STATISTIC AND PROBABILITY REVIEWER
PROBABILITY
DEFINITION OF TERMS
PROPORTION - is a fraction expression where the
favorable response is in the numerator and the
total number of respondents is in the denominator.
POINT ESTIMATE - is a specific numerical value
of a population parameter. The sample mean 𝑥 ̅ is
the best point estimate of the population mean.
INTERVAL ESTIMATE - is a range of values that
may contain the parameter of a population.
ESTIMATE - is a value or a range of values that
approximate a parameter. It is based on sample
statistics computed from sample data.
ESTIMATION - is the process of determining
parameter values.
FINITE POPULATION - is countable. The actual
number of customers served in a restaurant
constitutes a finite population.
INFINITE POPULATION - is a hypothetical
collection of elements such as all the results of a
coin tossing experiment to determine the
probability of getting heads or tails.
INTERVAL ESTIMATE - called a confidence
interval, is a range of values that is used to
estimate a parameter. This estimate may or may
not contain the true parameter value.
POPULATION - is the complete set of individuals,
objects or scores that the investigator is interested
in studying.
SAMPLE - is a subset of the population. In an
experiment, for economic reasons, the investigator
usually collects data on a smaller group (sample) of
subjects rather than the entire population.
PARAMETER - is a measure that describes a
population.
STATISTICS - is a measure that describes a
sample.
CENSUS - when the recording of information of an
entire population is conducted.
SAMPLE - the fraction of the population being
studied.
SAMPLING - the process of selecting a selection
of the population.
SAMPLING SURVEY - is a method of
systematically gathering information on a segment
of the population.
TWO TYPES OF SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
- Allowing every member to have known
- A nonzero chance of being selected into the
sample
- Every segment taken is representative of
the entire population
- Non-biased sampling
NON-PROBABILITY
- Some units do not have the chance of being
selected as sample.
- Involves arbitrary selection of typical or
representative units concerning which
information is to be obtained
- Biased sampling
TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
LOTTERY OR FISH BOWL METHOD - The list of
names will be placed in a bowl or container and
one name is picked at a time.
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING - Members of the
population are listed in a systematic way (example
in alphabetical order) and are selected at equal
intervals from the starting point.
STRATIFIED RANDOM SAMPLING - The
population will be divided into categories or “strata,
“ and from these categories, the members will be
drawn proportionally.
CLUSTER SAMPLING - The members of the
population are divided into groups or clusters based
on geographical area.
TYPES OF NON- RANDOM SAMPLING
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING - is a process of
selecting a group of individuals who (conveniently)
are available for study.
PURPOSIVE SAMPLING - is a process of
selecting based from judgment to select a sample
which the researcher believed, based on prior
information, will provide the data they need.
QUOTA SAMPLING - is applied when an
investigator survey collects information from an
assigned number, or quota of individuals from one
several sample units fulfilling certain prescribed
criteria.
SNOWBALL SAMPLING - is a technique in which
one or more members of a population are located
and used to lead the researcher to other members
of the population.
VOLUNTARY SAMPLING - is a technique when
sample are composed of respondents who are self-
select into the study/ survey.
HAPHAZARD OR ACCIDENTAL SAMPLING -
involves an unsystematic selection of sample units.