greytube > Glu: { Enolase y on Pechimad?) 2x Phosphoenol pyruvate wm GEKTBE —-| Pyruvate kinase (Subetrate ivi) ‘cages Allosteric enz- leads To tlemolylic, activeled by F-\,6-BP Prnemio Net Al? Genevaled = 7] Inhibited by ATP, Alanine, Acetyl CoA 2% Pyruvateeal Kinase —> deped in REC chape Anaerobic hlycolysis i) + 1. RBC Hemolytic anemia 2 White Musde fibre 3 Lens, Retina Gr-6-PD deh —> oxidative dam age in| | 4- Brain 6. Renal medulla In_ Anaerobic ha 2 Lactose Gilyceraldehyde -@-® dehydrogenace inhibited ; D a 80, LDH cenverie pyruvate to Lactate { Rogenerat” ¥ Ob NAD*] in the absence of Oa. attivale only in higher substrate conc” Michael & Gilucokinose ~ ISOENfVMes! ~ Hexokinase | || constant Liver & B celle all celts C sub) con kn 09 oe city) abpinity bligh abbinity lew eae por glucose only glucose, galactose , abpinity| bructose. woe Inducible by Insulin — defect causes teredstory Fructose Intolerance Hypoxia. —> 2,3 BPG ~> VAbbinity ob Hb for O2 ° ODC to® Anemia. —> « poctlitade unloading C13) Fm ~—> 62.5) Bre gentler BPG 2,3 BPG shur GPG mutase phosphatace! oF * BPG binds more weakly to . oe aa Felal ttb thon to adutt He ery af * Less proppund ebpect on HbF so HoF Dis Adv= zero igher affinity to Or Adv=2,3BPG produc”Reol Tube} —> No additive ~> Separated Serum Grey Tube]—> NawE 1 kcouplade ~> Glucose [Violet] —> cec oe Enolase [Royal ul Goa. citvate [Green] —> Lithium, Heparin —> for Biochemical analycic Neow 7 Ovangel| > Gel Seporvated Tube “fpr longer storage. on Polrnitic aciol —> 106 ATP Oxidat” Ctearic aciol —> 120 ATP Neurons —> Glueose ; Rarely Ketones for Energy Cardioe muscle fibres —> Namereus mitoehondria > RBE t low rate 0} alyuoyas | “St Free Fadty held for eneroy has gota high ofpinity por |! High mitochondria Oo 2 (ood Lipoprotein Lipase low Km / high appinity, FTARUIS DISEASE]> Type ? Glycogen disorden + dehect in PFK-1 * Most apbected Cell —> RB —> * RBC swells — Hemolytic anemia —> Erythropoesis * 2,3 BPG not produd”— afpinity of RBC t» O2 > High cele —> Hypoxia [Pyruvote Kinase deh] —> (lemolytie anemia.) anemia. — 2,38PQ produc” ~ So, no tissue tlypoxia S>Nb clotting paclor— @D in inborn evron Z tlemolytic anemia. Pt-- @; unlil pt exposed to Oxidocive stress CNADPH is not regenevaled ) Aepends on energy status of, Cetl ® when Low pyruvate ‘ depende en aerobic ov Anaovebic > Pyruvale LDH pyruvale {i NaADt dehydrogenase} Cs NADH Lactate ee ba? into Tea by yee in 4 converting into Mitochondia| — Acetyl Cok modrix ® when High Se Wall bed Starvation = v "ep 4 Transaminase acts (glucose, ARLES Alanine fovmed — Glycogenolysis: ‘Gioneogeness Storis : 2hv after meal begins Gh» after ti 12-IRhre previoue meal v d cing glyvogen converilg Non- Corb. ae aa resource into glu: © Substrole for Gluconeo i glyeero “SNES ti, Ladede ti Alanine @Energy rey-@ate * Gluconeogenesis always dependent on peripheral lipolysisTAG Insutin = Hormone Sensitive Lipase Counter Reguiodory Pas Glycerol + FA b glucagon cee 2 GH } . aia During glarvat"—> $: FFA T Hypoglycin (5/7 unripe pruit) vena | f e ——~> pt: preseriis as — ‘ypoglycemio. a Medium Chain fey! Cok Dehydrogenase gluconeogenesis Pyruvate Reversal of tiycolysis | Pyruvate carboxylase Oxaloacetate yw (Phospho Enol Pyruvate Carboxy kinase) (needs GTP as Co-engyme]) Phosphoenol pyruvate Glucose High Energy Stole ¢ well ped siale —> Anabolic Pyruvate A, Alanine DH Comp i © wn mitochondria. ii. Catolyses an Ivreversible Oxidative - Decarboxylat” step NaDt+ ——> i. NADH {es acts of, PDH : Wi. CO2 Complex ti. Substvates li Acetyl Cor : i Pyruvate it NAD tie ComSubunits of PDH Compley <— © by ARSENITE Ei) Pyruvate dehyetrogenace CPD) Ezii) Dihydvolipoy! Transacetylage CDHTA) Esti) Dihydvolipoyl dehyorogenase CDHD) 5 Co- enzymes POH) Thiomine Pyrophosphate_ ——> cos Pyruvate decavboxylates parents Hydroxyethyl TeP ®. ; [DHLTA] Lipoamide Caccept Hydnoxyethy arp) @ Coons V 2H + FAD- Acetyl Lipoamide + TPP , [DAD] FADA2 ficely! Cok + Dihydro Lipoamide NAD™ Co- enzymes of PDH Complex NADA |. TPP 2. Lipoamide 3 Con 4 FAD 6 NAD Enzyme Requiat” Allosteric Regula” O Allosteric s e @ Covalent Moditicot” & a glucagon Cotabolic hovm. oO See SC aiucos Cholesior| aie shal by phosphorylacion @ae oO HKdt ; ; ATP siglo GAMp ~—> Pyruvate kinase —> Phosphorylation Caan Cat) Rephosphorylation CAnablie ene) Pyruvale Carboxylace > t glucose —> @ Glucagon by s Phosphorylot” © Induction / Repression 29: tnsulin e” Glusokinase Regulation of PDtl Complex | Allosteric regulation —> © by Acetyl Cor, NADH, ATP 2 Covalent modipicat —> decyeases glucose 3 Induction or Repression — > Incluced by Ipsutin > Dephospho -vylatn anabolic horm- a nanan exaahey Fe oxidot” Newrons 1 use only RECs ae ¥ 2 Cardiae (= Giucose | > amiga 2 muscles g| old be nc FA. ; spared § Boxidation © Glucose Yo Acely! Cok oxidot” e 7 Glucose aghast aaa thege PDR NAOH complex 7 as — ATP PFK-1 <———25——® Citrate 8 ATPAcetyl Cor ® stmwate pyruvate carboxylase iz + _© reba a gluconeogenesis ATP (glucose spared for Newvons & RBC) — Inhibition of Anaerobic oxidlat” by Aerobic oxidot” pats 2g: OCitvole s At? 2—> PeK-1 @ kelo diet —> high FA diet (Biotin > Co-enz > hor Corboxylat” Rect” Relotive anaerobiosis pd when glucoce con” is increased wn constant supply of Oxygen CITRIC ACID CYCLE 7 strictly Aerobic - aka KREB’s / TCA cycle 4 + Amphibolic beco2 if anowropic * Genevoles t0ATP all NAD and FAD ~—> NADH & FADH2 *in mitochondria. motrix *Stimulode by High [NAD , FAD_ . App| NADH” FADHa’ ATP) omesoud 23 sitate se. © Flowroacetate NADH Oxaloacetate + {Acetyl CoA}———> citvate maine Aconitoce Isocitrate Moatote FEA = Common Melabolie ik f { —— sts ~s napa Fumowole OKO /Rale. C02 KODE” timiting FAH, <—S rsare SPH Succinate <—— Succinyl cok % NPOH Succiny) TWiokinose App ATP <—Substnate levelOxidodive Decarboxylation ® POH Cott; lowenergy stodus a, Ce @ ICDH ® XKodH © 02 phosphorylot” @ 6 phospho DH gluvonate ® 02 decewboxylai” ® NAOH ; NADPH Sources of © HMP Shunt NADPH @ Cytoplasmic IcDH '® Modic enzyme ® Reoyuired bow Reductive Pyruvate Biosynthesis all Lipid @ Necessary for Regenewaling (4SH) Gludathione (mReee) * Glutathione is a Twipeptide CGama Glutomy! Cysieinyl Glyane) contains Sulphahydril grp. GSH + 4202 +t GSH | Glutathione peroxidase 2H20+ G-S-S-H NAaobPH ————> Glutodhione Reductase 1 Oxidative phosphorylat” 2 Oxidolive decavboxyled” 3 Same cubunit enzyme 4 CO-enz as PDH 40 Succiny! Thiokinase . @oOdd chain FA © Substrate lvl a eg: AC [pve > Aeetucon @® 2 lsoporms 2 ADP use “DP fu 2c > Acetyl Con PEPCK enz. 5c ATe as CO. ae § > 20> Acetyl Con @ liven; kidney 3c Propionyl CoAPropiony + Propionyl CoA comboxy = § Biotin enters TCA afer D-Methy| Malony! Com Suingl © Aled Racemase [Methyl Melony! Cor co-enzy- me @a| MM mutase © Adenosy! Bia-—“Suceinyl CoA In Bia. def © Methy! Bia Estimade : Ns S$ Bi2 lol © Sub A/c Combined Degenerat” Methyl Malonic acid in Ao® FA-— Myelin unine apler overnight SDH nee FA synthesis © Moalonote Fropiong| Con MDH ib NAD cor? high all Malate —> Oxaloacetate ip NAD cor low all of —> Malate eM Retz on pono BAPE cool High NADH Ratio > High ATE Ratio NAD all pyruvede wat? acate High energy all OA —————> Molote v gluconeogenesis Skips meale v Emply Calorie - <— B12 + Folale < micronutrient degicien eae deficiency (Essenitiol) aed spe Thiamine 1st i Redited= Thiamine dety Thiamine “Os 1P Fcohol 2 Thiamine abcorp? ) intertevs © vigrabcorp?Dextrose (D-Glueose ) Pyruvode Neede ( MamillaryBody —> Global Congusion’) wernicke Thiamine (N 34,6 —> Opthalmoplegia. Encephalopathy Cerebelour Neurons —> Ataxia (It Thiamine defidency ) ele Fileoholic susceptible ).y © tin Input @ for Fatty Liver aig emmsgenanie Of Lipial 0 ‘ un Oulput ® [ Reg OD TCA > Amphibolic > can be uced for - Anabolism —> lnliver +e —Colovoolism —> wn muscle Aneplewrotic Reac” @ in Ter — responsible for accumwladion oO} Intermediate radher then depleting Sources Ob Ka Sounces Of Succiny! Cok (Movi) 0 Glutamate Valine @ Glutamine @ Isoleucine @ Histidine @ Methionine : Proline @ Odd chain FA. oxidatpalte Best ;- Malic enz. conveyting Malote ——————> Pyruvate GAD pal prom Pyruvate —> Ter ~ [175] Glucose|— Complete oxidod” —@) (7+a5+25] C To (02 ) Glucose fn Glycogen \T Giyvogen 5 _ em phosphorglase in PiPoruvate a ae Gilyvogen + Gilucoce -| -® Acetyl CoN Acetyl! CoA : | V y Glucose - o-© TCA TeA (By pases HK :S0 |ATP 1 y conserved } 1o-ATe 10 ATP Net _20+5+?= 32 ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN} Innen side of Inner Mitochondvial memb- NADH FADHa ine™ Ate ADP Tool of Oxidative phosphorylation 1, [Malate shuttle] —> trensport e- in form of Malate. ®@in oul cella except 2 enz. used © in white muscle and © Cyloplasmic MDH Newrons atle on NADH takec e~ and gives to Substrale (OA) to Malote ® Milochondriod MOH _ Moalode ee Oxaloacetate 7 NAD 2 [Glycerol Phosphate shulile : ‘uaa L,® tm white muscle & Neurons 2enz.used jloplagmic Glycerol 3 ® Den e + atle or NADH —> NAOT+ e7 “given 10 Dihydroxy Acetone © > Giy-3-© CDHAP) ol 2 oe ifochondricl Glycerol -3-© dehydrogenase w3® vs DBE f2aTP missed | _ FAD FADH2So when cell uses Glucose Gi aie ceri ie 7-2. while muscle fibres —> GP Shuttle —> Net ATP =2 Anaer [ masigeyci | Highly lipial soluble © vbioywanone ® | DH linked © cayeeerome’S”benyrogerae nt “2 Mobile @ = @3PD Complex _--4@ foylioad Complex es Succinate 277 only Gut? Pash NG) “ eo ani® Coenz @, See ‘ 8 @ cydochrome ATP Synthase @ dehyptrogenase*, 8,61 AAs y Complere i Reductase oxidase Fe Fare Prosthetic grp O2 “ae tern b - 562 fa Haem b- 566 Ci Fes MitchelleS Cherni Ogmotic Theor: 1 order of Redox Fotersio! decreasing order of energy lvl measure op ability to get veduced X Stale of Oxidod” Cytochrome tleme proteins —> if metal in certler active in both porns in prone Non ogft eg: Fe—> fet? Fet? Myoglobin J tleme protein 02 ~—> energy liberoled —~> is used To pump Hydrogen tons prom matnix to Inner: Mitochondviel memb - Clrilerymemb: suseThrough ATP Synthase complex [Fo subunit ] ~~> lonophore CFI & Fo) 4 Cubunits Some energy released is used ton ADP —> ATP Pen ite used for : “caalgie gite T—> QO 4H 2 our Q —> D— 4H* } translocated “syhace g — B— at Att through Fo —> LAT? genevolled FADH2, DB@—= Q-~ No energy liberated-— So No H* translocated FADH2 ~> energy > 'SATP COHt translocated > SDH T © by Matonate - ©by OTTFA © Carboxin I5>a —> T+ c—-+-B ew by so Ree © Amobarbitone / Barbiturote @ 0 @ FPerecidin A ® Rotenone O2 ——> ——> Phosphorylat” puel * ale ADP *ATP n [GREBUPIERE] > bend” distciate, oxide” in Reap: Sate Wr an 1 No ATP pda” 2 T Heot pd” 3 t Rode of Oxidat” of puets Ol Uncouplers ave lonophoves —> inserted Innen mitochondwial memb. j4 H* ions bypasses Fo So no ATP Uncowplers generated but Heot pd. Physlological Artipioial © Thyroxine © 2,4 Dinitro phenone © vedi : ® Brown Adipose @ Vadinomyear ‘ Brown dit ® numerous agra an ELD Posterior Sub capsular : Cotovad * Helps in : Non - shivering 80, ao prom market Thermogenesis alt S/i Neonates Hibernoting Animals %* Ag age advances ¥ seme © Fo component of ATP Synthase Complex also © oxidation So Not an Uncouplen ATRACTYLOSIDE © ATP- ADP Tranglocatoy in Inner milo - t -memb. MP court be synthesised ATP accumulaled inside LYCOGEN METABOLISM) Branches @ every Ii” residues * Storage Homo Poly. (only glu ) .BD Glucose —> GeP —> Tapped in cell UDP- Glucose —> Active form Glucose J HK; 1ATP oP 4 Phosphoglucomutase G@1iP ONE 5) | UDP Glucose pyrophosphate Tri UDP glucose { Glycogen eyrtnase —> activaled by De phosphorylation attotches glusose _ Rale Limiting residues to prosmishiog glycogen chain 5 if, elongating chain is not present then 11-13 Residueg Attached To TYROSINE residue of Polypeptide Glycogenin L, ako. oLU- Le Glucan transkenase oui enz. cleaves last'6’ [x 4, Linkages] and fons [xu 6 linkage] Glycogenolysis in Liver} _2igwogen Phosphorylase —> Phosphorylysis —> Breaks a 1,4 Rate (phosphorylot" )~> B adrenergic Linkage limiti Gluco. veceptors also I indeds Pi seen until 4 Residues To be active in chain Glucose -|-® on each gide ob branch point Glycogen Fo cn-1) a%-© gc G6 Phosphatase SS ely itionee ig usedin Glucose muscle. Muscle lacks Glucose [ Glucose - 6-Phosphottage \go end pdt is G-6-P] During exercise ~> Immediate source of energy is 2 Red muscle fibre Aerobic fuel > Glu; Stored as TAG , Choleslevol esier white muscle fibre In In Isotonic lsometnic Contract” Contract” ‘ tin Tone ; a Hate metabolism Glucose —> Stored as Glyrogen Debranching enz.—> X14 Te XL4 Gilucen Transterace removes Trisacchavides - and FA oxide” alco got actior Atelinkage attaches 10 othenc’ 2 a4 linkage : and exposes o L6 linkage last > Physidlogical Sa -ly tae Le “acti | wo i te only tn Conse is eaten © oh mi G@eP GeP le ° y { Glucose ATPhibition 7 Covalent modikicat” ® Glucagon © Epinephrine © Epinephvine © Cot? Glucagon Epinephrine (Strees hormone) Airmulates Aimulates ial aol Bolh liver and muscle phosphorylace phosphorylace Von Gierke’s ds G)-6- Phosphalase defective Typel Glyvogen Glu 6® ——> Glucose Storage disorder Bhi coats ketones <—- AcetylCok —> PDH —> Pyruvate Ct accumulodes ) accumulates FA Cholesterol tactote high 4 je TAG Cholesterol i esters ee G-6-® — umP shunt enters 4 yormat? @ NADPH @ Ribose-5-© ~—? used in Synthecis AMP Cato.bolised ait Urie Acid ee urine) £ Pyramidines Von Gierke's de Sj =~ 0 Hypoglycemia 4 FFA @ Hyper TAS © Hypercholesterolemia. catapolic state ® ketosis J © Lodie fedosis © Hyper wricemio.Mc Ardle’s ds|—> olepect in Muscle phosphorylase presenis ac Exercise Inlolevance [ fmoarasic ] Type@ Gl en_$: 2 ds (dit ATP depletion, é, = Hers ds . (aa a Gl s je disorder Depective liver phosphorylase ~—> occas ee . : © Hepedom Eanes glycogen Srrbesic ® > depends on Peripheval lipolysis © emaciotion low musde TAG —> FFA—> TFFA- mass cleaved > uses lactate Clactate musde alanine) poaluce dikjerentiale bi Non Gierkes ds Hers ds Lactate V Laciate NTAG ) FFA Neonotol Hypoglycemia not responding to counter reguiodory hormone dibb blw Both Glyeogenolyss and Gluconeogene sis is inhibited Mc fAolie's ds eIGLUCONEOGENESIS > gluco: See Qlucogenic Substrate glucose from non carb. s — Prolonged Fasting and cturval? © Glycerol = Inlense exercise ®@ Lostate (lactate pol —> glucose’) i CORI CYC! @ Alanine a ele —> tn DM il © © Covticol = Pyruvale Hoos Hormones Glucocorticoids cBrboxgiase| Biotin that ® Glucagon ArPx® Epinephrine : 2 Oxaloacelate © Insulin cyto PEPCK i axa | Trancport by Malate shutie: 2 Phospho Enol Pyruvate hp Enolose | a Phospho - glycevote 2 (3,4 BPG) icegie } ATP x@ Energetics Kinase ctianaats a os ae Gilyterold Qmoles of GIP “dude DH ATP x6) 2 moles NADH 2(G3P> Aldolase J Eyfoplosm Fructose 1,6 BP * Fructose 1,6 Rode timiting iat = Giver & musde) Fructose - 6- phosphode Isomerase Gin ER Glu-6-© tr Glu-6- ———— Li s 7 Glucose(Gluconeogenesis} ~ Reopuires Muitiple Sub organelles * Liven - vesponcible fon ¢67. * tn Starvalion / Metabolic acidosis > 507. glu. : pormed Both Giycolysis & Gluconeogenesis Common Ailosievic regulator Fructose 2,6 Bisphosphate ——> pat of PFk-2 ; Tandem enz) ; © Mimuladon of Glycolysis + Bijunctional activity @ © Gluconeogenecis on © Fruttose-1,6- Gisphosphotase When gels Phosphorylated e L,octe as Fruetose:2:6-Biephosphatase When dephosphoryated \ ate a3 PFK=2. GLUT-1| >> Newrons ; RBC : Placenta [GlwT-2] /- Enlenooyles, tepatoayles, Runcneas (Bcells), PCT GLUT-3 IGLUT-4| - Insulin Dependent Glucose Uplake Cekmusde caurdiac mucde Adipose tiscue) [GWWT=5] - Fructose absovph Enlenoeyte > GLUT-2 © on Baso lateral side SGLT=1 © on Lwminal side Indian Dependent Glu Uplake in All except © Sk muscle @Cardiac muscle @Hepotooyle @ Endothelium Insulin Dependent Glucose uptake — ® So, tlypergiycemia —> Toxicity (Glucose >Y Glucose entenc Lens Alolose reductasee ~> Reduces - CHO—> CH2 OH Sorbitol + aceumulodtes inside lene > presenite € lens Changes woler accumulotes Lens ibres swells up Goloctose metabolisnn Galactose needed Galactose KS | gainctokinace 2. Myelin gelactose.-I-® __voP iu 3.GM 1 liogide! tnluegee (90100 rls 1 Gal -I- PUT deficiency Galoctose transierase- LMR upe os - Organo Epimevase : is 3. Catavoct © © ® upP Galactose lvl * ——» Galaclosemia. — Only Cotanact gets into lens pibres cotovact <— Galactitol /Duleitol <—Aldolase Recluctase © Gal-1-euT —> causes [Classical Galactosemia ee Neonate Penile |. Cotowact Vomiting E. coli eae > Pi Glycogen Phosphorylase Sepsis Ovarian bailure Cinacdive) C ape <> ate] tlypoglycemia. 3 ATP deficreney“ N\ in Liver tn PCT J Joundice Fanconi Syndrome Hepottomegaly CHyperunicemia.d ADP excess — > calabolised to Unie Acid ee unic add compeles T lactic anol Laclic acidosis | gote georeted in PCT and lactate get actumutoled When fa also Merial Retard - ¥ Myelin & ¥GM ganglioside Hypotonia- V Ks HE FRUCTOSE INTOLERANCE €asily metabolism tm DM, bypass - PFK Sto, Fructose Fructokinose Fructose -|-® Aldolase - B Giycerololehyde — Dihydnoxy Acetone phogphoite Thiokinase G-3-P us Glycolysis Fructose - unregulated metabolisr (By Pass Rate limiting step) Lipogenic. -> Fructose Grlucose pogenic > ‘osea cliet > based dietDefective Fructokinase —> S: Fructose lvl ® Benign tnto leng fibre Aldolase doesn't acte on Fructose doesnt get trapped No codanach v i Fructose back into cirowation 1 Benedicis —> Detect any reducing suger Fructose in Unine —> Dx - fEoventiol Fructoswnia ceaie merceroeeeeem an Clinitest ve ve bud specific. test bor beenign unine sugon b on Otherwise ptis® ee Alololase & depect —> oe Fructose |. Lethal Phaspho Fructoaldolase I ee | ety blo Vorniting. pier intake S- Fructose Wi? Ob pruit juice VP ~ similar To can also presented i nea P 2 eh. Hypoglycemia. 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Unconelencalion —> Unwinding —> Replicat” —> DivisionCELL CYCLE $ Complete YY Rest oe G1 G2 \ / \ M \ Cell divides uilo 2 ‘~@ortions Cal Yivision & phase — Replication of DNA Gi phose > Pre- Synthetic phase —> Prooy Reading e G2. phase — Post - Synthetic phase —- Repoun —> needs Pre - Mitotic phase) ‘opeondensed ERPHAS Cuncondensed > Ccydin> DE, ALB Go =e (Condensed) GS Gam Transition Transition Cyclin D> Phosphorylate RE prot. —> will not be ible to recreate S activates oD-k4 fistone DeacetylaseBased_on Durat” of Go —> Gu Phase Cells Clagsikied into 3 © Continously dividing—> € |. Epitheliat Cet! Labile cells a. tlemopoelic celle © Temporary Cells —> 49:1, Parenchymal:Celle Temporary in Go —* Hepattooyte > Replenish loss @ Permanent Cells eg: |: Neurons” stays in Go forever *Muscle cells given by QUARTENARY STRUCTURE OF DNA —>Wodson & Crick Quonternary Str —> only by >| polypeptide cnoun Of Protein interact 2 eg: Hemogiobin each other Backont.o Phospho diesier linkages ener lodcler Ribose / Deoxyribose Sugewrc 1 gt — Nboses linked by S Complimentary a Ge) Anti pewroulel Stobbilises DNA —»> 7Conbirmartion Eom stable, @D gy ‘3! every turn > |Obp ench Bp raises height by 3-4K[Sol hu tun 324A] width by 204 > One Major 8 Minor —> al 2’ Endo forms —> Kinking at : groo : onde 5 x °; 4 " Deoxy> + zy 3 a i OH[Atype] conpinmotion S/\> Hybrid bliw DNAs RNA —* No majon / minor > I bp / turn RNA-RNA —> Same ee — [No 2' Endotprms] Legt handedly coiling Lut All DNA Rt hand] > 12 bp/tum 7 > Seen = in those Wohin GC seoyuence conbinrnation Process 7 which de DNA unwind: breaks H2bond and fon Single stranded [Melting temp] ;- S07. of ds DNA ~> Unwind fb form Cm) = Gea O5E content A=T conlent (FcR! invitro amplipicat” of desired Fragment of DNA Blood —> Centnijuge —> Plasma wee C bupby Wat) High Soult Metnod nee Cell ‘aa Nerd “tel > sy - Anemia. a gs “LI Coot pep) 2” ve |- Denaturation. 2. 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Polypeptide in = oe Mtieieaction, No a Histone gene (Prokorryotes) modiipicact” No need for Splicing Poly Ataul not added ae eae So 3'end protected ing & by Stem lo part of, Posl-Tranecriptional ee Modification a 2 Deoxyribose Ribose 4 OH orp Alkoui_labile Q as ss D Changagy Fairirg Rule Conterits ob A=T 2 GeceV ~ Repain activity — ® 4 Eukaryotic toe aes ws> -alw Ribosomes types > Ss 58s [8s 28 = all except Ss are pelis of ene common gene Primary ironscript G1Ss rRNA) Post. Transcriptional modification Gs) (as) Ges) Rigozyue RNA & @ enzymatic activity °3 2¢¢ —> Pepnidy! o (ERA) aaa messenger RNA shifts Polypeptide RNR ne Aaeplasr J [Zgene|-> dibs. proteins pate by => Tiseue_specific_hequiation. epzgenesseyuenre®t Enteroeyte transpen TAG to Extra h Ic ts 0 Bloo —> VLDL pe Blo Cc jormad in tepactocyles| transports endogenous TAG by Wer To Erctie epee te Gpo BAB in Evilenocyle > ee deaminoles CAR geoyuence ~ onlye premature 4 forms “emia oO} protein bes éyntneci apo i. 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Ribosome £380} £3823 transletionall ivi: oad el — 7 — Si RNA binds Z@ complimerilary p Sile_in RNA and inlerpers -@ Hl in Giicenment =— 5 ee at Ribosome So, Ribosome recruite RISC = | Silencing Complex Euchromatin Helerochromatin ‘elerochweraiiy * Uncondensed + Condensed * Stain less densely * Slain densely * Transcriptionaly * Transcriplionaly Cactive) Cinoctive) (Constitutive - [Facultective => Transcriptionally => active sometimes tnactive always hound tn hen, coding} { Certtromere & : Telomeric ends i i geqvuence mastly © > tn germ calle Both X chromosome ane transcriptionaliy activeIHUMAN GENOME ee 2DK- 25000 —> genes iderttipied 27000 bp —> Avg size ob gene Avg size functional tRNA —> 2000 nucleotides DMO gene largest gene Twitin gene = max £ largest Exons Smallest gene HGS Go”) Gy CD Class P Clase B Clase B Trangposons/ Miscellaneous me, Sais on a a Simple Segment Exong wslrong ft Repeated b/w ee: \ sarin Baged on length eee Based on length Lines 2 ar 6to8kb > fon ae ee ms in om No. ee Restviclion enz. a Histone HiMutat” ob | NE Neuro fibromodosie Satewite DNA | Used or pergon identibicadion 2 Eotewnal Dispute Ca8e CVNTR Analysis) Se micro Sat Repeats ot Stoci each 8 Micro settetlite Ingtabili © peed tlunlington's Chorea GA Repeat Instability > @gpino cove ‘oxi GX Repeat instability coqahtudlonic. Dustropey CaB) Repeat instability > SFragile x Syndrome GAP Repeat Inctability—> Friedrich Atoxia. « Anticipation * Magnitude & No of Repeats * No of Repeats teing in No- of, Meiosis MITOCHONDRIAL _DNA NARP— Newropathy ; Ataxia ; Retinitis Pigmertiosa. Mild M@ gg, Leighs Suna | [NRE J Heleroplasmy GO-65 % mitochondrial mufain 7.40% rnutect” majonity from malevnal it ; mitochondrial DNA roinonity. gnem patern alMitochondrial DNAL> @ Circulawn closed © Codes only por Lremaining by nucleus] @ Codes bor 224RNAS © D- 4 Cates bor ‘on oa = ® More prone to get mulated “)'DNA Polymerase @ tletenoplasmy tmulot” —> Spectrum of mani ~ tectattions DNA Replication Semi consevvadive procece 1 needtemplate strand 2 new Strand synthesised only in 5! —> 3’ direct” 3. polanity of templole sivand #—>s! 4 need a primen for elongation RNAase ag primen —> In Vivo DNase as primen —> In Vivo Sneed DeoxyNeucleotide Twiphosphates CANTPs> eneed (Mg2t or mn®* ) — Catalyst Arr * Bugher —> maintain pH a For PCR rearuinements 1 Template > need P20 reading prpeded 2 DNA polymerase, — 3! 5! 3 Primer ena? Exonuclease 4 AUG ANTPS 5 Cadalyst (ig2+/ Min D |exceptio & Bupyer |aa — onigin Senyuence LyNo. of hyetrogen bonds less —medioted by Cinitiation is by Ori Binding Protein> — Single Stranded Binding Prot: binde to unwinded There willbe parts prevents RNA primate —> Identipy 3’end RNA primerc DNA polymerase 1} —> Synthesise continously linearly Cleading Strand) 3! orm —> RNA Primer J, PRIMOSOME s! oe ie 3’ tlelicase Primase DNA Polymerace ‘wf NA Poly 1 acs To remove primer 7 Cusing 5/3’ exonudeose § Replication Fork Lagging Strands activity > OKAZAKI fragments ‘Cigase}- will ite the pa by ie | RNA Primase a 2. DNA Polymerase yunet? DNA Polymerase Si DNA Polymerase ft —> Leading Strand Syninesis Okazoki fragmert Syrtihesis DNA Polymerase 2 —> Removes primers / nick Translation Repair of deumaged DNA DNA Polymerase Q—= helps in proo} Reading & Repain* Srnouler genome] larger qeoeee Loree *Open, Linear Ageing ,- Multiple Ovi death s : ; Neoplasia. ce End shortening Telomerace enz ake. human Telomerase its a Reverse transcriptase + Reverse tranconiptase + DNA Polymerase 7@0 Removes Primers é~ fille gape in lagging RANSCRIPTION gtrand Synthesis RNA from DNA gene / Transcription unit \° transcript Replication 2 Strands unwind Both strande ads as Template Transeription 2Strands unwind bul only one acts as Template other will be coding strand C5! > 3) came. polarity < Coding Strand = 5/> 3!* polarity i, not specitied always a Bi —> 3! * gene sequence always written as coding Strand ie 5’/—>3! DNA RNA polymerases -\ LO polymerases Similarit. : | need a primer aa + donot need primer ae temps * NTP 3- Proof Reading Poe FO Noinged por prool, 4 Repair activity rene > hepa @ all Ribosomat RNAS except Ss rRNk @ mRNA 4 miRNA Precursor of @> tena Sn RNA 5s rRNA All RNA polymerases dithen wrt sensitivity to Oc insensitive in Enterocyte <—-@ inhibit @ In any gene +) +2 +3 ++ 5 ATG 3 uence Transcription Control Regions > ® Zin gene or away prom gene 2types fon every generegulators promoters €ither tor ¥ No: of times Fideti Freapuency Ob Transcription of gene Preomoers promoters ( Enhancer / Repressor +1 te to Qpecipies noo Inducer Seq, Seay _ RNA polymerase times genes ont To 29: TATA Box has to transcribed 9 used under Basal cond” in humane 2g: GC Box CAAT Box Other eq o} Fidelity promoters 1 Inn 2 DPE (Downsiream Promoter Element) PROMOTERS REGULATORS I They ave sequence specie } in Humane TATA Box as TATARAG — idelity 2 Position Specitic act as pata coy ib © present at -25 (1) Function 3 Orientation Specipic ©} 4 Not Gene Specipic © 5 Highly conserved } Species Specipic a Specie Tissue / Cell specitity Ene ert (TRANSLATION | Degeneracy of Codon one AK Canbe exception i. Tryptophan Coded by > I codon ti. Methionine 2. Unambiguos 3 Non- Overlapping 4. Not pnd —> Frameshift mui? 5 Universal @ few exceptions SD Types oh Mutation Class 2 Ebpect on Nucleotide Seo, G@ Based on AR sev @ Based on fund” of prot. TL. Eppect on Nucleotide Seay Goon Point nowt” Frame shi Substitution one nucleotide by loss / gain gain other eledyon _insertion Transition Transversion Pu — Pu Pu = Pur Pyr > Pyn T. Based on AK Seoueme f el Missense Non a AA seoy - © AA seoy altered + Replaced by even abler mut” apie mut” Stop Codon Nucleotide Seay Nucleotide seay * Truncated prot: altered altered + Premature Terminot"W. Function op Prot. Acceptable tial) Completely ‘ em Unacceptable Change in Nucleotide Sey —> AR seay altered Nucheeny all — ie 8 but punct? @ ee altered tb toning eg. Hb varianis : Not immediately 6" post” AA of Pglcbin Like threatening In Valine —> Replaced by Acpertic — BRISTOL Glutamic —> Mill waiker Alanine —> Syndney Fartially aceeplable —> 6 6} Bglobin gene Glutamic aud —> Replaced by g-__ Valine(nenpolan) Sickle Cell Anemia tlydnophobic C to c ‘al inleraction * Completely unace le—> 29: Congenr — = 2 ° Methhemoglobinemio. ‘Histidine Fe replaced by Tyrosine Steps Tronelati Initiation : 2 Elongallion elF2c guided by 3 Termination 20 guides initial of LRNA to 40s Ribasome‘ binding ISt Step > Dissociation “oC Stabiliset” Op4+0s by 13 7 eukaryotic Pre - tnitiot” 2 4A iaaan., add Ternary Complex @ 3 subunits e/F 4a/48~® its ATP ata Hel Nase) OQ? Kal “in 1 CIF 20 2: initiation tRNA meth ot gal Ok a 3. GTP attalcn Cap three eS guides mRNA To 40¢ Ribasome Prokaryote C shine Dalgarno Seoy Kozak Seay hoctavysle } “3% +4 Should be purines Initiation AU& Tin Removal 3 & it | done by elFS ablen which 40s Reassociation “1s Alw 60s t P&ASile Oo Ads & 60s hence Pgite is atiotched E initiationtRNA @ MethionineELONGATION 4 eon a agghy An + @Ip-" e A 3 a ie format” Peplidyl transpevase —> No energy utilised TRANSLOCATION — Elongation jaston 2 + aTe~) Ribosome moves Trarelocetes Ribosome Agite pree & 3™4Carbon TERMINATION — Ribosomes moves till theve is StopCodon at A site ; Releasing pacion + GTP initiation Methionine tRNA Amino acyl tRNA ac EF 1h attatched to Peite attatched to Kgite 3 4 NIP Cd/t noTtranslocation step) Total Energy rey = An por 1 polypeptide ‘yn’ AA TRANSLATION STEP INHIBITORS i ? Initiation ve Weep © Polysol powmat” Bactenicidal © every slepob Wanslation[Tetracydine] —> © Elongation Factor 1A CRibozyme) ‘Reptidyl Transyprase Inhibitors added Bact culture v Prokaryoies Eukaryoles _ cdorcbrse Chloramphenicol Ricin lTnanslocation Step © Prokanyotes Eukaryotes 8 Macrolides Diptheria ADP Clinelamycin 5 Ribocylation Pseudomonas op EF2 Toxi ‘ * Amino Acyl tRNA Analogue * Couse premature termination o, Polypeptide (Protein zn Synthesis) Reoauirement pd” of * DNA Polymerase Identical copies * Supber . Mg? 7Mn Qt * ANTP * Primers Cel| Baged Cloning / Invitro DNA techonology Slep1 Cleaved ueing Multiple pragmerits Human Restriction endonuclease : chr Sep 2 Idertity pragmerts Z Gene Ob Ilerest per which we use tHybridiget”/ Blotting ‘technioyueGene is attatched E gene in Step 3 Recombinent Vector High Electvicity~-> pores real Step 4 Electroporation and insert Rate limiting ¢/ Recombinant vecton into E- Cali RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE becoz © they cut @ Restriction sites / “PALINDROMIC SEQUENCE Cshort sea of DNA) double gtranded Sey.where 3'—> 5! seoy 5/—> 3! seo read Atypes in Reverse direction \. Sticky End : ph RE 2 pe a RE °%' Hpat. still in use SS © Separate progment Lv bosed on length in Electro phoresis ®@ Denature bragmenit© Blot @ tlybridisalion - Radiolabelled Probe hybnidises t gene Ob interest © Ray Auto Radiogram Repeat the same technioyue- @lule the 2 band ~—> used for DNA —> Southern Blotting ~, Probe used in DNA RNAS Complimertlary to DNA/RNA \sMild denaturation step Protein > Wesienn Blotting > atypes <— Aenaduring on deneduring Probe : Antibody VECTOR) Qualities of Veclor | Should be Capable OF Sel Replication ie > 1 ori 2. Specie Resiriction site hor RE 3. Should have | or more Marker genes Mo) used plasmid vector is pBR 322 got 2 Resistant gene © Ampicillin Resistant gene E-coli @ vectors ® Tetracycline Resictarit gene Arp- Resist eine eset E.Coli @ Recombinant vector (0) (0) Tout Amp Resist gene ee) Culture Plate Nedural €-coli E-Coli - Natural vector) LNo vectors ]Artipicial vector Mc used manker — B galactosidase gene BLUE & WHITE Technioyue used for Identigying WHITE Colonies ae ; : bia tid Cua Length ob genome | Veclon Smalt ci Plasmid | expe cronal enn] outside nucleus [sae penne rinniramore ep >50 Kb Bacterial Artijicial Chr eeobunan Yeast Avtibicial Chir Yeast Ariipicial Chr Human genome canbe Cloned but cannot be expressed in E.coli From B cell culture — bunctional mRNA in Vitro | Reverse Transcript. Os Template RNA RNAase H Synthesise 7 SSDNA Removes Template RNA (eDRal » Complimerilary ds DNA formed prom functional ee have mRnf& Ivtrons Can be introducedPCR Tecnnioyue 30-35 cyelee pats > 2% to 2 Invitro Amplipicotion of desired pragmert of DNA \ Denaturction 94 /45° QX SSDNA formed Aa Primers added to Anneal? Flanking Seauence Optimum Temp. (Melting Temp - 5° c P C of Primers J 2 Primers added ; complimevitary 3' —> S'planking seqyuence @hould be 5)— 3) 8. Elongodion— Temperollure ig ixed at 72° DNA Polymerase should be Thermo stable extracted prom / Thermo cyclere Thermus agyuatiow tnttot Spring _ maintain theTemp So aka Tac DNA Polymerase. needled fon the step INETICS OF PCR = Senin erythi No- ef Plateau gol sed tp Produds} Initial Lag phase jo Peregem exponential roulliplicotion 30-35 no- of Cycles SVBr green is used in Or Tagy Man Probe { @por Amplipiecdion y Real Time Per] iby — er quarrying viral load initial Lag / exponential Baclerial loadDACTYLOGRAPHY RFLP — Resiriction Fragment length Polymorphism DNA pingerprinting —> Tebpbery NO 2 person no- % size pragments ; in Resiriction digest is identical Restriction enzymes needed eee Radiolabeled probe Auto regulotion RFLP used pon Disease Identification 2 known mulat” site Ladder O55 Z known yee 2 tengt ATED] ¢@) i, MO” codon cut by 1g Mst@ other it wont 1% cut Cmulated> 14 = haLivibs grp. nonpolar —> sdluble in non pol solvert Ethen, > Moditjed Bloor’s classipieat” Simple Complex Derived / Precursor Upide Upide Upide Esters of FR & Alcohol ° 9 W CH2-OW — oH-C-Ri ae Ri ° ¢h- OH + OH-C-Ro Gta-0-E-Ra CHo- OH OH-C-Ra CH2-0-¢-Re ul Simple Lipid i ° Based on Alcohol present Low Mol ost- High Mol wT: 8° Fot wax TRG Wax Serine —>_Sphingosine Cranino alcohol) Posrnitoy| CoA [ R-NH2 OW So im wax Ephingosine attatched to FA @ Amino grp Sphingo -NH2 + on-¢- H20 ai eee fF y eg: Ceramide sphing” NAG in Osine Camide linkage) on 6 | SPningnsCompound / Complex lipials| Esters confaining @ Adelitioned grp @ FA ® Alconol sees based on Additional Qrp attatched T Phospholipids coals ari Eulpholipide FA + Alcohol] [FA + Seringosine | €9, coproten i eg a Propane carb pity acid oo compound of | Phospholipids] major conetituents of kage Plasma. memb eters containing Phosphate grp 2 FA s Acohol devivative of Phosphatadedte . T P0q2 FA Glycerol CHa ce (Polmitic acid) cH -0-C-Re (Palmitic acid ) Ctt2-O- PO ° ip phosphate gnp attotched to Choline C Phosphattidyl Choline > most abundant Ja as Choline > Choline > phosphatidyl Choline a to Serine >Pnosphatidyl serine weitNon-Na2 containing Inositol >» Phosphatidy! inositol (PT) Ethanol amine (Cephalin) Plasmalogens| rare 10% optotal PL = ane PLZ; Shows gite: Brain arctea iot ‘anti city Sk-m (hite bilbred) oS role ofinee irked até atom ne 2 Corstaining ; Cephalin & Cardiolipin Choline PL: nhangesioe PL ® in innen Mitochondrial Dipalmitoyl Phogp! eh Choline > Surfactant 29: por lecithin oe [Sphingo phosphatidyl Choline|—> — Sphingoglycolipide “esters & Ognp addition to FA & Sphingosine ‘derivatives of Ceramide ° Shing — NHa~ E-Ry ‘Sphingomyelin_ a major Componeril ob (Ons - P-o-chaline 3 myelin Bed \ uw Sphingolipids - cns (white matter) Sphingomyelin - on hydrolygie FA +@®& + choline and Sphingosine Esters coriaining Carbohydrate gp in adldition to FA } Alcohol > always in Sphingosine (Amino alcohol ) aka, Sphingoglycolipids. Sevine + Palmitoyl comivati' i 29: GI | ceramide derivatives of Ceramide 9: Gilucosy a ile covennetle Ceramide + Conbohydvate = CSphingosine + FA] 2g: Lactosy! ceramide Ceramide + Oligogacch = (glu +gal or N- Acetyl galactosamine ) Cevamide + Oligosacch +NAM = Ganglioside Ceramidase aGalactosidase Be €g: GM ganglioside Cen} Giu + Gal rsa) a » n i 4D senmvedl = GMa arose Hexose aminidase A } @et)’ Tay Sach de) GM ganglioside ako. GM2 gangliosidoses Removed by (0 Gabcoai)D Generale Qangliosidosis a GM, gangliosidosis) »d converte GM3 ganglioside —> Globoside dep: Lipicl Storage ds| 5) Galactosidase —> converts Geb: Fobry'sde) —“iloboside —> Cerebride it is XLR disorder Do Fucosidase - Fucosidosis biHeKoaminidase - Tay Sach 3 ce Hyperamm. |” “wand e 8 Variant on Ornithine : a 'sds ® Hunters de Ceram Uhre (galactosidase) Lipidosis reo | Sulphatiose -A > romatic leuko -ayet@ P glucosidase y Cerebroside —> Ceramide C/E: Bruising , paligue anemia, G@o4 all low blood plotelets, enlargemerit Ob liver and spleen ®D Ceramidase (del: Farber’ de) Ceramide —> Sphingomyelin + — granulomatous dc ey = Paingul Sic nodules t RF NAM GM gangliosido| @ Galactosidases i lam sis N-Acety| Muramicacid Tay Sachs Hexoaminidase A DP Galoctosidaces : Fabrys & Galactosidase fb: KRABBESus Gauchers P glucosidase Farbers Ceramidose ds Derived Upids 7 Pre -Curson non- polan eg: FA, Cholesterol: Bile Acid ; Steroid Hormone St contain Saturated ~ 40 ond SCFA-4-6 ©atoms CSUbpi¥- anodic acid) MCFA- 2-14 Anti Thrombotic LCFA-16-20 Anti Inplomm. VLCFA > a4 Fatty Acial : DaLinolenic acid Cplartoil) Cig:3 0%") Unable to 2) €icosapertianoic acid? marine oil Syrthesize in 2 Cervonic & humans SQa:e) (20:5 0584) dietary eesentiat AKA DHA D Linoleic dd C18:2 8°) Octdecadienoicd. Dy Linolinee & DAvochidonic & 0:4 O7%1v4) Eicosatetraencic &) Cis Oleic. & (18:1.4%) Octadecanoie Tans Elaidic @ (18:1 44) Other FA found in mounmolain tissue Lawrie acid - Dodecanoie A (I2+0) Myprisitie acid - Tetra decanoie & (IM:0) Palmitie acid - Hexadecanoie & (16:0) Stearic acid - Octadecanoic & Cit:0) Palmitoleic acid- Cis- Hexadecanoie & Ue:| 44) Detailed description & Nomenclodure Saturated - donot corficin double bon rary Aaa Ceupyx -anoie avi] soduwated - containe double bond oll FAare Aliphatic eno. acids] In naturally occuring FAs these Clg -(CH2)n- COOK bonde are always tn Cis as opposed to Trane congig. 1 [670 Numbering Numbering brom-COOK end = + Even chain FA in hwmens = - position of st double bond prom ‘wend. Numbeving from Ctiz- OO] Wo W3 Sadunaled FA => Now family - gee tee coon Beaton &Catom eg: Wa FA> means fivst double bond after wa C atom Linoleic — Ise @ We t Nutritional A Linolenie—iee Z wa J essential ++ rah have only a4 a& ah a4 luman Desadurase Enz: Sysiem udilise H2 atoms and introduce double bonds upto Bq position$0, I$¢ > can pd only Wa FA but not We/l0s FA Arachidonic acid — 20¢ T We ### Semi essential FA Chain - elongation System > go, Arachidonic acid canbe synthecised prom Linoleic aud & Linolene — 12 : W3 Eicosa <—Timnodonic aud - 20: Ws pemanerc Ceryonic acid - 22: Ws eryonie Oud Geccertiol bor myelination G seeders together Steroid denivodive Tae modibying 17 +e due To © Of -OH grp @ 34C > Amphipaihie. ‘Subttance Based on Solubility. Lipide Cnon- polar) & Z polar grp* Z non polar grp Amphipedhic neutral lipid * “Promote © Gholesteral esterDenovo Syn: Sysiem - + Ocoure in Cyfoplasm resent liver, Kidney, lung , mammary gland, adipose Ovary testes advenals * Building Block: Acetyl! CoA: PDH ‘ource O Rynuvale Sr EA Quid ———> Se ( ° Mitochondvia @ t Mitoch. to Cytoplaem by as Cholesterol FAR 2 yn yn: c2qAcetyl CoA Acely! Con GD Malate Sire — (ac) = Cholesterol Syn Co-enz fon Citnic Acid Cycte entens >a lipid reduction Ketone bodly Sun © HMP Shunt we ote iitig “RABBI” { cytoplagm ic 4. @® Malic enz lony| Con fcelu! Cok —z—> Malonyl coh | Tat 0-C-CHe-¢~8 chs heat » HCOs” aos Cokaka. FAS complex EA Synthase Complex > 2FA Synthesised at each end © Cytoplesm @ These are 2unite (Dimer) each have & Subunits Ay! ougier but 7enzymalic adlivity [I is acP] (domaine ) Exe Or. Yo aa \ aes o2Ce 6 _Walong! ee &) nin 0 20°° 2 Acetyl Trane — transtere Acetyl grp Cysteine end 3 MaJonyl Trans—> transpere Malonyl CoA fo Aoudlose a 4. Keto acyl Synthase ‘Pan - Go CHa-G- CHs> Keto acyl Enzyme oO Nappa Napen—s| 5 veto acyl Reductase.Cys . Pan - g - CHa- cH - Cs Hydroxy acyl enzyme ° OH IN Hydratase Cys H20 “pan - ¢- CH= CH- CHa (Ungaturated Acyl enzyme) ° | > Enotase Reductase Cys pan-¢ ~CH9- CHa- CHa ° | FA Synthesis in prev: cycle attodched to Cys. end cys + Bec cia Cs pan - C-CHa-C-0" o 860 Cys f C02 ‘Pan-¢ - CHa-C> Cry CHa-CH3 ° o=' FACPalmitic aid) is @ 4 Phospho pantothenic end @. Mhioesterase|—> Cleavee palmitie acid | Acetyl Trans acelylase | Mammals can jSeethesice 2 ModonylTrans acelylase Only even Chain'FA 3 Kelp acyl Synthase 2. Odd Chain FA synthesiced 4 Kefo acyl Reductase Only in inilectine ob s. Hydwodase vuminont cottes & Enoyl Reductose > Thioesterase. 8- Acyl Carrier prot.