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RISK FACTORS:

- Age older than 60 yrs


- Severe comorbidity
- Active bleeding (eg, witnessed hematemesis, red blood per nasogastric tube,
fresh blood per rectum
- Hemodynamic instability: hypotension
- RBC transfusion greater than or equal to 6 units
- Severe coagulopathy

Reference: Limjindaporn (2010) https://www.slideshare.net/taem/chitladaupper-gi-bleeding

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS


- Vomiting blood, which might be red or might be dark brown and resemble coffee
grounds in texture
- Black, tarry stool
- Rectal bleeding, usually in or with stool
Other symptoms may include
- Weight loss
- Abdominal cramps
- Dehydration
- Fever
- Anemia
- Low blood pressure
- Fainting

Reference: https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/radiology/interventional-radiology/
conditions-treated/gastrointestinal-bleeding
: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/gastrointestinal-bleeding/symptoms-causes/syc-
20372729

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