Sheet What It How to Use it Calculation What Else Limitations

Does Method You Need To and/or Bugs

Do
Release Rate Helps you This tab calculates Calculations You may need Gases are
calculate the the flow rate of a follow Crane to take the flow assumed to
Source Term liquid or vapour Technical Paper rate and ‘flash’ have a cp/cv
(flow rate) from a hole in a #410 for flow it (use a value of 1.3 .
tank or a pipe rate calculations process This will
break. and vapour simulator) to affect the
flows are calculate the sonic velocity
Input the flow rate limited by vapour flow for (See Crane
and various ‘choked’ (sonic) dispersion manual page
pressures, and hole flow. calculations. A-22).
diameter, and fluid
density. The
calculations are Liquid Choked
Decide if you have rough, so flow is not
an orifice, nozzle, consider considered in
or a pipe break. including a the
Most times, use an safety factor, or calculations.
orifice for a hole use a more You should
in a tank. An rigorous check this by
orifice is anything method. hand. Refer to
where the pipe the Fisher
length is < 4 x the The flow rate Control Valve
diameter (e.g. a may not be Manual on this
hole diameter of sustainable by subject.
¾” would be the process.
treated as an The equipment
orifice if the pipe may
length is less than depressurize
3 inches). and thus
understanding
If you expect the the upstream
fluid to flash, it’s feed systems
conservative to may be helpful.
assume it flows Alternatively,
through the hole at understanding
the fluid's inlet the total
density conditions. inventory of
If you wish to material may
account for two be helpful.
phase flow (will
result in lower
flow rates), do a
flash calculation
 and determine a
mixed density.
Use that mixed
density as the
density of the
fluid.

You may need to

double the flow
rate to account for
line breaks that
have material
flowing from both
sides of the break.
Gas Will help you Step 1. Put the gas Uses the method If you find the It’s not
Flammability determine if a composition into proposed by gas is not designed for
Test gas that has the table and the Bodurtha (Le flammable, it pressures
both LEL of the Chatelier's Rule) can shorten the above
flammable individual consequence atmospheric
components components. analysis.
and non- Presently it
flammable Step 2. The LEL is You might only calculates
components calculated. The want to the lower
is actually Concentration of consider how explosive limit
flammable. combustibles is you can make of the gas, but
calculated. the gas non the UEL could
flammable to be done the
Step 3. The achieve same way.
concentration of inherent safety.
combustibles is
compared to the Be careful of
LEL and a having water in
statement is made the stream. If
about whether it the process
would combust if goes to high
released into the pressure it can
atmosphere. condense the
water out of the
Step 4 will provide stream and thus
you with advice on its composition
how much oxygen may be
would be required explosive when
to make the stream you thought it
combustible. would not be.
Consequence Provides a Start with this Yellow cells
Input common sheet. are “input” for
input form the user.
for all the Orange cells
consequence are "output" or
analysis results.
sheets.
Down Wind Calculates Release rate, Calculations You should use There’s only
Concentrations the distance velocity etc. are follow a method ½ the two
downwind input on the presented in maximum atmospheric
that cloud Consequence Chemical concentration stability
will reach Input Sheet. Engineering . you're classes (day
when a Release interested in and night). A
'continuous' The method was (1/2/ LEL, or typical ground
release is Elevation should extended to 1/2 ERPG 2 roughness is
occurring. be input here include gases value) if you assumed, and
(typically 1 m for that have inerts want to know can’t be
ground elevation) via the “initial how far a gas changed.
should be input. concentration” cloud could be
cell. flammable or Puff releases
If the gas is 5% toxic to. ½ the are not
toxic/flammable, value is used modeled in
input 5% in the because of this
Initial “averaging spreadsheet.
Concentration cell. time.”
You may need to
run two cases if There are so
you're toxic many factors
component (roughness,
concentration is wind speed,
different from stability, wind
your flammable direction,etc.)
gas concentration. that an exact
answer is not
Set the possible. Look
concentrations to determine a
you’re interested range in
in. The numbers and
spreadsheet will use a lot of
calculate the engineering
distance that that judgment.
concentration will
be at.
Bursting Vessel Calculates Input values are The method A broken Does not
the energy from the Input uses the concept window can consider
released and Sheet. of determining cause severe missiles.
 damage that the energy injuries to
might occur The Burst Pressure released, and people, so
when a vessel can be the comparing it the consider the
containing a operating pressure damage that proximity of
gas bursts (if corrosion or would have windows and
(isentropic external fire was occurred from the window
expansion). the cause), TNT exploding. breaking
Alternatively, use distance as a
You can use 3.5 x the design Key in this key metric.
this to pressure calculation is
consider the (allowable stress the concept of
effects of a safety factory used explosion
BLEVE in ASME code efficiency. This
(flammable design for vessels) converts the
or non if overpressure of energy value
flammable). the vessel from the into the energy
process is the value of TNT. A
cause. typical value for
the explosion
Read the distance efficiency of
of the damage. these sorts of
Many people use explosions is
1psi as a key 80%.
indicator of major
damage.

If you’re doing a
BLEVE
calculation you
should do flash
calculation to
determine the
amount of material
that will be
converted into gas.
Fireball Calculates Input the mass of Follows the There appears
Damage the radiant fuel and the heat method to be a bug in
heat damage of combustion in presented in the calculation
from a the Consequence Lees’s and API of geometry
fireball. Input Sheet. flare standard and distance.
Be careful of
A Flammable The sheet will the results.
BLEVE calculate distances
might be to critical hazard Wind effects
modeled with levels (i.e. are not
this sheet, but combustion of
 it’s more surfaces an injury accounted for.
likely the to people).
explosion Pool Fire
blast damage 1st degree burns is consequences
sheet would the common are not
be used. metric to ensure calculated
does not happen. with this
method.
Explosion Blast This Input of the mass Utilizes the A broken Effects of
Damage calculates the of material and equivalent TNT window can missiles are
explosion heat of model where the cause severe not included in
damage from combustion comes mass of material injuries to the results.
a from the Input x the heat of people, so
combustible Sheet. combustion x consider the Be careful of
material. explosion proximity of the 2% being
The sheet will efficiency is windows and used for
calculate distances converted to a the window explosion
to critical hazard TNT equivalent. breaking efficiency.
levels. Read the Not the distance as a
distance of the explosion key metric.
damage. Many efficiency was
people use 1psi as quoated in Lees
a key indicator of to be 2%, but
major damage. PHAST uses
about 8%.
You can calculate Clearly there is
the overpressure at going to be a
any distance in the range in results
cells at the bottom so be careful.
of the sheet.