LO3:Be able to determine the

parameters of fluid systems.

BTI- Fahim
 Formulae
𝑚
• Density, 𝜌 =
𝑉
• Density, 𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 1000
• 𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔
• Density of water 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .
Calculate density of mercury. The relative
density of mercury is 13.6.
• 𝜌 = 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 × 1000

• 𝜌 = 13.6 × 1000

• 𝜌 = 13.6 × 103 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3

Calculate the pressure due to water at a
depth of 30 mm below a water surface.
• 𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 • If pressure at h depth in water is
• ℎ = 30 𝑚𝑚 = 30 × 10−3 𝑚 294 Pa, calculate h.
• 𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔 • 𝑃 = ℎ𝜌𝑔
𝑃
• 𝑃 = 30 × 10−3 × 1000 × 9.8 •ℎ=
𝜌𝑔
• 𝑃 = 294 𝑃𝑎 •ℎ=
294
1000×9.8
• ℎ = 30 × 10−3 𝑚
• ℎ = 30 𝑚𝑚
 Archimedes' Principle
• Fluid: Liquid or gas
• Upthrust: force by fluid in upward direction
• Archimedes’ Principle: In fluid, a body experiences upthrust(U or FU).
• 𝑈 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑊𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠) = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑
• https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/density-and-
buoyancy/buoyancy_en.html
• 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐵 𝑔
𝑚
•𝜌=
𝑉
Weight of an object is 4.9N. Calculate its mass.

• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
• 4.9 = 𝑚 × 9.8
4.9
•𝑚=
9.8
• 𝑚 = 0.5 𝑘𝑔
• 𝑚 = 500 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔
Density of a steel block is 7800 kg/m3. Volume of block is
5m×1m×0.5m. It is immersed in water. Determine:
(a)Upthrust by water (b) weight of body
• 𝜌𝐵 = 7800 𝑘𝑔/𝑚2 , 𝑉 = 5m × 1m × 0.5m = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎𝟑
• 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐵 𝑔 = 7800 × 2.5 × 9.8 = 191.1 × 103 𝑁 (wrong approach)
• 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐵 𝑔 = 1000 × 2.5 × 9.8 = 24.5 × 103 𝑁
• 𝑈 = 24.5 𝑘𝑁
• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔
• 𝑚𝐵 = 𝜌𝐵 𝑉𝐵 = 7800 × 2.5 = 19.5 × 103 𝑘𝑔
• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = 19.5 × 103 × 9.8 = 191.1 × 103 𝑁
• 𝑊 = 𝑚𝐵 𝑔 = 𝜌𝐵 𝑉𝐵 𝑔
A metallic sphere of radius 5 cm is immersed in water. Calculate
upthrust on it.

• 𝑟 = 5 𝑐𝑚, 𝑈 =?
4
•𝑉= 𝜋𝑟 3
3
4 5 3
•𝑉= 𝜋 = 523.6 × 10−6 𝑚3
3 100
• 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐵 𝑔
• 𝑈 = 1000 × 523.6 × 10−6 × 9.8
• 𝑈 = 5.13 𝑁
The difference in the weight of the body when it is
immersed in water than in air is 20 N. Calculate volume
of the body.
• 𝑈 = 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦
• 𝑈 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
• 𝑈 = 20 𝑁
• 𝑈 = 𝜌𝑙 𝑉𝐵 𝑔
𝑈
• 𝑉𝐵 =
𝜌𝑙 𝑔
20
• 𝑉𝐵 =
1000×9.8
• 𝑉𝐵 = 2.04 𝑚3
 Equation of Continuity

• If Fluid mass flow rate is constant, then the below equation is

true:
• Volume flow rate (𝑉)ሶ where
• 𝑉ሶ = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 V- volumetric flow rate (m 3 /s)
• 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2 v- velocity of liquid (m/s)
• Unit: 𝑚2 × 𝑚/𝑠 A- area of cross section of pipe (m 2 )
• Unit:𝑚3 /𝑠
Mass Flow Rate
Calculate mass flow rate, if 2 kg liquid flows
per minute through a pipe.
𝑚
• 𝑚ሶ = • Calculate volume flow rate, if
𝑡
2 cm3 liquid flows per minute
• ሶ𝑉 = 𝑉 through a pipe.
𝑡
• 𝑚 = 2 𝑘𝑔
• 𝑡 = 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
• 𝑡 = 60 𝑠
𝑚
• 𝑚ሶ =
𝑡
2
• 𝑚ሶ = = 33.33 × 10−3 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
60
In a water supply system, the mains supply pipe is connected to a tributary pipe via a tapered connector. The inlet diameter to the
connector is 0.5 m and the velocity of flow of the water at the inlet is 1.5 m/s. The supply from the tributary pipe is used to supply
water to an irrigation system, where the flow velocity from the tributary pipe must be maintained at 4 m/s in order for the
irrigation system to operate efficiently. Assuming that the flow is incompressible and taking the density of the water as 1000 kg/m3.
Determine: (a) the volume flow rate for the system (b) the mass flow rate for the system (c) the diameter of the tributary pipe to
the irrigation system. [Ans: 𝑸ሶ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔, 𝒎ሶ = 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔,𝐝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝒎]

• Solution:𝑉ሶ = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
• 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌1 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋𝑑12 𝜋×0.52
• 𝑉ሶ = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝑣1 = × 1.5
4 4
• 𝑉ሶ = 0.294 𝑚3 /𝑠
• 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 1000 × 𝑉ሶ = 1000 × 0.294
• 𝑚ሶ = 294 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
• 𝐴2 𝑣2 = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝑉ሶ = 0.294
𝜋𝑑22
• 𝑣2 = 0.294
4
In a water supply system, the mains supply pipe is connected to a tributary pipe via a tapered connector. The inlet diameter to the
connector is 0.5 m and the velocity of flow of the water at the inlet is 1.5 m/s. The supply from the tributary pipe is used to supply
water to an irrigation system, where the flow velocity from the tributary pipe must be maintained at 4 m/s in order for the
irrigation system to operate efficiently. Assuming that the flow is incompressible and taking the density of the water as 1000 kg/m3.
Determine: (a) the volume flow rate for the system (b) the mass flow rate for the system (c) the diameter of the tributary pipe to
the irrigation system. [Ans: 𝑸ሶ = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔, 𝒎ሶ = 𝟐𝟗𝟒 𝒌𝒈/𝒔,𝐝𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟔 𝒎]

• Solution:𝑉ሶ = 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
• 𝑚ሶ = 𝜌1 𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝜌1 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋𝑑22
• 𝑣2 = 0.294
4
2 0.294×4 0.294×4
• 𝑑2 = =
𝑣2 ×𝜋 4×𝜋
• 𝑑22 = 93.58 × 10−3
• 𝑑2 = 93.58 × 10−3
• 𝑑2 = 0.306 𝑚 = 306 × 10−3 𝑚 = 306 𝑚𝑚