DENTAL CEMENTS
o Zinc Oxide Eugenol (rapid setting)
• a substance that serves to produce solid union
between two surfaces.
• Materials of multiple uses including
restorations, luting and therapeutic.
• They are generally materials of comparatively
low strength, but have extensive use in dentistry.
Liners
• Material applied to the inside of the walls of a
prepared cavity.
o For example, a class I cavity will consist
five walls (buccal, lingual, mesial, distal
and pulpal wall)
o The liners are applied to these walls to
protect the pulp of the tooth.
▪ Because when doing a cavity
preparation there is a tendency
for us to open the dentinal
tubules and if liners are not
applied to the walls of the
cavity, there will be a possibility
that the materials placed on the
tooth is harmful to the pulp as
some of these materials have
acid content.
• For protection and insulation of the surface of
the prepared cavity
• Materials used as a liner are the following:
o Cavity Varnish
o Calcium Hydroxide
o GIC (glass ionomer cement)
Bases
• A cavity lining agent used beneath permanent
restorations to enhance recovery of injured
pulp or to protect it from:
o thermal shock
o galvanic shock
o mechanical trauma
o microleakage, and
o toxic substances in some restorations
▪ Bases are placed beneath the
filling materials to protect the
tooth from toxic substances of
filling materials.
▪ Depths in restoration:
• Depth a
• Depth b
• Depth c
• Depth d
▪ Bases are only applied in depth
b, c and d.
• Materials used as base are:
o Zinc Phosphate
o Polycarboxylate
o Zinc Silicophosphate
o GIC (glass ionomer cement)
Cements
• A substance that serves to produce solid union
between two surfaces.
o Cements attach restorations to the
surface of the tooth. For example,
before placing the jacket crown on the
prepared tooth, cements are applied so
that it will stick the crown to the surfaces
of the tooth.
• Materials used as cements:
o ZOE
o Zinc Phosphate
o Zinc Polycarboxylate
o GIC
o Zinc Silicophospate
CLASSIFICATION OF CEMENTS
I. According to Setting Reaction
• Acid-Base Reaction Cements
o Formulated as powder (base) and liquid
(acid)
o on mixing the two, an acid-base reaction
takes place resulting a viscous paste, which
hardens to a solid mass
• Polymerizing Cements
o Set by polymerizing reaction which may be
light activated (needs light curing unit) or
chemically activated (mixture of the powder
and liquid)
o Example: Resin Cements
• Dual Cure Cements
o Combination of the acid-base reaction
cements and polymerizing cements.
o Set by acid base and any one of the
polymerization (light activated or chemically
activated) mechanisms
• Tricure Cements
o Utilize all three mechanisms for hardening
(acid-base, polymerizing and dual cure)
II. Based on Application
• Type I Luting Agents
o Type I fine grain for cementation
o Type II medium grain for bases,
orthodontic purpose
 • Type II Restorative Applications Obtundent (Pulp • Zinc oxide eugenol – it
• Type III Liner or Base Application Therapy) has sedative effect
III. ISO Standards that heals the pulp
Liners • Calcium hydroxide
• ISO 9917-1:2003 Water Based Cements-Part 1:
Root Canal Sealers • Zinc oxide-eugenol
Powder/Liquid Acid-Base cements
• Zinc polycarboxylate
• ISO 9917-2:1998 Water Based Cements-Part 2: (combined with gutta
Light-activated cements percha)
• ISO 3107:2004 Zinc Oxide/Eugenol and Non Core Build Up • Resin modified GIC
Eugenol cements (Absence of toot • Metal modified GIC
structure of clinical • Composites
• ISO 4049:2000 Polymer-based filling, crown)
restorative
and luting materials
REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD CEMENT
USES OF CEMENTS
• Easy to manipulate
Function Cement used • Biocompatible
Final Cementation • Zinc phosphate • Durable
(Fixed bridge, • Zinc silicophosphate • Should have a low coefficient of thermal
crown, inlay, onlay) • EBA cement expansion
• Zinc polycarboxylate • Should be dimensionally stable
• Glass ionomer • Extensive suitability
• Resin cement • Should have sufficient strength to adhere to the
Temporary • Zinc oxide-eugenol tooth (adhesive strength)
Cementation • Non-eugenol zinc
(Temporary oxide SILICATE CEMENTS
crowns/provisional
crowns) • Introduced in 1878 by Fletscher as an anterior
Bases • Zinc phosphate esthetic filling material
(Before putting the • Reinforced zinc oxide - o For pasta
final filling eugenol • Translucent and resembled porcelain in
materials) • Zinc polycarboxylate appearance
• Glass ionomer • Initial esthetic was satisfactory but over a period
• Zinc oxide eugenol of time silicates degraded and stained
• Calcium hydroxide o Because it is soluble in the oral fluids.
Long Term • Glass ionomer • Average life is 4 years
Restorations • Compomer • Anticariogenic because of Fluoride
(combination of o Prevents formation of caries
composite and glass • Most soluble among the tooth-colored
ionomer) restorative materials so that the fluoride ion will
• Metal modified GIC be released and serve its purpose
• Very acidic: 2.8 pH at the tie of insertion
Temporary and • Zinc oxide-eugenol
o That is why when using silicate cements,
Intermediate • Reinforced zinc oxide -
liners need to be applied first on the
Restoration eugenol
walls of the prepared cavity.
• Zinc polycarboxylate
• Use as final resto material for surfaces that don’t
• Glass ionomer receive direct masticatory force such as class 3,
Pulp Therapy • Calcium hydroxide (act 5 and lingual and occlusal pit
(Depth c & d) as a liner) – placed • Never use on the occlusal surface
under depth c & d to • For ideal depth cavities (depth a): paint varnish
trigger the formation into the prepared cavity before silicate
of tertiary dentin via • For deep seated cavities: apply liner to prevent
irritation of the pulp.
 chemical irritation are placed on the bucco-pulpal line angle
• Never use silicate when the cavity touches the and lingu-pulpal line angle.
gum because it is very soluble to the oral fluid • It takes 24-48 hours before polishing the tooth using
o Never use this in class V caries a bur.
• Setting time: 3-8 minutes
Liquid (like ZnPO4) Factors that Control the Setting Time
• H3PO4 – ortho phosphoric acid ▪ P:L ratio
• can pass thru dentinal tubules ▪ Temperature of the mixing apparatus
• AlPO4 ▪ Humidity of the room
• ZnPO4 ▪ Rate of mixing the powder- particle size of the
• MgPO4 powder
• H2O
Properties of Silicate Cements
Manipulation
• Solubility rate: 0.7%
• Apparatus: • Compressive strength: 26,000psi
o Plastic spatula • Tensile strength: 500 psi
o glass slab/oil impervious pad • Hardness: 70KHN
• Get 1 scoop of powder and divide the powder into • pH: 2.8 very acidic
6 equal parts
• Incorporate one increment of powder at a time into ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
the liquid.
o Apply liquid near the area of the powder •Oldest of the luting cements
• Mix it in rotatory motion to dissolve the powder and •Other name is Zinc oxyphosphate
fold it to check if there’s any unreacted powder. •Available as powder and liquid
• Apply pressure to dissolve it easily. •Supplied in shades of
• To check if the mixture is in correct consistency: tap o Yellow
and raise the spatula slowly o Grey
• There should be no string like projections that goes o golden brown
with the spatula and the surface of the mix should o pink
be moist. o white
• The mixture should be shiny in appearance. • Uses are:
• Consistency: Heavy Putty o Luting of restorations
▪ Inlays
Consideration ▪ Crowns
▪ Fixed dental prostheses
• Work on narrow working area to prevent air- o High strength bases
trapped bubbles (as air-trapped bubbles weaken o Temporary restorations
the set) and to get a correct consistency of the mix o Luting of orthodontic bands and
• Never use a stainless spatula. Once incorporated to brackets
the mix, it will remove sulfide ions and it will lead to • Classification
discoloration of the restoration. o Type I: fine grained for luting
• Silicate cements don’t have adhesive property/ ▪ Consistency is thick and creamy
chemical bonding therefore mechanical undercuts o Type II: medium grained for base and
are needed temporary restoration
o Mechanical undercuts are being placed ▪ Consistency is thick and doughy
inside the prepared cavity on the line Composition
angle.
o The line angles are the joining of two • Powder
walls. o Zinc oxide – 90.2% as principal
o For example, on a class I cavity constituent
preparation, the mechanical undercuts o Magnesium oxide – 8.2% aids in
 sintering o Pre-cool in a ref
o Other oxides (like bismuth trioxide, ▪ Wipe the moist before you use it
calcium oxide) – 0.2% improves o Pat the glass slab dry before mixing
smoothness of mix
o Silica – 1.4% filler, aids in sintering
• Liquid
o Phosphoric acid – 38.2% reacts with zinc
oxide
o Water – 36% controls rate of reaction
o Aluminum phosphate – 16.2% buffers,
to reduce rate of reaction
o Aluminum – 2.5%
o Zinc – 7.1%

Manipulation

• Spatula used: stainless steel

• Mixing Time: 1 min. 15 secs.
• Powder to Liquid ratio: 1.4gm/0.5 ml
• Dispense the powder in a glass slab and place 2
drops of liquid near the powder.
• Divide the powder into 6 small parts. Bring the 1st
part of the powder into the liquid and mix it using
brisk circular motion.
• Each increment is mixed for 15 to 20 seconds and
used large area to dissipate exothermic heat.
• To check for the correct consistency, 1 inch string
will form between the spatula and the glass slab.

Advantages
• Long track record with reliability
• Good compressive strength

Disadvantages
• No chemical adhesion (relay on mechanical
undercuts)
• No anticariogenic property (cannot prevent
caries formation)
• Pulp irritation
• Poor esthetics

Factors that Alter the Setting Time

• P:L Ratio:
o increase liquid, weaker set, longer
setting time
o increase powder, faster setting time
• Speed of Manipulation: slower rate of adding
powder to the mix, longer setting time
• Temperature of Mixing Apparatus:
o Ways to cool the slab: wash it in a
running water,