DENTAL RESIN/SYNTHETIC RESIN Orthodontic and pedodontic

appliances
SYNTHETIC RESINS
• Uses a colorless acrylic
• Are non-metallic compounds which are molded resin
into various forms and then hardened for • Hawley appliance/Hawley
commercial use (e.g., clothing, electronic retainer or retainer with
equipment, building materials and household expansion crew.
appliances).
• These are materials composed of polymers or
complex molecules of high molecular weight. Provisional restorations in FPD
• A variety of resins are used in dentistry which
• Temporary crowns
includes:
o Acrylics • Uses a tooth-colored
o Polycarbonates acrylic resin.
o Vinyl resins • Have various shapes:
o Polyurethanes 66, 65, 62 etc.
o Styrene depending on the
o Cyanoacrylates remaining natural
o Epoxy resins teeth
• Placed after tooth
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS preparation and final impression of jacket crown
patients or fixed bridges patients.
• Based on the THERMAL BEHAVIOR
• Its primary objective is to protect the tooth from
o THERMOPLASTIC –
sensitivity and fracture.
▪ resin that can be repeatedly
softened and molded under
heat and pressure without any Tooth restorations
chemical change occuring (fillings)
▪ They are fusible and are usually
soluble in organic solvents • Composite filling
o THERMOSETTING – materials.
▪ Resin that can be molded only • These are tooth colored
once. • Placed inside the
▪ They set when heated prepared cavity
▪ They are generally infusible and • Various shades: A1, A2,
insoluble A3, A35, A4, B3
• Along this composite
USES OF RESINS IN DENTISTRY material is the etchant.
Fabrication of dentures (denture • Etchant are around 37% phosphoric acid.
base resins) • There is also a bonding agent that is used in the
• Denture base holds the denture prepared tooth after doing the etching
teeth or artificial teeth in making procedure. This aids for the material to adhere
CD and RPD to the tooth surfaces.

Inlay and post-core patterns

(pattern resins)
• This is used in replace to
Artificial teeth (cross-linked resin.
acrylic resins) • Used in inlay
• In the wax rim, the restorations or post and core
denture teeth is set. restoration
 Crown and FPD facings (tooth
colored acrylic or composite
resins)
• In facings, the materials
will only be placed on the
facial surfaces of the
tooth while at its lingual
surface is a metal. These two materials will be
joined together to come up with a crown or fixed
bridges.
Cementation of orthodontic
brackets, crowns and FPDs
(resin cements)
• Another form of
composite but the main use
of this is cementation.
• Automix resin can be
used or two paste (powder-
liquid system)
Custom Impression Tray
• Individual tray is made
of resin
• Other materials like
modeling compound
and shellac base plate
may also be used to
make an individual tray.
Dies (epoxy resin)
• Similar to the wax
pattern but instead of using
wax the epoxy resin is used to
come up with the pattern for
restorations.
Other Uses of Resin:
• Maxillofacial prostheses (obturators for cleft
palates)
o Along with denture base is an elevated
portion of resin on the tissue site to
block the hole for cleft palate.
• Endodontic and core filling material
• Athletic mouth protectors
o Mouth guards
• Splints and stents
o Stents – for implant; a pattern to be
used before doing the drilling for the
screw
• Models
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL RESINS
• Be tasteless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritant
to the oral tissues
• Be esthetically satisfactory (color should be
permanent)
• Be dimensionally stable (not expand, contract or
warp during processing and subsequent used by
the patient)
• Have enough strength, resilience and abrasion
resistance
• Be insoluble and impermeable to oral fluids
• Have a low specific gravity (light in weight) –
meaning, any prostheses that’s going to be put
into the patient’s mouth must be light in weight
• Tolerate temperatures well above the
temperature of any hot foods or liquids taken in
the mouth without undue softening or distortion
• Be easy to fabricate and repair
• Have good thermal conductivity
• Be radiopaque
• When used as filling material it should:
o Bond chemically with the tooth
o Have coefficient of thermal expansion
which match that of tooth structure
• Be economical
ACRYLIC RESINS
• Used in prosthodontic activities.
• Are derivatives of ethylene and contain a vinyl
group in their structure formula.
• The acrylic resins used in dentistry are the esters
of:
o Acrylic acid, CH2=CHOOH
o Methacrylic acid, CH2=C(CH3) COOH
POLY (METHYL METHACRYLATE) RESINS
• Widely used in dentistry to fabricate various
appliances like complete denture, removable
partial denture and Hawley’s appliance
• Although, it is a thermoplastic resin, in dentistry
it is not usually molded by thermoplastic means
• The liquid (monomer) methylmethacrylate is
mixed with the polymer (powder)
• Types (based on the method used for its
activation)
o Heat activated resins – subjected to very
high temperature of water.
o Chemically activated resins – mixture of
two components and wait for it to set.
o Light activated resins - with the use of
curing box that will emit light to
HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC RESINS CUSTOM TRAY CONSTRUCTION
• Heat activated polymethyl methacrylate resins • Materials that can be
are the most widely used resins for the used for making a
fabrication of complete dentures. custom tray are shellac,
o This material needs to be subjected to a modeling compound
very high temperature of boiling water and acrylic resin
for 3 hours or 9 hours depending on the • With a red pencil,
method you will use outlined the planned
• Available as: area of the denture
o Powder and Liquid base in the diagnostic
▪ Powder may be transparent or cast. Use the following landmarks as basis for the
tooth colored or pink colored design of the denture base:
▪ The liquid (monomer) is o Mucobuccal fold
supplied in tightly sealed amber o External oblique ridge
colored bottles. This liquid o Masseteric notches
evaporates easily and has a bad o Retromolar pads
odor. o Mylohyoid ridges
o Gels – sheets and cakes o Frenae
• With a blue pencil, outline the tray design. The
tray design should be about 2 mm shorter the
COMPONENTS OF ACRYLIC RESIN planned denture base.
• Mix the resin, form it into a ball during the dough
• Dispensing Form: Powder (polymer) Liquid stage and flatten it to an even thickness using a
(monomer) roller or two wet glass slabs. (omit this step if
• Powder using VLC resin).
1. Polymethyl Methacrylate – main • Apply petroleum jelly on the diagnostic cast to
component, in beads or pear form prevent acrylic from sticking.
2. Benzoyd/Benzoyl Peroxide – an initiator, • Adapt the resin to the cast and trim the excess
starts the polymerization process once the with a sharp knife. Allow the material to set.
powder is mixed with the monomer (place in a curing unit for VLC).
3. Dibuthyl Pthalate – act as a plasticizer, • Finish the tray by trimming the border. Border
improves the workability thickness should be about 2 to 3mm.
4. Talc or Gelatin – prevents cohesion of the • Attach a handle made of the same tray material.
beads during storage/ prolong storage life Position the handle at the anterior ridge crest
5. Dyed Synthetic Fibers – improves aesthetics area.
appearance as it produces reddish and bluish
small blood vessel appearance
6. Titanium Dioxide – fibers, hardening agents
7. Coloring Material/Pigments
• Liquid (Monomer)
1. Methyl Methacrylate – main component,
transparent, colorless liquid with sweetish
odor, toxic when inhaled in prolong periods
of time; when you’re using this monomer,
you have to use a face mask.
2. Hydroquinone – prevents premature
polymerization during storage
3. Glycol Dimethacrylate – cross linking agent,
this makes resin hard, stronger and serves as
a bridge that unites two polymerized chains
and also improves physical property of the
monomer
CUSTOM TRAY CONSTRUCTION STEPS IN MAKING DENTURE
BASE
• With a red pencil, outlined the planned extent of
the denture base. Use the following landmarks 1. Impression Taking
as basis for the design: 2. Cast Construction
o Mucobuccal fold 3. Wax Pattern
o Coronomaxillary space Construction
o Hamular notches 4. Investing of Wax Pattern
o Vibrating line 5. Wax
o Frenae Elimination/Burnout
• With a blue pencil, outline the tray design. The Procedure
tray must be designed about 2 mm shorter along 6. Preparation of Mold
the muccobuccal fold, except along the posterior Space
palatal seal area. 7. Packing of Resin Dough
• An apron about 3-4mm wider than the planned 8. Curing
postdam area, should be made instead. 9. Deflasking
• Apply petroleum jelly on the diagnostic cast to 10. Trimming and Polishing
prevent acrylic from sticking.
IMPRESSION TAKING
• Adapt the acrylic tray material to the cast
following the same procedure for mandible and • 1st step before making denture base
attach a handle. • Preliminary impression – using stock tray,
modeling compound then after making the
impression pour with plaster of Paris
• Outlining of the study cast
o Red outline is intended for the propose
denture base
o Blue outline for individual tray

• Once done with individual tray, final impression

VISIBLE LIGHT CURED RESIN (POLYMERIZING RESIN)
can now be made using alginate or rubber
• Easiest way for you to come up with and impression material (preferably A-silicone
individual tray as well as for the denture base. • Secondary impression – to construct individual
You just have to adapt it to the cast, press it hard tray for working cast
to conform with the shape of the ridge then • Working cast with outline
remove all the excess using wax carver set aside
all that is carved excess as it will be used as a
handle of the tray
later on. Place in
curing box once it is
mold for it to harden.
• Once exposed
to light it immediately
starts to set.
CAST CONSTRUCTION INVESTING THE WAX PATTERN
• Working cast 1. Prepare the metal
flasks for investing
the wax pattern by
applying petroleum
jelly on the inside
part of the upper
and lower halves,
knock out plate and
cover of the flask.
2. Soak the cast in
water until it is
SHELLAC BASE PLATE entirely wet. Do
not over soak, as
• Easiest way to come up with denture base is with this will cause the cast to etch. Apply separating
the use of shellac. medium (petroleum jelly or color guard) to the
base.
3. Mix plaster of Paris and then fill the sides of the
lower half of the flasks, leaving the center
portion with an amount of plaster mix just
enough to accommodate the cast.
4. Press the cast at the center of the lower half of
the flask. The bottom of the cast must touch the
WAX PATTERN CONSTRUCTION
base of the flask. See to it that the land area is
• Use pink wax and pass over flame to soften slightly above or at level with the rim of the flask
• Place the softened wax over the cast and press it
hard to get the exact shape of the cast
• Then place another wax over the 1st wax
• Pour melted wax (using the carver) into the
periphery of wax pattern and allow it to flow to
prevent Plaster of Paris from going inside wax
pattern during investing
• Wax pattern should be stable to the working cast
• Double processing of denture – 1st do the wax
pattern then eliminate this and then do the
denture base

• Theres folds on the edges and these folds must

be uniform in terms of thickness and height.
 5. Using the plaster WAX ELIMINATION/BURNOUT PROCEDURE AND MOLD
spatula, work SPACE PREPARATION
around the cast
1. Prepare two metal water containers. One of
so the plaster is
smoothed even these should be big enough to be filled with
with the base of water and hold two flasks.
the cast. Contour 2. Fill the containers with water and bring it to a
the plaster so running boil. One container will be used to heat-
that no undercut soak the flasks and the other to hold clean, hot
around the cast is water.
present. 3. Soak the flasks in boiling water for about 4-5
6. Allow to partially minutes. The wax should have softened by this
set. Moisten a finger and complete the time.
smoothening of the lower half. Let the plaster 4. Separate the upper and lower halves of the flasks
set completely. by inserting a blunt knife at the slot at the back
7. Apply separating medium all around the plaster of the flask. Peel off the softened wax and
investment and allow it to dry. discard.
8. Secure the upper half of the flask to the lower 5. Flush the mold space (space occupied by the wax
part. Be sure that there is metal-to-metal contact pattern) with hot water coming from the boil-out
between them. Clean the rim with a sharp knife container. Use a dipper with a hole at the
if the plaster investment interferes with this or bottom. Do not use all the water in the dipper.
re-contour the investment to accommodate the Discard it because the top portion contains wax
upper half. that can contaminate the old
6. Apply detergent and brush all the areas to
9. Mix plaster of Paris and pour it onto the upper
half. Place the flask on a vibrator to ensure that remove any trace of wax.
plaster flows to the crevices, thus reducing the PACKING THE RESIN (STAGES OCCUR ONCE THE RESINS
chances of air bubble formation. Add plaster ARE MIXED)
until the flask is full, to complete the investment.
Put the flask cover and firmly tap it to allow the • Damp/Sandy Stage
excess plaster to escape. Allow the plaster to • Sticky/Stringy Sage
completely set • Gel/Dough Stage
• Rubbery Stage
TWO METHODS OF POURING THE PLASTER OF PARIS TO • Stiff Stage
THE UPPER HALF OF METAL FLASK
DAMP/SANDY STAGE
• Single Pour Technique
o Mix the plaster then pouring it to the • Mixture is cloudy
upper half then place the cover and sandy
• Double Pour Technique/Two Capping • No reaction yet
Technique between monomer
o This is good in the presence of artificial and polymer
teeth. Should not be done without the
denture teeth. STICKY/STRINGY STAGE
o Pouring is done twice, 1st pour of the • Monomer attacks the
investing medium is only to the level of surface of polymer
the wax pattern and the tooth must still • The mixture becomes
be exposed. viscous and sticks to the
o After that, allow it to set until the initial stirring rod.
time is achieved. • If it still sticks, then it’s
o Now, mix the dental stone and this will not yet ready to be
be used to cover the denture teeth. mold. Don’t forget to
o This is done to protect the denture teeth cover every now and
from moving during the processing of then to prevent it from
denture. evaporating
GEL/DOUGH STAGE COVER THE MIXING JAR TO PREVENT EVAPORATION OF
THE MONOMER. But check every now and then if it’s still
• It is now ready to be sticky or not. It not sticky, then it’s ready to be mold.
removed from the glass
but prior to that make
sure to wet your hands.
• Mixture is easily molded
into different forms and
shapes.
• Ideal for compression
molding, no longer sticky
RUBBERY STAGE
• Mixture is rubber-like in character and no longer
flows freely
Constantly monitor the
• Cannot be molded anymore
polymerization process. The resin
o That is why before this stage, the
is ready for packing during the
mixture must be at the mold space
“dough” stage.
already.
STIFF STAGE

• Mixture is dry and resistant to mechanical

deformation During the “dough” stage, wet
your hand with water and
Again…
knead the acrylic material.
PACKING THE RESIN Form it into a ball and then roll
it. Pack it in the mold space
Prepare the acrylic mixing using your fingers.
jar and soak a piece of
polyethylene sheet in
water.
Measure enough amounts of polymer
GET THE POLYETHYLENE SHEET AND LINE IT OVER THE
and monomer, following manufacture’s
ACRYLIC. THIS WILL ENABLE YOU TO DO A TRIAL
instruction.
CLOSURE. CLOSE THE FLASK WITH THE LOWER HALF AND
APPLY A PALM PRESSURE.

EMPTY THE MEASURED MONOMER INTO THE MIXING

JAR. ADD POLYMER IN A SPRINKLING FASHION. MAKE
SURE THAT THE POWDER IS COMPLETELY WET WITH THE
MONOMER. A STIRRING ROD MAY BE USED FOR THIS
PURPOSE, TAKING CARE NOT TO STIR, AS THIS MAY
INTRODUCE AIR INTO THE MIXTURE

Put the assembled flask

into a press. This could be
accomplished by either of
the following:
• Bench press
• Pneumatic press
Pneumatic Press
Release the pressure and
gradually separate the
lower and upper halves
using a dull knife. Lift away
the polyethylene sheet and
see to it that the mold is
totally filled with resin.
The flash on the investment is
cut away using a sharp knife.
TRIAL-CLOSURE TECHNIQUE
Reassemble the flask. Clamp
this using a spring clamp and
bench cure for about 30
minutes to allow excess
monomer to evaporate.
Repeat the procedure for
other investment.
Bench Press CURING
• Heating process of
resin to allow
complete
polymerization.
• Rapid curing:
74°C/165°F water
bath for 2 hours then
increase to 100°C for 1
hour.
• Slow curing: 65 -70°C water bath for 8-9 hours
• Turn the curing unit on. Set the temperature at
65-70°C and the timer to about 8-9 hours.
• Place the flask in the water bath and leave it to
cure for the time duration.
BENCH COOLING
• After curing cycle,
retrieve the flasks
from the water bath.
Allow them to bench-
cool before divesting
the denture base.
Rapid temperature
change alters the dimensions of the base
DIMENSIONAL CHANGES DURING CURING
• Thermal Expansion – change from room
temperature to temperature of water bath
• Contraction – polymerization shrinkage of resin
• Thermal Contraction – change from room
temperature of water bath to room temperature
DEFLASKING
• Remove the lid of the
flask and put the flask
into a flask ejector.
Carefully separate the
halves of the flask
from the investment
by inserting levers at
the sides of the
ejector and engaging
the flask at the recess
provided for this purpose.
• An alternative way would be to use a mallet.
Remove the flask cap and invert the flask. Tap
the knock-out plate until the lower half of the
flask separates. Re invert the flask and tap the
stone cap until the investment is completely free
from flask.
 • Saw through the manipulation of resin and packing too
investment, making soon
several linear cuts. • Crazing – linear small cracks caused by too much
The cut must be pressure exerted during deflasking
deep enough, • Fracture – caused by too much pressure during
without damaging packing and by accidental dropping of denture
the denture base, base during deflasking.
so that the parts
will be done easily if the cast has been prepared
well with the separating medium.
• Slowly lift the denture base from the cast. Do not
force it out if there is difficulty or it may break.
Saw the cast and pry the pieces out until the base
is free from the investment.

INJECTION MOLDING TECHNIQUE

TRIMMING AND POLISHING
• Trim the “flash” (excess resins at the sides of
denture base) from the processed denture and
clean off the investing plaster.
• Polish it using a wheel rag and acryluster.
• It is important to remove the residual monomer
from the finished denture base because it can
cause irritation to the oral tissues.
• Used a special thermoplastic resin (Ivoclar)
• This technique uses special equipment including
a special bath for curing
• A sprue hole and a vent hole are formed in the
gypsum mold
• The soft resin is contained in the injector and is
forced into the mold space as needed
• It is kept under pressure until it has hardened

Example of poorly processed

denture base

DEFECTS OF DENTURE BASE

• Presence of porosities
o External Porosities – caused by
improper manipulation of investing
medium
o Internal porosities – caused by too rapid
curing process and improper
Advantages: LIGHT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS
• Dimensional accuracy • Consists of a urethane dimethacrylate matrix
(low shrinkage) with an acrylic coplymer, microfine silica fillers,
• No increase in vertical and a camphoroquinone amine photoinitiator
dimension system
• Homogenous denture • Supplied in premixed sheets having a clay like
base  Low free consistency
monomer content
• Good impact strength
Disadvantages:
• High cost of
equipment
• Difficult mold design
problems
• Less craze resistance  Special flask is required
CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED
DENTURE BASE ACRYLIC
RESINS
• Also known as “self-
curing” “cold cure” or
“auto-polymerizing
resin”
• Supplied as powder
(clear, pink, tooth
colored) and liquid
• Polymerize at room
temperature
USES
• For making temporary crowns and FPDs
• Construction of special trays
• For denture repair, relining and rebasing
• For making removable orthodontic appliances
• For adding a post-dam to an adjusted upper
denture
• For making temporary and permanent denture
bases
• For making inlay and post core patterns