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Dental Materials - Prelims
Dental Materials - Prelims
• Biocompatible
• The materials should be mechanically stable and
durable
o The material must be strong and
resistant to fracture.
• Resistant to corrosion - does not deteriorate
over time
• Esthetic – natural and pleasing to the eye.
• Adheres to tissues
• Tasteless and odorless o RCT procedure:
• Cleanable/repairable ▪ Open the cavity with the use of
• Cost-effective the handpiece and burs then
• Minimal conduction - insulates against you need to remove the caries.
thermal/electrical charge After the removal of the caries
• Easy to manipulate at reasonable time and effort the endodontic file will be
inserted inside the canal, this
will enlarge the canal then clean
it and shape it. Once cleaning
and shaping is done, the zinc
oxide eugenol which is a cement
will be mixed with gutta-percha
and will be inserted inside the
canal. All portion of the canal
must be filled leaving no space
that could cause infection to Prosthodontics
reoccur.
• Is the dental specialty pertaining to diagnosis,
Orthodontics treatment planning, rehabilitation and
maintenance of oral function, comfort,
• From the Greek words orthos “straight or
appearance and health of patients with clinical
proper” and odons “tooth”.
conditions associated with missing or deficient
• Is the specialty of dentistry that is concerned
teeth and/or oral and maxillofacial tissues using
with the study and treatment of malocclusions,
biocompatible substitutes.
which may be a results of tooth irregularity,
disproportionate jaw relationship, or both.
• Class 1 lesions:
o Lesions that begin in the structural
defects of teeth such as pits, fissures
and defective grooves.
o Locations include:
▪ Occlusal surface of molars and • Class 5 lesions:
premolars. o Lesions that are found at the gingival
▪ Occlusal two thirds of buccal third of the facial and lingual surfaces of
and lingual surfaces of molars anterior and posterior teeth.
▪ Lingual pits of upper anterior
tooth. (lateral incisors)
• Class 4 lesions:
o Lesions found on the proximal surfaces
of anterior teeth that involve the incisal
angle.
GYPSUM PRODUCTS ADA (American Dental Association) CLASSIFICATION
OF GYPSUM PRODUCTS
• Rock or solid particles which have been
grounded into powdered form and then heated. Type I: Soluble Plaster/Impression Plaster
• Chemically the gypsum produced for dental
• Used to make impression especially on
applications is nearly pure Calcium Sulfate
edentulous cases as well as doing maxillofacial
Dihydrate - CaSO4 • 2H2O
prosthesis.
• Calcination – process of heating gypsum and
• Using impression plaster/soluble plaster in the
driving off part of the water of crystallization.
presence of natural teeth is not advisable as it
o Open calcination
will give you a hard time removing it.
▪ Heating is done in a kettle or an
• Also used for bite registration material
open bath while stirring at 110⁰
o Once you mix the material, it’s going to
to 120⁰C (230⁰ to 250⁰F)
be placed in the occlusal surfaces of the
▪ Upon doing this the plaster of
mandibular teeth then ask the patient to
Paris or ß-hemihydrate is
bite to leave imprints on the material.
produced.
After that, remove it to the patients
▪ The Plaster of Paris will appear
mouth and transfer that bite into the
or is consists of large, irregularly
cast.
shaped orthorhombic crystal
o In bite registration the actual occlusion
particles with capillary pores
of the patient is copied.
▪ Microscopically, crystals are
spongy and irregular in shape
o Closed calcination
▪ Heating is done in autoclave at
120° to 130°C
▪ It produces hemihydrate/Dental
stone
▪ Consists of smaller, regularly
shaped crystalline particles in
the form of rods or prisms.
▪ Crystals are prismatic and more
regular in shape
Type II: Plaster Model/Plaster of Paris
Difference between crystal structure of dental • Used to make study cast/model for record
plaster and dental stone. purposes
• It may also be used in preliminary cast in the
Dental Plaster Dental Stone complete denture.
Needle like crystals Rods and prism like • It is usually off-white in color however a very
crystals white in color plaster of Paris is for orthodontic
Irregular in shape with Regular in shape use.
capillary pores
Loosely packed Closely packed
Type III: Dental Stone (Class I Dental Stone)
• Presence of impurities like set plaster or stone Factors Affecting Compressive Strength
o Decreased setting time • Shape and size of the particles
• Fineness-particle size and shape of crystals • W:P ratio
o Smaller crystals, more soluble, faster
• Mixing technique (undermixing/overmixing)
setting time
• Use of chemical modifier
• W:P Ratio
o Too thin (watery): prone to air bubbles;
longer setting time
o Too thick (less water more powder): not
all particles (powder) will be mixed with
water; faster setting time
o More water, less powder: longer ST
o Less water, more powder: shorter ST
• Mixing Time – 2 minutes
o Longer time, faster mixing RPM, faster
the setting time
• Temperature
o Up to 50°C: accelerator
o Above 50°C: retarder
• Accelerators and Retarders
o Accelerators – tend to remove the
surface coating of crystals making them
more soluble to water: faster setting
time
▪ Low concentration of NaCl and
Na2SO4
▪ K2SO4 = best accelerator
regardless the concentration
o Retarders – tend to create surface
coating of crystals making them less
soluble to water: slower setting time
IMPRESSION MATERIALS been set, it still has the same
composition.
• Are used to form replicas or copies of teeth and
other oral structures. Impression Trays
• The impression is a negative reproduction while
• Are appliance used to reach the patient’s mouth
the model or cast is the positive reproduction.
• Kinds of trays:
o Once impression making is done, the
1. Stock Tray – used for modelling compound
gypsum products now can be poured
for preliminary impression. It is commonly
and come up with a model cast
used for edentulous cases.
• Objective is to copy accurately the teeth and
• Once you already have the negative
other structures in the oral cavity.
copy (impression), you need to
Requirements of Good Impression Material come up with the cast and the
gypsum that will be used in this
• Good flow property
particular case is the plaster of Paris.
o Should reach even the deepest area of
Once the plaster of Paris is poured
oral cavity
and set, you now have the
• Good dimensional stability (don’t shrink or preliminary cast/diagnostic cast
expand after setting)
• Reasonable cost Materials used:
• Easy to manipulate Stock tray, Modeling
• Biocompatible compound, Plaster of
• Should have adhesive property Paris = Preliminary
• Compatible with the cast cast/ diagnostic cast
• Good storage life
• Palatable taste
• Appropriate setting time 2. Perforated Tray – used when impression
• No toxic agents materials do not adhere to the tray.
• Enough strength to withstand withdrawal from • It’s a metal tray with perforations
the patient’s mouth • The purpose of these perforations is
for the material to adhere to the
Setting Mechanism
tray, so that it will stick, it also serves
• Impression materials can set by means of as retention form.
reversible or irreversible reactions. • It is normally used for preliminary
• Irreversible Reaction implies that chemical impression in cases of doing crowns,
reaction had occurred and that the material bridges, Removable Partial Denture,
cannot revert to its present state, example: restoration procedures and also for
alginate, ZOE impression paste, impression final impression.
plaster and elastomeric impression materials.
o For example, the alginate which is in
Materials Used:
powdered form, once mixed with water
there will be a chemical reaction and Alginate or rubber
once the material sets, you cannot impression material
return it back to its original condition. (condensation silicon)
• Reversible materials softened under heat and
3. Rim-Lock Tray
solidify when they are cooled, with no chemical
change taking place, example reversible • Basically, it is made of metal but
hydrocolloid and impression compound. unlike the perforated tray, the rim-
o For example, once the modeling lock tray doesn’t have perforation
compound is manipulated and have
• It has a very thin elevated metal on 5. Water-Cooled – used for agar impression
the palatal area as well as on its • It’s a specialized tray that are
edges of the tray normally used in agar impression
• The elevated metal will serve as a material.
lock when placing an impression 6. Disposable Tray – made of plastic
material. It will retain the material • It can be adjusted by heating it and
inside the tray softening the edges of the tray to fit
in the patient’s mouth.
Rebasing
Uses of ZOE
(7 O’ CLOCK)
Preparing – Dosage Impression - Fixing
Reversible Hydrocolloid/Agar
Cartridge of liquefied
hydrocolloid is removed
Tray material
from storage bath
Cartridge of impression
material is loaded into Syringe material
syringe
Completed impression
Conditioning unit
Disadvantages
Properties of Agar
Advantages of Polyether:
• Short setting time
• Single viscosity
• Good stability
• Good tear strength
• Clean & easy to use
Disadvantages of Polyether:
Polyether Characteristics:
• Bad taste
• Excellent dimensional stability • Most difficult to remove from mouth
• Hydrophilic in nature
• Will lock into undercuts if not blocked out CONDENSATION SILICONES
o May have a hard time removing from the • Can have pronounced shrinkage due to
patient’s mouth if not all undercuts are evaporation of alcohol during reaction [poor
blocked dimensional stability]
• 0.5% of individuals have shown some reaction to • Used in a similar fashion to polysulfides
this material • Must be poured within six hours
o Causes allergic reaction to some patients • Dies produced from this material are undersized
• Can be somewhat brittle *The above occurs due to the evaporation of the
Base byproduct of the condensation reaction. (H2O
for polysulfides and ethanol for Condensation
• Polyether polymer silicones)
• Glycolether/Pthalate (plasticizer) • For dispensing form, you may use paste and
• Colloidal Silica (filler) liquid or putty and paste
Base: Paste • Platinum Salt – activator
• Fillers – colloidal silica
• Polydimethyl Siloxane – main component
• Fillers – silica Polyvinyl Siloxanes
Catalyst: Liquid • Mixing guns (automix) are the most popular
form of this material
• Tin Octoate or Stannous octate
• We utilize a monophase-wash system (one step)
• Alkyl Silicate o But can also use two step technique
• No fillers- fillers are necessary to form a paste • Latex gloves retard the setting of this type of
Manipulation for Condensation Silicone material
o The gloves must be removed when using
• The liquid is measured in terms of drops per unit this material as it affects the
length of base polymerization of polyvinyl siloxanes.
• Knead with fingers o Wash your hands or use alcohol after
• Place the material on the tray then seat inside removing the gloves.
the mouth o Inform the patient to why you need to
• At initial setting time, withdraw from the mouth remove the gloves.
• Scrape off some parts then put the light material • Must not come into contact with any surface
on the tray and around the tooth touched by a glove
• Seat the tray again and wait for the final setting
Handling Addition Silicone: (one step technique; wash-
time
Note: instead of scraping, a plastic spacer sheet wash technique)
can be placed over the tray to provide room for • Mix equal lengths of pastes, or automix
the syringe material or rock the tray while seated • Apply light-body material to tooth thru syringe
on the mouth to provide spaces. • Load tray with heavy-body
POLYVINYL SILOXANE • Set tray over prep site
• Set in 4 – 5 minutes
• Best material among the elastomers • Rinse & disinfect
• Also known as addition silicones or Vinyl
Polysiloxane
• Dimensional stability is quite high in this group
• Least affected by pouring delay of any material
(due to no volatile byproduct formation, carbon
double bonds, in the form of vinyl groups open
up during polymerization and link the monomer Advantages of Addition Silicone: Polyvinylsiloxane
groups together via an addition reaction)
• Comes in many varieties (putty-wash, wash- • Very stable
wash) • Short setting time
• Surfactants have been added to the material to • Good tear resistance
decrease its hydrophobia, but dies are 14-33% • Great accuracy
softer • No bad taste
• Its dispensing form includes base and catalysts. Disadvantages of Addition Silicone: Polyvinylsiloxane:
Base
• May have poor wettability
• Silicone Polymer • Two pastes to mix
• Polymethyl Hydrogen Siloxane
Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Technique
• Chloroplatinic Acid
• Fillers • Type of Impression:
• Aluminum Sulfate – retarder o Heavy body wash (Monophasic material)
in a stock tray with medium or light wash
Catalyst around
• Divinyl Polymethyl Siloxane o Light body wash in a custom tray
• One step monophasic-wash technique: have equigingival or subgingival
o Stock tray preparation margin, you can now do the
o Tissue management tissue management by:
o Final wash • Either single or dual
o Evaluation cord technique with
hemostatic agent
Stock Tray Preparation
• Either single or dual
• Washing Hands Is A Must! cord technique with
o Powder from latex gloves can react with epinephrine
impression material. It must be removed • Electrosurgery/laser
to prevent incomplete setting of the (alternative)
impression material.
• View margin and check for any heme. If heme is • All of the margin has been captured on the facial
present rescrub with ferric sulfate surface
• Far less flash is present on the facial making that
portion of the die far more difficult to trim
Ideal Impression
DioDent Laser
• Final wash is applied with force so that • Gallium Aluminum
impression material is expressed into the sulcus. Arsenide Solid
State laser diode
Alternative Soft Tissue Management Techniques
provides the
• Without the use of retraction cord optical energy
• Fiber optic
Electrosurgery handpiece delivers
• State of the art high up to 10 watts of
frequency electrical device laser energy
used for easy and effective • Pulse and power
soft tissue contouring and output can be
coagulation adjusted
• Normally used for • Used in:
gingivectomy. o Cosmetic Dentistry
• Gingivectomy - removing excess tissue o Endodontics
o must not violate biologic width o Periodontal procedures
o adequate attached gingiva o Oral soft tissue surgery including
o caution in cosmetic areas (adequate gingivectomy, gingivoplasty, biopsy,etc.
sulcus depth, and attached gingiva), o Tissue retraction for impressions
although it can be used for aesthetic o I and D’s – incision and drainage
contouring of gingival tissue o Implant recovery
• Advantages of Electrosurgery over blade
surgery:
o Less bleeding
o Less need for sutures
o Less scaring
o Better access
DENTAL RESIN/SYNTHETIC RESIN Orthodontic and pedodontic
appliances
SYNTHETIC RESINS
• Uses a colorless acrylic
• Are non-metallic compounds which are molded resin
into various forms and then hardened for • Hawley appliance/Hawley
commercial use (e.g., clothing, electronic retainer or retainer with
equipment, building materials and household expansion crew.
appliances).
• These are materials composed of polymers or
complex molecules of high molecular weight. Provisional restorations in FPD
• A variety of resins are used in dentistry which
• Temporary crowns
includes:
o Acrylics • Uses a tooth-colored
o Polycarbonates acrylic resin.
o Vinyl resins • Have various shapes:
o Polyurethanes 66, 65, 62 etc.
o Styrene depending on the
o Cyanoacrylates remaining natural
o Epoxy resins teeth
• Placed after tooth
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS preparation and final impression of jacket crown
patients or fixed bridges patients.
• Based on the THERMAL BEHAVIOR
• Its primary objective is to protect the tooth from
o THERMOPLASTIC –
sensitivity and fracture.
▪ resin that can be repeatedly
softened and molded under
heat and pressure without any Tooth restorations
chemical change occuring (fillings)
▪ They are fusible and are usually
soluble in organic solvents • Composite filling
o THERMOSETTING – materials.
▪ Resin that can be molded only • These are tooth colored
once. • Placed inside the
▪ They set when heated prepared cavity
▪ They are generally infusible and • Various shades: A1, A2,
insoluble A3, A35, A4, B3
• Along this composite
USES OF RESINS IN DENTISTRY material is the etchant.
Fabrication of dentures (denture • Etchant are around 37% phosphoric acid.
base resins) • There is also a bonding agent that is used in the
• Denture base holds the denture prepared tooth after doing the etching
teeth or artificial teeth in making procedure. This aids for the material to adhere
CD and RPD to the tooth surfaces.