Social Studies Regions (Scott Foresman Social Studies) (PDFDrive)

.
IV l\ ^ ; ,\
•
\
Regions
Program Authors Contributing Authors
Dr. Candy Dawson Boyd Dr. Carol Berkin

Professor, School of Education Professor of History
Director of Reading Programs Baruch College and the Graduate
St. Mary's College Center
Moraga, California The City University of New York
New York, New York
Dr. Geneva Gay
Professor of Education Lee A. Chase
University of Washington Staff Development Specialist
Seattle, Washington Chesterfield County Public Schools
Chesterfield County, Virginia
Rita Geiger
Director of Social Studies and
Dr. Jim Cummins
Professor of Curriculum
Foreign Languages
Ontario Institute for Studies in
Norman Public Schools
Education
Norman, Oklahoma
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
Dr. James B. Kracht
Associate Dean for Undergraduate
Dr. Allen D. Glenn
Programs and Teacher Education
Professor and Dean Emeritus
College of Education
Curriculum and Instruction
Texas A&M University
College of Education
College Station, Texas
University of Washington
Seattle, Washington
Dr. Valerie Ooka Pang
Professor of Teacher Education Dr. Carole L. Hahn
San Diego State University Professor, Educational Studies
San Diego, California Emory University
Atlanta, Georgia
Dr. C. Frederick Risinger
Director, Professional Development Dr. M. Gail Hickey
and Social Studies Education Professor of Education
Indiana University Indiana University-Purdue
Bloomington, Indiana University
Fort Wayne, Indiana
Sara Miranda Sanchez
Elementary and Early Childhood Dr. Bonnie Meszaros
Curriculum Coordinator Associate Director
Albuquerque Public Schools Center for Economic Education and
Albuquerque, New Mexico Entrepreneurship
University of Delaware
Newark, Delaware
Editorial Offices: Glenview, Illinois • Parsippany, New Jersey • New York, New York
Sales Office: Parsippany, New Jersey • Duluth, Georgia • Glenview, Illinois •
Coppell, Texas • Ontario, California
www.sfsocialstudies.com
Content Consultants Gloria Cantatore Martha Sutton Maple
Public School #5 Shreve Island School
Catherine Deans-Barrett
West New York, New Jersey Shreveport, Louisiana
World History Specialist
Northbrook, Illinois LuAnn Curran Lyn Metzger
Westgate Elementary School Carpenter Elementary School
Dr. Michael Frassetto
St. Petersburg, Florida Community Consolidated School
Studies in Religions
District #64
Independent Scholar Louis De Angelo
Park Ridge, Illinois
Chicago, Illinois Office of Catholic Education
Archdiocese of Philadelphia Marsha Munsey
Dr. Gerald Greenfield
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Riverbend Elementary School
Hispanic-Latino Studies
West Monroe, Louisiana
History Department Dr. Trish Dolasinski
University of Wisconsin, Parkside Paradise Valley School District Christine Nixon
Kenosha, Wisconsin Arrowhead Elementary School Warrington Elementary School
Glendale, Arizona Escambia County School District
Dr. Frederick Hoxie
Pensacola, Florida
Native American Studies Dr. John R. Doyle
University of Illinois Director of Social Studies Curriculum Liz Salinas
Champaign, Illinois Miami-Dade County Schools Supervisor
Miami, Florida Edgewood ISD
Dr. Cheryl Johnson-Odim
San Antonio, Texas
Dean of Liberal Arts and Sciences and Dr. Roceal Duke
Professor of History District of Columbia Public Schools Beverly Scaling
African American Washington, D.C. Desert Hills Elementary School
History Specialist
Peggy Flanagan Las Cruces, New Mexico
Columbia College Madeleine Schmitt
Roosevelt Elementary School
Chicago, Illinois
Community Consolidated School St. Louis Public Schools
Dr. Michael Khodarkovsky District #64 St. Louis, Missouri
Eastern European Studies Park Ridge, Illinois
Barbara Schwartz
University of Chicago
Mary Flynn Central Square Intermediate School
Chicago, Illinois
Arrowhead Elementary School Central Square, New York
Robert Moffet Glendale, Arizona
Ronald Snapp
U.S. History Specialist
Sue Gendron North Lawrence Community Schools
Northbrook, Illinois
Spring Branch ISD Bedford, Indiana
Dr. Ralph Nichols Houston, Texas
Lesley Ann Stahl
East Asian History
Su Hickenbottom West Side Catholic Consolidated
University of Chicago
Totem Falls Elementary School School
Chicago, Illinois
Snohomish School District Evansville, Indiana
Snohomish, Washington
Classroom Reviewers Carolyn Moss Woodall
Sally Hunter Loudoun County of Virginia Public
Diana Vicknair Ard
Highland Park Elementary School Schools
Woodlake Elementary School
Austin ISD Leesburg, Virginia
St. Tammany Parish
Austin, Texas
Mandeville, Louisiana Suzanne Zaremba
Allan Jones J. B. Fisher Model School
Dr. Charlotte R. Bennett
North Branch Public Schools Richmond Public Schools
St. John School
North Branch, Minnesota Richmond, Virginia
Newburgh, Indiana
Brandy Bowers Kerbow
Sharon Berenson
Bettye Haun Elementary School
Freehold Learning Center
Piano ISD
Freehold, New Jersey
Piano, Texas
Betsy Blandford
Sandra Lopez
Pocahontas Elementary School
PSJA Service Center
Powhatan, Virginia
San Juan, Texas
ISBN: 0-328-01762-0
Copyright © 2003, Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by
copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to:
Permissions Department, Scott Foresman, 1900 East Lake Avenue, Glenview, Illinois 60025.
6 7 8 9 10 V057 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04
Social Studies Handbook
Let the Discovery Begin H2
Building Citizenship Skills H4
Building Geography Skills H6
Building Research Skills H16
Ullit 1 Living in the United States
Begin with a Primary Source

Welcome to the United States
^3/ Reading Social Studies Summarize
Chapter 1 • Hie Regions of the United States 8
Lesson 1 • Regions and Landforms 10

Here and There Highest and Lowest Landforms 16
Lesson 2 Climate
• 18
Map and Globe Skills Read Inset Maps 24
—from "This Land is Your Lesson 3 • Regional Resources 26

Land," by Woody Guthrie© 30
Fact File My Region
I Dorling Kindersley The United States and

North America 32
Chapter 1 Review 34
Chapter 2 • We All Live together
Lesson 1 • Americans All 38

Fact File Immigration Information 42
Fiorello La Guard'ia 45
Lesson 2 • We the People 46

Fact F ile Three Levels of Government 49
EXQXQXC Daniel Inouye 53
Map and Globe Skills Read a Time-Zone Map 54
Lesson 3 • The Strengths of Our Freedoms 56

Citizen Heroes Doing the Right Thing 60
Chapter 2 Review 62
ill
Unit 1 Continue
Chapter 3 • Earning and Learnin

Lesson 1 • The Land of Plenty
Lesson 2 •Trade Then and Now

Literature and Social Studies Joeef'ma Savee the Day
Fact File Money in the United States
Lesson 3 Transportation and Communication

•
Map Adventure Assembling a Computer

Map and Globe Skills Use a Road Map and Scale
Chapter 3 Review
End with a Song "America"

Unit 1 Review
Discovery Channel School Unit 1 Project
IV
" .
Begin with a Primary Source 96

Welcome to the Northeast 98
Reading Social Studies Sequence 100
Chapter 4 • Land and Water

in the Northeast
Lesson 1 • The Beautiful Northeast 104

Fact File The Appalachian Trail 106 "Gradually from
Literatureand Social Studies "Stopping by Woods week to week the
on a Snowy Evening" 107
Chart and Graph Skills Read a Cross-Section Diagram 110
character of each
tree came out . .
Lesson 2 • Resources of the Northeast 112

reflected in the
Lesson 3 • The Plentiful Sea 116 smooth mirror of
Then and Now Nantucket 118
the lake.
Here and There Bay Life 120
Chapter 4 Review 122 —written by Henry
David Thoreau in his
book Walden
Lesson 1 • The Narragansett People 126
Lesson 2 • The Land of New Beginnings 130

Chart and Graph Skills Use a Vertical Time Line 134
Lesson 3 • Taking a Stand 136

Elizabeth Cady Stanton 139
Smithsonian Institution Winning the Right to Vote 140
Lesson 4 • Cities Grow and Change 142

Map A dventure Northeastern Landmarks 144
QKZ2]QZ|3 Andrew Carnegie 147
CitizenHeroes Capturing History 148
Chapter 5 Review 150
End with a Poem "Niagara" 152

Unit 2 Review 154
HH Discovery Channel School Unit 2 Project 156
"

Welcome to the Southeast 160
<5) Reading Social Studies Main Idea and Details 162
Chapter 6 • The Land of the Southeast 164
Lesson 1 Coastal Plains to the Mountains

•
Map and Globe Skills Read Elevation Maps

"Beautiful is the Lesson 2 • Sunlight and Storms
land, with its Map Adventure Visiting Lighthouses
Dorling Kindersley Hurricanes
prairies and ]
forests of fruit- Lesson 3 • Wildlife and Resources

trees; Literatureand Social Studies The Yearling
Chapter 6 Review
Under the feet a
garden of
.
Chapter 7 • People and Events
flowers. .
—Henry Wadsworth that Shaped the Southeast

Longfellow,
describing the banks Lesson 1 • The Cherokee
of a Southeastern QEEQEES Sequoyah
bayou
Lesson 2 • Early History of the Southeast
Then and Now Monticello
Citizen Heroes Speaking Out
Less on 3 • The Nation Divided

'"'HMJiF Kosa Parks
Thinking Skills Identify Fact and Opinion
Lesson 4 • The Glittering Cities

Here and There Spoleto Festival of Two Worlds
Chapter 7 Review
End with a Song "Shenandoah"

Unit 3 Review
|3 Discovery Channel School Unit 3 Project
VI
Welcome to the Midwest
Reading Social Studies Cause and Effect
Chapter 8 • Water and Land of

the Midwest
Lesson 1 • A Route to the Sea 232

Issues and Viewpoints Zebra Mussel Invasion 238 "0, beautiful for
Chart and Graph Skills Compare Line and 3ar Graphs 240 spacious skies,
Lesson 2 • The Badlands of South Dakota 242 for amber waves of
"
grain . . .
Lesson 3 • Bountiful Midwestern Farms 246

Fact File Main Crops of the Midwest 248 —from America, the
Beautiful, written by
Here and There Big Farms and Little Farms 250 Katharine Lee Bates
Chapter 9 • People of the Midwest

Lesson 1 • The Ojibwa 256
Heroes
Citizen Keeping a Culture Strong 260
Research and Writing Skills Use a Search Engine
on the Internet 262
Lesson 2 • The Fur Trade 264

'"'HflJiff J 6 "" Baptiste Point Du Sable 267
Lesson 3 • Building Farms 268

Literature and Social Studies On the 6anks of Plum Creek 271
John Deere 273
Smithsonian Institution Farm Life 274
Lesson 4 • Hub of the Nation 276

Then and Now Cahokia 277
Map A dventure Lewis and Clark Expedition 279
1n 'HiMlTffl Mark Tw in 283
End With a Song "I've Been Working on the Railroad' 286

Unit 4 Review 288
Ml Discovery Channel School Unit 4 Project 290
VII
Unit 5

Welcome to the Southwest 294
^|) Reading Social Studies Draw Conclusions 296
Chapter 10 • Land and Resources

of the Southwest 298
Lesson 1 • A Land of Canyons 300
". . . keep it for your Fact File Grand Canyon Facte 303
children, your '"'HriJ^ John Wesley Powell 305
Thinking Skills Make Generalizations 306
children's children,
and for all who come Lesson 2 • Climates in the Southwest 308
." Literature and Social Studies "The Desert Is Theirs' 310
after you. .
Here and There Giant Plants 312
—President Theodore
Roosevelt, on his visit to Lesson 3 • Oil and Technology 314
the Grand Canyon Fact File and Its Products
Oil 315
Citizen Heroes Flying to Help 318
Chapter 11 • The People of the Southwest 322
Less on 1 • The Navajo 324

ULLlJJJTfi Henry Chee Dodge 329
Research and Writing Skills Identify Primary and
Secondary Sources 330
Lesson 2 Spanish Influence

• 332
Then and Now "Remember the Alamo!" 335
Lesson 3 • Ranches and Drivers 338

Map Adventure The Chisholm Trail 341
Smithsonian Institution Ranchers and Cowhands 344
Lesson 4 • Living in the Desert 346

nPy*y|Y"lTB Willis Haviland Corner 349
Issues and Viewpoints Save "America's Main Street"? 350
End with Literature Cowboy Country 354

Unit 5 Review 356
"
Unit 6 The West

Welcome to the West
Reading Social Studies Compare and Contrast
Chapter 12 • The Land of the West

Lesson 1 • A Land of Mountains 368
IJfjfl Dorling Kindersley When a Mountain Explodes 374
Research and Writing Skills Take Notes and Write Outlines 376
"Climb the
Lesson 2 • Climates in the West 378 mountains
y
Lesson 3 • Resources of the West 384 Nature s peace will

Litera ture and Social Studies "Ripening Cherries' 385 flow into you as
UIJJ JJJTfl Seth Lewelling 389 sunshine flows into
trees.
—John Muir, from Our
Chapter 13 • Living in the West National Parks
Lesson 1 • The Tinglit 394

Here and There Masks Tell a Story 398
Lesson 2 • Exploration and Growth 400

Map Adventure In Search of Gold 402
Then and Now Bodie, California 404
Levi Strauss 407
Map and Globe Skills Understand Latitude and longitude 408
Lesson 3 • Business and Pleasure 410

Fact File Populations of Major Cities in the West 413
Citizen Heroes Building a City 416
End with a Song Sweet 3etsy from Pike" 420

Unit 6 Review 422
^fcLTÂPHY*
Fiorello La Guardia 45 John Deere 273
Daniel Inouye 53 Mark Twain 283
Elizabeth Cady Stanton 139 John Wesley Powell 305
Andrew Carnegie 147 Henry Chee Dodge 329
Sequoyah 193 Willis Haviland Carrier 349
Rosa Parks 207 Seth Le welling 389
Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable 267 Levi Strauss 407
Maps Skills Citizen Heroes
Regions of the United States 11 Doing the Right Thing 60

Reading Social Studies
Average Temperatures in January
Summarize 6
Capturing History 148
in the United States 19 Speaking Out 200
Sequence 100
Average Precipitation in a Year Keeping a Culture Strong 260
Throughout the United States 20 Main Idea and Details 162
Cause and Effect 228 Flying to Help 318
Climate Areas of the United States 22
Draw Conclusions 296 Building a City 416
The United States 24
The United States 25 Compare and Contrast 364
Routes of European Explorers 40
Expansion of the United States 41 Map and Globe Skills Issues and Viewpoints
Time Zones of the United States 54 Read Inset Maps 24
Road Map of Ohio and Pennsylvania 86 Read a Time-Zone Map 54

Zebra Mussel Invasion 238
Power Plants on the Niagara River 105 Use a Road Map and Scale 86
Save "America's Main Street"? 350
Resources of the Northeast 114 Read Elevation Maps 170
European Immigration 133 Understand Latitude and
Longitude 408
States and Landforms of the
Southeast 167 Then and Now
Elevations of the Southeast 170 Thinking Skills
Average January Temperatures Identify Fact and Opinion 208 Nantucket 118
in the Southeast 173 Make Generalizations 306 Monticello 197
Agriculture in the Southeast 181 Cahokia 277
The Trail of Tears 191 Research and Writing Skills "Remember the Alamo!' 335
Where Explorers Traveled 195 Use a Search Engine on the
Bodie, California 404
Using Water for Transportation 234 Internet 262
Average Yearly Rainfall in the Identify Primary and Secondary
United States 247 Sources 330
Take Notes and Write Outlines 376
The Voyage of Marquette and Here and There
Jolliet 265
Railroad Lines Around 1870 281 Chart and Graph Skills Highest and Lowest Landforms 16
Average Temperatures in the Read a Cross-Section Diagram 110
Bay Life 120
Southwest During May 309 Use a Vertical Time Line 134
Spoleto Festival of Two Worlds 214
The Long Walk 326 Compare Line and Bar Graphs 240
Big Farms and Little Farms 250
Coronado's Expedition 333
Giant Plants 312
Dams in the Phoenix Area 347
Masks Tell a Story 398
Elevations in the West 372
Average January Temperatures Fact File
in the West 381
Agricultural Products of the West My Region 30
Region 387
Literature and Social
Immigration Information 42
Claims to Pacific Coast in the Studies
Three Levels of Government 49
Early 1800s 401
Money in the United States 75
Gold Rush Claims 403 Josefina Saves the Day 74
The Appalachian Trail 106
Latitude and Longitude in the "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy
West 409 Main Crops of the Midwest 248
Evening" 107
Trade and the Pacific Rim 414 Grand Canyon Facts 303
The Yearling 179
Oil and Its Products 315
On the Banks of Plum Creek 271
Populations of Major Cities in
"The Desert Is Theirs" 310
the West 413
"Ripening Cherries" 385
XI
Sequence 100 Cause and Effect 272
Map Adventure Sequence 109 Cause and Effect 282
Sequence 115 Chapter 9 Summary 284
Assembling a Computer 83 Sequence 119 Draw Conclusions 296
Northeastern Landmarks 144 Chapter 4 Summary 122 Draw Conclusions 304
Visiting Lighthouses 174 Sequence 129 Draw Conclusions 311
Lewis and Clark Expedition 279 Sequence 133 Draw Conclusions 317
The Chisholm Trail 341 Compare and Contrast 138 Chapter 10 Summary 320
In Search of Gold 402 Cause and Effect 146 Cause and Effect 328
Chapter 5 Summary 150 Draw Conclusions 337
Main Idea and Details 162 Draw Conclusions 343
Main Idea and Details 169 Cause and Effect 348
Graphic Organizers
Main Idea and Details 175 Chapter 11 Summary 352
Main Idea and Details 183 Compare and Contrast 364
Summarize 6
Chapter 6 Summary 184 Compare and Contrast 373
Summarize 15
Main Idea and Details 192 Compare and Contrast 383
Summarize 23
Main Idea and Details 199 Summarize 388
Main Idea and Details 31
Main Idea and Details 206 Chapter 12 Summary 390
Chapter 1 Summary 34
Main Idea and Details 213 Summarize 397
Main Idea and Details 44
Chapter 7 Summary 216 Draw Conclusions 406
Summarize 52
Cause and Effect 228 Compare and Contrast 415
Summarize 59
Cause and Effect 237 Chapter 13 Summary 418
Cause and Effect 245
Summarize 71
Summarize 79
Summarize 85
V;'
_
The Cattle Industry in the
Charts, Graphs, Tables, Time Lines Southwest 338
and Diagrams Living in the Desert 346
How the United States Grew 38 Chapter 11 Review 352
Diagram: The Rain Cycle 21 Early History of the Northeast 130 Growth of the West 400
Diagram: The Three Levels of
Famous Inventions Time Line 135 Chapter 13 Review 418
Government 48 The Abolition and Women's Rights
Diagram: The Three Branches of
Movements 136
Government 50 Chapter 5 Review 150
Diagram: Free Trade and Profit 76 European Contact with the
Diagram: Communication
Cherokee 188
and Transportation 84 Growth of Settlements in the
Read a Cross-Section Diagram 110 Southeast 194
Diagram: How a Lock Works 235 The Civil War 202
Line Graph: Population of Illinois,

1850-2000 240 The Fur Trade 264
Bar Graph: Population of Illinois, Transportation in the Midwest 276
1850-2000 240 Chapter 9 Review 284
Bar Graph: Populations of Michigan The Navajo 324
and Missouri, 1850-1900 241
Spanish Influence on the
Diagram: Oil and Its Products 315 Southwest 332
Diagram: A Spanish Mission 334
Diagram: The Cascade Rain
Shadow 382
Bar Graph: Metro Area Population
Growth, 1990-2000 413
Circle Graph: Metro Area
Populations, 2000 413
• Let the
Discovery
Begin
Your world can turn upside down on a roller coaster — like
this one at Six Flags Magic Mountain that has six loops
and rolls. Taking stomach-flipping rides, many people
experience thrills and chills every year on hundreds of
roller coasters in the United States.
Make an exciting discovery of your own: Find a cool

coaster in your state. Let's go!
ftf
4 1
M '•"'
'
l>
>im<*Kim
There are six ways to show good citizenship: through respect,

fairness, caring, responsibility, courage, and honesty. In your
textbook, you will learn about people who used these ways to
help their community, state, and country.
Respect Fairness Caring

Treat others as you Take turns and follow Think about what
would want to be treated. the rules. Listen to what someone else needs.
Welcome differences other people have to say.
among people.
.•HTTP*
Responsibility Courage Honesty

Do what you are Do what is right even Tell the truth and do
supposed to do and when the task is hard. what you say you will do.
think before you act.
—
«
Trrrrrrn J\ fi\
W 9 VVVV9
ii
fi\ fi\ fi\ fi\ f\ P\
y^ Citizenship in Action w^
Good citizens make careful decisions. They solve problems in a logical way.
How will these students handle each situation as good citizens?
Yiw
:m±p
1
Decision Making Problem Solving

The students are choosing a pet Sometimes students argue at
for their classroom. The following recess over whose turn it is to
steps will help them make a have a ball. The fourth-graders can
decision. use the following steps to help
them solve the problem.
Tellwhat decision you need
to make. jj|
Name the problem.
7* Gather information. I Find out more about the

List your choices.
problem.
jj*
Tellwhat might happen with cj List ways to solve the problem.

each choice. Talk about the best way to
solve the problem.
3| Act according to your
decision. Solve the problem.
Then figure out how well the

problem was solved.
Social Studies Handbook . H5

uilding Geography Skills
ive Themes of Geograph"
Geography is the study of Earth. This study can be divided into five
themes that help you understand why Earth has such a wide variety
of places. Each theme reveals something different about a spot, as

the following example of Grand Teton National Park shows.
if- Vi~
JC-.-J
How has movement

changed the region?
What is special about
Grand Teton National Park
Grand Teton's region?
has an airport and is the
The park is in a rugged
only national park to
area that is part of the
have one.
Rocky Mountains.
Building Geography Skills
Map and Globe Skills Review
What Does a Globe Show?

This is an image of Earth. It lets you clearly The image below shows Earth as it
see some of Earth's large landforms actually is.
(continents) and bodies of

Atlantic Ocean
water (oceans).
North America
South America
At the right is a globe, a small copy of Earth you can

hold in your hands. It has drawings of Earth's seven
continents and four oceans. Can you name the
continents and oceans not shown here?
Also, a globe shows the two imaginary lines that divide
Earth into halves —the equator and the prime meridian.

Mi
H8 Social Studies Handbook «3
m
— —
Hemispheres: Northern and Southern

Like any kind of a ball, you can see only Pole. The picture below shows that view.
half of Earth and a globe at a time. Half What are the only continents not found, at
views of Earth have names least in part, in the Northern Hemisphere?
hemispheres — and the illustration at left
The Southern Hemisphere is the half of
below shows Earth separated into these
Earth south of the equator. The picture
views at the equator. The Northern
below turns the globe until you are looking
Hemisphere is the half north of the
down directly at the South Pole. You see
equator, which circles Earth halfway
all of the Southern Hemisphere. Which
between the poles. However, there is only
hemisphere — northern or southern
one way to see the Northern Hemisphere
contains more land?
all at once. You have to turn a globe until
you are looking down directly at the North

PACIFIC OCEAN
Northern Hemisphere
NORTH ARCTIC *s
AMERICA t,OCEAN
+,
North"
ASIA
Pole!
INDIAN
OCEAN;
SOUTH
AMERICA
JROPE
ATLANTIC
I OCEAN
AFRICA
NORTEL *&
<b»
AMERICA/
W*$wM /ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Equator
'->:'
PACIFIC SOUTH
OCEAN AMERICA
AFRICA
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
SOUTH
''AMERICA
INDIAN''
OCEAN
Southern Hemisphere
PACIFIC OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
iESS
Social Studies Handbook H9

Hemispheres: Western and Eastefn

Earth has two other hemispheres. They are The Western Hemisphere is the half of
formed by dividing Earth into halves a Earth west of the prime meridian. Which
different way, along the prime meridian. two continents are found entirely within
The prime meridian is an imaginary line this hemisphere? Which of the four
that runs from the North Pole to the South oceans is not found in this hemisphere?
Pole. It passes through Greenwich, In which two hemispheres is the United
England, an area of London. The Eastern States found?
Hemisphere is the half east of the
prime meridian. The prime
meridian passes through
which continents?
ATLANTIC
u
\ OCEAN
SOUTH)
AMERICA
ANTARCTICA
Prime Meridian
North Pole
•
ian North Pole
ARCTIC
jtOCEAN * 'EUROPE OCEAN
safe
NORTH J^
AMERICA J ATU
\^ OCEAN
AUSTRALIA
ANTARCTICA ANTARCTICA
South Pole *n South Pole
Western Hemisphere Eastern Hemisphere

Understand Latitude and Longitude
Mapmakers created a system for noting Lines of longitude are the set of circles
the exact location of places on Earth. The that go north and south. They are all
system uses two sets of imaginary circles the same size. The prime meridian is
0° longitude. However, from there, the

crossing Earth. They are numbered in units
called degrees. degrees fan out between the North and

South poles. They are not parallel and go
Lines of latitude are the set of circles
east and west for 180°, not just 90°. The
that go east and west. The equator is
globe below at the right shows longitude
degrees (0°) latitude. From there, the
lines 15° apart. They meet at 180° on the
parallel circles go north and south. They
other side of Earth directly behind the
get smaller and smaller until they end in
prime meridian. Most of Africa falls
dots at the North Pole (90°N) and the
between which degrees of longitude?
South Pole (90°S). The globe below at the
left is tilted to show latitude lines 15°
apart up to the North Pole. Most of the

United States falls between which North
Pole
degrees of latitude?
\ & vi
s> 7
*o<
too*
Longitude
Latitude
SSSwJi ¥£''>• i
'
»x

Use Map Features to Help Read Maps

A title tells what a map is about. What is Intermediate directions are northeast,
the title of the map below? southeast, southwest, and northwest.
What state is southwest of Colorado?
A political map shows the location of
cities, states, and countries. A physical Many maps have symbols. A symbol is a
map adds landforms and water. What kind mark, or a drawing, or a field of color that
of map is on this page? stands for something else. A key, or legend,

is the box in which all symbols are explained.
A compass rose is a pointer that shows
On the map below, what mark shows cities
the four major directions, or cardinal
with more than 2 million people?
directions. On the compass roses in this
textbook, north points upward and is Some maps have a locator, which is a
marked with an N. East is to the right, small globe or map. It shows where the
south is straight down, and west is to main map is located within a larger area of
the left. This compass rose also shows Earth, such as a continent. A red box often
intermediate directions, the pointers frames the area. Why does the locator
halfway between cardinal directions. below have three red boxes?
Largest Cities in the West
CANADA
Denver o Aurora
Colorado
Springs
Key to Population
• More than 2 million
O Between 1 and 2 million
o Between 500,000 and 1 million
• Between 250,000 and 500,000
H12 Social Studies Handbook

Use Scale
A scale will help you figure out how far it and copy the scale onto it. Then you can
is in real miles or kilometers from one point place your copy directly on the map and
on a map to another. Starting at 0, a measure the distance between two points.
scale marks off tens, hundreds, or even Use the scale on the map below to help
thousands of miles. The measurement you find out about how far it is in miles
chosen depends on the size of the area from Mt. Katahdin to Mt. Washington.
shown. One way to use the scale is to hold Is this a political or a physical map?
the edge of a scrap of paper under the scale
Mountain Ranges and Peaks of the Northeast

Use a Grid
A map shows the streets of a city. It
city An index is an alphabetical listing of
might also show some points of interest to places you are likely to be searching for.
visitors or natural features such as rivers The number-letter combination attached

and lakes. What natural features do you to each then tells you where the two rows
see on this map? Point to and name a cross. In this square, you can find the
street in downtown Chicago. place you are looking for.
This map also has a grid. A grid is a Suppose you want to find where the Sears
system of rows of imaginary squares on Tower is. Look down the index until you find
the map. The rows of squares are "Sears Tower." You'll see that this building
numbered and lettered along the edges is located in Dl. Find the "D" row on the
of the map. You can find places where map and move your finger up to where the
rows of numbers and letters cross. "1" row crosses it. Now find the City Hall in
All you need is an index. the same way.
Downtown Chicago, Illinois
Index
Art Institute of
Chicago D5
City Hall C3
Civic Opera
House CI
Daley Plaza C3
Merchandise
Mart A2
Orchestra Hall. . . . D4
Sears Tower Dl
Wrigley Building. . . A4

wmmmm mmmm totajr.
Use Latitude and Longitude for Exact Location

Lines of latitude and longitude are like city- cross, the place takes those two numbers
map grid rows. Think of latitude as the as its exact location.
east-west rows of letters on the grid map
In the map below the exact location of
on the opposite page. Think of longitude as
Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site is
the north-south rows of numbers. The point
almost 32°N, 86°W. The Andersonville site
where latitude and longitude cross is an
is nearly 32°N, 84°W. What parklands are
exact location. If a place is found at or
found at nearly 36°N, 76°W?
nearly at where latitude and longitude lines
Some U.S. Parklands of the Southeast

4tfN-
38 N
Chesapeake
Bay
Wright
Brothers 36*N
JAM
-32N
30 N
28 N
-26'N
h""y
The information you find can be from
either primary or secondary sources.
Primary sources are documents that were
written by people who were at an event and
saw it or who lived at that time. Journals,
diaries, letters, and photographs are all
primary sources. When you write an entry

in your journal, you are creating a primary
source. Items from an event such as a
program or a store receipt are also
primary sources.
Secondary sources are descriptions
of an event written by people who have
researched the event. These people tell
what they learned from reading about the

event and looking at primary sources, but
they were not there.
Look for both kinds of sources when
you do research. This section of Building
Research Skills will help you find
information and report what you have found.
Technology Resources
There are many kinds of technology Search Engines
resources that you can use when you look Before you turn on your computer, you need
for information. You can use the Internet, to plan your research. If you want to do
CD-ROMs, software such as databases, research on the Rio Grande, write down some
television programs, and radio programs. words that you can use to search the World
The Internet is a system of linked Wide Web. The name of the river would be
computers that can store information for a good search term. The name of a town
others to find and use. The World Wide through which it passes might also be a
Web, which is part of the Internet, has a good search term. If you have not used the
great deal of information. Internet before, you might want to ask a
It is important to know who put the librarian, teacher, or parent for help.
information on the Web. Check your
information by finding at least three reliable Search by Subject To find the search
sources that give similar information. engines, click on SEARCH or NET SEARCH
On the computer, you can mark the sites at the top of your screen. Type one of your
you want to look at again. Click BOOKMARKS subject words into the search engine field.
at the top of your screen and choose Then click SEARCH or GO.
ADD BOOKMARK. If you can't find what you need, try
a different search engine. It might be

connected to a different site with more
information.
Search by Address World Wide Web sites

have Uniform Resource Locators, or
URLs. A URL is like an address. If you
already know the address of a site that
might have the information you need,
type it in the LOCATION/GO TO box
in the upper left corner of the
screen. Here is an example of a
URL: www.sfsocialstudies.com

Building Research Skills
Gather and Report Information
Print Resources
There are many reference tools that you can Dictionary
use to find information. A reference tool is A dictionary is a collection of words, their
any source of information. spellings, their meanings, and their
Books are reference tools. Libraries pronunciations. Words in a dictionary are

often have reference shelves with books arranged in alphabetical order. If you find
such as atlases and almanacs, as well as a word you don't understand, you can look
dictionaries and encyclopedias. Usually, it up in a dictionary. Many dictionaries
reference materials in a library cannot be also include abbreviations, names, and
checked out, but you can use them to look explanations of well-known people and places.
up information while you are at the library.
Atlas
Encyclopedia An atlas is a collection of maps. Some
An encyclopedia is a collection of articles, atlases have one particular kind of map.
listed alphabetically, on various topics. Others have a variety of maps showing
When you need information quickly, an elevation, crops, population, natural
encyclopedia is a good choice. Electronic resources, languages spoken, or historical
encyclopedias, available on the developments. Teachers and librarians can
Internet or CD-ROM, have help you find the type of atlas that would
sound and video clips in be best for your search.
addition to words.

i
Almanac 917.3 RIO GRANDE
Periodicals
JOHNS Johnson, Raymond
An almanac is a book or The Rio Grande. by Raymond Johnson:
| )
A periodical, such as a
Hove, Easl Sussex, England: Way land. 1981
computer resource that 69 p. ill. (some col)
newspaper or a magazine, is
lists many facts about published on a regular basis,

a variety of topics. I. RIO GRANDE I. Tide usually daily, weekly, or monthly.
Almanacs are usually Most libraries have a special
Subject
organized in periodical section. Many
sections by topic. 917.3 THE RIO GRANDE magazines and newspapers
JOHNS Johnson. Raymond
Much information The Rio Grande, |by| Raymond Johnson:
Hove. East Sussex. England: Wayland. 1981
also have their own Web sites
69 (some col)
is given in charts, p. ill.
where you can read all or part
tables, and lists. of the publication online.
1. RIO GRANDE I. Title
Almanacs are Libraries have guides that list
usually updated magazine articles by subject.

Title
every year, so they The Children's Magazine Guide
917.3 Johnson. Raymond
have the latest statistics JOHNS The Rio Grande, |h\ |
Raymond Johnson: and the Readers' Guide to
Hove, East Sussex, England: Wayland. 1981.
69 p. ill. (some col)
on populations, sports Periodical Literature are the
records, political events, most frequently used guides.
weather, and other 1. RIO GRANDE I. Title These guides list information by
interesting topics. 1 title, subject, and author. Each
Author entry in the guide lists the title
Nonfiction Books of the article or story, the author, the name

A nonfiction book is a book on a particular and date of the magazine, and the page
was researched and written by
topic that number on which the article appears. If your
someone who knows about that topic. library has the magazine, you can find it
Nonfiction books can be a valuable and read the article.
reference tool.
In a library, all nonfiction books are
numbered and placed in order on the
shelves. Books on the same subject are
grouped together. Whether your library has
a computer catalog or a card catalog, you
can search for a book by title, subject, or
author.
Once you find information on a book that
looks interesting, look for the call number
of the book. That number will guide you to
the area of the library where you will find
the book. A librarian can help you.

Community Resources
In addition to the Internet and reference Plan ahead
tools, the people in your community are • List the people you want to interview.
good sources of information, if you are • Call or write to ask if you can interview
studying the birds at Grand Teton National them. Let the person know who you are
Park, you can talk to people at government and why you need information.
agencies, such as the Division of Wildlife • Agree on a time and place for the
Resources. Or try a local college or interview.
university or a nearby natural history • Find out about the topic that you want
museum for information. Perhaps you know to discuss.
someone who has visited the park often for • Write down questions that you want to
many years. You might want to interview ask at the interview.
that person for more information.
Ask/Listen/Record
• Ask questions clearly.
Interviews • Listen carefully. Be polite. Do not
An interview is a good way to find out what interrupt.
people in your community know. This means • Write notes so that you will remember
asking them questions about the topic you what was said. Write down the person's
are studying. Follow these steps: actual words. If possible, use a tape
recorder to help you remember.
Wrap-up
~iS£ • Thank the person when you are
finished with the interview.
>' • Send a thank-you note.
*
m
H20 Social Sfudw JOOft

—
The following steps will help you plan a

survey:
• Writedown a list of questions.
• Where do you want to conduct the survey?
How many people do you want to ask?
• Use a tally sheet when conducting the
survey so that you can record people's
answers.
• After the survey, look through the
Use a Survey responses and write what you found out.
Another way to find information in your

community is to conduct a survey. A survey
Write for Information
is a list of questions that you ask people,
recording everyone's answers. This gives Another way to get information from people
you an idea about what the people in your or organizations in your community is to
community know, think, or feel about a e-mail or write a letter asking for
subject. You can use yes and no questions information. Use these steps:
or short-answer questions. To record the • Plan what you want to say before you
things you find out, you will want to make a write.
tally sheet with a column for each question. • Be neat and careful about spelling and
If you were doing research about a river that punctuation.
is near your town, your survey sheet might • Tell who you are and why you are writing.
look this this: • Thank the person.
Our River
How has the river
How long have you lived How often do you visit changed since you have What do you like about
in our community? the river? been coming here? the river?
30 years Not very often It seems dirtier. 1 hear It's peaceful there.
1 haven't been there that there are fewer
for years. fish because it's so
polluted.
Two years Every day There used to be 1 like fishing. 1 throw

more ducks and a few everything back, but
geese. Now there are it's relaxing to fish.
more geese.

"

Writing a Research Report

Prewrite Write a First Draft
• Decide on a topic for your report. Your • Using your outline, write what you have
teacher may tell you what kind of report learned, using sentences and paragraphs.
to research and write and how long it Each paragraph should be about a
should be. new idea.
• Write down questions about the topic that • When you use exact words from your
you want to find answers for. sources, write down the source from
• Use different sources to find information which you got the information. This list
and answer your questions. Be sure to will become part of your bibliography.
write down all your sources. This list of
sources is called a bibliography. Revise
• Take notes about what you learn from • Read over your rough draft. Does it make
your sources. sense? Do you need more information
• Review the notes you have taken from all about any main idea?
your sources. • Change any sentences or paragraphs that
• Write down the main ideas that you want do not make sense. Add anything that will
to write about. Two or three ideas are make your ideas clear.
enough for most reports. • Check your quotations to make sure they
• Make an outline, listing each main idea are accurate.
and some details about each main idea.
Edit
• Proofread your report. Correct any errors
in spelling, grammar, capitalization,
sentence structure, and punctuation.
Publish
• Add pictures, maps, or other graphics that
will help make your report interesting.
• Write or type a final copy as neatly as
possible.

Living in the
United States
..''
What unites people in the different

regions of the United States?
r
ii T ,
, a-;
JZ»
44
This land your land, this land is my land,
is
From California, to the New York island,

From the redwood forest to the Gulf Stream waters;
ThiS land WaS made for yOU and me."—Woody Guthrie, from "This Land Is Your Land"
Welcome to the United States
One way to study the United States is
to look atits parts. We can divide the
country into five parts, called regions.

Each region is in a certain place and has
several states, special landforms, types of
climates, plants, animals, resources, and
Each region has a history that
industries.
has been shaped by the people who have
lived there. Let's visit the regions and see
how they are different and alike.
400 Miles
150 Miles
75 150 Kilometers
For more information, go online to the
Atlas at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
Southwest
**.v ! " , I. .!!!- !>! Ill' UrtlOh! IV -
Living in the
United States
i
v ^ Summarize
f -^
Important Important Important
detail detail detail
or event or event or event
X T
Summary
/
A summary a short statement that tells
is
the main ideas of an article or story.
• Summarizing will help you recall and organize

information.
• Choose important details or events in an article

or story.
• Leave out unimportant details or events.
• Use only a sentence or two in a summary.
Read the following paragraph.

The United States is divided into five regions. The
The most important ideas
regions are the Northeast, the Southeast, the Midwest,
have been highlighted.
the Southwest, and the West. These regions have many
different landforms. They also have different climates.
The five regions are surrounded by both land and water.
Summary: The five regions of the United States have
different landforms and climates.
6
+*
The United States: Vast and Varied

The United States is a big time zones. Alaska and Hawaii
country. It can be divided into five are in two additional time zones.
regions. Each region has a variety Across the five regions of the
of landforms and climates. United States, landforms and
The United States covers climates can be very different.
most of the southern part of the Farmlands stretch through the
continent of North America. It is Midwest. Warm, sandy beaches
surrounded by both water and line the Southeast, and tall,
land. The Pacific Ocean is to the jagged mountains rise in the
west and the Atlantic Ocean is West. Climates range from
to the east. Mexico and the Gulf freezing cold to dangerously hot.
of Mexico are to the south, and In one day it could be snowing
Canada and the Great Lakes are in the Northeast, raining in the
to the north. The United States Southwest, and as hot as 100° F

is more than 3.5 million square in the West. Even within each
miles in land area. It would take region, landscape and climate can
more than two days and nights be different. For example, the
of non-stop driving to cross this West region has the highest and
country from coast to coast. The lowest landforms in the United
main part of the country is so States as well as the hottest and
large that it crosses four different coldest areas.
Applyit
Use the reading strategy of summarizing to answer these questions.
Q What is the most important idea in paragraph two?
Q What is the most important idea in paragraph three?
Q Which sentence is the better summary of the passage?

a. The United States is a big country, and the five regions have different
landscapes and climates.
b. The United States is so large that it has five regions.
CHAPTER The Regions of
the United States l i
„ i
mm »
i > iiii,.ii»j»i'j.
i i
|
»pj >i,*wwwwwwwii
|
8
Locatina Places
•
Why^ We Remember
tt | Mtf ffT
«^^^^ "iWlWM i Minti n
i
>
,
From coast to coast, the United States is a vast and varied

country. It is a land of fruitful plains, majestic mountains,
rugged canyons, rocky coasts, and sandy beaches. Its resources
range from the lobsters caught off the coast of Maine to the
bright red cherries grown in Washington state. This vast land

can be divided up into smaller areas, called regions. You will see
that each region has its own unique landforms, climates, and
resources.
— a
LESSON
1
nuntr
Regions
I '
f-
(jVUDWESTi 87
J^
WEST
f— — I —/ i
SOiffHWEST SOUVAST
V
"WhWEsI
and Landforms
PREVIEW
It is August 6, 1909. You and
Focus on the Main Idea your family are standing in a
The United States is divided
into five regions. crowd on Market Street in San
Francisco. Alice Ramsey, her three traveling
PLACES
Northeast region
companions, and her Maxwell motorcar are
Southeast region
Midwest region about to arrive in San Francisco. Alice is the
Southwest region
West region first woman to drive a motorcar across the
Washington, D.C.
country. They are coming into town on the
VOCABULARY Oakland Ferry. You want to see this woman.
region
landform Your mother has been reading newspaper
mountain
plain
accounts about Alice's trip to you. Nothing
desert
has stopped her, not bad roads, not bad
canyon
plateau directions, not flat tires. She is one amazing
boundary
person! You can't wait to see her. When she
gets here, she will have completed
her trip in only 59 days —

record-breaking time!
^/J\ Summarize As you read, pay

^g^ attention to details that will
help you summarize the lesson,

p> A Maxwell motorcar like the
one driven by Alice Ramsey
10
Areas within a region also may be
Regions of
completely different from each other. For
the United States example, the West has snow-covered
Alice Ramsey would be surprised to mountains, fertile valleys, shining lakes,
see the road system that now covers and an island state. The Midwest has
the United States and allows travelers fertile plains and the Great Lakes. In
to visit almost every part of this the Southwest you will find deserts and
vast and varied country. To help us the largest canyon in the United States.
understand the United States, we can Use the map below to find the states
divide the country into five different and landforms for each region. Find
regions. A region is an area in which your state on the map.
places share similar characteristics.
Places within a region may share REVIEW Summarize the differences
certain landforms. A landform is a

in landforms among the West, the
Midwest, and the Southwest regions.
natural feature on Earth's surface,
such as a mountain or a river.
SS Summarize
^ This map of the United States is divided into five regions.

MAP SKILL Understand Cardinal Directions What direction wouid you travel from the West to
the Midwest?
11
flat land that is often covered with
Landforms of the Regions
grass. West of the mountains,
The Northeast region contains part
Louisiana and Mississippi have plains
of the oldest mountain range in the
leading into the Gulf of Mexico. The
country —the Appalachian Mountains. Mississippi and Red Rivers flow
A mountain is a very high landform,
through the region, creating rich
often with steep sides. The Appalachian
farmland in states like Arkansas and
Mountains run all the way from Georgia
Louisiana. The world's largest known
in the Southeast through Maine in
cave system is the Mammoth Cave
the Northeast and into Canada. The
system in Kentucky. It's almost 350
Northeast region is mostly hilly and
miles long!
rocky along the Atlantic coast but
The Midwest region has flat, grassy
has good farmland to the west.
plains and large areas of forest. There
In the Southeast region the
aresome rolling hills, such as the
Appalachian Mountains gradually flatten
Smoky Hills in Kansas. Big rivers,
eastward into the Atlantic Coastal
such as the Mississippi, Ohio, and
Plain. A plain is a large area of mostly
Missouri, flow through this region.
Regions across the United States have

many different landforms.
Four of the five Great Lakes — Lake The West region is a region of
Erie, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, and extremes. The highest and lowest
Lake Superior — border parts of the temperatures in the United States
Midwest. They are large bodies of have been recorded in the West. The
fresh (not salty) water. highest temperatures were recorded in
The Southwest region has only four Death Valley, California, and the lowest
states in it. It is home to beautiful in Alaska.
deserts and canyons. A desert is an The highest and lowest landforms in
area that gets very little rain. A canyon the United States are in the West. The
is a deep valley with steep rocky highest landform is Mt. McKinley in
walls. Over time, the Colorado River Alaska, and the lowest is Death Valley
has slowly carved the red land into in California. The coastal mountains
canyons. Only about the thickness of border the Pacific coast, and white
a credit card is shaved from the walls sandy beaches run along part of the
of the Grand Canyon every five years. Pacific Ocean. There are fertile, green
The depth of the Grand Canyon is valleys in Oregon and California. Other
equal to 80 four-story houses! areas are heavily forested, such as
The canyons of the Southwest are western Oregon and Washington. The
found in an area called the Colorado West region also includes Alaska and
Plateau. A plateau is a large, flat, Hawaii.
raised area of land. The Rocky
Mountains run from the West region
REVIEW List five types of landforms
found in the United States.
into the Southwest, through New
>® Summarize
Mexico. To the east of these
mountains are flat plains.
Boundaries
A boundary is a line or natural feature
that divides one area from another or
one state from another. For example,
the boundaries of the state of Florida
include two natural features —the
Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. Marina on Kentucky side of the Ohio River near
Louisville. The other side of the river is Indiana.
Florida's northern boundary line also
includes the southern boundaries of government that allows the state
Georgia and Alabama. officials to make choices about state
The lines that make boundaries issues, such as education and laws.
around the states in the United States Regional boundaries are not set by
are found only on maps. If you rode any rule or law. In fact, you may see
to the border of your state, you would regions named or marked in different
not actually see a line drawn in the ways than they are in this book.
ground. But you might see a sign Regional boundaries are sometimes
welcoming people to your state. based on the major landforms of the
State boundaries are legal borders area. For example, the Northeast is
with exact measurements around each mostly hilly and rocky with farmland
state. These boundaries were set by in the western part of the region. The
the government. The United States Southeast is mostly rolling hills,
is divided into fifty states plus the mountains, and plains bordered by
District of Columbia, which is land beaches. The Midwest is mostly plains
set aside for the nation's capital, and lakes while the Southwest is
Washington, D.C. Each state has a mostly plateaus and canyons.
W P State-line sign welcoming visitors to Utah
Utah
Still tJd^
right place
1896 CENTENNIAL
~_.Jfc
At the Four Corners Monument, you can put your
feet in Utah and Colorado, and your hands in New rTTTTTTl Describe the two different
Mexico and Arizona! types of boundaries. ^® Summarize
The West includes perhaps the greatest Summarize the Lesson

variety, from the desert of Death Valley • There are five regions in the United
in California to the snow-covered
States.
peaks of Mt. McKinley in Alaska.
• Each region is made up of various
Regardless of the way in which the landforms.
regions may be divided, regional
• Regional boundaries can be based
boundaries are different from state on similar landforms. State
boundaries —they are not marked with boundaries are set by the
signs. government.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 3. How do regional and state boundaries
differ?
1. ^® Summarize On a separate sheet of
4. In which region or regions do you find each
paper, summarize each of the other four
of the following: the Appalachian
regions into graphic organizers like the one
Mountains, the Mammoth Cave System, the
below.
Great Lakes, and the Rocky Mountains?
5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Choose
Appalachian Hilly, rocky Farmland to one region and explain how the landforms
Mountains to the east the west of that region might affect how people work
X T
and play there.
Link to
Features of the
Northeast region
Draw a Landform Choose one landform
discussed in this lesson and make a drawing
of it. Tell why people might want to visit it.
2. Name some of the landforms found in each

region.
^*"W"X
15
Highest and Lowest
Xl^feS Kim Mt. Everest is part of the Himalayan
mountain system that runs across Asia.
Did youknow that the peak of this high
mountain was once the floor of the sea?
Long ago, India and the rest of Asia were
two separate areas of land. An ocean lay
Deaf/7 Mt
Valley Everest between them. Then, millions of years
ago, parts of Earth's crust on which India
sat moved slowly toward the other part of
what is now Asia. These two pieces of
3gba» land collided. Slowly, the sea floor was
pushed up, higher and higher. Over
(Death
Valley millions of years, the rock that was once
200 the sea floor became the peaks of the
feet (California)
Himalayan Mountains.
400
282 feet (86 meters) Earth has its low points too. Low
feet below sea level
points on land are actually below sea
Lowest Point in
the United States level!Sea level is the level of the ocean's

600
feet surface. The shore of the Dead Sea in
Israel is the lowest point in the
800 world. Death Valley
feet
California is the
1,000 lowest point in the

feet
Shores of the United States.
Dead Sea
1,2001 (Israel)
feet
1,292 feet (394 meters)

1,400L
feet below sea level
Lowest Point in the World
1,600
feet
1,800
feet
How much lower is the
Dead Sea than Death Valley?
16
Mt. Everest
(Nepal)
How much higher is Mt. Everest

than Mt. McKinley?
'
LESSON
Climate
„ „ It j s tjie en(j o f D ecern ]3 er you
and your family are relaxing in
PREVIEW
------J the main lounge of your motel
Focus on the Main Idea
Many factors influence in Honolulu, Hawaii. You have just come
climate, which varies from
back from a hiking trip through the Manoa
region to region.
Valley on the island of Oahu. There you saw
VOCABULARY
weather streams, flowering trees, and a 200-foot
climate
waterfall.
precipitation
temperature Your brother is watching a weather
humidity
equator program on television. You see images of a
elevation
tropical climate
snowstorm in Kansas. Minutes later, the
polar climate image of an ice storm in New York State fills
subarctic climate
temperate climate the screen. Trees are bent over under the
weight of ice. But outside your motel in

Honolulu, the weather is 75 degrees and
sunny. You are amazed at the variety of
climates across the United States!
vj/J\ Summarize As you read, look for

*«§i^ things that affect climate in the
United States.
>- Weather radar shows a cold

Coast
front along the East
of the United States.
18
to plant them.
Weather and Climate
Two major factors of weather
In one way or another, we all pay
and climate are precipitation and
attention to weather. You may just
temperature. Precipitation is the
glance outside to see whether you will
amount of rain or snow that falls.
need an umbrella. Other people must
Temperature is how warm or cold
pay more attention to weather when it
a place is.
directly affects their jobs or safety. For
Climate varies around the United
example, a pilot checks the weather to
States. In Florida, for example,
avoid flying into a dangerous storm.
temperatures are warm, and it rarely
Weather is the condition of the air
snows. And while Illinois can get very
at a certain time and place. Today's
hot in summer, it can be very cold in
weather might be sunny and warm.
winter and snow a great deal.
Yesterday's weather might have been
The map below shows how different
rainy and windy.
the weather can be around the country.
Climate is the weather of a place
shows average temperatures
It
averaged over a long period of time.
throughout the country in the month
Climate includes the changes in
of January.
weather that happen during seasons
of the year. A farmer needs to know REVIEW Why is it important to know
about the climate of an area in order what the weather is going to be?
to know what crops to plant and when Draw Conclusions
Average Temperatures in January in the United States
PACIFIC 400 Kilometers

OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
Key
January Average Temperatures
Degrees Degrees
Fahrenheit Celsius
Over 60 Over 15
40 to 60 4 to 15
20 to 40 -7 to 4
0to20 -18 to -7
Less than Less than -18
Temperatures vary greatly across the United States.

MAP SKILL Use a Map Key What is the average range of temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit for
Houston in January?
19
Water in the Air
precipitation — rain or snow. The water
in the air become rain in
that can
Water in the air is another major part
warm temperatures can become snow
of climate. About three-quarters of
and ice in cold temperatures.
Earth is covered by water. Even though
Rain falls into oceans, lakes, and
you cannot see it, the air around us
onto the ground. Rain falling on land
contains water too. Humidity is the
flows into rivers and streams and back
amount of moisture in the air.
to the seas and lakes. Then the cycle
How does water get from the ground
starts over again.
into the air? Energy from the sun
Different parts of the United
changes some water from oceans,
States receive different amounts of
lakes, rivers, and streams into a gas
precipitation. The map below shows
that rises into the air. This invisible
the average amount of precipitation
gas is called water vapor. When air
in the different parts of the United
cools, the water vapor can form small
States.
drops. The drops gather together to
form clouds. Within the clouds, the tiny HTTTT!! Describe how water gets
drops join together and grow. The big into the air. S5) Summarize
drops fall to the ground as
Annual precipitation amounts vary from less than 10 inches to more than 60 inches.
MAP SKILL Use a Map Key What is the average precipitation in centimeters in a year for Memphis?
20
A second factor that affects climate
What Causes Climate?
is how far a place is from a large body
The climate of a place depends on
of water, such as an ocean. Places
its location. One factor is the distance
near an ocean usually have a milder
a place is from the equator. The
climate than places far away from it.
equator is an imaginary line that
Land heats and cools faster than
circles Earth halfway between the
water. So in summer, water is cooler
North and South Poles. The warmest
than land, and cool air from above the
climates are in places nearest to the
water cools the land nearby. In winter,
equator. These areas are usually warm
the land is colder and the water is
all year.
warmer, so the air from above the
water warms the land. A place such as
the state of Kansas, which is far from
an ocean, is not affected by large
bodies of water as much as a state
on the Pacific coast.
The third factor that affects climate
EQUATOR is elevation. Elevation tells how high
a place is above sea level. Mountain
climates are generally colder because
the temperature is lower the higher
you go. Very high mountains can have
snow and ice throughout the year.
REVIEW How does a place's

location affect its climate?
Main Idea and Details
The Rain Cycle

In cool air, water
vapor changes
into small drops
Cloud
of water in clouds.
Sun
Energy from the sun Water drops fall

changes water into to Earth as rain
water vapor, an or snow.
invisible gas in the air.
21
United States, in Alaska, has a polar
Types of Climates
climate.Most parts of Alaska have a
The United States has many different
subarctic climate because they are
climates. An area with a
closer to the North Pole. Warm periods
tropical climate is usually very warm all
in summer are short, and parts of the
year. Places with tropical climates are
state are covered in snow for most of
near the equator. The rays of the sun
the year.
strike Earth most directly in this area.
In the United States only the southern

tip of Florida and Hawaii have a tropical
climate. Some areas have a subtropical

climate, which is not as warm as a
tropical climate.
Areas around the North and South
Poles have a polar climate. It is the
coldest climate. A very small part of the
>• Palm trees grow in Hawaii's tropical climate.
Very cold winter, Mountain areas; cold in Cold winter, hot

cold summer, dry winter, cool in summer summer, medium
precipitation
Very cold winter,
Little precipitation;
cool summer, wet
hot or cold depending Mild to warm winter,
Mild winter, cool on elevation hot summer, often
summer, wet rainy
Mild, wet winter; hot Very dry; hot or cold
PACIFIC
dry summer depending on elevation
QCFAN " 4 "" Kilometers
160°W 150°W 140' W s o'N
The climates in the United States range from very cold winters with cool and dry summers
to areas that are hot and wet all year.
MAP SKILL Use a Climate Map What state has the greatest variety of climates?
22
—
Temperate climates are between Summarize the Lesson

the tropical and subarctic climates.
• Weather is the condition of the air
Temperate climates are moderate in
at a certain time and place, and
temperature, neither very hot nor very climate is the pattern of weather
cold. The map shows some climate over a long period of time.
areas of the United States. • Precipitation and temperature are
factors of climate.
REVIEW Find your state's type of
climate on the map. Now, find another
• Distance from the equator, distance
from a large body of water, and
state, far from yours. Make a list
elevation affect climate.
of the differences and similarities
• The United States has many
between the two climates.
different climates.
Compare and Contrast
Snow covers the

ground for most of
the year in Alaska.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 3. Describe the variations in climate in each
region of the United States.
1. Si) Summarize On a separate sheet of
paper, make a diagram like the one shown. 4. What are the three main factors that affect
climate?
Fill in some details of each type of climate.
5. Critical Thinking: Looking for Pictures
r
Choose two photos from this lesson and
write a description about the weather of
each place.
\ / Link to Science
Learn About Plants Some plants grow well
The world has four major
in some climates but cannot grow in others.
climates.
Choose a climate shown on the map. Use
reference materials to find out about the
plants that grow well in the climate you chose.
2. Write a sentence describing the difference
between weather and climate.
-
23
Map and Globe Skills
Read Inset Maps

What? Maps show a large area on a small piece of paper. For
example, you might find a map of the entire world printed on a
sheet of paper no bigger than a page in A map usually
this book.
has a scale that shows how real distance compares with the
distance shown on the map.
Sometimes a map needs to show places in different scales. For
instance, to show all 50 states of the United States can be tricky.
That because two states, Alaska and Hawaii, will not fit easily
is
on a map with the other 48 states. These two states can be

shown in separate small maps. Each small map may have a
separate scale. Such smaller maps that are related to the main
map are called inset maps.
Why? Inset maps give information about places that are too
large, too small, or too far away to be shown on the main map.
The United States
24
Some inset maps show how places from the inset map that you could not
relate to one another. This type of map find out from the main map?
might locate a country in a continent
or a state within a region. Other inset
maps give extra details. For example,
a close-up map of a downtown section Think and Apply
of a city can give details about the
city that cannot be shown on the What does the main map on
main map. page 24 show? What do the
inset maps show?
HOW? To read an inset map, first
examine the main map. Notice its Q Why do you think the
mapmaker decided to show
topic and its scale. Then study the
the inset maps?
insetmap. Figure out how the inset
map is related to the main map. Does Q What other inset maps might
it show a larger area? a smaller area? be useful for a person looking
a distant area? What can you learn at the main map?
The United States
25
-
LESSON 1 1
-- - -
Regional
Resources
PREVIEW
A huge herd of brown cattle
thunders by you for what
Each region has special
resources. seems like a full five minutes.
VOCABULARY You and your family are driving by a cattle

natural resource
ranch just outside of Amarillo, Texas. You are
raw material
process on the first leg of a long car trip to Chicago,
harvest
industry Illinois. This is the first long trip you have ever
manufacturing
taken, and boy, are you excited! In central
product
capital resource Oklahoma, you see huge fields of golden wheat
agriculture
conserve that ripple in the wind. You pass a farm in
renewable resource
recycle
Missouri where pigs run to the fence to watch
nonrenewable resource
your car pass by. In Illinois, green fields of
human resources
service corn stretch to the horizon. You see signs
advertising apples and blueberries for
sale. You are surprised to see that
different types of food are grown in
different parts of the United States.
— »3a»Wll— —»—WH»« , i J i 1 1
!»».»»»»———^—
Main Idea and Details As you read, think
about how people use the resources in
each region.
lumber, which is a raw material. Then
Natural Resources
the lumber can be used to build
You have read about the landforms
homes or furniture.
and climates that make each of the
Some farmers in the Midwest and
five United States regions special.
Southwest grow wheat. When the
Each region also has materials known
wheat is harvested, or cut for use, it is
as natural resources. A natural
not ready to be eaten or sold to grocery
resource is something in the
stores. The wheat is a raw material
environment that people can use.
that is processed into flour. The flour
Forests, soil, water, and plants are
is then used to make such food items
examples of natural resources.
as bread, cake, and pancakes.
We can turn natural resources into
In the picture below look at all the
raw materials. Raw materials are
various raw materials used to make
natural resources that have been
a breakfast.
changed or processed so that people
can use them to make other products. REVIEW Why are natural resources
For example, we can change an oak turned into raw materials?
tree, which is a natural resource, into Main Idea and Details
agriculture. Agriculture is using the
soil to raise crops or animals. In the
Southeast, farmers grow crops such
as sugar cane, cotton and rice. These
crops grow well in the warm climate.
Cotton grown in the region is
processed into cloth and then

manufactured into clothing.
The fertile soil of the

Midwest plains makes this
region a great place to grow
Using Resources
large crops of corn, soybeans,
The resources in each region
and wheat. Many people in
helped shape the businesses that
the region raise cows and
grew there. The Northeast region was
hogs. From the cows' milk,
the nation's first center of industry. An
people make dairy products, such as
industry is a form of business. For
cheese and butter. The Midwest also
example, manufacturing is an industry.
has large cities with manufacturing
Manufacturing means making
and other industries.
products to sell. Products are things
People moved to the West in search
that people make or grow.
of silver, gold, and other valuable
When making products, people also
metals. Today, resources in the West
need to use capital resources. Capital
include cattle that graze on the grassy
resources are things that people make
plains; timber from the thick forests;
in order to produce products. Tools,
fish from the ocean; and fruits, nuts,
machines, and factory buildings are
and vegetables from the fertile valleys.
capital resources.
The Southwest region has wide-open
Manufacturing is important in the
plains where cattle also graze. Cotton
Northeast, but other industries are as
grows in its fields. Major natural
well. Some parts of the Northeast are
resources of the Southwest are oil
too rocky and hilly for large farms, so
and natural gas. Many factories
other industries have been built around
were built there to manufacture
the resources of the region. Fishing is
products from these resources.
an important industry along the coast.
Coal is a natural resource also found REVIEW How might people
in the Northeast, so industries that use the following resources:
use coal developed there. trees, cotton, cattle, and
Soil is a valuable natural resource. fertile fields?
In the Southeast, many people work in Draw Conclusions

28
•
Renewable and
Nonrenewable Resources
"Close the refrigerator door!" "Turn
off the lights when you leave!" Did you
ever hear people say these things?

They want to conserve resources.
Conserve means to use resources
carefully.
Oil is pumped from the ground.
Some of the natural resources
you've just read about are renewable
and some are not. A renewable renewable resources can be damaged
resource can be replaced. When we by pollution. Pollution can make water

cutdown trees to build houses or dirty, harm trees and other plants, and
make furniture, we can plant more damage soil.
trees. Trees are renewable resources. We can recycle resources as well
But trees take a long time to grow, so as conserve them. Recycle means to
we have to conserve them. use something again. People recycle
Soil and water are also renewable materials such as paper, metal and
resources. We can use the same soil plastic.
over and over to plant crops if we keep Nonrenewable resources cannot be

the soil nourished. Water is reused replaced. There is a limited amount of
too. As you learned in the previous each nonrenewable resource. When

lesson, water rises into the air and this type of resource runs out, there
then falls back down as rain. Just as is no more.

we must conserve trees, we must be Fuels such as coal, natural gas, and
careful with soil and water. All of our oil are nonrenewable resources. These
fuels can be burned to make the energy
we use to heat and light our homes,
move our cars, and cook our food.
. »
Since these fuels are nonrenewable
t ' v. *:J-
resources, it is important to conserve
them by walking sometimes instead
of driving, turning off lights we're not
using, and closing the refrigerator door.
REVIEW Why should you try to
conserve resources? Draw Conclusions
29
Then choose another region you
What About Your Region? would like to visit and explain why you
Use the information from this chapter
would like to visit it and what you would
and other sources, such as maps,
do there.
encyclopedias, the Internet, people in
your community, and books to fill out REVIEW How can a form like the one
a form like the one below. below help you summarize facts about
your region? ^® Summarize
FACTFILB
• ••*
My Region
I live in the Northeast region
My town and state are Andover, New York
Some other states in my region are Pennsylvania
Maine Massachusetts New Jersey

(List the state names.)
The landforms in my region include mountains
lakes rivers
t
anci _
(List types of landforms.)
I like the weather in my region is when it is ggjj an ^ ver^ snowy
in the winter. __
(List your favorite weather and when it happens.)
The natural resources in my region are soil, forests, and
water .
(List some resources.)
These natural resources are important because they provide
products we need to live .
Some things that make my region special are the different
types of weather and the beautiful places to visit.

30
—
People do service work everywhere.

A Most Valuable Resource
Teaching, repairing things, taking care
You have read about natural and
of people, delivering products, and
capital resources. Another very
building houses are some kinds of
important resource is all around you,
service work.
and is found in every region. Human
resources are the people who make REVIEW List some examples of
products or provide services. Services service work. Main Idea and Details
are jobs that people do for others.
Summarize the Lesson
• A something
natural resource is
from the environment that people

can use.
• Each region has special resources.
• Renewable resources can be
replaced and nonrenewable
resources cannot.
• People use capital resources to
make products and provide
services.
• Human resources are people who
make products or provide services.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
2. Why are people considered resources?
Check Facts and Main Ideas
3. What the difference between a renewable
is
1. Main Idea and Details On a separate sheet
and a nonrenewable resource?
of paper, make a diagram like the one
below. Fill in the main idea. 4. What resources are found in your region?
5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences How do
all the resources in a region help industries
develop and grow?
Link to Writing
Write a Business Plan Suppose that you
Southeastern Western are going to start a small company that
Midwestern manufactures a simple product. What
and farmers
farmers resources will you need? Write a plan that
Southwestern grow fruits,
grow corn describes all the resources you will use and
farmers nuts, and
and wheat. how you plan to make the product.
grow cotton vegetables.
""î
—— —
!
31
DORLING KINDERSLEY CHILDREN'S ATLAS
The United States and North America

The major landforms of the United States extend to its neighbors in North
America. Mountains and plains reach north into Canada and south into
Mexico. Huge chains of mountains run down the eastern and western
sides of North America. The Appalachian Mountains are on the east,
and the Rocky Mountains are on the west. Between the mountains, the
land is mostly flat. The northern areas have large forests, while the
central parts of the Great Plains are covered with flat, grassy lands.
Each region within the United States has its own types of landforms
and range of climates. Climate and resources affect all the living things within a
region. People use the resources in many ways.
()
fi T H
>*- ^ Z R i3 C A
'4 rg
•
West Midwest Northeast
• The Pacific Coast A Faces on the Hills The Atlantic Coast

Waves crash along the The heads of four great American Towns like this grew near
rocky coast of Oregon. presidents —George Washington, the coast of the Atlantic
Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, Ocean. People who live
West —
and Abraham Lincoln have been here often use the
carved onto Mount Rushmore resources of the sea.
in South Dakota.
Northeast
Midwest
Midwest
• Big Cities
Itsclimate and resources
Traditional Farming
have brought many people
to Los Angeles. The parts of
Amish people live on this
farm in Pennsylvania.
the city and surrounding A Water Birds They do not use any
areas are linked together by a Many types of A Prairie Lands modern technology.
system of roads. water birds, like Flat land, fertile soil,
this loon, spend and hot summers make
Southwest
the summer on the Midwest prairies
the quiet lakes of ideal for farming.
Minnesota.
Southeast
Southeast
I Homes Made of Clay

Many homes in Taos, New Mexico
are built of sun-dried clay brick,
called adobe. The Pueblo people
lived in this region a thousand years
ago. They used the resources of the
area to build homes.
it Wetlands
if King Cotton
The beautiful Okefenokee
Southwest The climate and soil of the
Swamp is a large wetland in
Southeast are good for
Georgia. Its warm climate
growing cotton. Large cotton
makes it a comfortable home
farms can be seen in parts of
for many animals, including
the Southeast.
alligators and snakes.
Southeast
'
% '&%£
^ Growing Fruit
Floridaand other parts of the
I Carved by the Wind Southeast have the right climate for
These strangely shaped rocks are in growing citrus fruits. Farmers send
Monument Valley, Arizona. They their oranges, grapefruits, limes,
have been carved by the wind. and lemons all over the country.
33
Review
Chapter Summary
\
Summarize
On a separate sheet of paper, make a The West has

diagram like the one shown. Fill in details the highest
about landforms in two more regions in mountain
the United States. and the
lowest place.
piac
T
Each region has certain
landforms.
Vocabulary
Match each word with the correct definition or description.
A
boundary (p. 14) a. a large area of flat land, often with grass
Q region (p. 11) b. the pattern of a place's weather over time
plateau (p. 13) c. an area with similar characteristics
desert (p. 13) d. a resource that can be replaced
canyon (p. 13) e. a line or natural feature that divides one

area from another
plain (p. 12)
f. the things people make in order to produce
climate (p. 19) products
precipitation (p. 19) g. an area that gets very little rain
humidity (p. 20) h. how high a place is above sea level
elevation (p. 21) a deep valley with steep rocky hills

^J) i.
(Q capital resources (p. 28) j. the amount of rain or snow that falls
(£) renewable resource (p. 29) k. the amount of moisture in the air
I. a large, flat, raised area of land
34
Facts and Main Ideas Apply Skills
\
Q What
States?
are the five regions of the United
Use an Inset Map
\
Q What are three climate types?
Q Why do people
resources?
try to conserve ^k v
Q Main Idea What are some differences

between the types of land in each
PENNSYLVANIA
region?
MARYLAND
Q Main Idea How

location?
is climate affected by DELAWARE
I
Washington, D.C.
Q Main Idea What are three main kinds

resources?
of
7* L
Q Critical Thinking: Ask Questions Write

two questions about regions in the
VIRGINIA
3 6 Kilometers
United States. Then write a short list of
sources you might use to find answers.
Q What is shown on the large map?
^ Q What
map?
is shown on the square inset
Write About Geography Q What

map?
is shown on the circular locator
\
Write a Region Riddle Suppose that you
are one of the United States regions.
Without giving the name of the region,
write a few hints. For example, if you
were the West you could write, "I am
the region with the tallest mountain."
Exchange riddles with a classmate.
Write an advertisement for a particular

To get help with vocabulary and
place in the United States. Use
illustrations and pictures from magazines terms, select the dictionary or
to make your advertisement appealing. encyclopedia from Social Studies
Write a travel article explaining why Library at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
someone should visit a region of your
choice. Include locations you think are
the most interesting.
35
We All Live Together
WH UllHiU
l I .l i
mn JHfu ii
pwwwwwwp^
.^w l - ii
'
i
r Jil l
WW wbwmb i w WJ»um i> iWI). JABj imMM iin.i
i i
ii iiiJUJ uiiiiii
i
w mmo.vmnmm
Lesson 2
We the People
Americans have a
strong voice In how
the government of
the nation is elected,
organized, and run.
36
Locaiina PI
mmmmr**** • mump** •*
Why We Remember fggjggtg^mmummmmmm

__
iviiifrîiitMW^^"'^^
From the 1500s to the 1800s, the number of people living in

North America grew. Who was living on this land? Where did
the new people come from? Why did they come? How did these
people affect the United States? The United States is a nation of
people from all over the world. Americans can be proud of
working toward freedom for all cultures and peoples.
37
LESSON 1 1500
1492 1803 1819 1845 1853

Columbus The United States The United Texas The area that is
arrives in purchases the States becomes to become 48

North America. Louisiana Territory purchases a state. of the 50 states
from France. Florida from is complete.
—J Spain.
Americans All
PREVIEW
It is October 1492. You are
on the Pinta, one of the
The United States is a diverse
nation made up of people three ships in Christopher
from many different
backgrounds and cultures. Columbus's exploration fleet. Columbus is
on the Santa Maria. When you left Spain

PLACES
Bering Strait three months ago, you were excited about
Mississippi River
Louisiana Territory the adventure and the treasures you hoped
PEOPLE
to bring home from Asia. Now, everyone on
Christopher Columbus the ships believes Columbus is lost. But then
Thomas Jefferson
Meriwether Lewis one of your shipmates runs up and tells you
William Clark
that Columbus has spotted tree branches
VOCABULARY with leaves and fruit floating by the ships.
immigrant
culture Columbus believes you must be close to land.
He is offering a reward to the first person to
spot land.
Suddenly, you hear the scream, "Land!
Land!" Rodrigo de Triana has spotted land!
P A brassbox
and compass Main Idea and Details As you read, look
from the
1400s
for reasons why the United States came to
include people of many different cultures.
Museum of the History of Science, Oxford
38
they might have walked across the
The Earliest Americans
Bering Strait on land that then
Although North America was a new
connected what we now know as
world to Europeans, it was home to
Siberia and Alaska.
many people before Christopher
Other scientists think that the first
Columbus arrived. When Columbus
Americans sailed from northern Asia.
landed in America, he thought he had
Others think that the first Americans
reached a group of islands between Asia
sailed from South Pacific islands or
and Australia. Those islands were known
Australia.
as the East Indies. Columbus therefore
However they got here and whenever
called the first North Americans he
they came, people were living in North
saw "Indians." Today, we refer to these
America over 11,000 years ago. Over
people and their descendants as
time, they developed rich and varied
Native Americans or American Indians.
cultures. Their cultures were shaped in
How did Native Americans' ancestors
part by the geography of the areas they
come to this land?
settled.These early peoples became
Early Americans came to this part of
the hundreds of different Native
the world from other places. Scientists
American groups that occupied North
differ about when they came and where
America by the 1400s.
they came from. Some scientists think
that the first Americans came from REVIEW What are some different
Asia. They might have come when ideas scientists have about where the
much of the Northern Hemisphere was first Americans came from?
covered with ice. Some scientists think Main Idea and Details
Workers at a site in Colorado

search for objects that are
thousands of years old
1513 Spanish explorer Juan Ponce
In
Explorers from Europe
de Leon (Hwahn PAWN say de Lay
Christopher Columbus and his fleet
AWN) landed in what is now Florida.
of ships arrived in 1492. His goal was
He was hoping to find wealth and new
to find a short route by sea to Asia.
lands. Ponce de Leon did not find the
European countries, especially Spain,
gold he was seeking. Another Spanish
Portugal, France, and England, had been
explorer, Hernando de Soto, also
trading goods with China and India.
explored parts of what is now Florida.
Traders traveled there over land, but
In1539 his ships landed near what is
the routes were long and dangerous.
now Tampa Bay. Francisco Vasquez de
Columbus's voyages opened up a
Coronado, a Spanish explorer who
great age of exploration. European
was seeking gold, traveled north from
explorers came to the Americas in
Mexico. In 1540 he explored parts
search of gold and other riches. These
of the area that is now New Mexico.
explorers also wanted to claim land for
Explorers from France also came to
their rulers. The places they explored
North America for different reasons.
are shown on the map below.
* La Salle
<— Marquette and Jolliet
< Ponce de Leon
Present-day national and U.S. borders are shown.
European explorers traveled thousands of miles exploring North America.

MAP SKILL Use Map Scale About how many miles did Marquette and Jolliet travel?
40
In1534 Jacques Cartier (Zhahk Kar The United States Grows
TEE ay) came in search of riches.
By the early 1700s, the Atlantic
Others, like Jacques Marquette
coast had many settlers.
(Zhahk Mar KET), wanted to
People traveled westward
bring Christianity to the
looking for good land. By
Americas. In 1673 he and
1783 the United States
Louis JollietQOH lee et)
claimed land from the
explored the Mississippi
Atlantic coast to the
River. As they traveled,
Mississippi River.
Marquette drew maps of
Then, in 1803, the
the region. Another French
French sold land that
explorer, Robert La Salle,
was then called the
traveled the Mississippi River
Louisiana Territory to the
to the Gulf of Mexico. He p> Jacques arquette
United States. This included
claimed land for France.
much of the land west of the
REVIEW Why did explorers come to Mississippi River to the Rocky
the Americas? Main Idea and Details Mountains.
Expansion of the United States
PACIFIC '
<HB|
OCEAN ^^Q\ 1
120 W ~J-
Key
\
United States in 1783
Territory added by the
Louisiana Purchase in 1803
Territory added by 1853 MEXICO

— Present-day borders
The growth many years.

of the United States occurred over
MAP SKILL Observe Change Through a Map How many years

|
are represented by the changes
shown on the map? 41
President Thomas Jefferson sent ceded, or gave up, the Oregon Territory.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark As a result of the Mexican War in
on an expedition to discover what was 1848, the United States purchased a

on the land that had been purchased. huge area of land from Mexico. Then,
In 1804 Lewis and Clark began their in 1853, with the purchase of more
trip on the Missouri River at St. Louis. land, the area that would become forty-
Eighteen months later, they reached eight of the fifty states in the United
the Pacific Ocean. They made maps States was complete.

and kept journals about what they saw. REVIEW List some of the ways the
Between 1803 and 1853, the United
United States grew from the Atlantic
States continued to expand. Through
Ocean to the Pacific Ocean.
treaties, purchases, and wars, new
^® Summarize
^fo*.
territory was added. In 1819 the
United States purchased Florida from
Spain. Texas was added to the United
States in 1845. The next year, England
FACT Flit
Immigration Information
L Sf Mid 1600s: Many people come to North America from
England. About 50,000 people come during this time.
B' Between 1730 and 1807: Over 40,000 Africans are brought
to America against their will. In 1808 this practice is
forbidden by law in the United States.
S' Between 1860 and 1880: Nearly 200,000 Chinese workers come to
the western United States. Many of them help to build railroads.
H' Between 1880 and 1920: About 22 million immigrants from

Europe come to the United States. Many pass through
inspection stations at Ellis Island in New York City.
E' Between 1910 and 1940: About 175,000 Chinese and other
Asian immigrants come to Angel Island in San Francisco
Bay and eventually enter the United States.
IB' Between I960 and the 1990s: Thousands of immigrants from

Southeast Asian, South American, and Caribbean countries
settle in the United States.
42
Immigration Cultural Riches
The English settlers who lived along Culture is the way of life followed by
the Atlantic coast in the 1600s were a group of people. Food, clothing,
immigrants. An immigrant is a person music, art, religion, holidays, customs,
who comes to live new land. Not
in a stories, and games are all parts of a
all the people, however, who came to group's culture.
North America had a choice. Many Language is another part of culture.
Africans were forced to come. Many words we use everyday show a
Immigrants have continued to come variety of cultural influences. For
to the United States throughout its example, the name Kentucky comes
history. Most people living in the from the Iroquois Indian word ken-tah-
United States are immigrants or ten, which means "land of tomorrow."
descendants of immigrants. Each The word Michigan received its name
immigrant group has helped our from the Chippewa Indian words for
country's culture grow. "great water." Lake Michigan is one of
the largest fresh water lakes in the
REVIEW Why have immigrants
world. Florida received its name from
continued to come to the United
the Spanish word florida, which means
States? Make Inferences
"flower."
Settlers named New York, New

Jersey, and New Hampshire after
Traditions and food are part of cultures across the
places in England. Vermont got its
United States.
name from the French words vert
mont, which mean "green mountain."
REVIEW Why do you think the French

named Vermont as they did?
Draw Conclusions
for people. Our nation's laws seek
Out of Many, One all
to respect people, despite differences

Even our country's motto, E pluribus
in culture or beliefs. This respect is
unum, is a phrase from another
America's key to bringing many people
language. It is Latin and means "out of
together to form one nation.
many, one." You can see this motto on
our coins. Out ofmany states comes REVIEW What is our nation's
one nation. Out of many different motto and what does it mean?
backgrounds comes one Main Idea and Details
people, united as a nation.
What binds us together Summarize the Lesson
as Americans? Some Pre-1492 Native American groups
Americans say that we are lived in North America for centuries.
held together by our common 1492 Columbus arrived in North

traditions, such as celebrating America. Many more European
American independence on the Fourth explorers followed.
of July or sharing Thanksgiving dinner 1803-1853 The United States grew

with our families. Other people say with the addition of new lands.
that our government and our history 8— Today People continue to come to
unite us. Many believe that the America from all over the world.
foundation of our unity is respect
LESSON 1 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 3. Why did European explorers and settlers
come to North America?
1. Main Idea and Details On a separate sheet
of paper, write a sentence that states the
4. How did the United States grow from the
main idea for the details given. Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean?
5. Critical Thinking: Make Decisions Suppose
you live in a different country. What might
make you decide to move to the United
States?
Link to Writing
Native Write About Your State Use encyclopedias
Europeans Immigrants
Americans and other books to find the answers to these
explored and continue
have been in questions. Write your answers and share them
settled North to come to
North America with the class.
America. the U.S.
for centuries
Where did the name of your state come from?
Which Europeans first explored your state's
2. Who was North America when
living in region?
Columbus arrived? What did you learn
What words used today come from people
about these peoples?
who have lived in your region?
44
H
*B|
FlORELLO G* A
La Guardia
1882-1947
Fiorello La Guardia (Fee uh REL oh Luh GWAHR dee uh)
was the well-respected mayor of New York City
from 1934 to 1945. His parents were Italian
immigrants. Fiorello was born in New York
City, but he spent much of his childhood in
Arizona. His father was stationed with the army
in Prescott, Arizona. There Fiorello met people
from many different
cultures. There were
La Guardia read the
also children of all
Sunday comics
over the radio backgrounds
different
to the people of whose fathers were in the
New York City.
army. Sometimes children
would make fun of Fiorello
because his parents were immigrants.
La Guardia became angry when he saw others being
treated unfairly. For example, some companies sold the
army rotten food to feed to soldiers. As a result of this,
his father died from eating spoiled meat. These things
made La Guardia want to fight for fairness, especially
in government.
After his father died, La Guardia and his mother
moved back to Europe. While in Europe, he learned
seven different languages. When he returned to New
York City, one of his first jobs was helping immigrants. La
Guardia continued helping people, first as a congressman
and later as mayor of the city.
Learn from Biographies

How do you think La Guardia's knowledge of languages
helped him as mayor of New York City?
For more information, go online to Meet
the People at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
LESSON 2
/
-/A..
fv
of
r~
J
» " *>
We the People
PREVIEW 1
People from all over town
Focus on the Main Idea have gathered at your school
Citizens of the United States
elect representatives who „ _ tonight. They are here to talk
make and enforce laws.
about problems in the local park. They want
PLACES to know why the mayor doesn't work harder
Washington, D.C.
to keep the local park clean and safe for
VOCABULARY
government everyone. You know that your mom has been
republic
thinking about this problem. You wait for
represent
democracy her to speak up.
citizen
Constitution Once your mother starts talking, you
federal
legislative branch
notice that many people here seem to like her
Capitol
ideas. Later, a group of people stop to talk to
executive branch
White House your mom. She's as surprised as you are when
judicial branch
Supreme Court you hear their request. They've just asked your
amendment
Bill of Rights
mom to run for mayor.
v/J\ Summarize As you read, look

*^?S^ for details to summarize how the
government of the United States
is structured.
46
A Government The leaders represent, or make
decisions for, the people who elected
for the People
them. Our type of republic is also
The government is made up of the
called a representative democracy. In a
rules, or laws, that we follow and the
democracy, every citizen has a right to
people who run our country. The
take part in government. A citizen is
government often does important
an official member of a country. In
jobs for us. For example, many in
the United States, the citizens elect
places the government makes sure
the leaders who run the government.
that we have clean water to drink.
Our country follows a set of rules
The government builds and
called laws. The elected
maintains our roads. It
leaders vote on the laws that
delivers our mail. It sets
all people must follow.
aside land for parks and
playgrounds. The REVIEW Summarize the
government tries to ^ description of a republic.
make sure that people ^® Summarize

have safe, pleasant
places to live.
The United States

is a republic. In a P The United States Capitol
in Washington, D.C.
republic, the leaders
are elected.
Wt wE
B # ;
I S?*^?S)Bvto* 1 1 ,
JtuJI; m
kT
jfoBjffl il> 3 '
mfSmFvl' *
* * lUtVt MM
I •
^bB
i ft* ft*
Government level is state government —the
government set up by the people of
by the People each state.
The founders of our country set up a The third level of government is the
very wise plan for governing our nation. national government —the government
This plan is a document called the of our entire country. The national
Constitution of the United States of government meets in the capital city
America. of the United States, Washington, D.C.
The Constitution starts off with the The Constitution explains how the
words "We the People . .
." These three national and state governments share
words show how important the idea of power. A system of government in
democracy is for the United States. which the national and state
The power of our government does not governments share power is called
come from government leaders. It a federal government. The Fact File
comes from citizens who elect those on the next page more about the
tells
leaders. three levels of government and the
There are three levels of government leaders at each level.
in the United States. The first level
is the local government. The local

REVIEW What are the three levels
government includes village, town, city,

of government in the United States?
and county governments. The second S5) Summarize
The Three Levels of Government
Local State National
Village, town, city, and Government set up by The government of

county governments the people of each state our entire country
48
FACT FILE
Three Levels of Government
* The President of the United States is the

head of the national government.
* The President gets authority to run the country from
the United States Constitution.
* Presidential duties include suggesting laws, making budgets, and

choosing people to manage the services that the country needs.
*The President is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces.
* Most of a President's decisions must be approved by Congress.
* State governments are run by

governors.
X N$W /
* Governors get authority to run their

state governments from state laws
and the state constitutions.
* Most of the laws that affect our daily
lives, like driving laws, come from
state governments.
* A city, town, or village run by a top official.

is
This official is often called a mayor, but may

have a different title, such as village manager.
* Mayors get their authority from the people and
the state constitutions.
* Some mayors have the responsibility to appoint

people to manage city services.
* City services may include providing police and fire
protection, running the schools, and making sure

that the water supply is clean and safe.
49
The Congress meets in the building
The Three Branches known as the United States Capitol.
of Government The citizens of each state elect
The Constitution describes the members to both the House of
organization of the national government. Representatives and the Senate. Each
The United States government has state has two senators. The senators
three branches. These branches are are elected for six-year terms. The
the legislative branch, the executive number of representatives for each
branch, and the judicial branch. state depends on the state's
The legislative branch is the part population. The larger the population,
of the government that makes our the more representatives a state has
nation's laws. Congress is the in the House of Representatives.
legislative branch of the United States For example, California has a large
government. Congress has two parts. population, so it has fifty-two members
One part of Congress is the House of in the House. Alaska has a small
Representatives, which is also called population. It has only one member
the House. The Senate is the other in the House. Representatives are
part of the United States Congress. elected for two-year terms.
Legislative
United States Capitol
50
* -#
Supreme Court Historical Society/Richard W. Strauss, Smithsonian Institute
P- The United States Supreme Court is made up of nine judges, appointed for life.
The executive branch is in charge interpreting our nation's laws. Judges in
of enforcing our nation's laws. The the federal courts decide whether the
President is the head of the executive laws follow the Constitution. Our nation's
branch. United States citizens vote highest court is Supreme

called the
to elect the President. The President Court. The nine judges who serve on
serves a four-year term. A President can theSupreme Court are called justices.
be reelected only once. The President Supreme Court justices and other
lives and works in the White House. federal court judges are appointed
The President has other duties by the President and approved by the
besides enforcing the nation's laws. The Senate. Once approved, all of these
President is in charge of our nation's judges can keep their jobs for the rest of
armed forces. The President also their lives. The United States Supreme
suggests laws for Congress to pass. Court meets in the Supreme Court
The executive branch also includes building in Washington, D.C.
the Vice-President. The Vice-President
REVIEW Why do you think the
presides over, or heads, the Senate.
President can be reelected only once?
The judicial branch is in charge of
Draw Conclusions
51
The Flexibility Bill These amendments
of Rights.
guarantee such freedoms as freedom
of the Government of press, freedom of religion, and
The United States government is freedom of speech. Over time, our
flexible. That means that changes can
government has become a stronger,
occur.The government can be changed more representative democracy
by laws and amendments. An
because of our amended Constitution.
amendment is a change to the
Constitution. Amendments are passed REVIEW Why was it necessary to
by Congress and must then be have an amendment that guaranteed
approved by a majority of the states. freedom of speech? Draw Conclusions
A number of amendments have been
added to the Constitution since it was
first written. The first ten amendments
• The United States government has
three levels: local, state, and national.
to the Constitution are known as the
• The United States government has
p> Congress in session
three branches: legislative,
executive, and judicial.
• The United States government is
structured according to the

Constitution. It lists duties of the
branches and describes how power
should be shared between the
national and state governments.
3. Describe each of the three levels of

Check Facts and Main Ideas government.
1. ^® Summarize On a separate sheet of
paper, make like the one below. Use
a chart
4. How can the Constitution be changed?
it to summarize the government's other two 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions The
branches. United States Constitution was written in
1787. Since then, there have been fewer
than thirty amendments to the Constitution.
Includes
Makes What does this say about the original
House Constitution as a plan for government?
laws
and Senate
X legislative
S
branch Make
Link to
a Poster Make a poster inviting people
in your community to a meeting of your local
government. Include details about the meeting,

including where and when the meeting will
2. What is the United States Constitution, and
be held.
why is it important?
52
Daniel
INOUYE 1924-
In 1959 Hawaii became a state. Daniel Inouye (ih NOH way)

was Hawaii's first representative in Congress. He was also
the first Japanese American to be elected to either the House
or the Senate.
Inouye's father had moved from Japan to Hawaii. Inouye's
mother grew up in Hawaii. As an adult, she encouraged
her family to meet and vote on family matters.
Daniel valued this experience. He also valued the different
races and cultures of Hawaii and often spoke out against
disrespect of cultural differences.
Because of his As a soldier in World War II,
bravery in war,
Inouye won the
Inouye led troops in a battle
Congressional Medal of to rescue his fellow American
Honor, the highest award ^glj
given by the United
soldiers. During the battle, Inouye
States government. lost his right arm.
As both a
representative and later as a senator
from Hawaii, Inouye has continued to
strengthen democracy by working for
respect among all Americans.
''You can make a difference in your lives

and in the lives of others if you simply
care enough to try.../'

/-
An experienced politician once told
Inouye that it was important to follow
u '//
the Golden Rule: Treat others the way
you want to be treated. Why is this
good advice?

V 53
d Globe Skills
Read a Time-Zone Map

What? changed the way people used time.
Building railroads
Before railroads crossed the country, each town and city set its
own time. People would note when the sun was at its highest
point in the sky. At that time, people would set their clocks to
noon. However, the sun appears to travel across the sky from east
to west. So noon would be a different time in a neighboring area.
Having slightly different times in different towns caused trouble
for people making train schedules. The railroads came up with
a new idea. They would establish time zones. In each time zone,
clocks would all be set to the same time. The United States
adopted this plan in the 1880s. It is the basic plan we use for
setting our clocks today.
Time Zones of the United States

Why? You can best understand also given with each clock. What is the
time zones by looking at a time-zone name of the time zone where you live?
map. A time-zone map shows the

boundaries of the time zones across a
continent or for the entire Earth. Earth Think and Apply
is divided into 24 time zones. Each
time zone is an hour behind its
neighbor to the east and an hour Q What time does this map show
ahead of its neighbor to the west. for the Pacific time zone? the
Central time zone? The
HOW? Look at the time-zone map. Eastern time zone?
Note that the boundaries of each time

zone are drawn with purple lines. Each
Q When it is 1 0:00 a.m. in New
York, what time is it in
time zone is shaded with a different
Portland?
color. Find the clocks on the map.
There is one clock for each time zone. Q Ifyou lived in New York and
Notice that the clocks show that the you needed to call your friend
time in each zone is different by one in Portland at 8:00 p.m. Pacific
hour from the time in the zone next to time, what time would it be in
it. The names of the time zones are New York when you called?
Hawaii Texas
55
'
".
•' •"•
.
LESSON 3
A The Strengths
of Our Freedoms
PREVIEW
Today we cleaned up the
school yard so that our class
Citizens have rights as well as
responsibilities. --r-i can have our fall track and
VOCABULARY field competition outside. Abby, our class

passport
representative on the student council, told us
taxes
jury that everyone needed to pitch in and make
the school yard neat and clean.
Abby pointed out that with rights come

responsibilities. With the right to decide on
activities comes the responsibility to get the
school ready for the special event. Together
we filled thirty garbage bags with litter. When

we finished, the school yard was spotless.
Tomorrow we will have a special recess
because we did our job as responsible citizens.
v/J\ Summarize As you read, look for details
^S^ to help you summarize the rights and

responsibilities of all people living in the
United States.
56
On August 18, 1920, the Nineteenth
Our Constitutional
Amendment was ratified. This
Rights amendment guaranteed women equal
As you have read, the Constitution voting rights. For many years prior to
guarantees United States citizens this, many women and men had fought
certain rights. A person who is born in
for this right. As with all of the
the United States is a U.S. citizen. One amendments, once it was ratified,
can also become a citizen through a it became the law.
process established by the government. Another amendment that affected

Four years after the Constitution voting lawswas the Twenty-Sixth
was ratified, or approved, the Bill of Amendment. Ratified on July 1, 1971,
Rights extended citizens' rights by this amendment gave citizens eighteen
guaranteeing freedoms such as years of age and older the right to vote.
freedom of speech, freedom of press, Prior to this, a citizen had to be twenty-
and freedom of religion. As time has one to vote. Again, many people had
passed, it has become necessary to fought for this amendment for a long
make more changes. These changes time.
have extended our rights even more. United States citizens have other
For example, the Thirteenth rights as well. For example, a person
Amendment ended slavery. Slavery can get a passport. A passport is
was legal when the Constitution was a government document used in
written. After the Civil War, it was not. traveling to foreign countries. People
On December 6, 1865, almost eight who have United States passports can
months after the war ended, the visit countries throughout the world. A
Thirteenth Amendment was ratified. It United States passport shows people
said, in part, "Neither slavery nor in other countries that the person is a
involuntary servitude. ..shall exist United States citizen.
within the United States...." Servitude
means that someone is forced to do
REVIEW List three special rights of
work against his or her will.

United States citizens. S5) Summarize
The of Rights
Mgre/Sosr™ United Shies
(owrefs Bill
oJ0um> fiAlarcf;, tni /imm^Jcom'Mmcf^'an/r^/o
THE (L
-*/*,. r/.oji~~,. rf^jL*.* ,/„£„/.~ ..j „./..,,,.. ./-./;/<. .MU: tl.U~ «AUy l/u y..~J ,//~/<U m £j.~. ... I/.. I, „.,/. ...// *..,.«„„. t/L i.„,tn^.^;/.(. mrJ.i./>^
. JiESOLVED Cm. tCuct ..../ k:L J tr J,/,./.;„ J,l /uu hi./. / r jLJU&i a.l 'ffopi.^j C,,. .j,
e-^.j.ââ^ya,^ ^^v .ji.a,..i /,^ ya. Jr ..., .*.<., „„..^..,...<. ,,,/. fUtaL. ./a. aju «*!:2i. fM» juuuu. JL,-*u a A«/ZijU
;r
7
»• '
« Articles.,, „,,<„«„, /.. „„.t lt,..,.j,..,„t,ia.l £>..ju./. n Jd,d..ufaJ fJ.jd,.'.f..ûtye^y.„u^jL</.,y^.i.'~...

j
57
u/U. tL/ufA&em j/,.//6 „ ,.^l/.y lL„ ,<,.*/(. H,f L.J..J Um&&* .„ &£ d.« tk~—Jf~~-
if, //-» r,u
f. (,... l/u.4 . .,a ft./.™-./* t.~ /r, •^j/"'}
,.Jj fy..
wait iL. i.~nX~, )LMtt«»iUiHi L i',~,„/. .Ut cr
,f <&,»^.„t^.\.,*i,u.-».-.t cn~.L~uU.*/a. ../... t .,„./../../ ti,..< ii... ,..n. tyaL- /... <.'.~/-v
to buy a soda that costs $1.00. You
Responsibilities
get to the cash register and find you
as Americans have to actually pay $1.08. You may
All people living in the United States have just contributed toward new
should respect the rights of others. roads, fire and police protection, and
They must respect all of the rights maintaining your local park!
guaranteed by the Bill of Rights. This Another responsibility all adult
means that you should respect the citizens have is to serve on a jury
rights of people who have ideas that when called upon. A jury is a panel of
are different from yours. ordinary citizens who make decisions in
All people living in the United States a court of law. All Americans accused
are required to obey the laws of our of a crime have a right to a jury trial.
country. Some laws require you to Serving on a jury is a way Americans

do particular things to fulfill your help protect their right to a fair trial.
responsibilities as an American. For All Americans should work to make
instance, people are required, by law, their communities and their country
to pay the taxes they owe. Taxes are a good place to live. This is a
money the government collects to pay responsibility for everyone, regardless of
for its services, such as constructing age. Make a list of ways you can help
and maintaining our roads, parks, and out. Which are the best choices for
schools. you?
People pay taxes in several different All adult citizens have the responsibility
ways. Taxes are taken out of paychecks. to vote. By voting, people show how
Taxes are added to the price of things they want our government to be run.
you buy. Let's say you stop at a store
P The court recorder works as the lawyer
addresses the jury.
I
IH |
H
H
X . J
By voting, citizens make sure that the Children have responsibilities
government represents the will of the too. They are required by law to be
people. educated. They should learn about
To make good decisions when they government and how it works in
vote, people need to be educated. school. They should learn about our
Adults need to stay informed of issues history. They learn about decisions
by reading newspapers, watching TV people have made that improve life
news broadcasts, and going to public for all Americans.

meetings.
REVIEW How can you fulfill your
responsibilities as a citizen?
S5) Summarize

• Everyone living in the United States
has certain rights.
• People who are citizens of the
United States have additional rights.
• Everyone who lives in the United
States has certain responsibilities.
p Voting is an important responsibility.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
3. List three types of government services
Check Facts and Main Ideas that are paid for by taxes.
1. S3 Summarize On a separate sheet of
4. Why is voting an important responsibility?
paper, copy and fill in a chart like the one
below to summarize responsibilities of all 5. Critical Thinking: Evaluate Information If a
United States citizens. person wants to run for President, he or
she must be born a United States citizen.
Give a possible reason for this requirement,
and tell whether or not you think the
Vote requirement is a fair one.
X J / Link to
Read About the Bill of Rights
Readin-
Find a copy
United States citizens have of the Bill of Rights. Choose one of the ten
certain responsibilities. amendments the Bill of Rights. Work with
in
a partner to read the amendment. Use a

dictionary to look up words you do not
understand. Then summarize the rights
2. What are two ways that a person can
granted in that amendment.
become a citizen of the United States?
> — :
_
59
cmzm he
Doing the Right Thing
Eight-year-old Seth and his brother Sam, five, were at
the Sunland Park Mall in El Paso, Texas, on a Sunday in

1998. They entered a restroom where Sam found a bank
deposit bag. When the brothers opened it, they saw the
bag contained money. 'It was exciting,"
^^ Sam said. "There was a lot of money. We

knew we couldn't keep it."
The boys decided to bring the bag to

their father. Because the mall was
about to close, the three took the money
home with them. Police came to the
family's El Paso home and counted out
the money on the kitchen table.
The total came to $23,399. The
police also found a check
among the money. The check
gave the police a clue as to
who the owner was.
As it turned out, the
money belonged to a
builder in the area.
He met with the family
to thank the boys for
their honesty and to give
them a cash reward.
BUILDING
CnJ2£W5JiJP
Caring
Respect
Responsibility
Fairness
Honesty
Courage
Seth and Sam

receive their awards
for honesty.
"He was extremely grateful to my children for returning

the money," the boy's mother, Lynette, said. "He told us
that losing the money would have been damaging to his
business."
Police called the boys' heroes for returning the money.
Seth responded, "We really didn't do anything special.
My brother found the bag. When we opened it and saw
all the money, we took it to my dad. We returned it to
its rightful owner, which is what you're supposed to do."
"It felt good to return it because it wasn't

our money"
Honesty in Action
Sometimes, doing the right thing can be hard. Write about someone who
displayed honesty in a difficult situation. This person can be someone
you know or a famous person from history.
61
Review
Chapter Summary
A
^£J Summarize legislative

branch
judicial
branch
executive
branch
On a separate sheet of paper, copy

the chart. Use the details given to
summarize information about the
United States government.
Vocabulary Vocabulary
A
Match each vocabulary word with its Fill the blank in each sentence with the
in
definition. 1 correct word from this list.
Q culture
(P- 43)
a. people who
and live in a
come
new
judicial branch (p. 51)
passport (p. 57)
federal (p. 48)
land
Q legislative branch
(P- 50)
b. the laws of a
jury (p. 58)
executive branch (p. 51)
country and the
Q immigrants
(P- 43)
people who run it
Q The president is the head of the
of government.
c. our nation's plan
Q government
(P- 47) d.
forgoverning
the way of life

Q The main responsibility of the
of government is to
followed by a interpret laws.
Q Constitution group of people
(p. 48)
e. a change to O A
used in
is an official
traveling to other countries.
document
Bill of Rights something, such as

(P- 52) the Constitution ©A is a panel of citizens that
makes decisions in a court of law.
Q amendment
f. the part of
(P- 52)
government that
makes laws Q The sharing of power between the state
and national governments is called a
Q democracy
(p. 47)
g- a republic system.
h. the first ten

amendments to
the Constitution
J ^
62
—

Q What are three parts of a culture?
1 Read a Time-Zone Map
Q Why is our government called a
representative democracy?
Answer the questions about this map.
CENTRAL 7 1ME ZONE EASTERN TIME ZONeLs>.
Q List two rights

the United States.
guaranteed to citizens in
______
iX ND \
MN /
k W
Q Main Idea Why do people sometimes say
that the United States is and has always —— -
1 C
SD
IA )
J Lp-y— ' M PA
NY
-V
>fNJ
C^CJ
i 3v Rl
been a land of immigrants?

"i i l r ne
IL .N
OH
>^ WB-MD
k^v/wVy^DC
ks MO
Q
I
(.
"3,
j
Main Idea What are the three branches

OK
of the United States government, and AR {
ATLANTIC
what is the main job of each? AL \ GA OCEAN
MS
^^r
Q Main Idea How are the rights that United
States citizens have connected to the
tx \ LAL-
11 AM
laS^-^J^-s.
-A
XJ
12 Noon
responsibilities that they have? \_f

O Gi. If
I
-1
of Mexico
Hour |
xl |
Hours |
Q Critical Thinking: Solve Problems Two

friends of yours get into an argument
The President is giving a speech from
the White House in Washington, D.C., at

over differences of opinion about an
7 p.m. You want to watch a live broadcast,
issue at school. What could you say that
and you live in Illinois. What time should
would help convince your two friends to
you turn on your TV?
show respect for each other's opinion?
J © In
to the
what time zone will people be
speech at 7 p.m.?
listening
You want to talk about the broadcast with

Write About It your uncle who lives in Wisconsin. What
\ time would it be there if you called him at
Write a menu for a holiday that you 8 p.m. in Illinois?
celebrate or would like to celebrate. Give
a description of each food and tell how
the food is related to the holiday.
Write a job description of a government

official who serves in the national
government. Use the Internet or other Internet: Aetiiv'i/fcy
sources to gather information.
Write an action plan for a project that
would improve your school or your
terms, select the dictionary or
community. Write down the steps for encyclopedia from Social Studies
carrying out your project. For each step, Library at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
tell who would be in charge and who
would work on it. Finally, write up a time

line or a schedule for the project.
J
63
Earning and Learning
Trade Then and Now

People have used
different methods
of trading in different
places and
at different times.
64
iting Places
iimwj mmm i
i
Why We Remember
How do people get what they want and need? Either they find or
make things themselves, purchase what they want, or trade with
others. Trade has been an important part of life for thousands of
years. Native Americans had a vast trading network that spanned
North America. Over time, trade has expanded even more.
Today, the United States does business with many, many
different nations. Learning basic ideas about economics is
important for understanding our nation and our world.
65
1
':. ;.,, .;.
^/-'-'
The Land
of Plenty
PREVIEW
1 You are living in a small New
England town in the 1850s.
North America's rich resources
have drawn many people to It's the night before your
the continent and to specific
regions of what today is our family is moving to a new place far away,
country.
"the land out west/' as your father calls it.
VOCABULARY Your father wants to find better land to

technology
rural farm —land with resources yet to be used.
urban
The place you are going will have many more
trees so that you will have wood all winter to
keep you warm and wood to build that new

barn your father has wanted for so long. The
A covered wagon that once new place will have rich soil that will provide
traveled the Oregon Trail
wonderful, abundant fields of wheat and corn.
You are sad that you are leaving your
friends, but you are excited about the
new adventures that you and your family
will have.
^/J\ Summarize After you read, summarize

I *$??!& the reasons that people want to live in
certain places.
A Land of Riches rich
In
resources.
North America, the Europeans at
When the first Americans came to
first settled along the rivers near the
North America, they arrived at a place
coast. They traded with the Native
full of natural resources. What they
Americans for resources found farther
found convinced them to stay. They
inland. But the Europeans began to
very likely came to this continent by
move farther west and they, like the
accident, probably following a
first Americans, settled in certain
migrating herd of animals during a
areas and farmed the rich land.
hunt. Once here, they found game
animals, fish, fertile soil, and wild REVIEW What were some of the
plants in abundance. resources that convinced the first
While some first Americans settled Americans to stay?

in one area and farmed, many Main Idea and Details
fyr\
continued to move and spread across
North America. Different resources
were available in different regions.
Each group found ways to use their
local resources. Sometimes the first
Americans traded over very long

distances for resources that were
not available nearby.
In the early 1500s, Europeans also These engraved knives were
used for cutting blocks of
came to the Americas. Like the first snow by Native American
Americans, they too were attracted groups living in cold regions.
to the continents by their
The first Americans hunted mammoths

and other large mammals.
> Wagon trains traveling west took many settlers to new homes.
Culver Pictures
crops and raising livestock soon came

Moving Westward
to be the nation's main economic
By the 1700s European settlers
activity.
realized that the greatest resource
Throughout the 1700s and the
available in North America was the
1800s, people continued to come to
land. The settlers themselves were
North America to make a better life for
another great resource. They cleared
themselves and their families. Cities
trees and set up farms. They could
along the Atlantic coast had become
use the crops they grew and the
crowded. Settlers moved westward to
animals they raised to feed their
find more land. They moved into places
families. They could sell or trade their
in the Midwest where they carved out
extra farm products to others. There
farms on the plains. They moved into
was an increase in demand for farm
the Southwest where they raised
products due to the growing cities in
sheep and cattle. Everywhere they
North America and Europe. Producing
moved, they cleared land for farms.
68
Another resource drew people
westward. In 1848 a man in California
found gold in a stream running through
the land of his employer. Within
months, tens of thousands of excited
people were heading to the area to
"strike it rich." Few people became
wealthy in the rush to California
for gold, but many stayed in the
region. Thiscaused a population boom
along the West Coast.
REVIEW Why did agriculture become

the main economic activity in America?
^® Summarize
h*M
muwMMMWk
I
^luAJiiit
111Wtm
'RlcWx lUk
Plentiful fields of wheat such as this are part of
The discovery of gold in California many Midwest farms.
caused many people to move west.
Lithograph by Currier & Ives

>-
L.
fe
I
ii iv
®
/,
:•
im
that made it cheaper to produce. By

Growth of Industry
the 1900s steel plants began turning
While settlers were moving steadily
out the steel frameworks that made
westward, industries were rapidly
skyscrapers, cars, and other new
growing in other parts of the country.
products possible.
America was found to be rich in iron
New ways to produce electricity were
and coal, the raw materials necessary
also developed. Electricity powered
for industry.
lights and machines, such as the
By 1870 railroad workers had laid
elevator. People learned how to drill
train tracks from coast to coast.
deep underground for oil. This provided
Railroads linked resources of the West
another source of power to run
to markets in the East. The railroad
machines.
was one example of a new technology.
Coal, electricity, and oil were used to
Technology is the development and
run engines and the new machines
use of scientific knowledge to solve
that were being invented. All these
practical problems.
technologies led to the growth of
Advances in other technologies
other industries.
occurred in the latter half of the
The rapid growth of industries
century. For example, people came up
changed the way people lived and
with a new process of making steel
worked in the United States.
70
People came to the cities to find work.
Many farmers left the land. They looked
for better jobs in factories. In 1870 the
United States was a rural nation. Most
Americans lived in small towns or on
farms. By 1920 the United States had
become an urban nation with most of
the people living in cities.
REVIEW How and why did the

economy of the United States change
in the late 1800s? S5) Summarize

• America's resources have attracted
people from different countries and
enabled many to build better lives.
• The growth of agriculture contributed

to the movement of people from
one region to another.
P- This famous painting is titled "Detroit Industry.'
• Our economy has changed from an
agricultural economy to an urban
Cities were centers for most of the new
industrial economy in the centuries
industries that arose in the late 1800s. since the founding of our nation.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 3. What caused Americans to decide to move
westward in the 1800s?
1. Si) Summarize On a separate sheet of
paper, write a sentence summary.
4. What happened in the late 1800s to
change the way people lived in the
United States?
People lived Settlers
5. Critical Thinking: Analyze Information Think
by hunting moved to Industries
of a product that is in your classroom.
and farms in the grew rapidly.
Make a list of the resources that were
gathering. Midwest.
k_
X T 7 needed
Link to
to make this product.
Writing
Write a Diary Entry Suppose you are with some
of the first Americans traveling in search of
food. You stop every night to rest, but each
2. Why did the first Americans come to this

new day the journey begins again. Write about
continent? some of the adventures, dangers, and
challenges you might face.
*. s
71
'
LESSON 2
p.
^JÎ
Trade Then
r"
and Now
PREVIEW
You are a fur trapper in the
Focus on the Main Idea 1600s. It's early fall, time to
People trade goods
for the
and services that they need
and want.
You have collected several fur pelts, and you
PLACE need to trade them for sacks of corn and
St. Louis, Missouri
wheat. You've traveled a long distance to
VOCABULARY
need reach the nearest trading post.
want
barter
A farmer with sacks of grain catches your
producer eye. He says he needs pelts to make clothing
consumer
economy to keep his family warm in the winter. You
free enterprise system
profit
have extra pelts to trade. He has extra sacks
supply You wonder how many
of grain to trade.
demand
opportunity cost pelts the farmer wants for his extra
4, sacks of corn and wheat.
^/J\ Summarize As you

read,
^(C look for details to help you
/ summarize how trade has

changed over time.
72
In other situations, people skilled at
Trading for
building things may have bartered their
Needs and Wants services for another kind of service.
Early in the history of the United For example, a person might help
States, people traded for thegoods someone build a house. In exchange
and services that they needed and for that service, the building owner
wanted. A need is something that a might help the other person harvest
person must have to live. People need a crop.
food, clothing, and shelter. A want is
In ancient times, people used shells,
something that a person would like to
stones, and round metal disks as
have, but can live without. People want money. A person who was willing to
things to make their lives easier and sell something exchanged that good or
more comfortable. service for a certain number of the
People often bartered for what they shells, stones, or metal disks. In
needed and wanted. To barter is to time, however, people relied less on
trade one kind of goods or service for bartering as a way of trading.
another. For example, people may have
bartered fur pelts for food they REVIEW Describe a time when you
needed. In the early 1800s, St. Louis,

have bartered with a friend.
Missouri, grew because people came Apply Information
there to trade for fur.

This famous painting shows a European explorer
Painting by Alfred Fredericks trading with Native Americans.
rVr:
.» .
I** 1
"
use this money to buy things that they

Using Money
need and want.
The use of money goes back
People who make goods or products
thousands of years. About 2500 B.C.,
to sell are called producers. A person
the early Egyptians used tiny bars of
who buys goods or services is a
metal as money. Around 700 B.C.,
consumer. Producers in the United
Greek cities produced flat pieces of
States can set the prices for the goods
metal with a picture or design on
that they have made or for a service
them. These are considered
that they want to sell. This price covers
the first coins used as money. The
their costs of production. Producers
Chinese, who had a shortage of metal,
also think about what consumers are
came up with the idea of paper money
willing to pay in dollars and cents for
about 1,400 years ago.
the products or services.
Today, in the United States and in
most countries around the world, REVIEW Tell the difference between
people use paper bills, metal coins, a producer and a consumer.
and checks as money. Our money is Compare and Contrast
divided into dollars and cents. People
Josefina Saves the Day !
by Valerie Tripp
Josefina Saves the Day is a story about a girl
who lived in New Mexico in the 1820s. In this
part of the story, Josefina's papa decides to trade
his mules. He is excited because Senor Patrick
has found people to buy the mules. Read to find
out what he will get in return.
have good news. Senor Patrick

"J Everyone laughed, and Patrick
has found traders who want to buy went on. "I can get you silver for
all of our mules/' the mules, " he said.
"My friends will be glad to get the Silver! Thiswas lucky indeed.
mules, " said Patrick quickly. "Mules Normally, Papa would have traded
are sturdy. They do better than the mules for the goods from the
oxen on the wagon trails. Oxen are americanos. Then he would trade
fussy eaters. They have delicate the goods for sheep. Josefina knew
feet, and they get sunburned. Papa must be pleased. It would be
Patrick pointed to his own red nose much easier to buy the sheep they
and joked, "Just like me\" needed with silver.
74
FACT Fill + A 1652
shilling
Money in the United States

The America made their
British colonists in
own coins and paper money. At times, they
used beads and tobacco leaves as money.
A 1794 silver dollar
The 1793 copper cent

and the 1794 silver dollar
wereamong the first coins
made by the new United
States government.
A 1793 copper cent
After gold was discovered

in California in 1848, miners
used gold dust and nuggets as An 1837 three-dollar bill
made by a private bank

money in mining camps. in Ypsilanti, Michigan
P A California gold nugget
Today, most United States coins have

the image of a United States president on
them. George Washington is on the quarter,
Franklin D. Roosevelt on the dime,
is
Thomas Jefferson is on the nickel, and

Abraham Lincoln is on the penny.
Coins used today
75
businesses can provide certain
Free Trade
goods or services. In the United
In the United States our economy is
States, business people usually
based on the free enterprise system.
produce and sell goods or services in
An economy is the resources of a
hopes of making a profit. A profit is
community
country, state, region, or
the money a business person has left
and how the resources are managed. A
over after all the costs of the business
free enterprise system is one in which
are paid.
businesses have the right to produce
For example, if a business makes
any goods or provide any service that
and sells T-shirts, it has to pay for the
they want. The government does not tell
costs of the natural resources. It also
these businesses what they can
produce or sell. People or businesses
pays for the capital resources —the
machinery used to make the product.
decide what they want to make and
Not every country the world has a
sell.
It has to pay the workers —the human
free enterprise system.
in
Some
resources —who make the shirts.
When the business sells the shirts, it

governments limit what goods
sets the price so that it can pay for all
businesses can produce and what
of its costs and still have money left
services businesses can provide.
over. The money left over is its profit.
Some governments even choose which
Free Trade and Profit
Business
Income
Consumer
Many factors affect profit.
DIAGRAM SKILL What factors that affect profit are shown in this diagram?
76
product may go down.
For example, if a
business makes more
robot dogs than
people want to buy,
the business may
have to lower the
price to try to get
more people to buy
the robots.
The quantity of an
item that consumers
are willing to buy at
>•
m
Clearance signs are
of a product is high.
common sights when supply
different prices
demand. Sometimes
demand increases because consumers
is the
want more of a product for various

Business owners use their profits to
reasons. Then, the demand is great,
improve their businesses and to buy and since the supply is low, the price
the things that they need and want. for the product goes up. If people really
want this product, they may be willing

REVIEW How is an economy to pay a higher price to get it.
based on a free enterprise system

different from one that is not? REVIEW How might an increase in
Compare and Contrast supply benefit a customer?

Draw Conclusions
The Amount of a Product
In a free enterprise economy,
businesses operate based on a
system of supply and demand
The quantity of an item that
sellers are willing to offer at
different prices is called the
supply. Usually, if a business
has made too much of one
particular product, there is a
large supply. The price of the
You decide that you are going to take
Making Choices the ride. You'll always be able to
You probably can't buy everything
remember how much fun the ride was.
that you want. You have to make
The toy that you didn't buy is called
choices. Suppose you are at a fair. You
your opportunity cost. An opportunity
have just enough money either to buy
cost is what you give up when you
a ticket for a ride that you really want
choose one thing over another.
to take or to buy a stuffed toy at the
dinosaur exhibit. You are just going to REVIEW Think of a choice that
have to choose. If you choose to buy you had to make. What was your
the toy, you can't take the ride. If you opportunity cost? Did you make a
choose the ride, you can't buy the toy. good choice or not? Make Decisions
Our country is changing every day.
New kinds of technology make the
country a better place to live and work.
Over the years, use of home computers
has grown. Computers help us
communicate quickly, do research, bank,
and purchase products. The computer
industry new ways to work.
is creating
p- Home computers are becoming more and

What do you want to do when you grow
more common. up? What are some ways that you can
Facing the Future prepare yourself for what you want to
do?
We can all contribute to our nation's
economy. If you buy something, you REVIEW What are some ways
are a consumer. Every time you buy that you can help the economy?
something, you make a contribution to ^® Summarize
the economy of the United States.
When you get older and begin Summarize the Lesson
working, you will also help the economy • Goods and services have been
by producing goods or services. traded by barter and money.
Preparing yourself for work is very • Our free enterprise system is based
important. You need to study and go to on supply and demand.
school to learn the skills that you will • You help the economy when you are
need as an adult in the workplace. a careful producer and consumer.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. How does a business make a profit?
1. Si) Summarize On a separate sheet of 3. What is the difference between supply and
paper, fill in the summary statement for demand?

the details. 4. How were goods and services traded by
barter?
Businesses Businesses 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How

choose what operate on supply have computers affected the economy of
to produce. and demand. the United States?
N 7 Link to
Read a Fable Read the
Readin-
story of "Jack and the
Beanstalk." the class what Jack got in
Tell
return for his mother's cow. Decide if Jack's
trade was a good one or a bad one. Explain
why you think so.
79
LESSON 3
•>
CALIFORNIA IVIISSOUW
Transportation
('
and
PREVIEW Communication
The regions of the United
States and the nations of the
"1 It's 1860. William H. Russell's
world depend on each other.
company has just hired you for
VOCABULARY the Pony Express. They need

transportation
interdependent fast horse riders to get mail from Missouri to
globalization
California. Mail takes from three weeks to six
communication
months to get across the country, either over
land on trains and stagecoaches or by ship all
the way around South America!

Your part of the route begins at Fort Kearny,
Nebraska. You race toward the Rocky
Mountains. When you arrive at the Platte
station, your legs are wobbly and your horse

is tired. First you hand the mail pouch to the
next rider. Then you sit down to eat some beans

and bacon before heading back. Even though
the mail still has hundreds of miles to go, it
will arrive in ten days. Now that's express!
Pony Express riders carried

mail sturdy leather
in
pouches such as this one.
Vj/J\ Summarize As you read, look for details
St. Joseph Museum, Missouri
*^?i^ to help you summarize how transportation
and communication help the economy.
80
No single region can produce
From Across the USA everything that people in that region
The days of mail delivery by
need and want. Each region depends
horseback are long gone in the United
on other regions for goods, services,
States. Today a letter sent from the
and resources. When regions depend
state of Washington can arrive in
on one another in this way, they are
Washington, D.C., overnight! How?
economically interdependent.
Trucks, trains, ships, and airplanes
Transportation helps the
provide transportation across the
interdependent regions get almost
states. Transportation is the moving
anything they need and want. What
of goods, people, or animals from one
would happen if we didn't have
place to another.
transportation? You could not get mail.
Why do we want to move goods
If you lived in the Midwest, you would
across the states? Products grown in
find mostly wheat and corn in the
one state can be sent to people living
stores. You wouldn't find bananas or
in another state. For example,
orange juice. If you lived in a community
someone living in New York can buy
far from factories, you couldn't buy
Georgia peaches in their local grocery
books, tennis shoes, or clothes.
store. As you learned in Chapter 1,
different regions have different REVIEW What does it mean
climates. Because of differences in for regions to be economically
resources and climates, farmers grow interdependent? Main Idea and Details
different types of crops and produce mt- ^GENERAL !|kV
mU?\ store. Ej
different products in different regions.
A Pony Express rider JSf** || •

ffjJJJE
t
(right) leaves St. Joseph,
Montana on his way
to California.
^90 ^£ I
\n9^BA. v
^l>S
ImTinl
in Oregon, in the United States. The
Around the World
circuits might have been placed on the
The regions of the United States are
economically interdependent. But
chips in Malaysia —a country in Asia.
The chips would have been sent to
trade and commerce stretch much
factories in different places where
farther than the borders of our country.
different computer parts are made.
Most of the countries of the world are
Some parts might have been made in
tied together economically.
Virginia. Other parts might have been
To understand how countries depend
made in England. The steel for the
on each other, take a close look at a
case around the computer might have
product you might find in your classroom
been made in Poland. The computer
or library: a computer. A computer works
might have been put together in Idaho.
because it has a set of tiny electrical
It might have been packaged in a big
circuits called chips. The chips are
box made in Wisconsin and then sent
made of silicon. The raw silicon might
to your school.
come from Germany. The design for
The making of your computer is an
the circuits might have been planned
example of globalization. Globalization
The manufacturing of computer parts requires of businesses means that goods are
very clean conditions. Dust and other dirt
produced using resources, raw
particles cannot get into the final product.
materials, and services from several
countries. Many businesses have
factories in many places or use goods
produced by other businesses. These

companies also sell their products to
businesses all around the world. With
modern transportation, especially
airplanes, companies can send goods
halfway around the world in a day
or two.
REVIEW Tell how the making

of a computer is an example of
globalization. Main Idea and Details
p- A computer
chip
Map Adventure making of a computer is shown below on
the map. Study the trail and then answer
Transportation has helped make
the questions.
globalization work. For example, a
1, What parts came from Europe?
business can purchase raw materials or
manufactured parts for a computer 2, On the map below, what traveled the
from several countries. The final farthest to reach Idaho?
product is then usually assembled in 3, In which country will the computers

one place. Part of the trail of the be assembled?
Copper ore used in the Working on computer parts A computer assembly line
manufacture of computers in a clean room
83
fast transportation and communication.
Communication
Communication is the way that
Suppose that it's the late 1800s.
people send and receive information.
You live on a dairy farm in Wisconsin.
Fast communication helps local,
Your cows give you plenty of milk
national, and world trade. Suppliers
that you make into great ice cream.
communicate with stores to tell them
Everyone says you should sell your ice
about available goods. Consumers
cream all over the country. Could you
communicate with businesses to tell
do that? Even though railroads are a
them what they want.
part of everyday life, trains can't get
Fast communication and
goods to people's front doors. Even if
transportation are especially important
they could, your ice cream would be
for companies that sell goods that can
melted and spoiled upon arrival.
spoil, such as fruit and milk. With
Transportation in the 1800s was not
today's fast communication and
fast. Airplanes had not been invented
transportation, these companies can
yet. Even if you decided to sell your ice
sell their goods in faraway places. The
cream to nearby places, the telephone
illustration below shows a possible
and radio had only just been invented.
path that goods can take to get to the
To take orders, advertise, and get the
consumer.
goods to your customers, you need
Communication and Transportation
Shipping
Manufacturing
ft. '*•
Advertising
Communication and transportation play a role in getting goods to the consumer.

DIAGRAM SKILL Why are there two arrows between retail and consumer?
84
Today, people can communicate Internet, people can send and receive
instantly by telephone. With wireless messages and documents very quickly.
telephones, people can make long Computers allow companies to do
distance calls from almost business easily over long distances.
anywhere. They can make
REVIEW Why are fast transportation
business decisions on
and communication important for
the spot. People also
world trade? ^® Summarize
communicate using their
computers. With the Summarize the Lesson

• Because no region can produce
everything it needs, all the regions
of the United States are
economically interdependent.
• The globalization of businesses
means that goods are produced
using resources, raw materials, and
services from several countries.
• Fast transportation and
communication have made local
and world trade easier.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
3. What is an example of a way that your
Check Facts and Main Ideas region helps the world economy?
1. "® Summarize On a separate sheet of
paper, copy the diagram. Fill in the details
4. How have transportation and
communication been important in the
that lead to the summary.
growth of trade around the world?
5. Critical Thinking: Identify Opinions A
newspaper ran a story about globalization.
Part of the story said, "Globalization is
not good for the economy of the United
X T / States. American
factories
sentence
in
is
companies have built
Which
foreign countries."
an opinion? Which is a fact?
The U.S. economy depends
on several important factors.
Link to Science
Learn About Transportation Go to the library to
find abook about the history of transportation.
2. Give an example of a way that your region
iseconomically interdependent with other
Make a time line to show how transportation
has changed from the founding of our country
regions in the United States.
in 1776 to the present.
85
Use a Road Map and Scale
What? Road maps are maps that show roadways of a
particular area, such as a city, a state, or an entire country. Maps
that show a large area, like an entire country, include fewer types
of roads because there is room for detail. A road map of the
less
United States, therefore, will show mostly major highways. On
maps that show a small area, such as a city, more detail is
included. City road maps include major highways, major paved
streets, and certain side streets in local neighborhoods.
Why? People use road maps to plan routes from one

place to another. Business travelers may want to figure out y Vs.
which route is fastest, while tourists might want to find J
a route that will take them through scenic areas.
86
For more information, go online
to the Ol
' •• -'
/ 111
Others use road maps for local shows that one inch represents about
destinations, such as a trip to the 80 miles across land. If you measured
museum or to a friend's house, or to with a ruler along Route 33 on the
find the best route to the airport. map, you'd find that Columbus is about
an inch from the city of Lima. This
HOW? To use a road map, first means that if you were to drive on
determine what area is shown, and Route 33 from Columbus to Lima,
then study the map key. To determine you would travel almost 80 miles.
the area shown, look for the map's title Understanding scale is an important
or label. This map's title indicates that part of using a road map. Without
this map shows Ohio and knowing the scale, it would be nearly
Pennsylvania. To study the map key, impossible to use the map to figure
identify the symbols used to represent out just how far one place is
the different types of roads. According from another.

to the key for this map, double blue
lines represent interstate highways.
Find the roadnumbered "70" on the
map. This road is shown as a double Think and Apply
blue line, which means road "70" is an
interstate highway. Suppose that you want to visit
After identifying the symbols in Greenfield Village near Detroit,
the key, you should identify the Michigan. You are in Cleveland, Ohio.
scale. The scale tells how
What major highways would
^ many miles (or km) each
you take to get from
o inch (or cm) represents.
//y Cleveland to Detroit?
For example, the
scale for this map About how many miles is it
from Cleveland to Toledo?

from Toledo to Detroit?
Q How many miles would your

cousin from Cincinnati have to
travel to meet you in Detroit?
87
r ":-;./,
Review
Chapter Summary
\
Free Supply and
Summarize enterprise demand
Prices
Copy the diagram on a

separate sheet of paper.
Use the terms listed in
the chart in a summary
statement about the
economy of the United States
^
Vocabulary
Fill in the blank in each sentence with the correct vocabulary word from the list below. A
a. producer (p. 74) e. rural (p. 71) i. demand (p. 77)
b. barter (p. 73) f. consumer (p. 74) j. interdependent (p. 81)
c. opportunity cost (p. 78) g. supply (p. 77) k. globalization (p. 82)
d. urban (p. 71) h. free enterprise system I. technology (p. 70)

(P- 76)
Q The countryside is considered a area.
Q Putting scientific knowledge to practical use is called .
Q Businesses in a have the right to produce any goods they want.
Q When you choose one thing over another, what you give up is the
Q The process of making parts of a product in different places around the world is called
Q who makes
A person goods to sell is a .
Q Cities are areas.
Q amount The of an item that sellers are willing to offer at different prices is the
Q To trade one kind of goods or service for another is to .
ffi
A person who buys things is called a .
ffi
When regions depend on one another, they are economically .
^ The amount of an item that consumers are

the .
willing to buy at different prices is called
. •
88
A List some resources that Native
Americans or European settlers found in
\
Use a Road Map
North America. Look at the map below. Then answer the ]
questions.
Q What is the difference between bartering
and using money? IL-*A S
Key
Q Why are transportation and communication

very important in our modern economy?
capital
Other
city
-{jw- Interstate
^-^ highway
^gofcU.S.
route
Q Main Idea How did America's rich

resources affect early settlement?
Q Main Idea How might a change in supply

or achange in demand affect the price of
objects?
Q Main Idea How are economic

interdependence and globalization
related to one another?
Q Critical Thinking:Draw Conclusions

Having a healthy economy is important
for our country. Why is this true?
Q What information does this map give?
^ Q What is the scale of this map?
Write About Economics

Q how many
About miles is it from the New
Mexico border to the Wyoming border
traveling on Interstate 25?
\
Write an Ad Suppose you are selling a t.
product or service. Describe your product
or service. Tell why the product or service
is useful or important. List the price and
explain why the price is a good one.
Write a Newspaper Article Write about

certain goods that are in short supply.
Many consumers wish to purchase these
goods. Tell why the goods are in limited To get help with vocabulary and
supply and why consumers want to buy terms, select the dictionary or
them. Be sure to tell what will happen to
encyclopedia from Social Studies
the price for the goods.
Library at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
Write a Brochure Tell why a particular
type of business should move to your
region. Think about the resources your
region has and decide which type of new
businesses would do well in your region.
Discuss the communication and
transportation networks in your region.
89
L. —s
.
End with a Song
The words to the song "America" were written in 1832 by

Samuel F. Smith to celebrate George Washington's birthday. First sung
July 4, 1832, it was unofficially regarded as our national anthem until
the early part of the twentieth century. -^C
- <* •
if " - ,
V *^
•
•*?• ' '
V
•' . -.
'
J
Words by Samuel Francis Smith America Traditional Melody
I 1. My coun - try! 'tis of

&
thee, Sweet land of
2. My na - tive coun - try, thee, Land of the
S j #T; J 1 J J J |,J . I
p [ [
lib - er - ty, Of thee 1 sing; Land where my
no ble free, Thy name 1 love; 1 love thy
5
I fa - thers
F^ died, Land of the Pil - grims' pride,
rocks and rills, Thy woods and tern pled hills;
I f 22
From ev - 'ry moun - tain -side Let. free - dom ring!

My heart _ with _ rap - ture thrills Like that a - bove.
Test Talk
Review
I TWiri—MTHM
Narrow the answer choices. Rule
out answers you know are wrong.
Main Ideas and Vocabulary zwp

Read the passage below and use it to answer the questions that follow.
The United States is divided into seacoast and a second range of

regions. A region is an area defined by mountains called the Cascade
similar characteristics. The five regions Mountains.
of the United States are the Northeast, Climate differences also help make
the Southeast, the Midwest, the the regions distinct. The southern
Southwest, and the West. regions tend to be warmer than the
Landforms help make the five northern regions. The regions that are
regions different from one another. lower in elevation tend to be warmer
The Northeast has seacoasts and the than the higher regions.
Appalachian Mountains. The Appalachian Each region has different resources .
Mountains also run through the Resources are used to produce goods
Southeast. The Southeast has coastal that people need or want. Some of the
areas and plains. The Midwest is mostly resources are related to the landforms
grassy plains. Like the Northeast, the and climates of a region.
Midwest also has land shaped by The resources of each region
glaciers. The Southwest has canyons, contribute to the region's economy. Each
high plateaus, and some deserts. The region gets some things that it needs
Rocky Mountains just touch the from other regions and sends things to
Southwest. The West also includes the other regions. For this reason, the
Rocky Mountains and some deserts. But regions are economically interdependent.
unlike the Southwest, the West has a
In the passage, the word region In the passage, the word resources
refers to means
A an area with only one kind of A a mine
landform B a person
B an area with only one kind of culture C the way a particular area, like a country,
C an area of similar characteristics manages its goods and services
D an area that is distinct from other D something that can be used to
areas on other continents produce goods that people want
What are the regions listed in the What is the unstated main idea of the
passage? passage?
A the plains and the plateaus A People disagree on how the United
B the Appalachian Mountains, the States should be divided into regions.
Rocky Mountains, and the Cascade B The five regions of the United States
Mountains are distinct in their landforms, climate,
C the Atlantic coast, the Pacific coast, resources, and economies.
and the coast of the Gulf of Mexico The equator determines climate.
D the Northeast, the Southeast, the The five regions of the United States
Midwest, the Southwest, and the have similar characteristics.
West
92
—
Terms Write About It
Match each word with the correct description Design a Museum Exhibit As a class, design
or definition. a museum exhibit about economics. Decide
on a topic for your exhibit. You might consider
Q elevation
(p. 21)
a. a raised, flat
of land
area designing an exhibit about methods of trading,
about money, or about our nation's economy at
any point in history. Decide what will be in your
Q plateau
(P- 13)
b. how the resources
of a place are
exhibit. Then divide into three groups. One
group will describe the objects or displays in
managed the exhibit. One group will write the labels to go
Q economy (p. 76)
c. feature on Earth's
with the objects or displays. One group will read
Q legislative
branch (p. 50)
surface
the descriptions and the labels together and
edit them. As you write and edit, make sure
that the main idea you want to teach about
d. the branch of
Q landform (p. 11) government that
economics is clear.
makes our nation's

laws
e. how high above Read on Your Own

sea level a place is X
Look for books like these in the library
*
Apply Skills
Make a Map Game Ask an adult for old road
maps or an old atlas. Pick one of the maps to
use for a board game. Find or make playing
pieces for your game. Decide where the starting
and ending points will be. Make playing cards for
the game. The cards could give directions for
moving on the map. Decide on other rules for
moving pieces along the map. Try out your game
with a friend. After your trial game, revise the
cards or the rules to improve the game.
fr
oNir
Eye on Our
Region
Take on a video tour of your region.
visitors
Show what's great about it.
X Form a group and choose an interesting

topic about your region.
2 Make a map of your region.
3 Make a list of facts about your topic.

Draw pictures that illustrate your facts.
Write a sentence or two to describe
each picture.
4 Put your group's pictures together.

Put them in the order in which you will
show them. Use your map as an

introduction. This is your video tour
to share with the class.
Izvfceafiiei: Acrfcivifey
Learn more about geography. Go to

www.sfsocialstudies.com/activities and select
your grade and unit.
94
The Northeast
How has the Northeast welc

new people and new ideas?
npMniBBni
„v
ft
>4* ,J\
/
3
&li*.J;
'
44
Gradually from week to week the character of each tree
came out... re fleeted in the smooth mirror of the lake."
—Henry David Thoreau, Walden
— .-•-•
-
m&
*
./.,•* '
&#<* ••"
l
1 Kj - - .
'tig&^F*---
! 9m >^T'M^SP3
x3
1 w3fir}-tiM
H <i -
:
i"'£x
''-
m tf* ^6*^
/w&m ^W&toJj^MZ"-
-.
"
'";
P$H
.,;
A, '/.»
"
^ - If .if tffttr
1
' ^ / ml
,'•
;
Jasper Francis Cropsey's

painting, New England Landscape,
illustrates the lush countryside
. of the Northeast.
UNIT
Welcome to the Northeast
The Northeast
Sequence
Sequence means the order in which things happen.
Sequence can also mean the steps we follow to do
something.
• Clue words such as first, then, next, and finally
can help you figure out the sequence of events.
/—
first
• Dates and times of day are other clues to the

sequence of events.
• Some events take place at the same time. Clue
words such as meanwhile, while, or during
signal this.
Read this paragraph.
First, then, and finally have
been highlighted to show the y The brilliant colors of
Northeast attract visitors from

autumn leaves
all
in the
over the country.

sequence of events.
'
" '
'
•
' I
"
"
'" 1 " " 1 1 1

I
I I
I
When leaves change color they follow a pattern. First,
leaves lose their green color. Then, yellow and orange
pigments begin to show through, and red and purple
pigments form from sugar that is trapped in the leaves.
Finally, the leaves turn brown and fall from the tree.
100
An Exciting Sequence of Events Near the Falls
Niagara Falls is located at the Mist's captain, set out at 3:00 p.m
border of New York and Canada. on June 6, 1861. First, the boat
A boat at the bottom of the falls, shot into the rapids. Then, huge
called the Maid of the Mist, waves crashed over the boat and
carries tourists near the waterfall. tore off its smokestack.
The very Maid of the Mist
first Meanwhile, observers on the
sailed in 1846. shore watched the boat being
Farther down the river from the tossed about by waves. When
falls are dangerous rapids (part of the boat plunged into a whirlpool,
a course where the water
river's Robinson grabbed the wheel
rushes quickly). An exciting event and steered the boat out of the
happened here in 1861 when the whirling water. The boat hurtled
Maid of the Mist's owner sold the into the Devil's Hole Rapids.
steamboat. The boat had to be Finally, the Maid of the Mist
taken through the rapids to its made it safely to Lake Ontario.
new owner. The entire trip had taken only
Joel Robinson, the Maid of the seventeen minutes.
Apply il
Use the reading strategy of sequence to answer these questions.
Q What sequence of events took place between the time Robinson began
his journey and the time his boat arrived in Lake Ontario?
Q What happened at the same time that waves were crashing over the
How do
boat? you know?
Q At approximately what time did the Maid of the Mist arrive in Lake
Ontario?
101
Land and Water
in the Northeast
^^(i
Chesapeake Bay
Crabs and shellfish
help support the
economy of the
Northeast region.
102
i i -
Locating Places
www- - - i
ipp,mi«ip WM ii
i i' i nn,- ">
Why We Remember
What now the Northeast region of the United States was
is
settled by many newly-arrived Europeans. The land that these
immigrants would call home was a land rich in natural

resources. It was a land graced with the natural beauty of mixed
forests, the rugged Atlantic seacoast, and thundering waterfalls.
For those who landed on its shores, the Northeast was the end of
a long journey —but also a place for a new beginning.
103
!
The Beautiful
Northeast
PREVIEW
H You are so excited! Your class is
Focus on the Main Idea i

YOU Are! taking a trip to Niagara Falls
The Northeast region one
of
is
incredible scenery and ! There with thirty students visiting

magnificent natural
formations. from Madrid, Spain. You will spend part of the
day at the American Falls. Later you will all

PLACES
Niagara Falls cross the border into Canada to see the
Appalachian Mountain Range
Canadian, or the Horseshoe, Falls too. The
Green Mountains
White Mountains students tell you that before they left Spain,
Catskill Mountains
Acadia National Park everyone told them to be sure to see Niagara
VOCABULARY Falls, that they were indeed one of the natural

glacier wonders of the world. As the bus comes within
gorge
hydropower view of the American Falls, your teacher points
hydroelectricity
lighthouse
them out. The students from Spain all rush
peninsula
to one side of the bus, and as they see the
i falls, there is a silence. This beautiful
natural wonder that you grew up with

now becomes even more meaningful!
Sequence As you read, note the

*^?5^ sequence of natural events that
formed Niagara Falls.
Binoculars help visitors get a closer look at Niagara Falls.
104
—
But the beauty of Niagara Falls is
Niagara Falls
only part of its story. For hundreds of
On the border of the United States
years, people have used hydropowerto
and Canada between Lake Erie and
run mills and machines. Hydropower
Lake Ontario, two of the five Great
is power produced by capturing the
Lakes, is one of the natural wonders
energy of flowing water. Today,
of North America Niagara Falls.
hydropower plants on the Niagara River
Many thousands of years ago,
take in water through power tunnels to
glaciers covered what we now call the
produce hydroelectricity for millions of
Northeast. A glacier is a huge sheet
people. Hydroelectricity is electricity
of ice that covers land. About 12,000
produced by water. Niagara is the
years ago, as the ice began to melt,
largest producer of electricity in New
it carved out the Great Lakes and the
York State, generating enough power
Niagara Gorge. A gorge is a deep,
to light 24 million 100-watt light bulbs
narrow valley, usually with a stream
at once!
or river. At the Falls, the Niagara River
plunges into this gorge, creating the REVIEW What sequence of events
site visited by millions of tourists caused the formation of Niagara Falls?
throughout the year. ^® Sequence
Power plants on the Niagara River produce electricity for the United States and Canada.
MAP SKILL Understand Directions What direction does the Niagara River flow?
105
FACT FILE
The Appalachian
Trail
The Appalachian Trail is the
footpath that runs along the ridge
of the Appalachian Mountain
Range in the eastern United States.
The trail is about 2,160 miles long,
and it passes through fourteen
states: Maine, New Hampshire,
Vermont, Massachusetts,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, A man named Benton MacKaye had
Pennsylvania, Maryland, West the idea for the Appalachian Trail.
Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North He thought hiking the trail would
Carolina,and Georgia. be a good getaway for city people.
The northernmost end of the trail is The Appalachian Trail is now part
in Katahdin, Maine. of the National Park System, but it
The southernmost end of the trail is is maintained by volunteers.
in Springer Mountain, Georgia.

—'
Catskill MountainsNew York.

in
The Mountains
The Green Mountains, named for the
of the Northeast forest of evergreens that covered the
The Northeast is also known for its mountains when the first European
many mountains. The oldest chain of settlers arrived, run north and
mountains in —the
North America south through Vermont. Because of
Appalachian Mountain Range — begins the large amount of snowfall they
inCanada and extends all the way to receive, the Green Mountains are
Alabama. These mountains are one home to many ski resorts.
of the largest groups of mountains in The White Mountains of New
the United States, second only to the Hampshire extend into the western
Rocky Mountains. The Appalachian part of Maine. The snow-covered
Mountain Range is made up of several peaks may have given the mountains
smaller ranges. The three main their name. Like the Green Mountains,
Northeast ranges are the White the White Mountains have many
Mountains in New Hampshire, the ski resorts.
Green Mountains in Vermont, and the
106
The Catskill Mountains are about Adirondack
two hours north of New York City. Mountains in
These mountains, carved by glaciers New York. The

thousands of years ago, make up one Poconos are
of the most beautiful areas in New known for many
York. The Catskills became famous in spectacular
the 1800s as a setting for writers and waterfalls. These

painters. Today many vacationers there mountains are a
enjoy fishing, skiing, and other winter popular spot for
sports. vacationers,
P A skier performs his jump
especially in the in competition at Lake
There are many other mountains in
Placid.
the Northeast, such as the Pocono when the
fall
Mountains in Pennsylvania and the autumn colors are at their peak.

The Adirondack
Literature and Social Studies Mountains in New York
have many beautiful lakes
and resorts. One of the
Stopping by Woods most famous lakes, Lake
on a Snowy Evening Placid, is at the edge of the
The beautiful landscape of the Northeast has village of Lake Placid. The
often been the subject of literature. Robert Frost
Winter Olympics were held
was a very popular poet who lived in and wrote
here in 1932 and 1980.
about the Northeast. Here is part of one of his
most famous poems. REVIEW What would be
the sequence of mountain
Whose woods these are I think I know.
His house is in the village though; ranges you might cross if
He will not see me stopping here you traveled from Maine

To watch his woods fill up with snow. southwest to Pennsylvania?
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,

^® Sequence ^
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
rttVHW '
.w n"m j "
''
py
i< i
—
Cape Cod is one of Massachusetts'
The Northeast Coastline
most interesting features. Cape Cod is
The Northeast region's coastline
a peninsula, a piece of land almost
differs greatly from place to place.
surrounded by water, or extending far
All but two of the Northeast states
out into the water. The Cape, as
Pennsylvania and Vermont — share commonly known, is home to tourists
it is
their borders with the Atlantic Ocean.

during the warm summer months. Its
From the rocky coast of Maine to
location and climate have made it one
Chesapeake Bay, which is bordered by
of the most well-known fishing areas in
Maryland and Virginia, the Northeast
the world.
Atlantic coastline is one of the most
Thousands of vacationers visit New
recognized in the world.
Jersey's shore every year. Many come
Maine is known for its beautiful
to enjoy the warm sandy beaches
shore on the Atlantic Ocean. The rocky
on the Atlantic coast. All along the
coast is dotted with lighthouses,
beaches in the summer, vacationers
towers with bright lights that shine
play volleyball, swim in
far out over the water to guide ships.
the warm waters of the
Along the Maine coastline is Acadia
Atlantic, or just gather
National Park, the first U.S. National
to relax in
Park east of the Mississippi River.
the sun.
Huge rocks and cliffs make the Maine
coastline a favorite of photographers
and painters.
Bass Harbor Head

lighthouse on Mount
Desert Island, Maine
From famous Atlantic City to beautiful
Cape May, the New Jersey coastline

is known as "the shore."
REVIEW If you took a boat ride

from Maine to Maryland, what
sequence of coastline sights might
you see? S£) Sequence

• The Niagara Falls area provides
not only a natural wonder but
hydroelectricity for millions.
• The Appalachian Mountain
Range, the oldest in North
America, runs from Canada to
Alabama and includes many
smaller ranges in the Northeast. ii"'.* 'M:
• The coastline of the Northeast
ranges from rocky cliffs to sandy
beaches. > Colorful, old houses such as this are common sights
in Cape May, New Jersey.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
2. Niagara Falls is located between what two
Check Facts and Main Idea Great Lakes?
1. ^® Sequence On a separate sheet of paper,
3. What are the three main Northeast
copy the diagram below. Fill in sights you
mountain ranges in the Appalachian
would like to see if you traveled south from
Mountains?
the northern part of the Northeast region to
its southern part. 4. What two Northeast states do not share
borders with the Atlantic Ocean?
5. Critical Thinking: Solve Problems The
Niagara Falls demand always high. What
for electricity is
could you and others do to reduce this
demand?
Link to Writing
Write a Poem Make a list of words that might
describe the beauty and power of Niagara
Falls. Use these words to write a poem about
this natural wonder.
—
109
Read a Cross-Section Diagram
What? A cross-section diagram is a drawing that shows you
what you would see if you could cut through something and look
inside. It may show how something works.
Why? Sometimes it's hard to imagine what something looks

like or how it works simply by reading about it. You have to see it.
Look at the cross-section diagram of a dam and a hydroelectric

power plant. The plant is similar to power plants on the Niagara
River. The diagram shows parts that are inside the plant. With
your finger, trace the path of water through the plant.
3. Generator
The spinning turbine
makes magnets inside 4. Power Lines
the generator move. Electricity flows out
through power lines.
mam
Moving water makes the power plant HOW? Study a cross-section diagram
work. Find the reservoir (REZ ervwar) in steps. First, gather information from
behind the power plant. A reservoir is a the labels you see on the diagram.
place that holds water. When water is Second, study each labeled part. Try to
released from the reservoir, it flows figure out how each part of the plant
past a turbine (TER bin). The moving works. Third, look at the numbers that
water makes the turbine spin. The show the way water is converted into
turbine is connected to the generator. electricity. Note that the water pushes
In the generator, magnets move past the turbine to move the generator.
coils of copper wire. This action Think of the terms that are used in
produces electricity. this diagram. These terms can help
you understand and remember how a
hydroelectric power plant makes
electricity.
Think and Apply
Q What is a reservoir?
Q What happens when water is
released from a reservoir?
Q How does a power plant use

renewable resources?
ill
LESSON 2
Resources of
the Northeast
PREVIEW
As your dad drives into the
parking lot, you spot the
The Northeast produces
products for the world to enjoy. A/ ^
1
- yj beginning of the rows and
PLACES rows of grapevines. You are so excited! Each

Lake Seneca year, you and your brothers have a contest to
South Carver, Massachusetts
St. Albans, Vermont see who can pick the most grapes. Last year
VOCABULARY
when you were here, your older brother
vineyard
bog
won —he picked five more baskets than you
sap did. This year, you're ready to win! It is so
mineral
quarry
much fun to walk up and down all
of the rows of the beautiful purple
berries. The best part, though, is
thinking of the grape jelly that your

mom will make from all of the
baskets and baskets of grapes. It's
really hard work, but you'll have

grape jelly all winter long!
v/J\ Sequence As you read, pay attention

*î^ to the many steps it takes to grow and
produce some products.
112
cranberry bog, swampy land must be
Grapes and Cranberries
leveled and cleared. Then it is covered
Grapes are just one of the many
with sand for good drainage. Finally,
products of the Northeast. Grown in
small, new cranberry plants are
vineyards, places where grapevines are
pressed into the sand.
planted, thousands of tons of the large
As the plants grow, they form a
purple berries are produced every year.
covering over the bottom of the bog. In
The vineyards are usually found in
winter the bogs are covered with water
hilly areas where the climate is right
that freezes and protects the plants.
for the grape's long growing season,
When spring arrives, the bogs are
which is often as long as 205 days.
drained. They are once again covered
Some of the largest vineyards in the
with water to protect the plants against
Northeast are in New York, near Lake
insects and disease.
Erie, one of the Great Lakes, and in
As fall approaches, water becomes
the Finger Lakes region, an area with
very important to the harvest. Since
several long, finger-shaped lakes.
cranberries have small air pockets in the
Lake Seneca, the largest of the Finger
center, they rise when they are flooded.
Lakes, is over 600 feet deep and
Raking the bog knocks the berries from
never freezes. The warm air that
their vines. They are then collected.
surrounds the lake helps create just
Each year, the harvest is celebrated at
the right conditions for a plentiful
the Annual Massachusetts Cranberry
grape production.
Harvest Festival in South Carver,
Another berry grown in the Northeast
Massachusetts, home to a cranberry
is the cranberry. Of the 1,000 cranberry
museum!
farms in the United States, 500 of them
are in Massachusetts. Most cranberries REVIEW What are steps used to
are grown in bogs. A bog is an area of prepare a cranberry bog? ^® Sequence
soft, wet, spongy ground. To prepare a
Raking a cranberry bog
To celebrate
Other
Vermont's maple
Resources harvest, every year
Another famous people from the area
Northeast product and around the world
known around the attend the Vermont
world is maple syrup. Maple Festival in
Maple syrup is a sweet St. Albans, Vermont.
liquid made from the Here visitors enjoy a
sap of sugar maple parade, carnival
trees. Sap is the rides, crafts, pancake
liquid that circulates breakfasts, and food
through a plant carrying shows, including
water and food. Since maple candy-making
a great many sugar demonstrations.
p> Beginning to collect sap
maple trees grow in
Vermont, more maple
syrup is produced there than in any
other state in the United States.
In order for the sap to flow, the
weather in early spring must grow
warmer and warmer until temperatures
rise above freezing. To get the sap,
one or more holes are drilled into the
tree. A spout, either metal or plastic, is
then placed in the hole. The sap runs

through the spout and into a bucket,
which is then emptied into a large
barrel and taken to a place called a ATLANTIC
sugar house. Some producers use
OCEAN
what known as a pipeline system
is
where the sap flows through tubes.

At the sugar house, workers boil
the sap. As the sap boils, water C Maple syrup ~6 Cranberries
ft Grapes Granite or
evaporates until pure maple syrup |j!|
marble quarries
remains. This process takes many
hours. About forty gallons of sap are Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts
have many quarries.
needed to produce one gallon of syrup!
MAP SKILL Use a Resource Map According
to the map, what states grow cranberries?
114
such as granite and marble, are
combinations of minerals. New
Hampshire, known as the Granite
State, has many quarries, places
where stone is dug, cut, or blasted out
for use in building. The products from
the quarries are often used in building
construction. For example, marble from
Vermont is in the Supreme Court
Building in Washington, D.C.
REVIEW What has to happen for sap

to start flowing in maple trees?
Cause and Effect

• Grapes and cranberries are two
A northeastern granite quarry important products grown in the
Northeast.
Minerals are also an important • Vermont is a leading producer of
resource of the Northeast. A mineral maple syrup.
is a material that was never alive and • Minerals are an important resource
is found in the earth. Most rocks, of the Northeast.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
2. Why are grapes able to grow in certain
Check Facts and Main Idea areas of the Northeast?
1. if) Sequence On a separate sheet of paper,
3. What is the name of the largest lake of the
copy the chart below. Fill in the missing
Finger Lakes?
information to show the sequence of steps
needed to produce maple syrup. 4. Why is water important in the production of
cranberries?
The days grow warmer. 5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why are
annual festivals in the Northeast so
popular?
Link to Science
Sap is collected in buckets. Give a Report Do research in the library or on
the Internet to find out more about how sap
nourishes trees and other plants. Gather your
notes and present your report to the class.
c
^
115
LESSON 3
-r
*K
r-
) *
The
Plentiful Sea
PREVIEW
The wind is blowing in your
face as you smell the fresh salt
Chesapeake Bay and other
bays in the Northeast provide - yj air. Uncle Rob and Aunt Ellen
seafood for millions.
have decided to take you fishing with them
PLACES on Chesapeake Bay. They are watermen, the
Chesapeake Bay
Delaware Bay third generation in their family to follow this
Massachusetts Bay
profession.
VOCABULARY All day long you help them hook and pull
bay
inlet their crab pots. The blue crabs you catch are
watermen
amazing! You pass a sailboat and wave at the
crab pot
watermen on board. They are harvesting
oysters with large nets. There are so many

oysters in their catch!
As the sun starts to go down, you head

toward the docks. It's been a long day. Uncle
Rob pats you on the head. Aunt Ellen smiles.

You have done well. They are very proud.
Sequence As you read, look
'«*
for thesequence of events in
SV6*
the day of a waterman.
harvesting the sea.
Great Shellfish Bay
The people who fish the bay are
Chesapeake Bay got its name from
called watermen. These men and
the Native American word Chesepiook
women gather different kinds of
(cheez PEE ook), which means "Great
seafood in different seasons.
Shellfish Bay." A bay is a part of a
Watermen who catch crabs are
sea or lake that cuts into a coastline.
called "crabbers." Crabbers fish for
Chesapeake Bay also has inlets that
crabs in the summer using crab pots.
go into the shore. An inlet is a narrow
As you can see from the above photo,
opening a coastline. An inlet
in
usually smaller than a bay.

is
a crab pot isn't really a pot at all — it
is a large wire cage with several

Maryland surrounds part of
sections. Crabs can swim into the
Chesapeake Bay. Maryland is one of
pot, but they cannot swim out of it.
the Middle Atlantic states. Others are
To harvest crabs, a crabber pulls the
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
crab pot into the fishing boat, empties
and Delaware.
the pot, and sorts the catch by size
Chesapeake Bay is rich in crabs,
and type. Then the crabber takes the
oysters, clams, and other shellfish.
catch to market.
About two hundred different kinds of
fish live in the bay as well. Because of REVIEW How is a bay like an inlet?
this abundance, many families in the How are they different?
Chesapeake Bay area earn their livings Compare and Contrast
117
Overfishing also challenges the
Challenges to
balance of life in the bay. Overfishing
Chesapeake Bay means taking oysters, crabs, and fish
Pollution of the land around from the bay faster than natural
Chesapeake Bay threatens the bay's processes can replace them.
fish and shellfish. Some factories People are trying to stop pollution
around the bay dump waste onto the and overfishing. One organization,
land, polluting the soil. When rains it
the Chesapeake Bay Foundation, is
or snows, the polluted soil washes into working to educate people about
rivers that drain into the bay. the environment. Its slogan is "Save
Pollution harms the natural habitat, the Bay!"
making it difficult for fish and shellfish to
reproduce. The result is a decrease in

REVIEW List factors that harm the
fish population of Chesapeake Bay.
their numbers. However, pollution is not
the only reason that fish and shellfish
populations have become smaller.
Nantucket
Between 1800 and 1840,
Nantucket was known as
7
the "Whaling Capital of the World/
Whaling ships sailed from the island
CD c/1
of Nantucket, off the coast of

> A 40-foot whale skeleton at Nantucket's
Massachusetts, to hunt whales. Today, Whaling Museum
there is no longer a whaling industry on
Nantucket. But the Nantucket Historical Association's Whaling Museum
contains many artifacts from this famous period in history. About 80,000
people visit the Whaling Museum each year.
Other Northeast
Bays
Chesapeake Bay is only one
of many bays of the Northeast
known for plentiful products
from the sea. For example,
north of Chesapeake Bay is
Delaware Bay. It forms part

of the border between New
Jersey and Delaware. Oyster
fishing is popular in this bay. P A fisherman off the coast of Massachusetts
hauls in his catch of shrimp.
Farther north is Massachusetts Bay.
It is near the city of Boston. Many Summarize the Lesson
other cities and towns around
• Chesapeake Bay is one major bay
Massachusetts Bay serve as tourist,
of the Atlantic Ocean and a rich
fishing, and boating centers. source of fish and shellfish.
REVIEW Name other bays along the

• and overfishing challenge
Pollution
Northeast Atlantic coast, starting from

Chesapeake Bay.
the north. Si) Sequence • Several other bays are along the
coast of the Northeast.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. What are the people who fish Chesapeake
Bay called?
1. "® Sequence On a separate sheet of paper,
explain how pollution from a factory gets 3. Why is Chesapeake Bay important to the
Northeast region?
into Chesapeake Bay. Be sure to list the
steps in the correct sequence. 4. What is the purpose of the Chesapeake Bay
Foundation?
Factories produce waste. 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions What

are some kinds of businesses that would
grow near bays?
Link to Reading
Research Nantucket Go to the library or online
c and find information about the whaling industry
on Nantucket in the early 1800s. Share what
you learn with the class.
Pollution reaches the Bay.
119
Chesapeake Bay and Shark Bay Australia
Bay
Fishing is a way of life
Life
for the watermen of
Chesapeake Bay, but it is also a way of life for
people in other parts of the world. In western

Australia, for example, many people fish Shark
Bay. They catch several different kinds of fish,
including pink snapper and whiting. As you can

see from the mappage 121, Shark Bay is
of
an inlet of the Indian Ocean. Look closely at the
map. Does the shape of Shark Bay remind you
of a shark? Many early settlers in Australia
thought so. However, the bay was named after
the many sharks in its waters.
4* • * "
%*
* **>
%>
Hundreds of years ago, pirates
roamed the waters of Shark Bay
in search of oysters bearing
pearls. Today Shark Bay is

home to some 323 species of
fish, as well as sharks, manta
rays, and sea snakes.
s In Shark Bay you can visit
the bottlenose dolphins that

swim close to the shore.
mpi
'/". '-.V. ;..,-.
Review
Chapter Summary
^
^V*J Sequence Waterman lowers crab pots into the bay.
make
r
On a separate sheet of paper, a
diagram like the one shown. Fill in the
c ]
steps takes to catch crabs and get
them to market.
it
T
ir A blue crab from Maryland
Vocabulary Places
Write a sentence or two describing an
glacier (p. 105) a. piece of land important fact about each of the following
almost surrounded places.
gorge (p. 105) by water
hydroelectricity Niagara Falls (p. 105)

b. a deep, narrow
(p. 105) valley
Appalachian Mountain Range (p. 106)
peninsula c. soft, wet, spongy
Lake Seneca (p. 113)
(p. 108) ground
St. Albans, Vermont (p. 114)
bog (p. 113) d. a sheet of ice that
covers land Chesapeake Bay (p. 117)
sap (p. 114)
e. liquid in a plant
that carries water
and food
f. electricity
produced by water
122
\
Write your answers on a separate sheet
Read a Cross-Section Diagram
of paper.
Q Why Niagara Falls important for

is
reasons other than its beauty?

Look at the cross-section diagram of a grape.
Then answer the questions.
Q How does the coastline of the Northeast

change from Maine to New Jersey?
flesh (pulp)
stalk (carries
nutrients to
grape)
Q What does a waterman do?
Q Main Idea Describe three important

geographic features of the Northeast.
seed
Q Main Idea What are some foods that are

grown or produced in the Northeast
region?
Q Main Idea How do many people who

near Chesapeake Bay earn a living?
live
Q Critical Thinking: Evaluate Why

need for groups such as the Chesapeake
is there a
Bay Foundation?
Sta. -^
Q What
grape?
is another word for the flesh of a
Write About the Region

Q Write a journal entry as a tourist visiting
\ Q What carries the nutrients to the grape?
Niagara Falls for the first time. What are

some of the things you notice about the
Q Name the parts of a grape from the
outside to the inside.
waterfalls?
_
Q Write an advertisement for grape jelly
made from grapes grown in the Finger
Lakes region of New York. Create a brand
name for your jelly. Use words in your ad
that will convince the reader to buy your
Internet Activity
jelly.

Q Write a letter to the editor of a
Chesapeake Bay area newspaper. State places, select dictionary or
the problems that affect the bay. Explain encyclopedia from Social Studies
the causes of the problems. Then
suggest possible solutions.
^" ~
_____________
123
CHAPTER People of the Northeast
«**m*» -mm<* .I I
HH. .
WH. ' iu wi . ii ww wum w..^
i' i
Lesson 4
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Pittsburgh becomes a
center of industry in the
Northeast region.
124
(Locating Places
nwp.j i
pi li H i m jjwmmw nniinii
'
Why We Remember
The people who came to the Northeast region came with new
ideas. They learned to use the land and to thrive on what it gave
them. Strong-willed people, they fought for their rights until
they won them. The Northeast represents strength and new

beginnings, from cities developing their industries to people
rediscovering their heritage.
125
The Narragansett
People
PREVIEW
You and your friend are visiting
Focus on the Main Idea the Narragansett Indian
The Narragansett lived in
the Northeast region before Reservation during the group's
European settlers came to
North America. Annual Meeting. You are standing in a field
with a crowd of people, waiting for a dance to

PLACE
Charlestown, Rhode Island begin. You see a group of Narragansett men
dressed in fringed leather pants and beaded
PEOPLE
Roger Williams necklaces. You ask a woman next to you how
Canonicus
long the Narragansett have lived here. She
VOCABULARY
tells you that Narragansett Indians have lived
cooperation
wigwam in this area for hundreds of years.
sachem
reservation
You turn toward the clearing as the dance
powwow begins. Three dancers dressed in fringed
confederacy
leather pants dance in the center of the
clearing. You are glad that you had the

chance to come to the reservation to
see this joyful dance.
vj/J\ Sequence As you read, keep

I^SjIj! track of the order in which
things happen.
Narragansett chief
IS?. >m
The Narragansett lands

The Narragansctt
were divided up into a
Way of Life number of territories.
For hundreds of years, Each territory had its
the Narragansett (nairuh own chief, or sachem.
GANsit) Indians lived in Sachem means "ruler."
what is now the state of >A Narragansett wigwam made The first Europeans
Rhode Island. They lived from tree bark and animal hides
to set foot on the
on the west side of Narragansett lands were Dutch,
Narragansett Bay. They hunted, fished, French, and English fishermen and fur
and grew corn and vegetables for food traders.The traders brought goods
The Narragansett lived in a society such as iron axes and hoes and brass
that was based on cooperation, or kettles. They traded these goods with
working together to get things done. the Narragansett in exchange for their
When a family needed a field cleared animal furs. The Narragansett had
for planting vegetables, all of their used tools made of stone and shell.
neighbors and friends helped. Several They were happy to use the stronger
home. The
families also shared a tools made of metal. The traders also
Narragansett home was a wigwam, brought glass beads and other
a cozy hut made of wooden poles attractive items.
covered with bark.
I;J=I TJI47I Describe how the
Narragansett organized their
government. Main Idea and Details
'
Changes in the reservation is an area of land set

aside for Native Americans. Some
Narragansett Way of Life
Narragansett live on the reservation
In 1636 an English settler named today. Other Narragansett live
Roger Williams visited the Grand
throughout the Northeast.
Sachem, Canonicus. Williams came to
Every August, the Narragansett hold
buy land from the Narragansett for a their Annual Meeting Powwow and
colony that was later called Rhode
Green Corn Festival on their
Island.
reservation in Charlestown, Rhode
was
Williams friendly with the
Island. A powwow is a festival of
Narragansett. He learned their
Native Americans. The Narragansett's
language and earned their trust. He powwow is a time for dancing, singing,
helped keep peace between the Native
and renewing old friendships. During
Americans and the colonists.
this meeting, they also hold elections
At first, the two groups got along
and settle disputes.
well. Gradually, though, the Narragansett
and the Europeans began to mistrust REVIEW How did the Europeans
each other. Some Europeans took change the way the Narragansett
part of the Narragansett's land. lived? Main Idea and Details
«"-
The Narragansett and other Native r \
Americans tried to keep their land A Narragansett dancer

at the annual powwow
and their independence by resisting in Charlestown, Rhode
Island
expansion of the Europeans.
In 1675 Native Americans in
Massachusetts attacked the English

settlers. Because the Narragansett
were angry about losing their land, they
sided with the other Native American
groups. Many Narragansett were
killed in battles that followed. The
Narragansett scattered. Many moved
to Canada or joined other Native
American groups. Some Narragansett
remained on their lands, even after the
State of Rhode Island sold part of
their land in 1880.
In 1978 Rhode Island returned
about 1,800 acres of land to the
Narragansett reservation. A
128
representatives made decisions that
Other Native
affected the whole Confederacy. The
Americans of Tuscarora later joined the Confederacy.
the Northeast The Iroquois Confederacy still exists
The Iroquois today. Great Council representatives
Confederacy was the meet on the Onondaga Reservation in
strongest Native New York State.
American organization. REVIEW How is the Iroquois

A confederacy is a
Confederacy like the government of the
union of groups,
United States? Draw Conclusions
countries, or states.
Iroquois boys in
their traditional
Five Native American Summarize the Lesson
dress gather on
the Onondaga
groups —the Seneca, • Before Europeans arrived, the
Reservation in Mohawk, Oneida, Narragansett lived in present-day
New York State Onondaga, and Rhode Island.
Cayuga— had formed the Iroquois • The Europeans changed the way the
Confederacy by 1722. The groups Narragansett lived.
selected fifty representatives who • Five Native American groups

made up a Great Council. The formed the Iroquois Confederacy.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
2. What is a sachem?
"© 3. What did the Europeans receive from the
1. Sequence On a separate sheet of paper,
Native Americans in exchange for the goods
make a diagram like the one shown. Then
they traded?
fill in events that affected the Narragansett
in the order they occurred. 4. Describe the Iroquois Confederacy.
5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Why did

decide to form the Iroquois
five tribes
The Narragansett lived in what is now the Confederacy?
state of Rhode Island.
Link to
Draw a Poster Based on what you've read
inthis lesson, draw a poster showing the
items that the Narragansett and Europeans
traded.
Every August, the Narragansett gather

in Charlestown, Rhode Island, for a
festive, two-day meeting.
129
LESSON 2
1776 1787 1820 1892
The Declaration The U.S. The first of several Ellis Island
of Independence Constitution waves of immigration to immigration
is signed. is written. the United States begins. station opens.
The Land of
PREVIEW New Beginnings
The Northeast saw the
beginnings of the American
^ It is a hot day in Philadelphia,
Revolution, the writing of our and yet the windows and the
nation's Constitution, and the
start of many new lives as shutters are closed. The
immigrants arrived in the
United States. meeting hall is very stuffy. Tempers are
rising. The delegates are trying to write a
PLACES
Plymouth, Massachusetts constitution, or a plan of government. There
Lexington, Massachusetts
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
are so many issues yet to be decided.
New York City, New York
For example, should little Rhode Island
Ellis Island
have as many representatives in the
PEOPLE
John Adams government as big New York? There are fewer
Benjamin Franklin
Alexander Graham Bell
southern states than northern states. What
Albert Einstein about their say in the government? It is hard
Andrew Carnegie
Madeleine Albright work, but eventually the delegates reach their
VOCABULARY decisions. The result is the United States

colony ."
Constitution. It begins "We, the People . .
revolution
EVENTS
American Revolution
xurrSV
î£2£
D£te^| Sequence As you read, note the order
of events that led from the arrival of
early colonists to the immigrants who
come to the United States today.
130
dated July 4, 1776, and marked
A New Nation
the beginning of the United States
it
The Constitution set up the

of America. John Adams, from
government of our new nation. The
Massachusetts, provided strong
Northeast played an important role in
leadership in the writing of the
the beginning of this nation. One of the
document. Later as our nation's
first English colonies in North America
second president, his leadership
began at Plymouth, Massachusetts,
skills were once again important.
in 1620. A colony is a settlement of
After the United States won
people who come from one country
independence from England, it became
to live in another. By the early 1700s
necessary to form a government. In
there were thirteen American colonies.
1787 delegates met in Philadelphia
Nine of them were in the Northeast.
to write the Constitution. Benjamin
All of the colonies protested when
Franklin from Pennsylvania played
they felt that England was passing
an important role. He helped settle
unjust laws and collecting taxes
disputes between the states. At
Some of the strongest
unfairly.
eighty-one, he had become a famous
protests came from the colony of
publisher, inventor, and statesman.
Massachusetts. The first shots of the
Before Washington, D.C., was built,
American Revolution were fired at
our first two capitals were in the
Lexington, Massachusetts, a town near
Northeast. New York New York,
City,
Boston. A revolution is a fight to
was our capital from 1789 to 1790.
overthrow the government. Shortly
This where George Washington took
is
after that, colonial leaders met in
the oath of office and became our first
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to write
president. In 1790 Philadelphia became
and sign the Declaration of
our second capital city. The capital
Independence. This document was
moved to Washington, D.C., in 1800.
REVIEW What were some events

that led to the development of the new
nation? S5) Sequence
Working on the writing of the
Declaration of Independence
131
Most European
A Land immigrants came to the
of Promise United States through
Even before the the port of New York. In
American Revolution, 1892 the United States

the American colonies government opened
attracted many a huge immigration
people from other station on Ellis Island
nations. After the in New York harbor.
United States Inspectors there
became a nation, checked the immigrants'
many more papers. They also
immigrants came checked to make sure
to start a new life the immigrants were in
in the new nation. good health. By the

Why did they time the immigration
> The Ellis Island Registration Hall in 1915
come? Some were station was closed in
looking for jobs. The growing cities and 1954, more than 12 million immigrants
industries of the Northeast needed had passed through the inspection
plenty of workers. Others wanted to own station at Ellis Island. Then they began
their own land. Still others hoped to a new life in the United States.
escape war or other hardships in their Immigrants to the United States
countries of origin. All of them hoped to have contributed much to our nation.
find a better life in the United States. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor
Immigrants came to the United of the telephone,was a Scottish
States from all around the world. Since immigrant. So was Andrew Carnegie,
the early 1800s, there have been who introduced an important steel-
severalwaves of immigration from making process to the United States.
Europe to the Northeast. From 1820 Albert Einstein, one of the world's
to 1860, most of the immigrants most important scientists, immigrated
were from Great Britain, Ireland, to the United States from Germany.
and Germany. From 1860 to 1890, Madeleine Albright, the United States'
many of the immigrants came from first female Secretary of State, was an
Scandinavia, a region in northwestern immigrant from eastern Europe.
Europe. Many Scandinavians moved Today immigrants continue to come to
westward and started family farms in
the United States from all parts of the
the Midwest. From 1890 to 1910, world. Most immigrants are seeking a
many of the immigrants came from better way of life, just as the waves of
southern and eastern Europe.
132
immigrants who came before them,
n time many immigrants become
citizens of the United States. They
contribute to their communities in the
Northeast and throughout our nation.
REVIEW Why would the United

States set up an immigration station
such as the one at Ellis Island?
Draw Conclusions

1620 A colony was founded at
Plymouth, Massachusetts.
_ 1776 The Declaration of
Independence was signed.
1787 The U.S. Constitution was
written.
1820 The first of several waves of

immigration to the United States
Many immigrants came to the United States began.
from Europe.
1892 Ellis Island immigration
Trace Movement on a Map How
many years are represented by the three waves
station was opened.
of immigration shown on the map?
LESSON 2 REVIEW
\
2. Where were the first shots of the American

Revolution fired?
1. ^® Sequence On a separate sheet of paper,
3. What two Northeastern cities were
fill in the sequence of events that led to the
capitals of the United States before
founding of the United States of America.
Washington, D.C.?
Colonies are founded in North America. 4. What are some reasons immigrants came
to the United States?
5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why do
you think so many European immigrants
first arrived in the Northeast region?
Link to Writin-
Write a Letter Suppose that you are on a ship
sailing from a nation in Europe to the United
States in 1895. Write a letter to your friends
back in your old home explaining what you are
U.S. Constitution is written. thinking and how you are feeling.
wmmmm
133
Use a Vertical
Think and 'Apply
Time Line
To make sure you understand how
What? A vertical time shows
line
to read a time line, answer these
important events that happened over a
questions.
period of time. The events are listed
along a vertical line, or line that runs
The most inventions occurred
up and down.
between what years?
Why? Sometimes it's difficult to How many years passed

keep track of events that you read between the invention of the
about or to understand how the events automobile and the invention
may be related. A vertical time line of the airplane?
lists important events and helps you
After the invention of the
see their relationship to each other.
locomotive, how many years
HOW? Page 135 shows an example passed without a major
use the time invention?

of a vertical time line. To
line, begin at the top and read down.
As you read, try to understand how
each event relates to the events
around it. Also think about what was
happening elsewhere in the world at
the same time.
134
Famous Inventions Time Line
1793 Cotton Gin

'"
The cotton gin makes it profitable for farmers in the South to grow cotton. {
1819 Steamship
The first steamship crosses the Atlantic Ocean in 3 weeks, up to 2 months faster than a ship with sails.
1830 American Locomotive

Peter Cooper constructs a small, steam-powered locomotive nicknamed the Tom Thumb.
1876 Telephone
Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone. i
J^M»r^/:'^mmi^M'' : ''
^j|W
1877 Phonograph
Thomas Alva Edison invents the phonograph.
1879 Electric Light Bulb

The electric light bulb is the first electric lighting that can be used in homes
1885 Automobile
The earliest cars can go only 8 miles per hour.
1895 Radio
Italy's Guglielmo Marconi invents the radio.
1903 Airplane
Orville and Wilbur Wright build Flyer, the world's first successful airplane
'
LESSON 3 1830 1855 1880 1905 1930
1833 1848 1865 1920

American Anti- First women's rights Thirteenth Amendment Nineteenth Amendme
Slavery Society is convention in the abolishes slavery in grants women the rig
formed. United States is held. the United States. to vote.
;£
Taking
PREVIEW
a Stand
The Northeast was the
birthplace of the abolitionist ] The room is hushed. A tall,
movement and the women's
rights movement. muscular man takes his place,
PLACES
J front and center. His name is
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Frederick Douglass. As he begins to speak, you

Seneca Falls, New York
realize that his voice is as powerful as his body.
PEOPLE
William Lloyd Garrison
He tells the crowd that he was born into
Frederick Douglass slavery in Maryland. He says that the wife of
Sojourner Truth
Elizabeth Cady Stanton one of his owners taught him to read. He
Lucretia Mott
Susan B. Anthony
explains how he read about slavery and learned
about freedom. He also speaks about beatings

VOCABULARY
abolitionist and punishment. He describes his escape to
slave
convention New York, disguised as a free sailor. He warns
that even now, slave hunters could track him
TERMS
Thirteenth down and return him to his master.
Amendment
Nineteenth Everyone in the crowd is moved
Amendment
by his story. They promise to take a
stand against slavery.
Frederick
Douglass
Compare and Contrast As you read,
think about the similarities and differences
between the abolitionist movement and
136 The Granger Collection
the women's rights movement.
The Abolitionists
During the 1800s, many reforms,
or changes, took place in American
society.Many of these reform
movements began in the Northeast.
One of the most important was
the abolitionist movement. An
abolitionist was a reformer who
believed that slavery should be
erased, or abolished, from the
land.
Since the early days of the
colonies, Africans had been captured
and brought to the Americas to
work as slaves on farms and in
homes. A slave is a person who

is owned as property by another
person. A slave often has no
rights and must do whatever
p- Sojourner Truth
his or her master wishes.
Some people spoke out against
Sojourner Truth addressed abolitionist
slavery. Even some people in the
meetings and told about their lives as
South, where slavery was widespread,
slaves. They convinced many people to
were against it. The movement grew in
fight against slavery. They also worked
the Northeast, however. Abolitionists
for freedom for all people.
organized groups and published
Disagreements about slavery and
newspapers against slavery. African
other issues grew between Northern
Americans and whites joined together
and Southern states. These tensions
to seek an end to slavery.
led to the Civil War. In 1865, after this
In Philadelphia in 1833,
war, the Thirteenth Amendment to the
abolitionists met to form the American
Constitution made slavery illegal in the
Anti-Slavery Society. One strong
United States.
abolitionist, William Lloyd Garrison,
published a newspaper called The REVIEW Why were Frederick

Liberator. The word liberator means Douglass and Sojourner Truth able
"one who brings freedom." Speakers to convince many people to join the
such as Frederick Douglass and abolitionist cause? Draw Conclusions
137
The struggle was long and hard.
Votes for Women 1920, seventy-two years after the
In
Before the 1900s, women in the

Seneca Falls convention, the
United States did not have the same
Nineteenth Amendment to the
rights as men. For example, women
Constitution gave women the right
did not have the right to vote. In the
to vote.
1800s reformers began to fight for
women's rights. REVIEW Where was the first women's
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and rights convention in the United States
Lucretia Mott organized the first held? Main Idea and Details
women's rights convention
in the United States. A Summarize the Lesson

convention is a meeting 1833 American Anti-Slavery Society
held for a special was formed.
purpose. The convention 1848 First women's rights convention
took place in 1848, in in the United States was held.
Seneca Falls, New York. 1865 Thirteenth Amendment

Susan B. Anthony was abolished slavery in the United
one of the leaders of the States.
women's rights movement. Nineteenth Amendment

rl920
granted women the right to vote.
^ Susan B. Anthony
LESSON 3 REVIEW
\
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Why were the antislavery reformers called
abolitionists?
1. Compare and Contrast On a separate sheet
of paper, list the similarities and differences
3. Name two important women's rights
reformers and state one fact about each.
between the abolitionist movement and the
women's rights movement. 4. Why did women fight for the right to vote?
Similarities Differences 5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why

might Frederick Douglass and Sojourner
Truth work for both the abolitionist
Both were reform movement and the women's rights
movements. movement?
Link to Geography
Research a City Find Seneca Falls, New York,
on a map. Use an encyclopedia or other
resource to find out more about the history
and geography of Seneca Falls. Present your
findings in a report.
____________ J
138
I
Elizabeth
Cady Stanton
1815-1902
rlilizabeth Cady was born in Johnstown, New York. When

Elizabeth was eleven years old, Eleazar, her only living
brother, died. Elizabeth's father was very sad and said to
her, "Oh, my daughter, I wish you were a boy!" From then
on, Elizabeth tried to act as if she were her father's son. To
her, acting like a man meant studying, learning as much
as possible, and having courage.
Elizabeth read many books, including her father's law
books. However, Elizabeth did not go to college. Most
colleges did not accept
women then. She
attended Troy Female
L
Elizabeth
triedwearing
bloomers
Seminary in Troy,
York. At this school
women received the
New
%^
instead of
long skirts. same type of education that
men received in college.
Elizabeth fought for the rights of all people.
When she was twenty-four years old, she
married Henry B. Stanton. Her husband
w also worked for equal rights for all.

How did Elizabeth Cady Stanton's
childhood experiences help her
prepare for her work as a leader of
the women's rights movement?
WOMAN
IHIHB;
to Vote
Women did not have the right to vote in
the United States until 1920. For many years, Parades and Parties
Suffrage groups held parades and parties
people had worked long and hard for women's
woman
suffrage —the right for women to vote. Here
to gain publicity. This played patriotic
songs on her cornet to cheer on the crowd.

are some of the ways they tried to convince
others to join their fight.
Association Banner
The National American Woman
Suffrage Association was one
group of women who worked
hard for suffrage. This group
helped convince President
Woodrow Wilson to support
women's suffrage. In 1920

he signed the Nineteenth
Amendment to the
Constitution, giving
women the right to vote.
Newspapers and Magazines

The Suffragist was the name of one magazine
that women sold on street corners. A person who
worked for suffrage was also called a suffragist.
for
m :%&<i
Banner
POME*
This banner used
words spoken by Abraham
t, $&
1 Lincoln. President Lincoln
was in favor of women

having the right to vote.
LEAGUE
*omEn
on
s, \^
s
\
cot </*
tf <?
Women Voters Buttons
<9
After women won the right to vote, The National American Members of women's **
Woman Suffrage Association became the National League clubs made and wore
of Women Voters. The group worked to register people to buttons as publicity
3 TO 33
vote, to protect the health of women and children, and for for their cause. They
education for all. were trying to gain
approval and support.
\f,
'?ClAi\4*
Artifacts are from the £ 3 Smithsonian Institution.

LESSON 4
.Pittsburgh
Boston'
New
f
cit Y
York
Cities Grow
Philadelphia
and Change
PREVIEW
You're excited. You're looking
Northeastern and their
cities down from the observation
industries have grown and
changed. deck of the Empire State
Building. All of New York City is spread out
PLACES
New York City, New York before you. You spot Broadway, where you
Boston, Massachusetts
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
and your family saw a musical last night. In
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
the distance you see New Jersey. Your sister
VOCABULARY finds the Brooklyn Bridge and you spot the

commerce
import Statue of Liberty out in the harbor.
export
There are more tall buildings than you've
diverse
ever seen. Among the buildings, you see a big
patch of green. It's Central Park —your next

stop. There your family plans to see the zoo.
And if there's time, you'll cross the street to
see the dinosaurs at the American

Museum of Natural History. There are so
many different things to do in New York!

H9 f t f
''*-* •
a 11
",VM^«(Pf
Cause and Effect As you read, note why

the cities of the Northeast grew to be so
important to commerce and industry.
142
—
Cities of the
Northeast
The large cities of the
Northeast are centers of culture,
transportation, and commerce.
Commerce is the buying and
selling of goods, especially in
large amounts between different
places. The three largest cities

New York City, New York;
Boston, Massachusetts; and
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —
began as ports where
ocean-going ships docked.
Trade with Europe was very
important to the early colonies,
so cities grew up around
natural harbors. Providence,
Workers unload merchandise from ships in New
Rhode Island, and Baltimore, York City in the 1880s.
Maryland, are also important port cities.
Merchants set up shop in port cities

in Pittsburgh. After the Erie Canal was
to sell imported goods. An import is
built, Buffalo, New York, became an
an item that is brought from abroad to
important port on Lake Erie. The Erie
be offered for sale. Also, industries
Canal linked Lake Erie to the Hudson
grew in port cities to make goods to
River and New York City. Because of
export. An export is an item sent from
good transportation and plentiful
one country to be sold in another
natural resources, many of the cities
country. Stores and industries provided
of the Northeast became centers of
jobs and attracted people to the great
industry.
port cities of the Northeast.
Shipping and transportation are
As the colonies spread westward,
still important to the cities of the
new cities grew beside rivers and
Northeast. The region's cities have
canals. Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, was
also become centers of banking,
founded at the point where three major
health care, and high-tech industries.
rivers meet. Boats used these rivers
to bring natural resources and raw REVIEW Why did cities grow around
materials to the industries that grew natural harbors? Cause and Effect
143
Map Adventure
Northeastern Landmarks
A. You have ridden the swan boats in the
Boston Commons. Now you want to
visit the Liberty Bell in Philadelphia.
In what direction would you travel?
B. If you walked on the Boardwalk
in Atlantic City, New Jersey,
New York
UbertyBe//
what ocean would you see? ATLANTIC OCEAN

^Philadelphia
C. If you wanted to
BaltimoreM^ Atlantic City
see two famous
landmarks in ônalAquar/^ Board mik
one day, which
might be the
easiest to see
in that time
period? Why?
D. On what body of J APE ARE BAY
water is Baltimore?
New York City is famous for its

City Landmarks
skyscrapers and its theater. The
If you visit Philadelphia, you can
Empire State Building, built in 1931,
see the Liberty Bell and walk through
is still one of the world's tallest
Independence Hall. The Declaration of
buildings. The bright lights of Broadway
Independence and the Constitution were
attract theatergoers from all over the
both signed in this historic building.
globe. Out in New York's harbor, the
Boston's Freedom Trail winds past
Statue of Liberty still welcomes
the city's historic sites. It begins near
newcomers to the United States.
the Public Gardens, with its lagoon and
famous swan boats. It ends in the REVIEW Name one landmark that
nearby city of Charlestown, near the tourists can visit in each of the
top of Bunker Hill. It passes by Paul cities named above.
Revere 's house and a number of other Main Idea and Details
important historic places.
144
air was so thick with smoke that the
Centers of Industry
streetlights came on during the day.
The cities of the Northeast are
In the mid-1900s, the citizens of
centers of industry. The types of
Pittsburgh passed laws to clean up the
industries have changed over the
city. At the same time, thedemand for
years, however.
steel was decreasing. The economy of
For example, Pittsburgh was once
Pittsburgh began to change.
so famous for its steel mills that it
Today, Pittsburgh boasts a diverse,
was called the "Steel City." Coal and
or varied, group of industries. High-
limestone, two important ingredients
tech businesses such as computer
for making steel, were plentiful around
software companies and factories that
Pittsburgh. Iron ore was mined in the
make robots have headquarters there.
Midwest and transported to the city. In
The city is also a center of health-care
the 1870s, Andrew Carnegie brought a
and environmental research.
new steel-making process to
The story of Pittsburgh's changing
Pittsburgh from England. Soon the city
economy is similar to that of other
was supplying the world with steel for
cities of the region. Northeastern
railroads, bridges, and, eventually,
cities are still centers of industry.
skyscrapers.
The steel industry brought money REVIEW What sequence of events
and jobs to Pittsburgh, but it also led Pittsburgh to develop a diverse
polluted the air. In fact, sometimes the economy? ^® Sequence
Present-day Pittsburgh
^^^^^•^^''ai^^tf '-'iSi- '"

'
V;
-" ,: 1
-
rf .
- .
•
-
• •
.
• ':. -' '• : ;
£Tw* :;../.' :
: .
•- •
• " m'»'. - *t r r .
••
ijjjijjl
ISP '.'
i'
-'• ;'•'* i*<*; nr
-V *S.^. •
economy of the region. In turn, a
healthy economy makes the cities of
the Northeast good places to live and
good places to visit.
REVIEW Why do cities attract a large
number of workers? Draw Conclusions

• Because trade was important,
businesses and cities grew near
p> Crowded city streets have become
a common sight.
places where transportation by
water was easy.
Hubs of Commerce • Northeastern cites have many
Northeastern cities are hubs of important places to visit.
commerce. Each day, millions of • Industries in northeastern cities,
people go to these cities to work, such as Pittsburgh, have changed

to shop,and to enjoy themselves. over the years.
Whether they are doing business on • Northeastern cites are centers of
New York's Wall Street or assembling commerce and good places to live
robots in Pittsburgh, citizens of the or visit.
Northeast's cities help build the
LESSON 4 REVIEW
2. How did trade and the need for good
Check Fact and Main Idea transportation affect where northeastern
1. Cause and Effect On a separate sheet of cities grew?
paper, copy the diagram below and fill in the
3. Explain the importance of Philadelphia's
cause.
Independence Hall, Boston's Freedom Trail,
and New York City's Empire State Building.
Cause Effect 4. What was once Pittsburgh's major industry?
What are some of its important industries
today?
5. Critical Thinking: Cause and Effect Describe
Businesses and how a city's people and its economy affect
cities grew where each other.
transportation
was easy. Link to Reading
Read About a City Choose one of the cities
mentioned in this lesson. Then find and read a
book about the city. Share what you learned
about the city with classmates.
146
IM1J1
>G * 4 1
Andrew Carnegie
1835-1919
Andrew Carnegie was born in Scotland. When he was

twelve years old, his family moved to the United States
and settled in Pittsburgh. Carnegie started working in
a cotton factory and went to school at night.
Years later, after he started working for the
Pennsylvania Railroad, Carnegie spent time in
England. While there, he learned that the British made
bridges from steel. He brought his knowledge of
the British steel-making
Carnegie started process to the United
out as a bobbin
States and built steel and
boy. He fed yarn
into factory iron factories around
looms from
bobbins like
Pittsburgh. He also
the ones here. formed the Carnegie
Company. Steel
When Carnegie sold his company to the
United States Steel Corporation, he became the
richest person in the world. He then gave much
of his timeand money toward helping people.
Carnegie gave money to schools and to other
institutions. He also paid for the building of
libraries. His words are carved over the
doors of the Carnegie Library in
Pittsburgh: "Free to the People."
Learn from
Biographies
Why do you think Andrew
Carnegie built libraries?

the People at www.sfsocialstudies.com
umwm
Ll
r''£'«IXC%JBQ
ETE7FN
Capturing History
The World Trade Center attacks on September 11, 2001,
shocked and saddened the entire country. On that day,
police and firefighters rushed to the burning World Trade
Center towers to help people escape. Hundreds of other
people volunteered their help at the scene of the disaster.
Police officers and firefighters came from all over New

York City to the site of the Trade Towers. They were
responding to their duty to help others during an
^ Ethan took photographs emergency. On that day, they did their jobs under very
of the ruins of the World
Trade Center, as well as difficult and dangerous conditions.
people placing candles
at memorials. He also
Volunteers took on responsibility for handing out
photographed fellow food and water to the rescue workers. Other people
students who came
together to paint two photographed or reported on the collapse of the towers.
giant murals honoring
the victims and heroes
One photographer, named Ethan, was a senior at nearby
of September 11, 2001. Stuyvesant High School. Stuyvesant is located just four
blocks north of the World Trade Center.
Ethan is a staff photographer for The Spectator, the
Stuyvesant High School newspaper. While the towers
were burning, Ethan left the school
building to make a phone
148
BUILDING
CITIZENSHIP
Caring
Respect
call. As he walked, he saw one of the burning towers ^Responsibility
begin to fall. "I couldn't see the towers go down Fairness
without doing something," he said. "I felt an
Honesty
obligation to take pictures of the towers, but felt
Courage
guilty because of that obligation."
Later, Ethan talked with a family friend who is a
professional photographer. Ethan told him that he
felt guilty for taking pictures of a disaster in which so
many people lost their lives. Ethan wrote about this
conversation in a special edition of The Spectator.
"I told was ashamed to be taking pictures, but
him I
he said that it was our responsibility. He told me that

through our photographs, even more than our writing,
the world would remember what happened on
September 11, 2001."
Ethan could have chosen to stay home and avoid
the destruction and sorrow that filled New York after
the attacks. But he decided to go back with his

camera to help record history.
Responsibility in Action
The people who took action on September 11, 2001,

showed responsibility during a major emergency. How
it is also important to act responsibly in situations th
don't involve emergencies. We all have things we should

do every day. Just as the heroes of September 11 followed
through on their responsibilities, it is important for us to
follow through on the responsibilities we have to others.
What are your responsibilities?
149
—
CHAPTER 1825
1620 1775 1800
REVIEW 1620 1776 1787

Y^
1820
European
1833
American
Plymouth Declaration of U.S.
colony founded Independence Constitution immigration Anti-Slavery
signed written continues Society formed
Chapter Summary
\
The Narragansett and other Native American

, Sequence peoples lived in the Northeast.
On a separate piece of paper, show the

sequence of events that changed the
population of the Northeast region.
Vocabulary People
\
Match each word with the correct definition or Write a sentence or two explaining why each
description. of the following people was important.
Q sachem (p. 127) a. a ruler Q Roger Williams (p. 128)
Q confederacy
(p. 129)
b. fight to
a government
overthrow
Q John Adams (p. 131)
c. item brought from Benjamin Franklin (p. 131)

Q revolution
(p. 131)
abroad to be sold
William Lloyd Garrison (p. 137)
d. a union of groups,
import (p. 143) countries, or Susan B. Anthony (p. 138)
states
export (p. 143) e. varied
diverse (p. 145) f. item sent from

one country to be
sold in another
^* "" J V —— — —
150
1850 1875 1900 1925
1848 1865 1892 1920

First women's Thirteenth Amendment Ellis Island immigration Nineteenth Amendment
rights convention abolished slavery. station opened. granted women the
held in U.S. right to vote.

Q In
lived
the 1600s the Narragansett people
on land that is now what state?
\
Vertical Time Line
1
Look at the vertical time line below. Then
Q In what year was the U.S. Constitution
written?
answer the questions.
Q Main Idea What caused changes in the

lives of the Narragansett and other
1815 Elizabeth
married, her
Cady was born. (When she
name changed to Elizabeth
Cady Stanton.)
Native American peoples in the
Northeast? 1848 The Seneca Falls Convention was held.
Q Main Idea What was the purpose

American Revolution?
of the 1850 The first
movement was
national convention of the
held.
women's
Q Main Idea Why are the Thirteenth and

the Nineteenth Amendments important?
1870 The 15th Amendment was passed, giving
African American men the right to vote.
Q Main Idea What do the Northeast cities

of New York, Boston, and Philadelphia
1878 The 19th Amendment was introduced to
Congress.
have in common?
1920 The 19th Amendment was ratified, giving
Q Critical Thinking: Make Inferences

do you think that some cities that are not
Why women the right to vote.
on water have grown in recent years?

Q In what year were African American men
given the right to vote?
Q How many
Seneca
years passed between the
Convention and the passing
Falls
Write About History of the 19th Amendment?
Q Write a journal entry telling which city

the Northeast you would like to visit.
in
Q Using the dates on the time do you
think that it is likely that Elizabeth Cady
line,
Stanton ever voted in an election?

Q Write a letter to a friend's older relative.
Explain that you have been reading about
.
when people immigrated to the United

States. Ask about his or her ancestors.
Q Write quiz questions about the people,

places, and events in this chapter.
Iiitieirriet: Jta&iv&fey
Exchange questions with a partner to To get help with vocabulary and people,
review the chapter. select the dictionary or encyclopedia
from Social Studies Library at
www.sfsocialstudies.com.
151
End with a Poem
- -,- w«*
l\l 1 AG ARA
Carl Sandburg
Close your eyes and see if you can imagine Niagara Falls.
Listen to the sound of the water as it rushes over the rocks.
The tumblers of the rapids go white, go green,

go changing over the gray, the brown, the rocks.
The fight of the water, the stones,
the fight makes a foam laughter
before the last look over the long slide
down the spread of a sheen in the straight fall.
Then the growl, the chutter,
down under the boom and the muffle,
the hoo hoi deep,
the hoo hoi down,
this is Niagara.
Bridgeman Art Library
Rfe."
Test Talk
Review
Find key words in the text.
iPREP
Main Ideas and Vocabulary
The Northeast region is beautiful. representative. Also, the first two

There are mountain ranges and miles of capitals of the new nation were in
coastline. One of the most beautiful and the Northeast — New York City and
famous landforms in the country is in Philadelphia.
this region — Niagara These
Falls. As the nation grew, many people
waterfalls provide hydro power or power
, immigrated to the United States to find
produced by capturing the energy of a better life. Ellisin New York
Island
running water. was the gateway many of these
for
When the English arrived in this immigrants. Some came for jobs. Others
region, the Narragansett and other wanted to own their own land. Still others
Native Americans lived there. One of the came to escape war or hard times.
English settlers, Roger Williams, was The Northeast was also home to two
friendly with the Narragansett. In 1636 important reform movements. One was
Williams went to the Grand Sachem, the abolitionist movement. Abolitionists
Canonicus, the ruler of the Narragansett, believed that slavery was wrong and
to buy land. The land became the colony should be ended. In 1865 the Thirteenth
of Rhode Island. Today the Narragansett Amendment ended slavery. Another
have a reservation in Rhode Island. reform movement worked to give women
People and places of the Northeast the right to vote. In 1920 the Nineteenth
region played an important part in the Amendment gave women that right.
founding of our country. The Declaration Port cities of the Northeast have
of Independence was signed in grown into centers ofcommerce and
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. John Adams, industry. Rural areas produce products
from Massachusetts, played an like cranberries, grapes, and maple
important role. The Constitution was syrup. Tourism is also a big business.
also written there. Benjamin Franklin People visit for the beauty of the
from Pennsylvania was an important Northeast as well as for its history.
) In
means
the passage, the word hydro power Q According to the passage, why did many
immigrants come to the Northeast?
A wetland A They were looking for adventure.
B power produced by the energy of B Everyone they knew was immigrating.
water C They wanted to come to a land where
C power produced by the energy of wind everyone was happy.
D an airplane that can float on water D They were seeking a better life.
) According to the passage, one of the

early capitals of the nation was in
Q According to the passage, slavery was
ended by
A Rhode Island A the Thirteenth Amendment
B Massachusetts B the Nineteenth Amendment
C Pennsylvania C the Declaration of Independence
D Washington, D.C. D the U.S. Constitution
-
154
,^.._*..
Vocabulary and People Write and Share

\ \
Choose six of the vocabulary words and people. Write and Publish a Newspaper Many
Then write a story that uses all six. newsworthy events have taken place in the
Northeast region over the history of the nation.
Q slave (p. 137) Q Canonicus
(p. 128)
Choose an event or a person and write a
newspaper article telling about the occasion.
Q cooperation
(P- 127) Q William Lloyd
Remember to include the important parts of
—
a news story who, what, where, when, why,
Garrison (p. 137) and how. Write a catchy headline. Work with
Q powwow (p. 128)
Elizabeth Cady
classmates to combine your news articles into
Q convention
(J)
Stanton (p. 138)
a newspaper. Share the historical "news" with
other classrooms in your school.
(P. 138)
v_
ffi Sojourner
Truth
Q abolitionist
137)
(P- 137)
(P.
Read on Your Own
Q reservation
(P- 128)
Q Frederick
Douglass
(p. 137)
^—
Apply Skills
Create a Poster Make a poster with a vertical
time line. List several important events that you
read about in this unit.
a;o^
XV<P tnAeoce
155
oNir
On the Spot
Life was often challenging for America's
early settlers, as well as for Native American
groups who had lived in the Northeast for
hundreds of years. Make a documentary
about their experiences.
i. Form a group and choose Native

Americans or early European settlers
who settled in the Northeast.
2 Write sentences about their

experiences and observations.
Include a variety of topics.
3 Make a diorama or model to show the environment

and settlements. Include where they lived, other
buildings, and the physical setting.
4 Present your documentary. Show the diorama or

model to the class.
156
The
Southeast
How have resources and events

affected the Southeast?
• .-...*-»
*.
•{&
158
Beautiful is the land, with its prairies and forests of fruit-trees;
."
Under the feet a garden of flowers . .
—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, describing the banks of a Southeastern bayou in his poem Evangeline.
9 WrSw&Til*?.
Welcome to the Southeast
PA
NJ
OH
•\j /
IL
MD
DE
Key WEST
„-^\ f\ VIRGINIA ^
• State capital /^VIRGINIA
I Charleston ^JRichmond
*
1
MO \ r\ /o
?sapea/ce Say
W ks
1
36 N
\ Outer
^v Banks
32-N
Manatees live along the
coast of Florida. They are
also called "sea cows."
Adult manatees are about
10 feet long and weigh 800
to 1,200 pounds.
Space Shuttle
P Many people visit
missions lift off
Charleston, South
from the John F.
Carolina to see the
Kennedy Space
city's historic buildings.
Center in Florida.
h d
'!
1
i nil- damwiiiii
The Southeast
y&J Main Idea and Details
Learning to find the main idea and details will help
you understand what you read.
A main idea is the most important thought in the

paragraph or passage.
The supporting details give more information
about the main idea.
Read this paragraph. The

main idea and supporting The Mississippi River and
is one of the longest
details have been highlighted.
deepest rivers in the world. In some places, it is
more than 400 feet deep, which is equal to the
height of a building that is 40 stories high. It starts
at Lake Itasca in Minnesota and goes south to the
Gulf of Mexico, a distance of 2,350 miles.
162
a
The Mississippi River affects years, land has been built up by

the land and people of the these deposits. This rich, flat land
Southeast. It is the largest river in s called a delta. The delta of the
the United States. It is wide — Mississippi River juts out into the
mile and a half across in some Gulf of Mexico. It covers
places. It curves back and forth thousands of square miles.
on its long journey like a big The Mississippi River is also a
ribbon. water highway. Native Americans
As the Mississippi approaches used it as a main trade route.
the Gulf of Mexico, its waters fan Today, the river is still a major
out into smaller, marshy rivers. route for ships and barges loaded
These marshy rivers are called with many different goods. One of
bayous (BEYE yooz). As the the nation's busiest ports is
Mississippi flows south, it carries located on the Mississippi. It is
dirt, sand and mud. These called the Port of South

materials are deposited at the Louisiana. New Orleans and
mouth of the river, the place Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and
where the river flows into the Gulf Memphis, Tennessee, are some
of Mexico. Over thousands of other Mississippi River ports.
Appiyit
Use the reading strategy of main idea and details to answer these questions.
Q Which sentence is the main idea of the whole passage?
Q What details tell how the Mississippi Delta was formed?
Q What is the main idea of the last paragraph?
163
The Land of the Southeast
..,--
HW HIWil:
P innwim
164
Locating Places^J
Wxwpr -
WI l
WWU UimWIiPWmpiB""
l - l l |||||JU.J I W)iWW||PlipipWip»lll|llj)JI>lJ.| i
l w. »»
Why We Remember
Sights and sounds frame the Southeast. Listen to the sounds
that surround that mighty river, the Mississippi, and the rhythm
of waves crashing onto miles of beaches. Think about the
stillness of forests in the Appalachian Mountains. These
contrasts make up the Southeast. People settled this land to
farm, to fish, and to trade. People come to enjoy warm weather
when the rest of the nation is cold. They also come to work in
the growing cities of the region.
165
LESSON 1
Coastal Plains to
the Mountains
PREVIEW
You've waited a long time for
this vacation trip. The drive
The main areas of the
Southeast region include the from Atlanta to Myrtle Beach
coastal plains, the Piedmont,
and Appalachia. took many hours, but you didn't mind. You're
excited about seeing the Atlantic Ocean.

PLACES
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina You've never seen an ocean before!
Outer Coastal Plain
Inner Coastal Plain
After you put your suitcases in your hotel
Piedmont room, your family heads off for the beach.
Appalachia
Your mother puts sun block lotion all over
VOCABULARY
your back, and then you run to the shore.
barrier islands
wetlands Waves roll toward you as you put your toes
fall line
into the cold ocean water. As you bend over to
pick up some pretty seashells, you feel a hand
grabbing yours. "Come on, Pal," your father
says. "Just hold my hand. I'll show you how to
dive into these waves!"
vv/JV Main Idea and Details As you

1§^ read, notice how the Southeast
regionchanges as you travel from
the seacoast to the mountains.
166
Inland from the shore is an area
Along the Coasts
known as the Outer Coastal Plain. This
Most of the states of the Southeast
area is very flat and has very low
lie along the Atlantic coast, the coast
elevation.
of the Gulf of Mexico, or both.
The Outer Coastal Plain has different
Beaches, such as Myrtle Beach in
kinds of wetlands. Wetlands are lands
South Carolina, line some of the shore.
that are at times covered with water.
Off the shore are groups of long, low
Swamps, bogs, and marshes are kinds
islands. Thousands of years ago, when
of wetlands. A huge swamp, the
glaciers began to melt, the rising
Dismal Swamp, is between Virginia
waters of the ocean deposited
and North Carolina.
sediment, material such as sand and
Farther inland is the Inner Coastal
mud left by a glacier, into shallow areas
Plain. The elevation here is slightly
off the coast. These islands, known as
higher than in the Outer Coastal Plain.
barrier islands, were formed over
thousands of years as more and more REVIEW How does the land change
sediment was deposited by ocean as you move inland from the coast?
waves, currents, and mainland rivers. ^® Main Idea and Details
States and Landforms of the Southeast
The Southeast has plains, mountain ranges, rivers, and lakes.

MAP SKILL Understanding Continents and Oceans In what body of water are the barrier islands?
^qj
Toward the Mountains
An area of rolling hills and beautiful
valleys lies inland from the coastal
known as the
plains. This area is
Piedmont. The word piedmont means

"foot of the mountain." Its elevation is
higher than that of the coastal plains.

The soil of the Piedmont is different
from the sandy soil of the coastal

plains. Piedmont soil is dark brown or
reddish and feels like clay. It is very
rich soil and can be good farmland.
Many rivers flow through the
Piedmont toward the Atlantic Ocean.
The rivers tumble through waterfalls
from the higher Piedmont to the lower
coastal plains. On a map the waterfalls
seem to be arranged in a line. This
The Callasaja Falls tumble down the fall line between
line is called the fall line. The fall line
the Piedmont and the coastal plains of North Carolina.
^ The hilly landscape of the Piedmont

marks the boundary between the lies in the Southeast region. Virginia,
Piedmont and the coastal plains. West Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina,
Rising above the Piedmont is part of South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, and
the Appalachian Mountain Range. The Alabama all include parts of Appalachia.
Appalachians in this area are rugged

REVIEW What areas lie inland
and steep, with narrow valleys. Farms
from the coastal plains?
in this area tend to be small.
^® Main Idea and Details
The Blue Ridge Mountains are a
chain that forms part of the eastern Summarize the Lesson
edge of the Appalachians. Mount • Beaches and wetlands line the
Mitchell in North Carolina is in this
shores of the Southeast region.
chain. It is the highest peak east of
• The elevation of the land increases
the Mississippi River. The Great Smoky as you go farther inland from the
Mountains form part of the western coast.
edge of the Appalachians. • The fall line is the border between
One area in and around the the coastal plains and the
Appalachian Mountains known as is Piedmont.
Appalachia. This area is known for its • The Appalachian Mountains extend
rich natural resources, such as coal, and through the Southeast region.
its dense forests. Most of Appalachia
LESSON REVIEW
2. What parts of the Southeast might be
Check Facts and Main Ideas popular as vacation spots?
1. SJ) Main Idea and Details On a separate
sheet of paper, make a diagram like the one
3. How were the barrier islands formed?
shown. Fill in the details that support the 4. Describe the Appalachian Mountains.
main idea. 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Why
might it be difficult to have a large farm in
In the Southeast, the the Appalachian Mountains?

elevation becomes greater
as you travel inland. Link to Science
A 1 V Prepare a Report Learn more about the barrier

islands. Do research in the library or on the
Internet. Present your report to the class.
m
169
\ Map and Globe Skills
Read Elevation Maps

What? Maps help you locate different places and find out about
a region. Different kinds ofmaps can show you different kinds of
things. An elevation map shows you how high the land is. Elevation
is height above sea level. A place that is at sea level is at the same
height as the surface of the ocean's water.

This elevation map uses color to show elevation. The map below
uses color to show the average height of the land across the
Southeast. It also gives the elevations of some mountains.
Elevations of the Southeast
170
Why? Elevation maps can help you

locate important landmarks. They can Think and Apply
show you the location of important
features in a region and help you better

understand what that region is like. What is the elevation range of
the coastal plain that borders
HOW? To read an elevation map, first the Atlantic Ocean? that
look at the map key. Notice that there borders the Gulf of Mexico?
arenumbers next to each color on the

Based on the map, what is the
map key. The numbers show the range name of the highest elevation
of elevation that each color represents.
range? Explain how you know.
Notice that on the elevation map on
page 170, dark green represents the What is the difference in
lowest elevations. The range for dark between

elevation in feet
green is between and 650 feet above Mt. Mitchell and Magazine
sea level. Mountain?
The view from Magazine Mountain, the highest

point in the Boston Mountains of Arkansas.
: *; tW
jSsT-
v -
l 11^- r*-T
44-
'y-.
:
«*iai***-
Sunlight
and Storms
PREVIEW
The little boat is bobbing up
Focus on the Main Idea and down and from side to
The mild climates of the
coastal areas of the Southeast side. It's hard to hold onto the
bringmany tourists, but the
area has some natural fishing pole because your safety vest is so big.
hazards.
It's December, but you feel warm. The sun is
PLACES bright and the winds are gentle.

Key West, Florida
Just yesterday, you were wearing boots,
Florida Keys
mittens, and a heavy jacket. It was snowing in

VOCABULARY
key Boston, and the winds almost blew you
hurricane
down. You helped your father shovel snow.
hurricane season
Now, your father is helping you hold
your fishing pole. You feel very lucky to be
in Key West, Florida. December here is
not at all like it is in Boston. You can see
why so many people like to come here,
especially in the winter. Now, if only
you could catch a really big fish!
Main Idea and Details As you

^ read, find the details about the
different climates of the Southeast.
172
—
Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama
Enjoying the Climate
also have hot, humid climates in the
Key West, an island off the southern
summer. Louisiana is also one of the
coast of Florida, isone of a chain of
rainiest states. The average yearly
islands called the Florida Keys. A key
rainfall there is 57 inches.
is a low island.
States in the coastal plains
Mild, sunny weather attracts many
Georgia, South Carolina, North
The northern
tourists to Florida
part of the state gets cool
in winter.
in winter — in
Carolina, and Virginia — have warm
climates most of the year. When you
the 50 degree range. The southern part
get into the Appalachian Mountains,
usually stays warm —
in the 70 degree
however, the temperature drops. Snow
range. In the summer, though, all of
falls in the mountains in winter.
Florida is hot and humid. Cool ocean or
gulf breezes make the coastal beaches REVIEW How does the climate of the
good places to visit in the summer! Southeast change as you move north?
>® Main Idea and Details
Average January Temperatures in the Southeast
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
™
Key
Degrees Degrees
Fahrenheit Celsius
60 and over I 15 and over
50 to 60 10 to 15
40 to 50 5 to 10
32 to 40 0to5
Less than 32 S Less than
• State capital • Other city
In January, the Southeast is usually warmer than many other parts of the United States.
| Use Intermediate Directions In what direction would you travel from Savannah, Georgia
to Atlanta, Georgia?
173
buildings. The huge waves pound the
Watch Out!
shore and often cause flooding.
People in the Southeast enjoy mild
Hurricanes mainly occur from June
weather much of the time, but
until the end of November. This time
sometimes the weather can be
of year known as hurricane season.
is
dangerous. Hurricanes sometimes
Weather forecasters have the equipment
occur along the Atlantic and Gulf
and technology to help them figure out
coasts. A hurricane is a violent storm
the path that a hurricane will most
that forms over the ocean. Its strong
likely take. This information helps
winds move in a circular path. Along
people prepare for hurricanes and
with the winds are very heavy rains. A
move to safety. People usually move
hurricane smashing into the coast can
inland, away from the coast.
be very destructive.
The rocky shorelines are another
Hurricane winds can be strong
hazard of the coastal areas.
enough to send large objects flying.
Long ago, as in the Northeast,
They can uproot trees and damage
people built lighthouses to
-i > - ——
Map Adventure
Visiting Lighthouses
Take a trip along the outer coast of Bodie Island
Lighthouse
North Carolina to visit some famous
lighthouses. Use the map to plan
your trip.
W 0)
A)
1, Your first stop is the Bodie Island w E

Lighthouse. What road will take
you to the Cape Hatteras
Lighthouse?
2, What body of water is to the
east of the Cape Hatteras
Lighthouse?
3, What types of transportation
take you to the Ocracoke
Lighthouse from the Cape
Hatteras Lighthouse? In what Roads
direction would you be traveling?
4, What body of water is to Cape Hatteras

Ferry route Lighthouse
the north of the Ocracoke
Lighthouse? Ocracoke
Lighthouse Atlantic Ocean
174
help sailors avoid the special pattern. This helped sailors
rocky coastlines. The know which lighthouse they were near.
lighthouses warned the Sailors now use other tools and
sailors of dangerous technology to help them find their way.
rocks and currents Many lighthouses are no longer
along the Southeast working, but people still enjoy visiting
coast. The strong these colorful buildings.
lights were very bright,

REVIEW What are some natural
and many could be
hazards of living near the coast in the
seen as far as twenty
Southeast? ^® Main Idea and Details
miles out to sea.
Lighthouses were built Summarize the Lesson
in different shapes and • The mild climates of the Southeast
colors. In the daytime, many
attract tourists.
sailors could tell
• Hurricanes are dangerous storms
where they were that can strike coastal areas.
because they could • Lighthouses were built to warn
recognize the
sailors about rocky shores and also
lighthouses. At night, to help sailors determine their
each lighthouse had location.
a light using a
p- The Bodie Island Lighthouse is
near the coast of North Carolina.
ON 2 VIEW
2. When do hurricanes usually occur?
^® 3. Why are hurricanes dangerous?
1. Main Idea and Details On a separate
sheet of paper, draw a diagram like the one 4. Why were lighthouses built?
shown. Fill in some details that support the 5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why is
main idea. living near the Southeast coast both good

and bad?
Many tourists visit the
Southeast, especially from Link to Science
November to June.
^^ /
|Temperatures
/- 1 ^- X Learn about Hurricanes Use reference
materials to learn what causes hurricanes.
Find out why they are more likely to occur at
certain times of the year. Prepare a brief report
are warm in
and present it to the class.
the winter.
DORLING KINDERSLEY EYEWITNESS BOOK
Hurricanes
In Deep Water
The sea covers about two-thirds of
High seas are stormy seas with
our planet. Strong winds constantly dangerous waves that can sink a
disturb the surface of the oceans, ship or leave it stranded. Air-sea
rescue helicopters rush to the aid
producing waves that break as they
of survivors.The helicopters hover
reach the shore. During severe above the sea while a rescuer is
storms, particularly hurricanes, lowered on a winch to lift the
survivors clear of the water.
winds push seawater high onto
the shore. Areas close to the shore
can become flooded. At high tides, the risk
of serious flooding during storms increases.

People living on the coast are not the only ones
who are at risk. Ships can sink in stormy weather,
leaving passengers and crew members stranded in
dangerous waters.
A rescuer is lowered
to the sea by a search
and rescue helicopter.
Stormy Sea
When Hurricane
Hugo hit the West
Tearing Along
Indies and southeastern
United States in 1989,
Crashing waves damage the
The waves dissolve it produced a sudden
coastlines.
pieces of rock and break off parts of
surge 6 feet (2 m) high
cliffs. As the sea becomes stormier
in open water. This
Collapsed coastal wall of water rose to
and its level becomes higher, the
road was caused 18 feet (6 m) in some
erosion becomes greater.
by wave erosion.
places. The sudden and
dramatic rise in sea
level when a hurricane
reaches land is caused
by low air pressure
at the storm's center.
Wall of Water
An ocean wave begins as wind blows across the sea's surface,
making swing up and down, and back and forth.
the water
When the wave nears the shore, where the sea becomes
shallower, the movement is broken, and the water topples
over, forming a breaker. Huge breakers, such as
this one, are sometimes called "dumpers."
They send water crashing in all directions
if they hit the shore.
Everglades
Wildlifeand
National Park
Resources
PREVIEW
"~5
You and your family are
The Southeast is rich in
riding in a boat through the
different resources. These
Everglades. Your boat glides
resources are used in different
industries throughout the underneath cypress trees and past high
region.
grasses. Suddenly, something moves in the
PLACES water. Seconds later, you hear an enormous

Everglades National Park
splash! You look out over the water. You see
VOCABULARY
only a pair of eyes looking back at you from
endangered species
extinct the surface. The eyes come nearer and nearer
pulp
fossil fuel as the creature swims closer to your boat. You
see its long, low head first, and then you stare
in fascination as you
recognize it as an alligator.
Your mom tells you

that alligators have lived
in the Everglades for
hundreds of years!
Main Idea and Details As you read,

^ look for details that describe the
resources of the Southeast.
178
Many other animals, including
Fins, Feathers, and Fur
herons, turtles, and fish, can be found
If you visit a swamp in the
in the wetlands of the Southeast. The
Southeast, you may see alligators. In
Everglades National Park, a huge area
Florida many alligators live in swamps,
of wetlands in southern Florida, is
canals, and lakes. But alligators were
home to about 600 different kinds of
not always so common in Florida and
birds and other animals. About a dozen
other parts of the Southeast. In the
kinds of animals that live in the
1960s many alligators were hunted for
Everglades, including the Florida
food or for their hides. By 1967 the
panther and the manatee, are
alligator became an endangered
endangered.
species. An endangered species is a
The Coastal Plain and Piedmont are
kind of animal or plant that is thought
also home to a wide variety of
to be in danger of becoming extinct,
animals, such as deer and birds. In
or no longer existing.
the Appalachian Mountains, black
After 1967 it was against the law to
bears, deer, and other animals live in
hunt alligators. The numbers of alligators
the forests.
slowly grew. By 1987 alligators had made
a comeback. The United States Fish REVIEW How have certain laws
and Wildlife Service took the alligator affected the number of alligators?
off the list of endangered species. Cause and Effect
Literature and Social Studies
The Yearling
Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings wrote this famous novel about
farm life in central Florida in the late 1800s. In the passage below,
a 12-year-old boy named Jody finds a young deer, a one-year-old
fawn, known as a yearling, in the forest.
Under a scrub palmetto he was able liquid eyes. It was

to make out a track, pointed and quivering [shaking]. It
dainty as the mark of a ground-dove. made no effort to rise or

He crawled past the palmetto. run. Jody could not trust
Movement directly of him in front himself to move.
startled him so that he tumbled He whispered, "It's me.
backward. The fawn lifted its face to The fawn lifted its nose,
his. It turned its head with a wide, scenting [smelling] him. He

wondering motion and shook [scared] reached out one hand and laid
him through with the stare of its it on the soft neck.
•""•*" W
I >l «:.li >,i«»*fc
i l , «. <»'
!
179
makes it possible to grow crops like
cotton, peanuts, and sugar cane. These

crops cannot grow well in colder
regions.
Citrus fruits, such as oranges,
lemons, limes, and grapefruits, grow
well in Florida because of the long
growing season. Throughout the state
nearly 107 million trees produce citrus
fruits. Many of them are shipped to
colder regions of the United States.
Directly to the north of Florida,
Orange grove near Orlando, Florida Georgia produces more peanuts than
any other state. Farms sometimes
produce more than 1.5 billion pounds
Harvesting a of peanuts a year.
Bumper Crop Rice is also a major product of the
In addition to forests and swamps, the Southeast. In fact, the Southeast
coastal plains of the Southeast contain produces more rice than any other part
wide stretches of good farmland. Land of the United States. Arkansas and
for farming is a valuable resource. Louisiana are two major producers of
Farming has been an important industry rice. One-third of the rice harvested in
ever since the first settlers came to the the United States is grown in
Southeast. Today, the major crops of the Arkansas.

region include cotton, corn, peanuts, The agriculture industry is very
rice, oranges, and soybeans. Soybeans important in the Southeast. Agriculture
are used to make vegetable oil and food was the basis of the Southeast
for livestock. They also can be made region's economy until the mid-1900s.
into many other healthful foods. However, since then manufacturing and
The coastal plains have warm other industries have also become
temperatures and plenty of rain, which important in the region.
makes this area excellent for farming.
REVIEW Why is the Southeast
Most parts of the Southeast coastal
a good region for agriculture?
plains have a long growing season, the
S5) Main Idea and Details
time of year when it is warm enough for
crops to grow. A long growing season
180
Agriculture in the Southeast
!At(antic
Ocean
Key to Symbols •Lake Okeechobee
oranges peanut
soybeans corn tobacco
Miles 100 200 300 400

s^^r^sugarcane ,^$z rice cotton
100 300 500 700
Kilometers
The Southeast is an important agricultural region.

181
Diagram Skill What two crops are grown both in states bordering the
Mississippi River and states bordering the Atlantic Ocean?
are reading right now is made from
Valuable Trees
pulp!
Trees are another important resource
Trees are also important to the
of the Southeast. Some farmers in the
environment. They help cool the earth,
Southeast grow and harvest trees, just
provide homes for animals, and give
like other crops.
off oxygen we need to breathe. So
Trees are also harvested from the
that we always have enough trees,
pine forests of the coastal plains and
companies replant new trees where
parts of Appalachia. The trees are
others have been harvested. This is
used to make boards for the lumber
known as reforestation. It guarantees
industry. They are also used for other
that we will always have this very
wood products, such as furniture.
important renewable resource.
Some trees are made into pulp, a
combination of ground-up wood chips, REVIEW Why are trees valuable?

water, and chemicals. Pulp is used in ^® Main Idea and Details
the production of paper. The book you
Trees can be used to make furniture

and many other products.
generators. Chemicals made from coal
Coal Mining in
are used to produce nylon, paints,
the Southeast plastics, aspirin, and many other
Trees are a resource that grow high products.
into the air. Deep underground, there is
another resource that is important in

REVIEW What is coal used for?
S5) Main Idea and Details
the Southeast. This nonrenewable
resource a black fossil fuel called
is
coal. A fossil fuel is a fuel that is
• The Southeast is home to many
formed in the earth from the remains
different types of animals.
of plants or animals. Coal forms over
• Some crops grow in the warm
millions of years. Coal is found
climate of the Southeast that cannot
in some parts of
grow in colder regions of the United
Appalachia, including States.
parts of Kentucky • In some areas of the Southeast,
and West trees are grown as crops.
Virginia. Many • Coal mining is important to the
electric power Appalachian economy.
plants burn
coal to run their
PA piece of coal
LESSON 3 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Name a renewable and a nonrenewable

resource found in the Southeast.
1. Si) Main Idea and Details On a separate
3. Why is coal an important resource?
shown. Fill in the diagram with two more 4. What have you eaten the past week that
in
details that support the main idea. might have been grown the Southeast?
in
5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Why is

it important to protect endangered species?
The resources of the
Southeast are used in
many ways. Link to Music
/ t V Find a Song Many

about coal mining. Find
songs have been written
folk
one or think of one
Trees are you know. Write down the words. If your song
used to mentions a specific place, find that place on
make a map. Share your song and its meaning with
lumber, your classmates.
paper, and
furniture. i
jn
—
3*
Review
Chapter Summary
Main Idea and Details The Southeast has many

different types of land.
On a separate sheet of paper, make a diagram
like the one shown. Fill in details that support
the main idea.
^n ——— ———
Vocabulary Places
\
For each vocabulary word, write a sentence Complete the sentences by filling in the
that defines or shows what the word means. correct place from the list below.
Show how the word relates to the Southeast
region.
Piedmont (p. 168)
Appalachia (p. 169)
wetlands extinct (p. 179) Everglades National Park (p. 179)
(P- 167)
pulp (p. 182)
is a huge area of wetlands in
fall line
southern Florida.
168) fossil fuel
(P-
(P- 183)
The is an area of rolling hills
key (p. 173)
and valleys inland from the coastal plain.
hurricane
One area around the Appalachian
(P- 174)
Mountains is called .
'
'
184
—
Facts and Main Ideas Write About Geography

\
Q What areas of the Southeast contain
large stretches of good farmland?
1 O Write a poem that tells about one of the
geographic features of the Southeast.
Q What is a hurricane and where do
hurricanes form?
Write a television newscast about a
hurricane that is offshore from the
Southeast region. Describe the hurricane,
Q Which area of the Southeast has a
warmer climate, the mountains or the
including its wind speed and where
heading. Tell people in that area what they
it is
coastal plains? should do to stay safe during the

hurricane.
Q Main Idea What are some differences
between the Inner Coastal Plain, Outer Write a Letter If you took a trip to the
Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and mountains Everglades in Florida, you would see many
of the Southeast? different kinds of plants and animals.
Write a letter to a friend describing several
Q Main Idea Which states in the
Southeast have warm climates most of
different plants and animals that you see.
i
the year?
Q Main Idea What are some important

resources of the Southeast coastal
Apply Skills
\
plain? of Appalachia?
Using Elevation Maps
Q Evaluate If you moved to
Critical Thinking:
the Southeast, which area or state would
Study the map below. Then answer the
questions.
you choose to live in? Why?
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Key
Feet Meters
13,000 1 L 4,000
6,500/ \ 2,000
1,650/ V500
650/ \200
07 \o
Below^
Sea Leve
200 Kilometers
Q What does this map show?
Q Which part of North Carolina has the

highest elevation?
Q What is the elevation range

Piedmont region?
in feet in the
185
People and Events That
Shaped the Southeast
WM MHWI
I
St. Augustine, Florida

The Spanish build
the first permanent
European settlement.
Atlanta, Georgia
Cities in the Southeast
grow quickly.
186
Locating Places
iar* " 1 ii M n ii nwwimM"
ii ' i
Why We Remember
4&m&&
Before 1865, many enslaved people worked on farms and

plantations in the Southeast. Many people, especially those
living in the Northern states, thought that slavery was wrong.
Other issues divided the North and the South, and war resulted.
After the Civil War, the Southeastern states needed to rebuild.
Today, Southeastern cities continue to grow.
187
"
"" - !
'"» "
1500s 1700s 1838-1839

First European The Cherokee The Cherokee are
explorers travel through begin trading forced to leave the
the Southeast region. with Europeans. Southeast on the
Trail of Tears.
The Cherokee
PREVIEW You walk up the path to the
front door of the school. Once

The Cherokee have contributed inside the building, you go to
greatly to the history of the
Southeast. the front desk and check in. You ask the
woman at the desk if your first-grade teacher
PLACES
Qualla Boundary, North is still here. She points down the hallway and
Carolina
says, "Yes. She is at the end of the hall."
PEOPLE Quietly you walk down the hall and look

George Washington
Sequoyah into the classroom. On the wall is a poster of
the Cherokee alphabet. The children are all

VOCABULARY
consensus sitting in a circle on the
iQmokee'fdpifaiiA.
Trail of Tears
carpet. As you walk into the a R, TV <h« a L
§fat)*£ % «SjM* A,* h. 1.
classroom, they start \rt,a h. A* h. IV d-
w* A Gb Bf* $K
singing a song —a welcome ft.
XJna XgAoAjfoaA
CU
JU
ft
H» 5~ 9L
Iw Z« **b OS.
song in Cherokee. How iAj?va 4XW %* •c CeU Oîiv
I (£ \>„ h* h. & Kfr
wonderful that your ancient bAm> 9de VHe Ajt/A/, V* S* (Tar
OMtLltfe L*. C& tf* if* Rlv
language survives! Gim %, Kta K* 1 Olw

VXra <£JL ®„ ca. Am 6w
North Wind Picture Archives
3^ <% b- Ghi B„
1
sJjV Main Idea and Details

^Sf As you read, notice events Cherokee
alphabet
and changes that affected
the Cherokee and how the
Cherokee responded to them.
188
that they used.
Early Cherokee Culture
In the summer,
Hundreds of years ago, the Cherokee
the Cherokee lived
made their homes in the mountains of
in rectangular
southern Appalachia. They lived in
houses. In the
villages. They farmed in family units on
winter, they lived in
land in their villages. They grew corn,
smaller, warmer
squash, beans, and other crops. They
round huts. Their
hunted in the forests. Cherokee
huts had thick walls
hunters traveled for hundreds of miles
made of clay and p Cherokee
through shared territory that no single dance mask
poles. The center of the
group claimed but many used. They
Cherokee village was a large meeting
trapped rabbits
house. There, the villagers gathered to
and shot deer with
celebrate religious holidays and to
bow and arrow.
make important decisions. All adults in
They also hunted
the village could express their
wild turkeys and
thoughts about issues. The Cherokee
bears and fished
debated issues until all could come to
in the region's
agreement. This method of decision-
many streams,
making is called consensus.
rivers, and lakes.
They gathered wild REVIEW How did the Cherokee make
fruits and nuts. their living? What were their villages
The land provided like? S5) Main Idea and Details

many resources P In this model of a Cherokee village, the
The Cherokee made spoons like large building is the meeting house.
these to use in cooking.
L ?3*M^ & U&C* *.****
"& _ ^fT^W^^M^ g
Changes in
Cherokee Culture
Life for the Cherokee began to
change when Europeans first came to
the region. In the early 1500s,
Spanish explorers traveled through the
Southeast. Some explorers had
diseases that were new to North
America. Many Cherokee and other
Native Americans became ill with the
new diseases.
The first Europeans to settle on
Cherokee land were traders. They
brought goods such as knives, hoes,
guns, cloth, and beads to trade for the
Native Americans' deerskins and furs.
By the mid-1700s, this trade was very
important.
Around the same time, conflicts grew
*»i >toim*mmm*'***smmmmmm*mm«'**i * ij«u.»m iV
between the settlers and the Native *
The Cherokee Phoenix newspaper was written in

Americans. The Cherokee were forced both Cherokee and English. This copy is from
February 21, 1828.
to give up land and to move westward,
away from the settlers.
own language. A Cherokee man named
In the late 1700s, the newly formed
Sequoyah made up an alphabet for the
United States government tried to help Cherokee language. He was one of the
end these conflicts. President
few people to ever develop an alphabet
George Washington encouraged the on his own. With the new alphabet,
Cherokee to stop hunting and to focus many Cherokee learned how to read
more on farming instead. The and write in their own language.
government gave the Cherokee horses, Although many Cherokee took up
plows, and other farm tools. They new ideas and changed their ways of
hoped that the Cherokee would change life, it did not end conflicts with the
to fit in with the surrounding culture.
settlers and government.
Many Cherokee took up Washington's
offer. They built large farms. They went REVIEW What changes occurred in
to school to learn English. They also Cherokee culture after the Europeans
learned how to read and write in their came? ^® Main Idea and Details
190
Illinois
Kentucky
The Cherokee Leave
Tennessee
Their Lands
After the American Revolution, settlers
continued to try to gain control of
Cherokee land. In the early 1800s, the

Cherokee decided that forming a new
government would help them hold onto
their land. They wrote a constitution in
! The Trail of Tears led from Tennessee
1827. It stated that the land belonged to what is now Oklahoma.
to the Cherokee nation. The Cherokee who traveled to

The Cherokee constitution was similar Oklahoma became known as the
to the United States Constitution in Western Cherokee. However, some
many ways. The Cherokee constitution Cherokee stayed in the Southeast.
stated that a head chief would be Several hundred Cherokee bought land
elected once every four years. The together in a mountainous part of North
constitution also established a senate Carolina. A few simply hid in the
and a house of representatives. mountains when soldiers came to round
After gold was discovered on them up. All of these people came to be
Cherokee land in 1828, settlers were known as the Eastern Cherokee.
even more determined to force the Together, the Western and Eastern
Cherokee off their lands. In the 1830s, Cherokee are now the largest Native
the United States government ordered American group in the United States.
the Native American groups of the Today, the Eastern Cherokee number
region, including the Cherokee, to give more than 11,000. Many live on Qualla
up their land. The Native American Boundary, a Cherokee reservation in
groups would occupy new territory west western North Carolina.
of the Mississippi River. American
soldiers forced the Cherokee families to
REVIEW How was the Cherokee
constitution similar to the U.S.
move west to what is now Oklahoma.
Constitution? Compare and Contrast
Forced to walk hundreds of miles
without enough food or warm clothing,
thousands of Cherokee died. Their

journey came to be called the
Trail of Tears.
The Trail of Tears, a painting by Robert Lindneux,

shows the Cherokee on their long journey west.
keep the language alive, Cherokee
The North Carolina
speakers have begun to lead special
Cherokee classes.
The Cherokee who remained in the Recently, elementary school teachers
Southeast found new ways to support began teaching the Cherokee language
themselves and keep their culture to their students for at least twenty
alive. Today, many Cherokee artists minutes a day. Now, many people are
belong to an organization called Qualla. learning the Cherokee language.
They make artworks and crafts that are
sold in stores across the country. The
REVIEW How do the Eastern
Cherokee also run a number of Cherokee keep their culture strong?

-® Main Idea and Details
businesses, including a
lumber business and
shops for tourists.
Before 1500s Cherokee followed
Some Cherokee
their traditional lifestyle.
leaders fear that their
1500s Europeans came to the
language is dying out.
Southeast.
Many Cherokee in their
- 1830s Cherokee were forced to
fifties and younger can
move off their land and go west.
speak only a few
Today Many Eastern Cherokee live
phrases. To
Mask made by in the Southeast.
a Qualla artist
LESSON 1 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. What was the Cherokee culture like before
Europeans came to the region?
1. "® Main Idea and Details On a separate
3. How has work changed for the Cherokee
people?
shown. Fill in the diagram with two more
details that support the main idea. 4. Why was the Cherokee journey to Oklahoma
called the Trail of Tears?
Life forthe Cherokee changed 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How

when Europeans came to the might developing a written language change
a culture?
Z
Southeast region.
I
^ Link to Writin
U.S.
Write a Poem Whatyou had lived in a
if
government
Cherokee village hundreds of years ago? Write
convinced the
a poem about life in the village.
Cherokee to
do more
farming.
192
^^^PHÎi^M^^^M ^^^M^^^*^^^H
17637-1843
Jome Cherokee thought that white people had magic

—
powers reading and writing. Sequoyah disagreed.
Sequoyah could not read. But he did not think that the
marks on paper were special charms. He thought they stood
for words. Sequoyah was determined to find a way to write
the Cherokee language. He hoped that reading and writing
would help Native Americans develop a stronger
government and gain more respect.
Sequoyah began working on his
writing system for the Cherokee
Giant redwood language in 1809. At first, he made
trees of the Pacific
up a symbol for each word.
coast were named
"Sequoia" in Sequoyah decided that working with
honor of
sounds would be easier than using a
Sequoyah.
separate symbol for every word
He based his alphabet not on single sounds but on
syllables. Sequoyah made up a symbol for each of the
85 syllables in the Cherokee language. This system

is called a syllabary after the syllables that the letters
represent. Cherokee leaders officially adopted the
writing system in 1821. This written language made it
possible for the Cherokee to start their own newspaper,

The Cherokee Phoenix
Sequoyah's syllabary
is still used today.
Learn from
Biographies
How could
Sequoyah's writing
system help the
Cherokee keep their
traditions and culture?
!
'• • - ..
LESSON 2
1565 1587 1607 1776
Spanish British start a British start American
build St. colony on a colony at colonies declare
Augustine, Roanoke Island, Jamestown, independence
Florida. Virginia. Virginia. from Britain.
Augustine
Early History of
.
PREVIEW the Southeast

Exploration, settlements, f^T " ™] The year is 1513. You are sittinj
agriculture, and slavery
shaped the early growth
all
of the
YOU Arej
with a group of Spanish soldiers
Southeast region. There
L^-^. around a crackling campfire in
PLACES Puerto Rico. One soldier is telling stories he
heard from the native people of Puerto Rico.
Roanoke Island
Jamestown, Virginia "Across the sea, there is an island called Bimini,
Monticello
where the fountain of youth flows. Anyone who
PEOPLE
drinks from this fountain will stay young
Juan Ponce de Leon
Hernando de Soto forever/' he says.
Robert La Salle
Thomas Jefferson The other soldiers are clearly interested in
James Madison
Andrew Jackson
the tale. The leader of the group rises to his feet
and says, "I propose an expedition to search for

VOCABULARY
pioneer Bimini. Who is with me?" Several soldiers rise to
backwoodsman
their feet, and you step forward, shouting
plantation
"Aye!" with the soldiers. You feel ready to

Juan Ponce
de Leon face the dangers of exploring a land you
led an
expedition
to a land
know nothing about.
he named
Florida.
a ts&
Main Idea and Details As you
reacl notice how European
'
settlements in the Southeast

194 region developed over time.
The Explorers
The Spanish governor of Puerto
Rico, Juan Ponce de Leon, believed
the Native Americans' stories about
the fountain of youth. He set sail to
find the island of Bimini in 1513.

Ponce de Leon sailed to the eastern
shore of present-day Florida. He
mistakenly believed it to be the island
He named the land "Florida"
of Bimini.
because he first saw the land on
Easter Sunday, which in Spanish is
Pascua Florida, or "flowery Easter." He

claimed the land for Spain. He was the
first European to explore Florida, but
he never found the fountain of youth.

Another Spanish explorer, Present-day
Southeastern U.S.
Hernando de Soto, landed in Florida in borders shown
1539. He was searching for gold. He

explored a large area of what was to P Explorers from Spain and France traveled
through the Southeast.
become the Southeastern United
Movement Which explorer went
States, including present-day Georgia, north and west and crossed the Mississippi River?
the Carolinas, Tennessee, and

Alabama. He was the first claimed the Mississippi River
European to see the valley (the land surrounding
Mississippi River, but he all the rivers that flow into

never found any gold. the Mississippi) for his
The first European to king, Louis XIV of France.
sail down the Mississippi In honor of the king, La

River and reach the Gulf Salle named the region
of Mexico was French Louisiana.
explorer Robert La Salle.

REVIEW Who were the
In 1682 La Salle headed an
major explorers of the
expedition that sailed through
Southeast?
the Great Lakes and down the p Robert La Salle
>® Main Idea and Details
Mississippi. When he reached the
end of the Mississippi, La Salle
195
Settlers Come >• The Castillo de San Marcos
in
to the Southeast
The Spanish founded a city that only clue left was the word
became St. Augustine on the east "CROATOAN" carved on a fence post.
coast of Florida in 1565. This city No one has ever found out what
became the first permanent European happened to the lost colony.
settlement in any area that is now part The first successful British colony in
of the United States. The Spanish built North America was Jamestown,
a fort there called the Castillo de San Virginia. In 1607 a group of 105
Marcos. They built the fort to protect settlers landed on an area of marshy
themselves against attacks. Today, this land on the James River in Virginia.
enormous stone fort is the largest The land turned out to be a breeding
remaining Spanish structure in the ground for diseases. Many settlers
United States. became ill and died. The nearby

A famous colony in the Southeast is Powhatan Indians offered the colonists
called the "Lost Colony." In 1587a food and helped them survive.
group of about 100 settlers sailed from The success of Jamestown led to the
England to establish a colony in North founding of more colonies up and down

America. They arrived on Roanoke the Atlantic coast. The Southeast
Island in what is now North Carolina. became home to the oldest English
Their leader, John White, left the colony settlements in North America.
to go to England more supplies.

for
REVIEW Name the early colonies of
When White returned to Roanoke in the Southeast and the countries that
1590, the colony had disappeared. The founded them. S3 Main Idea and Details
196
he doubled the size of the United
Building the Nation
States when he purchased the
Many early leaders of the United
Louisiana Territory from France. He
States were born in the Southeast.
designed his home, Monticello, which
George Washington, who was born in
is in Virginia.
Virginia in 1732, led the Colonial
Another famous Virginian, James
forces against the British army in the
Madison, is often called the "Father
Revolutionary War. Some important
of the Constitution." Madison was one
battles of the Revolutionary War were
of the leaders of the Constitutional
fought in the Southeast.
Convention of 1787. Here, political
George Washington became the first
leaders met to write the Constitution
President of the United States in
of the United States. In 1809 Madison
1789. Washington is known for his
became the fourth President of the
honesty, bravery, dedication, and
United States.
service to his country. As the "Father
Andrew Jackson, who became
of His Country," he set an example for
president in 1829, was the first
other presidents to follow.
president to be born in poverty. Jackson
Another leader of the Revolutionary
was born in South Carolina in 1767.
War was Thomas Jefferson, the author
Jackson received wide support from
of the Declaration of Independence. In
ordinary working people who believed
this document, the American colonies
that he understood their needs.
declared themselves free and
independent from Great Britain in 1776. REVIEW What major contributions
was born in Virginia in
Jefferson did four early presidents from the
1743, and became President of the Southeast make to the nation?

United States in 1801. As president, S5) Main Idea and Details
Monticello
You can visit the home that Thomas Jefferson designed
It is on a mountaintop about two miles southeast of
Charlottesville, Virginia. After many changes, the

house as it is now was finished in 1809. It has y
many objects that Jefferson designed,
J
such as a clock with two faces and a £*us£ » _,
hidden device to bring things up JOt
from the cellar. Jefferson also

r
designed much of the furniture. [H
ft n -
The beautiful grounds include OtmBMhH
an orchard, vegetable garden, ***?•££ '_
-i
and farmland.
'xm r"
Pioneers and
Backwoodsmen
American settlers moving west
own folklore and legends
created their
Pioneers and backwoodsmen became
popular figures in stories
and songs of the A day.
pioneer was a person who

settled in a part of the
country and prepared it for
others.A backwoodsman
was a person who lived in
forests far away from towns
Daniel Boone was a
pioneer. He explored
Kentucky and developed
the Wilderness Road, a
route followed by many
pioneers traveling west.
David "Davy" Crockett
Daniel Boone was born in
Pennsylvania in 1734. As a teenager, he

Farmers and Plantations
moved to North Carolina with his family.
Settlers who came to farm the
David, also known as "Davy,"
Southeast's coastal plains were able to
Crockett, was born in the backwoods
build large farms. This is because the
of Tennessee in 1786. He was a
land is flat, not hilly and rocky like land
skilled hunter, soldier, scout, and
in the Northeast. Some farmers in the
humorist. This backwoodsman
Southeast built large farms called
surprised many people when he was
plantations. Many plantation owners
elected a Tennessee congressman in
planted tobacco, cotton, and A rice.
1827. He was a successful and
great number of workers were needed
popular leader. After leaving office in
to work on plantations. Most of these
1835, he moved to Texas. He was
workers were African slaves. Slaves are
killed in 1836 while fighting at the
held against their will and forced to work
Alamo, a battle fought in Texas.
without pay. A slave is usually considered
REVIEW What contributions did to be owned by someone else.
Daniel Boone and David Crockett make
to the region? S£) Main Idea and Details
198
By 1776 slavesmade up close to
half the population in some states.
Many Southerners owned slaves who
worked in the cotton fields. Farmers
who had the largest plantations and
the most slaves planted the largest
crops. These farmers grew rich growing
cotton and became very powerful.
REVIEW How does the farmland in
the Southeast compare with farmland in
the Northeast? Compare and Contrast

1500s to 1600s Explorers from
Spain and France traveled through
the Southeast.
1607 British colony was started at
Jamestown, Virginia.
1700s Plantations grew.

1776 American colonies declared
r Boone Hall Plantation near independence from Great Britain.
Charleston, South Carolina
LESSON 2 REVIEW
2. What areas did Juan Ponce de Leon,
Check Facts and Main Ideas Hernando de Soto, and Robert La Salle
1. Si) Main Idea and Details On a separate explore?
shown. Fill in the diagram with two more
3. When was the first permanent European
settlement founded in North America, and
details that support the main idea.
what was name?
its
4. Why were some farmers able to build huge

Early leaders from the farms called plantations in the Southeast?
Southeast have made major 5. Critical Thinking: Point of View Of all the
contributions to the nation. qualities listed for George Washington,
which one do you think is most important
/
President
for a president to have? Why?
Jefferson
Link to Readin
bought
territory from Read About Plantations Find a book in the
France. describes life on a plantation.
library that
Report to your class about what you read.
199
Speaking Out
Have you ever stood up for a belief you thought was right, even
though other people said you were wrong? In the 1830s, sisters
Sarah and Angelina Grimke had the courage to speak out
against slavery. Even though their words made it dangerous for
them, the sisters continued speaking and writing against slavery.
Before 1850, some people who lived in the Southeast

believed that slavery should be ended, or
abolished. People who wanted to
abolish slavery were called
Abolitionists. Sarah and Angelina
Grimke (GRIM-kee) were
Abolitionists who grew up in
Charleston, South Carolina.

Sarah visited Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, where she
met people who were
opposed to slavery. After
several visits, Sarah
decided to leave her
home permanently in
1821. Her sister followed

her in 1829. Angelina
wrote a letter supporting
abolition that was printed in
an Abolitionist newspaper.
From then on, the sisters were
deeply involved in the antislavery
movement.
Angelina Grimke | n ig36 Angelina wrote an antislavery
booklet that was sent to women across the South.
200
BUILDING
CITIZENSHIP
Caring
Respect
In the booklet, she urged Southern women to speak out Responsibility
against slavery. Sarah wrote a similar booklet to religious Fairness
leaders in the Southeast, urging them to support the
Honesty
Many people South Carolina were angry
Abolitionists.
at the sisters for writing the booklets.
in
^ Courage
The Grimke sisters were among the first women to
give speeches in public in the United States.

Many people paid attention to the sisters'
words, in part because the sisters were
wealthy Southerners speaking out against
slavery. Sarah, Angelina, and Angelina's
husband, Theodore Dwight Weld, wrote a
booklet, Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a
Thousand Witnesses, in 1839. Harriet
Beecher Stowe, a writer and Abolitionist,
was said to have based parts of her

novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin, on this booklet.
Abolitionists like Weld, Stowe, and the
Grimke sisters gradually convinced many
people that slavery was wrong. The Grimke
sisters lived to see their dreams made reality
when slavery ended in 1865.

J*" Sarah Grimke
Courage in Action
Research other people who have

stood up for what they believed,
even when they were criticized
for their beliefs. You may choose
important figures in history or
people from the present day who
are not well-known. What beliefs
did they stand up for? How did
they respond to people who
attacked their beliefs?
201
LESSO 1860 __
F1
1880
1861 1865 1877

The Civil The Civil Reconstruction
War begins. War ends. ends.
The Nation
PREVIEW Divided
The Civil War had a major
impact on the history of the ] Dear Mary,
Southeast. We've known for a long
_____________________
PLACES time that a war could break

Charleston, South Carolina out. But I didn't think that it would happen
PEOPLE here in Charleston. As you may have heard,
Abraham Lincoln
there was shooting at Fort Sumter in our
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.
harbor. We heard that a Union ship was

VOCABULARY
Civil War bringing food and supplies to the Union
Union
soldiers there. Our Southern soldiers attacked
Confederacy
secede the fort before the supply ship arrived.
Reconstruction
civil rights We could see the whole battle from the
segregate
city. People clapped whenever a shell blew up
near the fort. We were happy when the

soldiers at the fort surrendered. No one was
killed. I hope nothing worse happens.
Your loving cousin,
Lucy
Main Idea and Details As you read,

s^_T^
A bugle used by soldiers ^2^f note why the Civil War was important
in the Civil War.
in the history of the Southeast region.
202
Slavery was one important issue of
The Civil War
the Civil War. Northerners and
Many people of Charleston, South
Southerners argued over whether
Carolina, were excited by the battle at
slavery should be allowed in the new
Fort Sumter. They were ready for war.
states added to the nation. Northerners
The Civil War began in 1861 and
did not want slavery to expand.
lasted for four years. It is called a civil
Southerners thought they had a right to
war because itwas a war between two
bring slaves as
groups in one country. On one side were
their property.
the Northern states, called the Union.
How people
They continued to call themselves the
felt about their
United States of America.
state and their
On the other side were the Southern
country was
states, called the Confederate States
another
of America, or the Confederacy. A
important
confederacy is a group of countries or
issue. Many
states. Because the war set Northern
Southerners
states against Southern states, some
thought that
people call the Civil War the "War , Abraham Lincoln
each state
Between the States." North Wind Picture Archive should have more control over what its
citizens could do. Many Northerners

thought that the national government
should have more power.
Abraham Lincoln, who was running
for president in 1860, agreed with
these Northerners. When he won, seven
Southern states seceded, or pulled
out, of the United States. They thought
that Lincoln would work against the
Southern states and might even pass
laws to abolish slavery. In time, four
more states seceded. These eleven
states formed their own country, called
the Confederate States of America.
REVIEW Summarize some reasons

the Civil War began. Summarize
People of Charleston watched the

battle at Fort Sumter in 1861.
203
P This field and bridge in Virginia were left in ruins
after the Civil War.
The Civil War's Effects

Confederate soldiers died in the war.
on the Southeast
Many families lost sons or fathers or
The Civil War was a time of great
both. Life was sad and difficult for
suffering. Confederate soldiers who
many people.
fought in the war often had little food.
The greatest change in the South
Many people died from wounds or
came with the end of slavery. After the
diseases that spread through army
end of the 1865, the
Civil War, in
camps.
United States government passed the
After four years of fighting, the South
Thirteenth Amendment to the United
surrendered. Many soldiers returned
States Constitution. This amendment
home to find only ruins. During the war,
made slavery illegal in the United
cities had been burned down and
States. Former slaves became new
factories had been destroyed. Farms
American citizens.
had been burned and trampled.
The war did not just change the REVIEW Why was the Civil War a
South physically. It also changed time of great suffering for people in
Southern society. One in four the Southeast? Summarize
204
include the right
Rebuilding the Region civil rights. Civil rights
to vote and to have the protection of

Slowly, the South began to recover
the law.
from the war. Reconstruction is the
Many former slaves remained on the
period of time after the CivilWar when
farms of landowners. Because many
the South's buildings and its economy
had few skills for other jobs and no
were rebuilt. Reconstruction lasted
land of their own to farm, most former
from 1865 to 1877. Farmers again
slaves lived in poverty. Many
plowed their overgrown fields and
landowners tried to keep African
planted crops. Factory owners rebuilt
Americans in a condition very close to
their factories. Rail lines were
slavery. After 1877 many Southeastern
repaired. The government established
states enforced "Jim Crow" laws.
the Freedmen's Bureau in 1865. For a
These laws separated black people
time it provided food, clothing, and
from white people on buses, in
medical care to former slaves. The
schools, and in other public places.
Bureau also built more than 1,000
This separation is known as
schools for African Americans.
segregation.
During Reconstruction, Southern
states were readmitted to the United REVIEW How did the Southeast
States government. To rejoin the change during Reconstruction?
United States, each Southern state ^® Main Idea and Details
had to promise African Americans their
p- The Freedmen's Bureau set up schools like this
one for newly-freed African Americans. This
The Granger Collection school was in Richmond, Virginia.
205
Many people agreed with Dr. King.
The Civil Rights
A new law was written and Congress
Movement passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
In the 1950s and 1960s, many According to this law, segregation in
people began to work for civil rights.
schools and other public places was
An important leader of the civil rights no longer allowed.
movement was Dr. Martin Luther
King, Jr. He was born in Atlanta, Georgia.
REVIEW How did Dr. King and his
followers protest segregation?
He spoke out against segregation and
other kinds of unfair treatment. ^® Main Idea and Details
Dr. King urged people to protest

unfair treatment without violence. He
believed that nonviolent protest was a 1861 The Civil War began.
powerful way to win the fight for civil
1865 The Civil War ended.
rights. Dr. King said, 1865-1877 The South began to
rebuild during Reconstruction.
". . . nonviolent resistance is the -1964 Congress passed the Civil
Rights Act of 1964.

most potent [strongest] weapon
available to oppressed [treated
unjustly] people in their struggle
Dr.Martin
for freedom/' Luther King, Jr.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. What were two conflicts between North and
South that led to the War?
Civil
1. Si) Main Idea and Details On a separate
sheet of paper, fill in the diagram with 3. Compare the Northern and the Southern
pre-Civil War view of state governments and
details that support the main idea.
their importance.
4. How did the Freedmen's Bureau help former

The Civil War had a major slaves during Reconstruction?
impact on the land and
people of the Southeast.
5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Why
was the Rights Act of 1964 important
Civil
/ 1 V for everyone in the United States?
Link to Writing
Write a Book Report Look in the library for a
book about Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. After you
read the book, write a short book report. Share
your report with the class.
206
"
Rosa
Parks ms-
Ivosa Parks grew up in a small town in Alabama. During
that time in the South, many whites treated blacks
unfairly. Rosa Parks' family taught her to be proud of
herself and her culture. Rosa Parks said about her mother:
". she believed in freedom and equality for people,

. .
and did not have the notion that we were supposed

to live as we did.
When Rosa Parks became

Montgomery,
ROSA L PARKS an adult, she lived in
Alabama
has named Montgomery, Alabama. There
a street in honor she worked to get fair treatment
of Rosa Parks. for African Americans. She joined
the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). The NAACP is an
organization that works for the fair treatment of African
Americans and other minority groups. Rosa Parks became
secretary of the NAACP.
^ £
During the 1950s, many African Americans
in the South did not like the way they were
treated on city buses. When Rosa Parks was
arrested in 1955 for refusing to give up her
seat to a white man, a bus boycott began.
A boycott is the policy of refusing to buy
something as a form of protest. After the
boycott succeeded, Rosa Parks became
•<T
famous for her action.

What did Rosa Parks learn during her
7 i
childhood that might have inspired
her to fight segregation?

ffiwa sil
5
c
inning m
Identify Fact and Opinion
What? A fact is a statement that can be checked. It can be
proved to be true. An opinion tells about personal feelings. It
cannot be proved to be true or false.
Why? Facts and opinions help you understand the world.

However, you need to be able to tell the difference between facts
and opinions.
Writers often combine facts and opinions. They may use facts to
support their opinions. They may also use opinions to make a
story lively or to persuade others.
Suppose you found a diary with the following page written

by a young man who lived in Georgia during the 1860s. In
1864 his family was forced to leave their farm when the
Union army advanced through Georgia. They stayed with
relatives until the Civil War was over. When the family
returned, the young man wrote about what they found.
Our farm stood directly m the way of the Union troops advancing .
from Atlanta to Savannah in 1364. When we heard about the army's^

Approach, my family left the farm to stay with our relatives in
Solutriûs, 120 miles away. My mother, sister, and I made the journey]
hack to our farm in May of 1665. When we arrived, it was wonderful
to see that our house was still standing. Where a field of corn had
0retched to the was a sea of burned stalks. The field^
horizon, there , :
of vegetables that 1 had planted was trampled with what looked like •
hundreds of footprints. In my opinion, our land was ruined.

My mother was silent until now. "We'll plant again," she said,
looking around. "We'll put in another crop of corn and maybe some
peach trees." I felt better as 1 thought about the new crops we couldi
plant. "Peaches are the best fruit in the world," 1 said.

HOW? To tell the difference between a
fact and an opinion, follow these steps. Think and Apply
• First, read the diary entry on page
208.
• Then, ask yourself, "What Q What is an example of another
statements can be proved to be fact from the passage on page
true?" These statements are facts. 208? What is one way to
You can use reference sources such prove that this fact is true?
as encyclopedias, almanacs, and

maps to check facts. The first
Q What is an example of an
opinion from the passage?
sentence of the entry is a fact.
What words signal the
Historical records would show that
opinion?
the farm stood between Atlanta and
Savannah. Q How does reading for facts
• Ask yourself, "What statements and opinions help you to
cannot be proved to be true or understand the passage?
false?" These statements are
opinions. Sometimes statements of
opinion begin with clues such as /
believe or In my opinion. Opinions

are also signaled by words such as
wonderful, horrible, best, and worst.
•
'
The Glittering
Cities
It's so bright! Even though the
Cities in the Southeast are sun is not shining directly on
growing and changing.
it, the golden dome looks as if
PLACES it's all lit up. You're looking out the window
Dahlonega, Georgia
Atlanta, Georgia at the Georgia State Capitol as the train pulls
VOCABULARY into the station. You're riding a MARTA train

gold rush through Atlanta. You've just been to
public transportation system
Centennial Olympic Park in downtown
Atlanta. You're glad that the train runs above
the ground here so that you can see the
beautiful dome. Later, you'll get back on the

train to go to the Dr. Martin Luther
l
King, Jr., National Historic Site.
It's your first visit to Atlanta,
'here's so much to do and see!
Main Idea and Details As

5
^fS^ you read, look for details that

Fame, with pictures of governors and
The Golden Dome
other famous Georgians. The building
In 1828 gold was found in
also contains the State Museum of
Dahlonega, a town in a mountain area
Science and Industry.
in northern Georgia. The first
Before the Civil War, Atlanta was an
gold rush in the United States started
important city in the Southeast. During
soon afterward. People rushed to
the war, the city was destroyed. After
Dahlonega to look for gold. The town
the war, Atlanta was rebuilt, and soon
quickly filled with people mining and
became an important city again. It
panning for gold. If you go to
became the capital of Georgia in
Dahlonega, you can visit the Dahlonega
1868, after the Civil War. The new
Courthouse. The Courthouse was
capitol building was dedicated on
made with bricks that contain gold.
July 4, 1889.
The dome of the state capitol in
Atlanta gleams with gold from Georgia REVIEW What is the source of the
that the people of Dahlonega gave to gold that covers the dome of the
the state. The Georgia State Capitol Georgia State Capitol?
was modeled after the United States ^® Main Idea and Details
Capitol in Washington D.C. The
Georgia Capitol has a Georgia Hall of
p A street in Atlanta after the Civil War
* ,3
- !tt>K3feS£^.-,^ Tin-,,, in
-
~m:j..,m.*n,m fflff rrt ^,| — UWMJ1

1
| ; ntlHltlim
I l- " U *u
*» mJL- JL
Getting Around The Growing Cities
Atlanta started as a railroad center in Cities in the Southeast are growing.
1837. It was the western end of a new Many people are moving to the South
railroad line. As the railroad grew, from colder climates in the North.
Atlanta also grew and prospered. Trains Atlanta is growing quickly. Shiny new
carried goods, especially cotton, to the buildings are going up all over town.
cities in the North. Atlanta is a center of New industries are moving into Atlanta.
transportation today. It is still a railroad People are moving here for the jobs
center, and many major highways pass that the industries provide. Because
through it. Atlanta's airport is one of the Atlanta is the state capital, many
busiest in the United States. people who work for the state
Like many other large cities, Atlanta government live in Atlanta.
has a public transportation system to Communications is a major industry
take people to work or to other places. in Atlanta. Television stations
A public transportation system is broadcast all over the world from
made up of of trains and buses that Atlanta. Financial centers, such as
carry many people through a city. banks and insurance companies, have
Public transportation helps cut down their headquarters in the city too.
on automobile traffic. Atlanta's public Other Southeastern cities are also

transportation system is called among the fastest growing in the
MARTA, which stands for Metropolitan United States. Among these cities are
Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority. Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and the
cities of Naples and Orlando in Florida.
REVIEW How do public transportation
The warm climate and the availability
systems save fuel? Draw Conclusions
of jobs in these cities encourage
MARTA trains carry people to move there.
people around Atlanta
Charleston, South Carolina, is another
growing city. This city has many beautiful
old buildings. Near its harbor is the

South Carolina Aquarium. There you
can see plants and animals
from all areas of
the state.
mm
— -
P- The Rocky Reef exhibit at the South Carolina

Aquarium in Charleston, South Carolina Photograph by Eric Horan
Another fast-growing area is called REVIEW What are some reasons why
the Triangle Region of North Carolina. people are moving into cities in the
This area includes the cities of Southeast? ^® Main Idea and Details
Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill. This
area is a center for research in Summarize the Lesson
medicine, computers, and many other • The Georgia State Capitol has a
industries. It is also important as a dome covered with gold that came
center for business and education. from mines in Georgia.
Many cities in the Southeast lead the • Atlanta started as a railroad center,
country in population growth. The region and now has a public transportation
is well-known not only for its warm system to move people throughout
climate and beautiful beaches, but also the city.
for its growing economy and industries. • Atlanta and many other cities in the
Southeast are growing.
LESSON 4 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Where was the first gold rush in the United
States?
1. SS)Main Idea and Details On a separate
sheet of paper, make a diagram like the one 3. How has transportation affected Atlanta?
shown. Fill in the main idea and some facts 4. In what way is Atlanta a center of industry?
to support it. 5. Critical Thinking: Fact and Opinion A friend
says, "The Southeast the best part of the
is
country to live in." Is this a fact or an

opinion? How can you tell?
Link to Writing
Write a Comparison what ways are Atlanta
In
Many people Industries
and the other cities the lesson like your
in
in Atlanta are moving
home town? In what ways are they different?
work for into cities
Make a chart that shows the ways that your
the state in the
hometown compares with one of them.
government. Southeast.
213
Spoleto Festival
.'71.11 (,\U-II II (.1 II
Two Worlds
Every summer, a music festival is celebrated
in two countries. Charleston, South Carolina,
in the United States and Spoleto in Italy,
come alive with dance, music, theater, opera,

and visual art. The Spoleto Festival of Two
Worlds is a festival founded by Italian-born
composer Gian Carlo Menotti. People from
SPOLETO FESTIVAL l%8
all around the world come to both Spoleto
>• A poster from the
and Charleston to enjoy the festival events.
festival in Italy
Ifyou visit Charleston in late May and early June, you might see
puppet shows, circuses, jazz bands, or chamber music concerts.
A dancer at the Spoleto

Festival in Charleston
CHAPTER
1550 1600 1650
1565 1607
Spanish built British started
St. Augustine. Jamestown colony.
Chapter Summary
\
On a separate sheet of paper, make a diagram Many groups of people have
like the one shown. Fill in details that support lived in the Southeast.
the main idea.
/ 1 X
A Cherokee water
drum
>.
Vocabulary People and Places

\
Match each word with the correct definition or Tell how each of the following was important
description. in the Southeast region.
plantation a. a method of . George Washington (p. 190)

(p. 198) decision-making
in which all Sequoyah (p. 190)
consensus people agree
(p. 189)
Qualla Boundary (p. 191)
b. pull out of
secede Roanoke Island (p. 196)
(P- 203) c. to separate
people by race Jamestown, Virginia (p. 196)
civil rights
Charleston, South Carolina (p. 203)
(P- 205) d. a very large farm
segregate e. the right to

Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. (p. 206)
(P. 205) vote and to
Dahlonega, Georgia (p. 211)
have protection
of the law
x_
216
1700 1750 1800 1850 1900
1700s 1776 1838 1861-1865

Cherokee traded American colonies Cherokee were Civil War
with Europeans. declared independence. forced to move.
Facts and Main Ideas Write About History

\ A
Time Line How many years passed Write a Story Suppose that you are a
between the American colonies declaring colonist living in Jamestown. Write a short
independence and the start of the Civil War? story about your life in the colony. Describe
the colony and what kind of work you do.
Main Idea What issues did Northerners
and Southerners disagree about that Write a travel brochure about Atlanta.
caused them to go to war? Use the information in Lesson 4 to help
you write your description.
Main Idea Compare the Cherokee lifestyle
before and after the Europeans came. Make a time line about the Civil War and
Reconstruction or about the exploration
Main Idea How did Jamestown's success and settlement of the Southeast. Show six
affect the settlement of North America? or more key events. Illustrate your time line.
Main Idea Name several growing cities

and explain what is
of the Southeast
attracting people to these cities.
Evaluate What was the

Critical Thinking:
most important event in the history of
the Southeast region? Give two or more
reasons.
Apply Skills
\
Identify Facts and Opinions
Read the advertisement. Then answer the
questions.
Come to Jamestown!
Jamestown is the first successful English
colony in North America! You will enjoy
the beautiful Virginia landscape. The food
in Jamestown is the best in North
America.
Q List a sentence that contains a fact.
Q List two sentences that contain opinions.
Q What words
sentences are opinions?
are clues that these two
'
- '-'- "
217
UNIT
End with a Song
American Riv hani;v

.
Shenandoah
Capstan Sea Shanty
—Shantyman
mm
Call j-j D
I
1. Oh, Shen - an - doah, 1 long to hear you,
2. Oh, Shen - an - doah, I'm bound to leave you,
3. Tis sev'n long years since last 1 saw you,
4. When first 1 took a ram - bling no - tion
Response—Crew
D
* ^'^-0-
&•
I And see you roll •
in' riv - er,
A way_ you roll in' riv er,
And heard you roll in' riv er,
To_ leave you roll in' riv er,
Call —Shantyman
D
i
$ Oh, Shen - an - doah, I
S
long to hear you, _
Oh, Shen - an - doah, I'll not de - ceive you, _
'Tis sev'n long years since last I saw you,_
To sail a - cross the brin - y o - cean,
Response —Crew
D
t
*
6 -J2-
m ?
A - way, I'm bound a - way, 'Cross the wide
mm
Review
-*^^-^-- '
.^->***~-~***** Narrow the answer choices. Rule
out answers you know are wrong.
j PREP
The Southeast region has three main Some of these landowners denied
landforms: the flat coastal plains located African American workers their civil rights.
along or near the coast, the rolling hills After Reconstructionended in 1877, many
and valleys of the Piedmont, and the southern states passed laws that
rugged mountains. The warm climate and segregated black people and white people
plentiful water supply of the coastal plains in public places.
and Piedmont make the lands well-suited These laws lasted through the first half
for farming. Farming has always been of the 20th century. In the 1950s, more
important to the economy of the African Americans began to speak out
Southeast. Native Americans first raised against segregation laws. Their protests
corn and other crops there. In the late grew into the Civil Rights Movement. Dr.
1700s, European settlers started growing Martin Luther King, Jr. was an important
large amounts of cotton in the region. leader of the Civil Rights Movement in the
Many plantation owners in the Southeast 1950s and 1960s. He urged his followers
had slaves to work in their fields. to use nonviolent methods of protest.
At the close of the Civil War in 1865, Eventually, the protests resulted in the
slavery was abolished across the nation. passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Many of the freed slaves chose to remain This act ended segregation laws
on the farms of the white landowners. throughout the United States.
Q What
A
are the coastal plains?
rugged and steep lands near a river
QA In thispassage, segregation means
separation based on race
B rolling hills and valleys at the foot of B the act of isolating someone based
a mountain on religion
C flat land that begins near the ocean C the act of giving individuals special
D vast forests and privileges
rights
D the coming together of different
When did people in the Southeast begin cultures
growing large amounts of cotton?
A in the 1700s
B after 1865
Q After the Civil War, African Americans in
the Southeast were promised their civil
C during the 1940s rights. However, they did not always
D during the 1960s receive their full rights. How many years
passed between the end of the Civil War
and the passage of the Civil Rights Act?
A 99 years
B 85 years
C 12 years
D 150 years
v.
220
Mill I iMIMli i ..
People and Places Write and Share

X \
each word, write a sentence that defines or
For Write a Scene About the Southeast As a class,
shows what the word means and relate it to the write a dramatic scene about a historic event that
Southeast region. occurred in the Southeast. With the entire class,
choose the event that your scene will be about.
Q Florida
173)
Keys Q St. Augustine,
Florida
Then, divide into four groups. One group will write
the dialogue (the conversation between different
(P-
characters). Another group will edit the dialogue. A
(p. 196)
Q Ponce de Leon
(p. 195) Q Monticello
third group will write descriptions of the different
scenery, furniture, and props needed for the
197) scene. A fourth group can add the scenery and
Q Robert La Salle
(P-
prop descriptions where they belong. Perform your
(P- 195) Q James Madison
(P- 197)
scene for another class.
\- ^—
Apply Skills Read on Your Own

A
Look for books like these in the
Identify Facts and Opinions
Read a newspaper article about a person, place,
or event in the Southeast. Use two different
colored highlighters. Mark facts in one color.
Mark opinions in the second color. Make a key
to label the colors you use. Then share your
classmate. Discuss any
article with a
disagreements you have about which
statements are facts and which are opinions.
Why Georgia's Capital

Is Booming
Atlanta, Georgia is one of the
fastest-growing urban areas in the
United States. Darla Evans, who
lives in Atlanta, says, "I believe
Atlanta isone of the most beautiful
cities in the United States. We have
many flowering trees, mild winter
weather, and the best baseball team
in the country."
.
221
oNir
CHANNEL
SCHOOL
Project
This Just In
Report breaking news in your state's
history.
X Choose an important event in your state's history.
Z Choose roles to play for a press conference

about the event: government officials or
experts, news reporters, eyewitnesses, and

other participants.
3 Research the event, focusing on one or

two important details of the event. Work
together to write questions and answers
l
about the event.
4 Create a poster that a TV news station

might use to announce breaking news
about an event.
5 Hold your press conference as a class

activity.
Internet: Activity
Learn more about the United States. Go to
222
The Midwest
y doe
a wheat-growing region?
£**'•¥ •* *-;*'#&
a
O beautiful for spacious skies, for amber
waves of grain . .
."
—from "America, the Beautiful," written by Katharine Lee Bates in 1893
Grant Wood painted Stone City

in 1930. It shows the rich farmland
and green landscape of the Midwest.
Welcome to the Midwest
\
Nearly half of the
corn grown in the
United States is
grown in Iowa,
Thousands of people enjoy Illinois, Indiana,
sailing on the Great lakes and Ohio.
every year.
Sculptor Gutzon
Borglum spent
more than 14
years carving
the faces of four
United States
Presidents on Mt.
Rushmore in South
Dakota.
The 630-foot
Gateway Arch in
St. Louis, Missouri,

is the nation's
tallest monument.
It is a monument
The moose is
to the spirit of
Minnesota's
western pioneers.
largest animal.
Moose can grow
1/2 feet
to be 6
high at the shoulder.
> An old schoolhouse
sits on the prairie
in the Midwest.
The Midwest
Cause and Effect
Learning to find causes and effects can help you
understand what you read. Study the diagram
below.
Cause Effect
An effect is
what happens.
• Sometimes writers use clue words such as so,

since, or because to signal cause and effect.
• An effect can have more than one cause.

• One cause can have many effects, as in the
paragraph below.
L.
Read the following paragraph.
Causes and effects have been A tornado is a type of violent storm that
highlighted.
sometimes happens in the Midwest. Tornadoes are
" sometimes called "twisters" because their winds spin
around in a whirling funnel-shaped cloud. Tornadoes
are dangerous because they can cause serious
damage. Effects of tornadoes include destroyed
buildings, uprooted trees, and objects as large as
trucks being thrown in the air.
228
'-
or
Hi
"^p^^p^
Causes and Effects of the Rainfall

Patterns in the Midwest
The Midwest region stretches Nevada and the Rocky Mountains.
from the state of Ohio at the east By the time the air gets to the
to the states of the Dakotas, eastern slopes, it is very dry. That
Nebraska, and Kansas at the west. is why the flat, Midwestern plains
The patterns of rainfall vary across on the eastern side of the Rocky
the Midwest. The western part of Mountains get so little rain.
the region is much drier than the The dry climate of the western
central and eastern parts are. plains affects the types of crops
What causes this difference? grown there. Farmers plant wheat
The dry weather of the western and other products that do not
Midwest is caused by the presence need much water.
of mountain ranges to the west of The central and eastern plains
the region. Because weather in of the Midwest receive more rain.
the United States generally moves This is because moist air from the
from west to east, much of the Gulf of Mexico flows northward.
moisture in the air from the This moist air brings rain to the
Pacific Ocean falls as rain on the central and eastern parts of the
western slopes of the Sierra Midwest.
Apply if;
Use the reading strategy of cause and effect to answer these questions.
Q What causes the western part of the Midwest to be dry?
Q What does
effect the lack of rainfall have on the farmers of the
western plains?
Q Why do the central and eastern parts of the Midwest get more rain than
the western part does?
Water and Land
of the Midwest
—< . * »-
'
m^K -u f r
- mu
i » i j pn <-»>> —*.
Lesson 2
Badlands
back
National Park
The Badlands look
in history —
to the
fit &:../•;:
C^rrw X
days of the dinosaurs!
230
—
Locating Places
H i
iwim i u i
i iii m i m/mmmm*'mm>*Qmmmmm'mm*mm^*m wpum i
.
"
m mmmmimmmmm
> "'
Why We Remember m0mmmmBm.!:.''-, .-..,.

^ frf f^- J m-r»*L*******
X l
si
Fields of wheat blowing in the wind, tall cornstalks in neat rows,

a scarecrow, cows in a pasture, beaches with beautiful lakes
you'll see all these in the Midwest. You might also see the Arch
in St. Louis, Missouri; the Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois; the
sand dune beaches in Indiana; and the cheese made in

Wisconsin. Read why many people call the Midwest "America's
Heartland."
231
LESSON 1
A Route
to the Sea
PREVIEW
You are riding on a boat in the
Chicago River. You are going to
The Great Lakes link the
Midwest region to the Gulf of go through the locks into Lake
Mexico and to the Atlantic
Ocean. Michigan. Your teacher explains that locks are
gated parts of a canal or river. She says that the

PLACES
The Great Lakes gates could be closed at each end separately to
Illinois Waterway
Mississippi River
raise or lower the water level. You stop. You
St. Lawrence Seaway see the gate close behind you. The boat is
VOCABULARY trapped in this little area. As you look over the

waterway
side of the boat, you see the water rising. The
canal
lock water rises until the boat
barge
is at Lake Michigan level.
The gate opens and the

boat moves forward. As
you look behind, you see

the Chicago River lock
closing. You are on Lake Michigan now!
vOi Cause and Effect As you read, look

$&€ for the effects the glaciers had on
the formation of the Great Lakes.
232
world. They contain about one-fifth of
the world's freshwater —water that is
not salty. They are so large that they

appear to be seas. In most places, you
cannot see the opposite shore.
The Great Lakes were formed many
thousands of years ago during the last
Ice Age. At that time, much of North

America was covered by thick sheets
of ice called glaciers. Movement of the
The History of glaciers caused deep pits to form in
the Earth. As the Ice Age ended, the

the Great Lakes glaciers melted. The melting water of
The states of the Midwest that are the glaciers filled the pits, forming the
near the Great Lakes are called the Great Lakes.
Great Lakes states. The Great Lakes
are Lake Ontario, Lake Erie, Lake REVIEW What happened at the
Huron, Lake Michigan, and Lake end of the Age that caused
last Ice
Superior.The Lakes are connected to the Great Lakes to form?
each other. The Great Lakes are the Sj) Cause and Effect
largest group of freshwater lakes in the
Lake Michigan is a huge, deep lake. It was

formed when glaciers melted and moved.
Another waterway, the Lawrence
Connecting the St.
Seaway, links the Great Lakes with the

Midwest to the World St. Lawrence River. The St. Lawrence
The Great Lakes are part of a River flows into the Atlantic Ocean.
system that links the Midwest with the Some parts of waterways are at higher
rest of the world. The system forms a
or lower levels than other parts. Locks
waterway, which consists of rivers,
were built so that ships could be raised
lakes, and canals through which many or lowered to a different level. A lock
ships travel. A canal is one kind of
is a gated part of a canal or river.
waterway that has been dug across
Between the gates, water can be let in
land for ships to go through. The
or out to raise or lower the water level.
Illinois Waterway connects Lake The Chicago River originally flowed
Michigan to the Mississippi River. This
into Lake Michigan. Engineers dug a
waterway consists of several rivers and
canal to connect the Chicago River to
canals. The Mississippi River flows
the Illinois River, which flows into the
into the Gulf of Mexico.
Mississippi. The canal and locks forced
The Great Lakes, rivers, and canals combine to form a large network of water routes.
MAP SKILL Using Routes What route would goods take if they are shipped by water from
Chicago to New York state?
234
How a Lock Works
Low water level
Gate is closed
Lower gate opens.
Water flows out.
> A lock system helps ships pass through rivers or canals that are at different levels.
the Chicago River to flow backwards so designed the Welland Ship Canal
that it would link Lake Michigan to the between the two lakes. The St.
Mississippi. Engineers solved the Lawrence Seaway has a number of

problem of how to let boats travel from other canals and locks as well. These
Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River. canals and locks make the seaway a
The builders of the St. Lawrence smooth passageway to the ocean.
Seaway, however, faced a different

REVIEW What effect did changing
problem. Boats could not use the
the flow of the Chicago River have on
Niagara River to get from Lake Erie to
transporting goods from Lake Michigan?
Lake Ontario. Boats could not travel
S§) Cause and Effect
through Niagara Falls. So engineers
235
However, shipping by water has a big
To Ship Over
advantage. Barges can move large or
Land or Water? heavy products long distances at a
Many goods from the Midwest
of the much lower cost than trucks or trains
are shipped by boat and by barge. A can. Barges use less fuel to ship the
barge is a flat-bottomed boat. Barges same amount of product than trucks or
and boats transport goods through the trains do. Barges also do not require as
Great Lakes and on rivers that eventually much maintenance as trucks or trains.
flow into the Atlantic Ocean. Then, the In addition, barges can ship much
goods can be transferred to ships that larger freight than trucks or trains. A
carry them all over the world. barge can move 15 times more material
Is it better to transport goods by than a railroad car, and about 60 times
water or by land? Shipping by barge more material than a truck. Coal and
has advantages and disadvantages. metals are often shipped on barges.
One disadvantage is that barges are However, barges cannot provide door-
slow, averaging only six miles per hour. to-door shipping the way trucks can.
Since food can spoil, it is not usually Trucks are the main method of
shipped by barge. Also, sometimes a transportation for fresh fruits and
customer needs a product right away, vegetables. But if a farmer is shipping
so shipping by rail or truck is faster. goods across great distances, then a
train is the most efficient means of
Tugboats push or pull barges. Sometimes, transportation.
several barges are connected together.
Trains can carry As you can see, shipping by water has
:
much heavier advantages and disadvantages. It is up
E3Bk*p*»» loads than trucks to the person in charge of shipping a
can, and at faster product to decide if shipping by water is
speeds. Freight the best method of sending the product.

trains can travel
REVIEW What are some of the
Freight train at 75 miles per
positive effects of shipping by water?
hour, while trucks
^® Cause and Effect
travel at up to 65 miles per hour,
depending on the speed limits of Summarize the Lesson
different highways. Barges travel much • The Great Lakes formed thousands
more slowly than trucks or trains. of years ago from glaciers carving
Several cities in the Midwest are channels in the land and then filling
major transportation centers. Trains them with melted ice.
and trucks transport more freight • The Great Lakes are linked to the
through Chicago, Illinois, than through Mississippi River through the Illinois
any other city in the nation. Ships and Waterway and to the Atlantic Ocean
barges dock in St. Louis, Missouri, one through the St. Lawrence Seaway.
of the busiest port cities on the • The waterways of the Midwest
Mississippi River. provide an inexpensive way for
people to ship products worldwide.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
2. How did glaciers help form the geography of
Check Facts and Main Ideas the Midwest?
1. 'i® Cause and Effect On a separate sheet
3. What are locks and why are they important?
of paper,make a diagram like the one
shown. Complete it by listing the missing 4. What helps link the Great Lakes and the
causes and effect. Atlantic Ocean?
5. Critical Thinking: Evaluate Suppose you

Cause Effect need to send fresh fruit from a farm in the
Midwest to a city in the Northeast. What
Melted water shipping method would you use? Explain.
from glaciers forms
the Great Lakes.
Link to Science
Learn About Glaciers With a partner, research
The Illinois other places in the world where glaciers can
Waterway is built. still be found. Compare what you learn with
what your classmates find.
A person decides to
ship goods by barge.
237
~<—mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmt M) iy
Issues and Viewpoints
ZEBRA MUSSEL
INVASION
International trade on the waterways of the Midwest is great for the
region's economy. However, it can bring with it a problem that is
difficult to solve!
In 1988, a new type of shellfish was discovered in the waters of Lake

Erie. This creature is called the zebra mussel, because it has a dark and light
striped shell.
Where on Earth did they come from? Zebra mussels are native to Europe
and Asia. They arrived in the United States
undetected, probably in 1986. Zebra mussels

traveled across the Atlantic Ocean in
European ships.
Adult zebra mussels attach to hard surfaces,

including boat hulls, water pipes, and the
rocky bottom of lakes and rivers. They grow
rapidly in thick colonies. There can be
500,000 zebra mussels in an area smaller than p zebra mussels clog the
your teacher's desk. inside of water P'P es -
These small creatures can cause big problems. They can eat most of the
small plants floating in the water, leaving no food for the fish. They can
cause the deaths of many larger clams. The mussels also clog the
water intake pipes in many cities along the Great Lakes.

Yet, when they are in the water for a long
period of time, they filter the

water and make it clearer.
The zebra mussel invasion started in the Great Lakes region. However,
zebra mussels have spread very quickly. Use research materials to
learn about the spread of zebra mussels in this country. Make a map
showing how this shellfish has spread from the Midwest to other
regions. Include dates on your map. Discuss the quote above and try
to come up with some ideas about what can be done.

i-C
Chart and Graph Skills
Compare Line and Bar Graphs

What? A graph is a special kind of picture. It shows and
compares information. Two common kinds of graphs are line
graphs and bar graphs.
A line graph can show how something has changed over time.
A line on the graph goes up or down to show these changes. For
example, the line on the line graph below shows how the
population of Illinois changed from 1850 to 2000.
A bar graph can also show how something changes over time.
The bar graph below shows the same information as the line graph,
Line Graph
Population of Illinois 1850 - 2000

13
r
12
Bar Graph
= 10 - Population of Illinois 1850 - 2000
i 9* 13
S 8 *
r
12 .
</)
I 7
ii
W 6 = 10
8. 5
- 8
3
S 7
2
<C 6 *
1
J_J
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Year
1850 1880 1910 1940 1970 2000
Source: U.S. Census Bureau Year
240
Populations of Michigan and Missouri 1850 - 1900
A bar graph
can also be
used to
compare
amounts. This
1900
bar graph Source: U.S. Census Bureau
compares the
populations of Michigan and Missouri graph. How is this bar graph different
from 1850 to 1900. from the line Now look at the

graph?
bar graph above. How is it different
Why? Line graphs and bar graphs from the bar graph on page 240?
show facts in a clear, simple picture.
They help you find information quickly
and easily. They also help you compare

Think and Apply
information. Choose the type of graph
for the information you want to show.
Q Would you choose a bar graph
HOW? Always read the title of a or a line graph to show
graph and the labels on the graph. changes in your height each
This information tells you what the year since your birth? Why?
graph is showing.
Look at the line graph on page 240. Q Suppose you wanted to
compare the number of
The dates at the bottom tell you when
workers in two Illinois
the population was measured. The
numbers at the left show the number
What kind of graph
industries.
would best show that
of people living in Illinois. Each dot
information?
stands for the total number of people
living in Illinois in a given year. Did the
Q Look at the graphs on page
population of Illinois grow slowly or 240. In which 30-year period
quickly from 1880 to 1940? did the population of Illinois
Look at the bar graph on page 240. change the fastest? How did
It shows another way of presenting the you find the answer?
same information that is in the line
241
LESSON 2
The Badlands
of South Dakota
PREVIEW
You ride a horse down a trail
Focus on the Main Idea that winds between sand-
Erosion has shaped the South
Dakota Badlands. colored hills. You and your
family are riding with a group through
PLACES
Badlands National Park the rock formations of the South Dakota
PEOPLE Badlands. You were excited when you learned

Sue Hendrickson you were coming here because you wanted
VOCABULARY to look for fossils along the rocky trails.
badlands
Your guide says, "Many dinosaur fossils
erosion
prairie have been found in these hills. A scientist
named Sue Hendrickson discovered one of
the most complete Tyrannosaurus rex fossils

Sue Hendrickson and
the Tyrannosaurus skull
ever found. The fossil was
named 'Sue' in her honor."
Perhaps you are about to

make an incredible discovery
of your own!
^/J\ Cause and Effect As you read, look

1§Zj£ for the ways that the South Dakota
Badlands have changed over time and
some of the causes of these changes.
242
through a lush, green plain. Many
Changes in the Badlands
plants and animals lived on the plain.
The Great Lakes states are one part
The climate was warmer and more
of the Midwest. Another part is known
humid than it is today.
as the Great Plains. The badlands are in
Over millions of years, the climate
the Great Plains.
became cooler and less humid. The
Sue Hendrickson found her famous
Rocky Mountains and the Black Hills
fossil in the badlands of South Dakota.
rose to the west. These mountains
Badlands are regions of dry hills and
affected the region's climate. They
sharp cliffs formed of crumbling rock.
blocked some of the rain that once fell
The badlands of western South Dakota
on the region. Over the next millions of
are among the most beautiful
years, the land began to change.
landscapes in the United States.
Rivers, wind, and rain carved the
Let's travel back in time to when
landscape we see today.
Tyrannosaurus rex roamed this region,
very long ago. There were no badlands REVIEW How did the climate of this
then. Instead, broad rivers flowed region change? ^ Cause and Effect
p> The Tyrannosaurus rex named "Sue" is on display at the Field Museum in Chicago.
«**C£
Â part of Badlands National Park
South Dakota, most rock layers are

Shaping the Land
fairly soft and crumbly. The rivers that
Badlands National Park, in
flow through the region cut easily
southwestern South Dakota, has the
through the rock. Sand flung by the
dry hills and cliffs typical of the area. In
wind wears away cliff faces. Rain also
fact, these badlands are called the
washes the rock away. One big
Badlands, with a capital B because they
thunderstorm can erode so much rock
are a national park. Wind and water
that you can see a change in the
have carved its soft rock into sharp
landscape after the storm! This is how
ridges and other fantastic shapes. An
the steep canyons and jagged
artist once described them as
formations were shaped. They are still
being formed. They erode an average

A city in ruins . . . containing
of one inch per year.
a palace crowned with gigantic Erosion continually uncovers fossils
domes and monuments of the in the Badlands. The South Dakota
most fantastic and bizarre Badlands are famous not only for
architecture. dinosaur fossils, but for many other

fossils as well. In fact, the area has one
But how did they get that way? of the richest fossil beds in the world.
Erosion shaped the Badlands.
REVIEW What does erosion do to
Erosion is the wearing away of rock by
the land? Main Idea and Details
water and wind. In the Badlands of
244
forests are found. Huge herds of bison,
Life in the Badlands
which are often called buffalo, once
You may think that the Badlands look
grazed on the mixed-grass prairie
too rocky and dry for anything to live
around the Badlands. Native American
there. However, it is home to many
people, such as the Lakota and Arikara,
animals. Birds nest in the craggy
used to hunt bison here. Today, cattle
rocks. Reptiles and insects live there
and sheep graze on this land.
along with mammals, such as prairie
dogs and porcupines. REVIEW Why might the prairie be

A prairie surrounds the Badlands. better for farming than the badlands?
A prairie is an area where grasses Draw Conclusions
grow well, but trees are rare. A prairie
gets much less rain than regions where Summarize the Lesson
• The climate of the Badlands was
Bison
once much warmer and more
humid than it is today.
• Erosion shapes the landforms of the
Badlands and exposes the fossils
there.
• Many animals live in the Badlands
and on the nearby prairie.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
2. What was the climate of western South
Check Facts and Main Ideas Dakota like when dinosaurs lived there?
1. "® Cause and Effect Make a diagram like
3. What caused the climate of the badlands
the one shown. Complete it by listing the
to change?
missing causes of events in the Badlands.
4. How does erosion shape the South Dakota
Cause Effect badlands?
5. Critical Thinking: Decision Making Your
Mountains blocked The climate
classmates need to decide about digging up
rain that fell became cooler
fossilsin the Badlands. Do you think that
on the region. and less humid.
people should remove fossils found in the
Badlands? Why? Use the decision-making
steps listed on page H5.
A new landscape
was carved.
Link to Science
Make a Mural Find out about the animals
Many fossils
that are native to the prairie. Make a mural or
are found in
bulletin-board display to share what you learned.
South Dakota.
^
245
LESSON 3
/ Bountiful
Midwestern
PREVIEW
Farms
The Midwest is one of the
world's leading farming Dear Mary Beth,
regions.
I'm so glad my family saw
PLACES the Corn Palace on our trip to
Mitchell,South Dakota
Big Springs, Nebraska South Dakota. The walls are covered with
Hoopeston, Illinois
colorful pictures. And guess what? They are
Great Plains
Central Plains made from corncobs, bundles of wheat, stalks
VOCABULARY of prairie grass, and kernels of grain! I wonder

crop rotation
if any of the crops we grow in Big Springs
irrigation :•/
ever make it onto the walls of the Corn
Palace. Maybe
some of the corn
you grow in
Hoopeston is
part of the
mural!
Your friend,
Cathy
^/J\ Cause and Effect As you read, look for

*«§i^ facts that explain why the Midwest is an
important farming region.
The Rich Farmland farm near Hoopeston, Illinois. Her
family grows corn and soybeans. Both
The Corn Palace is in Mitchell,
farms are in the Midwest.
South Dakota. It was built to show
The reason why these farms grow
how important agriculture is to the
different crops has to do with water.
Midwest. The Midwest is one of the
The map shows how much rain falls on
world's most important agricultural
different parts of the country. Find Big
regions. The soil is very rich and deep.
Springs on the map. It is in an area
Rainfall is also plentiful. The growing
season is long and summers are warm.

called the Great Plains. How much rain
does it receive each year? Now find
Midwestern farms produce crops
Hoopeston. It is in the Central Plains.
that are used for food and many other
Which area receives more rain? How
products. Not all farms in the Midwest
do you think rainfall affects the crops
grow the same type of crops.
grown in each area?
For example, Cathy's family lives on
a farm near Big Springs, Nebraska. REVIEW Why is the Midwest an
They grow wheat and sunflowers. important agricultural region?
Cathy's friend, Mary Beth, lives on a Main Idea and Details
> Compare the amounts of rain in the Great Plains and in the Central Plains.
MAP SKILL Use Map Key About how many inches of rain fail each year in Hoopeston? 247
The Great Plains does not get as
The Central Plains
much rain as the Central Plains does.
and the Great Plains Crops that do not require much rainfall
The farmland of the Central Plains is include wheat, oats, and barley.
known as the Corn Belt. This area gets Sunflowers also grow well in this area.
plenty of rain, which is ideal for growing Today, farmers on the Great Plains
corn. Farmers of the Corn Belt often are able to grow crops that need more
switch between two crops. They plant water — such as corn and soybeans.
corn one year and soybeans the next The farmers bring water to their farms
year. The soybean plants add materials and spray it over their fields. This
to the soil that the corn plants need in process is called irrigation. The water
order to grow well. The planting of comes from rivers or from deep
different crops in different years is underground.
called crop rotation. Corn and
soybeans are important crops on the
REVIEW What effect has irrigation
had on the Great Plains?

Central Plains.
S5) Cause and Effect
FACT Flit
Main Crops i
of the Midwest
The wheat, corn, and
Wheat
Soy
soybeans that farmers Corn flour
tofu
grow in the Midwest cereals animal feed
soy milk
are made into foods for corn oil alcohol for
medicines
fuel
people all over the world. corn starch
cheeses glues
Parts of these plants are corn syrup
animal feed straw for
made into many other alcohol for
paints baskets
products as well. fuel |
glues metal polish
The kernels of the plastics
fertilizers some
wheat plant are ground
meat
up into flour. Here are substitutes
some things made from
flour: bread, pasta, cereals,
cakes, crackers, cookies,
and many other foods.
^
248
Other Crops Summarize the Lesson
of the Midwest • Rich and a long growing season
soil
help make the Midwest an
Besides corn, soybeans,
important agricultural region.
and wheat, many other
farm products come from
• Corn and soybeans are two main
crops grown on the Central Plains.
the Midwest. The region is
Wheat and other grains are main
a leading hog producer.
crops grown on the Great Plains.
Corn-fed hogs provide
• has made it possible for
Irrigation
pork and ham. Michigan has acres of
farmers on the Great Plains to grow
apple, cherry, peach, and plum more types of crops.
orchards and fields of blueberries,
grapes, and strawberries. Milk and Farmers grow many
kinds of fruits in
dairy products are very important to
the Midwest.
Wisconsin's economy.
Some of the nation's largest cattle
ranches are on the wide-open spaces
of the Great Plains. The grain-fed cattle
of the Midwest provide top-quality beef.
REVIEW List ten different farm

products that come from the Midwest.
Main Idea and Supporting Details
LESSON 3 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Why are soybeans an important crop in the
Central Plains?
1. "® Cause and Effect Make a diagram like
the one shown. Complete it by listing the
3. Name two crops grown on the Central
Plains and two major crops grown on the
missing causes and effect.
Great Plains.
Cause Effect 4. How has irrigation changed farming on the
Great Plains?
The Midwest has
rich, deep soil and a 5. Critical Thinking: Evaluate Is the Corn Belt
long growing season. a good name for the Central Plains? Why or
why not?
The Central Plains

is called the
Link to Writing
Corn Belt. Write a Journal Find a book about farming in
the Midwest. Based on the book, write a series
Farmers on the of journal entries about daily life on a farm.
Great Plains use
irrigation.
249
1
United States and Thailand
I
sImm Emm
& Little Pia^ms

Farms in the Midwest region of the United States and
farms in Thailand, in Southeast Asia, raise important
food crops. However, while corn is often grown on
Midwestern farms, rice is the most important crop on
Thai farms. Corn is grown in soil that is moist, but not
wet. Rice is planted in flooded fields called rice paddies.
UNITED STATES
Midwest Region
Most Thai farms

THAILAND are 1-5 acres.
A Midwest farm might be more than 500 acres.
> In the Midwest, professional farmers

use big machines called combines to
harvest corn.
UVPWftHljJ
an hh
In Thailand, entire families work _
together on farms. Rice is usually j
planted, cared for, and harvested

by hand. Rice seedlings are
Some baskets are used in Thailand planted one at a time.
for measuring or carrying rice. The Harvesting is done with
larger basket is a tanan, used for a sickle or knife.
measuring rice. The smaller basket
is a katip, or lunch box, used for
carrying sticky rice.

,
V " ' "' •
<-•'. u.
•
i ; ,.
Review
Chapter Summary
Cause and Effect Cause
The temperature of
On a separate sheet of paper, fill in the
the Earth rises at the
effects related to the causes.
end of the Ice Age.
Sand is flung by
the wind against
cliff faces.
Soybean plants add

necessary materials
to the soil.
The Badlands
Vocabulary Places
\
For each vocabulary word, write a sentence Describe each place, tell where it is located,
that defines or shows what the word means. and why it is important in the Midwest region.
Q barge (p. 236) The Great Lakes (p. 233)
Q canal (p. 234) Q Mississippi River (p. 234)
lock (p. 234) Illinois Waterway (p. 234)
Q waterway (p. 234) St. Lawrence Seaway (p. 234)
badlands (p. 243) Badlands National Park

(p.244)
erosion (p. 244)
The Central Plains (p. 247)
prairie (p. 245)
crop rotation (p. 248)
irrigation (p. 248)
252
—

\
\
Write your answers on a separate sheet of Using Graphs
paper.
Study the bar graph below. Then answer the
Q How did the Great Lakes form? questions.
Q How did erosion shape the South Dakota Q What does this bar graph show?
Badlands?
Q Of the three Midwestern states shown
—
Q What factors make
the central Midwest a
rich agricultural region?
Indiana, and Kansas
Illinois, which one
had the largest population in the year
2000? in the year 1990?
Q Main Idea Describe the waterway that
connects the Midwest with the Atlantic Q About how many people lived in Illinois in
Ocean. the year 2000?
Q Main Idea What part

rich fossil beds?
of the Midwest has Changes in Population
12,000,000
Q Main Idea Name two Midwest states
and crops they produce other than corn 10,000,000
and soybeans.
Q Critical Thinking: Make Generalizations

The central Midwest has many large cities.
Based on what you have learned about
the Midwest, give a reason why cities have
flourished in this part of the region.
Write About Economics

Write a story using
what you have learned
about different types
of transportation for
getting goods to
market. Tell why you
chose this route.
Write a radio
advertisement
encouraging tourism
in the Midwest.
Write a journal
describing how you
plan to transport a Midwestern farmer's
soybeans to market.
253
People of the Midwest
Lesson 2
St. Louis, Missouri

The Gateway Arch
celebrates the western
growth of the United States.
254
Locatinq Places
Miwuaw<Mww>.> nu i
ujwwju. -*«-..^ ri
! —-™- wtmpw mmmmmmmmmimmmKmmmmmmmmm
Duluth Sault Sainte M

rx\ w
Wapello County
St Louis
ATES ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Gulf of Mexico
We Remember
Native Americans who lived in the northern Midwest moved

around their villages to plant crops along riverbanks, fish
in peaceful lakes, and hunt in the deep woods. They often
traveled by canoes made from the bark of birch trees. Today, the
Midwest is the transportation hub of the nation, linking all the
regions by train, by plane, and by superhighways.
255
LESSON 1
The Ojibwa
PREVIEW
TT* Today your friend Ron, an
The Ojibwa have maintained
_ t
'
Ojibwa, has brought his
important cultural traditions B_

_-_*_-y z yj talking stick to class. You and
and have contributed to the
culture of the Midwest.
your classmates are sitting in a circle while
Ron speaks. He says that the Ojibwa use the

PLACES
Duluth, Minnesota
talking stick to make sure that each person in
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
a group has a chance to express his or her
Mt. Pleasant, Michigan
thoughts. Whoever holds the stick has the
VOCABULARY
fur trade
right to talk. Everyone else has to show respect
and remain silent. When the speaker is
finished talking, he or she passes the stick on.
The students in your class decide to use
the talking stick to talk about what they wish

Ojibwa Talking
Stick were different in the world. You enjoy
listening to your classmates and thinking
;\
about what they are saying. You decide to ask
Ron more about Ojibwa culture after class, t
Cause and Effect As you read

sW £ think about the effects the
Europeans had on the changing
ways of the Ojibwa.
256 L
r
the forests, marshes, and waterways.
Early Ojibwa Culture
In most of the region, they grew only a
The Ojibwa (oh JIB way) lived along
small amount of vegetables. The
the coast of the Atlantic Ocean.
forests were too thick, the summers
Centuries ago, they decided to move
were too short, and the soil was not
westward. They traveled along the St.
rich enough for much farming.
Lawrence River and other rivers and
The Ojibwa had to travel widely to
lakes in what is now Canada. By 1641
hunt, fish, and gather food. They
they had reached the northern Great
traveled through the northern Great
Lakes region. They settled in the
Lakes region in canoes made from the
present-day cities of Duluth, Minnesota;
bark of birch trees. These lightweight,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and
durable boats would later become a
Mt. Pleasant, Michigan.
main method of transportation for
The new Ojibwa homeland was
European traders.
covered with thick forests. The hunting
was excellent. Fish from the region's REVIEW Why did the Ojibwa rely on
many lakes and rivers were another fish, game, and wild rice instead of
plentiful source of food. The Ojibwa farming as their main sources of food?
also gathered wild rice and berries from Main Idea and Details
This historic photo shows an Ojibwa couple

carrying a birchbark canoe ashore in Minnesota.
Some Sioux live in cities, such as
Native Americans
Minneapolis and St. Paul in Minnesota.
of the Midwest Today Many Sioux who live in cities keep
In the mid-1600s, Europeans first their ties to their culture by visiting the
came to the northern Great Lakes region reservations for special occasions,
where the Ojibwa lived. The Europeans such as traditional ceremonies. Many
traded cloth, guns, and knives for skins urban Sioux also take part in Native
from beavers trapped by the Ojibwa. This American cultural activities at urban
fur trade changed Ojibwa culture. The social centers.
Ojibwa started to spend more time
trapping and trading than they had done
before. They no longer produced
everything they wanted and needed.
Today, many Ojibwa still live in the
northern Great Lakes region. Some live
on reservations. These reservations

resulted from treaties, or agreements
that the Ojibwa made with the United
States government. Some Ojibwa
still hunt and fish and make
traditional crafts. Many have also

left the reservation and have gone
to live and work in cities. Centers
like the American Indian Center in
Chicago, Illinois, offer technology

training for Native Americans. The
centers also teach the skills of
different trades.
The Sioux (SOO) Indians also live on
the Great Plains. The Sioux belong to
several different groups: Lakota,
Nakota, and Dakota. Today, many Sioux
live on reservations in several
Midwestern states. They live in South
Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, and
Nebraska.
> This Ojibwa boy is wearing a traditional

costume.
258
Other Native also grew corn on their farmland. Today,
Americans who some Ottawa and Potawatomi still live
live in the in the Midwest. Some Ottawa live in
Midwest include Michigan. Some Potawatomi live in

the Ottawa and Kansas, Michigan, and Wisconsin.
the Potawatomi.
REVIEW Name one way that the Sioux
Originally, these
and Ojibwa have continued to follow
groups are
their traditions. Main Idea and Details
thought to have
come with the Summarize the Lesson
Ojibwa from the
• The Ojibwa live in the northern
Atlantic coast to
Great Lakes region.
the Great Lakes
• Hundreds of years ago, the Ojibwa
region. The
adapted to life in the region by
Ottawa and the hunting, fishing, and gathering wild
Potawatomi rice and other plants.
> Ojibwa harvesting wild rice
supported • Many Ojibwa and other Native
themselves like the Ojibwa by hunting, American tribes still live in the
fishing, and gathering wild rice. They Midwest.
LESSON 1 REVIEW
i
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Describe the places where the Ojibwa
traveled before the Europeans came to the
1. Si) Cause and Effect On a separate sheet
Great Lakes region.
of paper, list the effect that goes with the
appropriate cause and the cause that goes
3. What is one way that Ojibwa use of the land
changed after Europeans came to the
with the appropriate effect.
region?
Cause Effect 4. How do some Native Americans help other
Native Americans today?
The soil in the
northern Great Lakes
5. Critical Thinking: Point of View What special
relationship do the Ojibwa have with the
region was poor.
United States government?
/ —
The Ojibwa started Link to Mathematics
tospend more time
trapping. Make a Bar Graph
Find out the population
of the Ojibwa the four different midwestern
in
/—
states where most Ojibwa live: Michigan,
The Ojibwa still live
Wisconsin, Minnesota, and North Dakota.
the Northern
in
Make a bar graph that shows the Ojibwa
Great Lakes region.
population of these states.
259
Keeping a Culture Strong
How do you make a community stronger? One way is by
celebrating holidays and other events together. Joseph
Podlasek, an Ojibwa, works hard to keep his community
and its culture strong.
Joseph Podlasek's mother, a member of the Ojibwa from

the Lac Courte Oreilles (La COO TOO Ray) Reservation in
Wisconsin, had always taught him to respect his Native

American roots. In 1989, when Joseph was looking for a
new career, he turned to the American Indian Center

for help. The organization allowed him to use his
construction skills in exchange for taking courses

in a computer technology program. Joseph then
began a life-long journey teaching people to
respect his culture.
Joseph Podlasek is now the Executive
Director of the American Indian Center.
The American Indian Center has
become a symbol of Chicago's
American Indian community.
The center promotes the
well-being, education,
and business of
Chicago's Native
American community.
The Center also
teaches people
about the culture
of the Ojibwa and
other Native
Americans.
BUILDING
CITIZENSHIP
Caring
if Respect
Responsibility
Fairness
The American Indian Center has a program for students Honesty

in Illinois. The program includes storytelling, drumming, Courage
and other traditions. But most important of all, students
learn about the talking stick. People pass the talking
stick around a circle. A person who receives the stick
may speak. Everyone else is silent, showing respect to
the speaker. Many students who visit the American Indian
Center make a talking stick to take home.
Joseph Podlasek enjoys working at the center because
of what it has taught him.
"It is about going full and giving

circle
back to the community. I was taught

that if and when possible, you should
provide back to the community that
has helped you grow."
261
Use a Search Engine
on the Internet
What? You can find out more about a topic by doing research.
One place to find lots of research information is on the Internet.
The Internet is a huge network of computers. It contains many
World Wide Web (Web) sites. One of the quickest ways to find
information on the Internet is to use a search engine. A search
engine is a special Web site that locates other Web sites that can
provide information on the topic you are researching.
Why? A search engine can provide links to Web sites from all
over the world. The search engine usually gives you the title of
the Web site and a little information about it. From the
search engine, you can choose a link to find out more
about the topic you are researching.
iHHfa
.gov
L^h»>^
org
-
.edu
HOW? To use a search engine,
follow these steps. Think and Appfy
• First, select a search engine. A
teacher or librarian can help you
choose a search engine that will Q What is one way that the
Internet can be a useful
best help you conduct your search.
research tool?
• Next, type in a keyword or two. A
keyword is a word or phrase related Q What words or phrases would
to your topic, such as "Ojibwa." Then you type in to begin a search
click on "Search." You may have to of Native Americans in the
experiment with different words and Midwest?
phrases. If you need help, click on
"Help" or "Search Tips." Q How would you choose which
• If your search brings no results, try sites to visit from the list that
another keyword, or ask for help from appears on a search engine?
someone with Internet experience.

• Check the facts you find on the
Internet with another source such as
an encyclopedia.
LESSON 2 1650
,^^^^jr
1700 1750
Middle 1673 1680s 1700s

1600s Marquette and The French build Settlements
French fur Jolliet explore forts as trading grow around
traders come midwestern posts. the French
to the Midwest. waterways. forts.
PREVIEW The Fur Trade

European settlement in the
Great Lakes region and the
^ You are a trapper. Today you
Mississippi valley began with
leave on your journey down
the fur trade. Many of the
region's cities and towns river. Two young Ojibwa men
began as fur trading centers.
will be your guides. You are taking
PEOPLE beaver and fox furs to trade. The
Jacques Marquette
Louis Jolliet
Ojibwa have provided you with
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable
sturdy birchbark canoes. They
PLACES have given you corn and
Mackinaw, Michigan
Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan
smoked meat to eat on your
journey. You have traded
VOCABULARY
mission metal tools for their goods. As you
trading post
travel down the rivers you will y Top hat made
from beaver fur
watch the beauty of the spring
flowers blooming and the trees budding. It
will be a long journey but you are excited
because you know you will see many new

things along the way.
a Cause and Effect As you read, look

ts& f° r wa y s tnat tne f ur trade affected the
settlement of the Midwest.
264
across Lake Michigan, and down river
The Fur Trade
to the Mississippi River. On their return
in the Midwest journey, they followed the Illinois River
The French were the first Europeans to a place near present-day Chicago.
to come to the Midwest. They came in They stopped at a mission on Green
the mid-1600s in search of furs. The Bay in present-day Wisconsin. A
French and the Native Americans mission is a settlement set up by a
trapped and skinned beaver, mink, religious group to teach their religion
and otter. The animal furs were very and to help the people of an area.
valuable. Europeans used the furs to Marquette stayed at the mission.
make coats and hats. Jolliet continued on to Sault Sainte
In 1673 a French priest and explorer, Marie, Michigan. Trace Marquette
Jacques Marquette, and a French and Jolliet's journey on the map.
Canadian, Louis Jolliet, explored
areas of the Midwest. They traveled in
REVIEW Why did the French trap
birchbark canoes from Michilimackinac

animals for their furs?
(Mackinaw) in present-day Michigan, Main Idea and Details
The Voyage of Marquette and Jolliet
Exploration Time Line

1672: Fur trader Louis Jolliet is
chosen by French officials to explore
the Mississippi River.
1672, December: Jolliet arrives at

Michilimackinac and meets Jacques
Marquette, a priest, at the mission
there.
1673, May: The two men set out.
1673, spring: They carry their canoes

overland between the Fox and
Wisconsin rivers.
1673, June: The men enter the

lississippi River.
1673, July: They turn around just north

of the present-day Louisiana border.
1673, summer and fall: The men enter
the Illinois River, cross overland to

meet the Chicago River, and travel up
the shore of Lake Michigan.
Marquette and Jolliet explored areas around rivers of the Midwest.

MAP SKILL Intermediate Direction In what direction did the explorers travel along the Fox River?
265
eventually grew into major cities.
Trade Grows
Sault Sainte Marie and Chicago are
at French Forts two Midwestern cities that began as
Where Marquette and forts or trading posts. On
Jolliet traveled, French fur the next page you can
traders soon followed. read how Jean Baptiste
They built many forts in
Point Du Sable's trading
the Midwest, setting them post became the city of
up as trading posts. A Chicago.
trading post is a sort of
store at which goods are
Cannon at a French trading post I;U*JUVJ Describe
bought and sold. The traders exchanged some changes that took
tools for fur from the Native Americans.
place as French fur traders came to
The Ottawa, Ojibwa, and Huron tribes the Midwest. Sequence
brought furs to trade at the forts.

I Summarize the Lesson
Some Native Americans settled at the
ft— middle 1600s Fur traders from
forts as well. In places where the soil
France came to the Midwest.
was good, they farmed. They sold their
-1673 Marquette and Jolliet
extra crops to the traders at the
explored waterways.
nearby forts. They also made canoes.
Today Cities stand on some sites
Communities began to grow around
the forts. Many of these communities r where the French built forts.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
2. Why did the French come to the Midwest
Check Facts and Main Ideas in
the1600s?
1. "© Cause and Effect Make a diagram like
the one shown. Fill in the cause and effects.
3. What did Jacques Marquette and Louis
Jolliet do?
Cause Effect 4. How did the French fur trade influence the
settlement of the Midwest?
The French came 5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How did
to the Midwest contact with Europeans both help and hurt
to trade furs. the Native Americans?
Forts were set up

Link to Writing
for fur trade. Write a Letter You are a French fur trader. Write
a letter to your family in France describing your
life at a fort in the Midwest.
Many communities
became major
cities.
266
""'"'-
G|? A
Safest
Jean Baptiste
Point Du Sable
17457-1818
J ean Baptiste Point Du Sable (Zhahn Bah TEEST Pwahnt

DOO SAH Bluh) has been called "the father of Chicago."
Born in Haiti, Du Sable was a black pioneer. In 1784 he
brought his family to the shores of Lake Michigan, in
a region the Algonquin Indians called "Chicago."
Du Sable's trading post grew to be the largest in the
Midwest. It had a mill, a bakehouse, a dairy, a
smokehouse, a workshop, a
poultry house, a horse stable,
and a barn. He sold items to
all the trappers, traders, and
The location of Jean Du Sable's
loggers that passed through it.
trading post is now
a busy
intersection in Chicago. Soon Chicago
became known as
the best trading post for people living in
Wisconsin and Michigan. Du Sable sent
wheat, baked goods, meats, and furs to
trading posts in Detroit and Canada.
Soon Chicago became part of the
trading route.

Chicago is located on Lake Michigan
by the Chicago River. Why do you
think Du Sable chose to build his
trading post there?
For more information, go online to Meet i

j|i
267
Building
Farms
PREVIEW
i
v You stand tense and waiting with
Many settlers came to the r_ 1 your family. In the darkness of
'
i
Midwest in the 1800s to farm

the land.
i _ _ _ r_ r J the night, the flicker of torches
lights up the faces of hundreds of others in the

PEOPLE
John Deere crowd around you. A man near you cracks a
VOCABULARY joke, and people break into quiet laughter. A

sod mother sings softly to soothe a whimpering
drought
Dust Bowl baby. Your father pulls out his pocket watch.
PLACE It will be just a few minutes now.

Wapello County, Iowa
When the cannon fires, you and everyone
around you will run forward to stake claims on
Covered wagon the land. The date is May 1, 1843. The place is
Wapello County, Iowa. You are part of a land

rush. People enter an area at the same time to
claim land for homes, farms, and businesses.
Your family is among the first white settlers in
this part of the state.
^/J\ Cause and Effect As you read, look

IJjj-j^ for ways that pioneer farmers changed
the natural landscape of the Midwest.
By the early 1800s, centuries of
Before the Settlers
weakened many Native
suffering had
The settlers of Wapello County were
American groups. Then settlers started
not rushing forward onto empty land.
coming by the thousands to the
For many centuries, Native Americans
Midwest. The United States forced
had lived in this part of Iowa.
Native Americans to sell their land to
Some Native American groups of the
the government and move to
Midwest had farmed. Others had
reservations farther west. Once the
hunted bison, or buffalo, that roamed
Native Americans left, pioneers rushed
the prairies. Still others had combined
in to claim the land.
farming and bison hunting. Each group
had claimed a particular area as its REVIEW What were some factors
homeland. Throughout the 1600s and that led some Native American groups
1700s, the Europeans who had settled in the Midwest to lose their land?
on the East Coast had been moving Main Idea and Details
westward.
p- This painting shows settlers racing for their piece of land during a land rush.
for miles and miles. Many pioneers
Starting a Farm,
who settled on the prairie built homes
Building a Home out of sod. Sod is made of the grass,
Almost all of the settlers who came roots, and dirt that forms the ground's
to the Midwest in the early 1800s built top layer. Settlers cut the prairie sod
farms. First, a settler claimed land by into thick bricks, stacking them to form
hammering a wooden stake into each walls. They rolled out sod strips to
of the four corners of the area. Then, cover the roof.
the family built their home. Sod houses were warm in the winter
Midwestern farmhouses in the and cool in the summer. But sod
1800s were small and simple. Most houses were small and hard to keep
had a single room about the size of a clean. Most families moved into
modern living room. Most were log wooden houses as soon as they could.
cabins, made of trees the farmers cut
on their own land. However, some REVIEW Contrast the two main types
parts of the Midwest had very few

of homes that Midwestern pioneers
trees. These regions were prairies. A built. Compare and Contrast

prairie is a grassland that stretches
Some families lived in houses made of sod, such as the one pictured below.
^h*J&
<
lit Mflfl
ihU!
U
1
!
.
6
*^T
&&*<*&
, m
:
Juaft
Farming in the Midwest
In some parts of the Midwest,
farming the land was easy. In many
river valleys, Native Americans had
already cleared the land for farm fields.
p- Farmers in the Midwest in the 1800s used horse-
The settlers who took over only had to
drawn plows like this one.
plant their own corn. In most places,

farmers had to clear the land before
On the Banks they could plant. It took a lot of hard
work to chop down trees and dig up the
of Plum Creek make
stumps to a field.
In still other places, Midwestern

Laura Ingalls Wilder wrote
farmers had to plow up the tough
books about life on Midwest
farms in the 1800s. Many prairie sod. In the early 1800s this
stories came from her was not easy. The plows of the time
family's experiences. This had great difficulty breaking through
is a part of one book. the tangled prairie grass roots. In the
Laura went into the dugout.

. . .
1850s farmers could get a new steel
It was one room, all white. The
plow made by John Deere. Then,
earth walls had been smoothed farming on the prairies became easier.
and whitewashed. The earth floor Many farmers raised cattle, pigs, and
was smooth and hard. chickens. They made money by selling
When Ma and Mary stood in the animals or the milk or eggs the
the doorway the light went dim.
animals produced. In the early 1800s,
There was a small greased-paper
farmers close to the Mississippi and
window beside the door. But the
other big rivers and lakes could ship
wall was so thick that the light
farm products to the cities of the
from the window stayed near the
window. Northeast and the Southeast. In the
That front wall was built of sod. mid-1800s, railroads were built across
Mr. Hanson had dug out his house, the Midwest. The region quickly became
and then he had cut long strips of a center of farming and shipping,
prairie sod and laid them on top of
supplying the nation with food.
one another, to make the front wall.
It was a good, thick wall with not REVIEW What challenges did
one crack in it. No cold could get Midwestern settlers face and how
through that wall. could they overcome these challenges?
S uMMlW M
l l Main Idea and Details
271
some areas, they have
Using
let the prairie grasses
Farm Land grow back.
Farmers who came to
the Midwest in the
REVIEW What did
farmers do that
1800s did not realize
contributed to the cause
that the way they farmed
p- A family escaping from the Dust Bowl, of the Dust Bowl?
could harm the land.
1936
During times of little
rain, or drought, the soil turned to dust

and blew away in huge dust storms.
• In the 1800s thousands of settlers
Years of drought struck the Midwest
came to the Midwest to start farms.
in the 1930s. Farmers suffered greatly
• Midwestern farmers cleared the
The area became known as the
land, plowed it, and built homes.
Dust Bowl. Soil from the Dust Bowl
• Improved farm equipment allowed
darkened the skies for weeks and
Midwestern farmers to become
even blew as far as the East Coast.
important food producers.
Today, farmers plow and plant in
• Midwestern farmers learned better
curves to help stop soil from washing
ways to farm the land.
or blowing away. They plant different
crops to help keep the soil fertile. In
LESSON 3 REVIEW
2. What affected Native Americans in the
Check Facts and Main Ideas Midwest from the 1600s to the early
1. "® Cause and Effect Make a diagram like 1800s?
the one shown below. Complete it by listing
3. What kind of houses did the pioneers build
the missing cause and effects.
and why?
Cause Effect 4. What effect did advances in technology in
the mid-1800s have on the economy of the

Many settlers Midwest?
moved west, looking
5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions In the
for opportunities.
early and mid-1800s, money was scarce in
the Midwest. What could a family with little
The pioneer family money do to buy what they needed?

would build a house
and begin farming.
Link to
Make a Mural With a partner, design a mural
The Dust Bowl that shows the history of the Midwest from the
developed. 1600s to the 1800s.
272
BlO G
"aphy
John Deere 1804-1886
J ohn Deere was a blacksmith who moved to Illinois from

Vermont. A blacksmith is a craftsperson who makes and
repairs metal items such as horseshoes and tools for working
in the fields. The farmers in Illinois were always bringing in
their iron plows for sharpening. Farmers complained that the
thick clay soil stuck to the blade and
To use John made it dull. They couldn't plow
Deere'splow the
more than a few furrows before they
farmer walked
behind it, had to stop and clean the blade.
holding the
I
That gave Deere an idea. Deere

I reins of the
horse. used a broken steel saw to make the
blade for his new plow. It worked
much better than the old iron plow blades. John
Deere was soon in the plow-making business. He
called his steel plow the "Self-Polisher" because ^ $
it stayed clean asplowed the soil.it
John Deere was an entrepreneur. An

entrepreneur is someone who organizes
and manages a new business. Today the
company that John Deere founded is
^*
one of the largest manufacturers of
farm equipment in the world.
y
Learn from /
Biographies h %
How did Deere use problem-
%-
solving skills to improve the
plow?

the People at www.sfsocialstudies.com. ,
Farm Life
Raising crops on a farm involves
certain stages. First, the soil must
be prepared for planting. Then, seeds
are planted. Finally, the crops are harvested
arm Wagon
For thousands of years, farmers used hand
tools to do these jobs. Then, in the 1890s,
This farm wagon was
1860. Farmers used wagons
built around
like
V
tractors and other machines such as the these to carry farm products to the
market, and then to take feed and other supplies
thresher were invented.
back to their farm. Horses pulled the wagon.
Autumn in Iowa
John 0. Robert Sharp painted this picture about 1940. He painted
it for a post office in Iowa, ft shows the end of a harvest season at
an Iowa farm. The women are picking the last fruit from the tree and
the men are tying corn stalks so they can dry.
Men and Wheat
Joe Jones made this 1939 painting for a post office
in Kansas. It shows a tractor pulling a thresher in a
Kansas wheat field. The thresher harvests the wheat

and separates the grains from the stalks.
John Deere Tractor

This tractor was built in 1924. Tractors
like these pulled plows to prepare the
soil and pulled other machines to
tend the crops. They also did many

other jobs around the farms.
Artifacts are from the Smithsonian Institution.

275
LESSON 4
1804 1869 1950s
Lewis and Clark Transcontinental Interstate highway
Expedition begins. Railroad is system is built.
« completed.
' /~ <
Hub of
PREVIEW the Nation
The Midwest has been a trade
The tram ride is an exciting
and transportation hub, from
long ago to the present. one, taking you up a steep,
PLACES curved path to the top of the

St. Louis, Missouri Arch. With each upward yank of cables, the
Cahokia, Illinois
round car twists and turns as it climbs the
PEOPLE
arch. When you get out of the tram, the view
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark amazes you. You can see so many things!
VOCABULARY Barges that look like toys travel down the
mound silver strip of the Mississippi River. You feel the

steamboat
hub slight sway of the Arch in the wind. Outside
transcontinental railroad
the other window you see the stadium. The
Interstate highway system
guide announces that the tram is about to
leave. You and two others pile into the egg-
shaped car. As it cranks and juts forward, you
smile at the thought that you were at the top
of the Gateway Arch in St. Louis!
v/J\ Cause and Effect As you read, look
p !>£*£ for events that caused the Midwest to

become an important center for trade
and transportation.
Cahokia
You can visit Monks Mound near Cahokia, Illinois. When
Cahokia was at its peak, around a.d. 1100, about 20,000
people might have lived there. Archaeologists continue to dig up
more of the mounds to learn about life in this ancient city.
Thousands of people gathered at the

Cahokia: Early Trade
Cahokia plaza for festivals and
Center of the Midwest perhaps for markets.
If you are in the St. Louis area, you Cahokia was once a key trading
can spot them. The mounds were built center in the Midwest. It was close to
by Native Americans who lived in the the junction of three rivers —the
area more than 1,000 years ago. A Illinois, the Missouri, and the
mound is a pile of earth or stones. Mississippi. Traders from the Great
Some mounds were burial sites for Lakes area and from the western
important people. Other mounds were plains shipped copper, lead, and bison
platforms where important members of bones on these rivers to Cahokia.
the community built their homes. Still
Southern traders in the Mississippi
other mounds probably were places valley shipped shells, jewelry, and
where ceremonies were held. pottery to Cahokia. With its
The biggest of these mounds is in widespread trade, Cahokia was a

Cahokia Mounds State Park in Illinois. meeting place of many cultures.
Called Monks Mound, it is the largest
structure built by any group of Native
REVIEW What caused Cahokia
Americans north of Mexico. Monks to be a key trade center?
Mound towered over a huge plaza.

277
,
He asked Lewis
A Gateway to the West expand the
and Clark to keep a record of
fur trade.
their trip.
Native Americans were not the only
Lewis and Clark set out on their
people who used the area near
expedition from the area near St. Louis
present-day St. Louis as a center for
in 1804. On their way up the Missouri
trade. The French set up a fur-trade
River, they met many different Native
center there in the 1700s.
American groups. They tried to get
In the early 1800s, the United States
each group to promise to trade with
bought the area from the French.
pioneers. They asked for advice on
Thomas Jefferson, who was the United
routes to the Pacific. Lewis and Clark
States President at the time, wanted to
had many adventures, as shown on the
expand trade. He also wanted to learn
map on the facing page. However, they
about the land and peoples of the West.
learned that there was no direct water
He wanted to see if St. Louis could
route connecting the Midwest with the
connect the Midwest not only with the
Pacific Ocean.
Northeast and the Southeast, but with
the West as well. He sent two explorers, REVIEW What were two main goals
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, of the Lewis and Clark expedition?
on an expedition to travel up the Main Idea and Details
Missouri River to its source. Jefferson A page from Lewis's journal with his
hoped that once they reached the drawing of a sage grouse
source of this eastward-flowing river,
Lewis and Clark would find a nearby

river flowing westward all the way to the
Pacific Ocean. With a water route to the
Pacific Ocean, the United States could
£
t*r***~ / Aaîct
William
Clark
Meriwether
Lewis 4*-£.*^> 6Jl~<^S 'A
278
Cc^-i fcj£ fy
'£ a-Z,<-rjL-* c.
&£±y avs ^c^L. ,/%Z ^^ oiC
.•îi. <^c*. -s>- t- c-c-<~-r. v;' :

£*--
's~i~c~- /Ws
l^C^-rt
Lewis and Clark Expedition
You are an explorer traveling with C August-September 1804. Among
Lewis and Clark. You have never
been this far west before.
. the different animals you see are
prairie dogs, which Lewis calls
ii
You will experience new things as "barking squirrels." In what
you travel through territory that will direction are you traveling?
some day form part of the Midwest. D. October-November 1804. You
The following questions match encounter a grizzly bear. Two
locations on the map. weeks later you feel the weather
A. May 1804. You leave your camp turning cold. Winter is coming.
near St. Louis to begin your up- You help the party set up a fort by
river journey. What two rivers a Mandan Indian village. You will
meet near the site of your camp? stay here until spring of 1805. In
B, July 1804. Your party reaches the

what direction owill you go to
return to St. Louis?
Platte River. In what direction is
St. Louis?
279,
A steamboat race on the Mississippi River in the early 1800s
However, the steady stream of settlers

Steamboats
coming into the region or heading
Chug Upstream westward from there also made
Within fifteen years of the Lewis and business grow quickly. Farmers
Clark expedition, St. Louis had grown shipped their grain by steamboat to
from a small trading post into a sell in markets in St. Louis.
bustling city. One of the main reasons By the 1830s St. Louis ran into
for this rapid growth was the invention competition as the Midwest's main hub
of steamboats. A steamboat is a boat of transportation and trade. A hub is
powered by a steam engine. a center of activity. Chicago, on the
Steamboats were bigger and faster banks of Lake Michigan, became a
than human-powered boats. By the strong rival. The completion of the Erie
1820s, steamboats carrying tons of Canal, which connected the Great
cargo and hundreds of passengers Lakes with the Hudson River in New
chugged up rivers at speeds as fast as York, drew business to Chicago. In
10 miles per hour. In the 1820s, that time, the building of railroad lines
was very fast. Such steamboats turned across the United States would further
the great rivers of the Midwest into increase competition between
major highways. St. Louis and Chicago.
In the first three decades of the
1800s, the fur trade held the biggest
REVIEW How did the invention of
share of St. Louis's shipping business. steamboats affect the city of

St. Louis? ^) Cause and Effect
280
Railroads Crisscross transcontinental railroad. Such a rail
line would cross the entire country. While

the Nation
the Civil War was raging, Congress
By the mid-1800s the steamboat
planned a northern route for the railroad.
was no longer the most modern form Since Chicago was farther north, it
of transportation. Railroads had

became a more important rail center than
several advantages over water
St. Louis. In 1869 the transcontinental
transportation. Rail lines could be built
railroad was completed.
almost anywhere. Weather also did not
Railroads remained important for
affect train travel as much as it did
travel and trade for almost a century.
travel on steamboats. Ice generally
But by the middle 1900s, cars and
would not keep the trains from
trucks had taken over as the main form
running. But ice-clogged rivers stopped
of transportation in the United States.
steamboat traffic for months during
Midwestern winters. REVIEW How did the Civil War affect
In the 1860s the United States transportation decisions made at that
government decided to help build a time? ^® Cause and Effect
Railroad Lines Around 1870
CANADA
WA
MT ND
Fargo, »*££?
OR
Wl
ID SD MN Ml iuffaioNrc:
WY
IA Chicago
NE [Pennsylvania
JJniq n^ PaS},-
NV (Cheyenne IL IN
Sacramento Denver,
San' UT ific
Francisco St^Louis
CA CO
KS MO -';
OK Memphis,
AZ
PACIFIC
NM AR
OCEAN AL, GA & ATLANTIC
TX
4 OCEAN
LAi
Key FL
Major railroad
lines
MEXICO Gulf of Mexico ^
Present-day
200 400 Miles
b: s
boundaries
200 400 Kilometers
P In 1869 the transcontinental railroad was completed.

MAP SKILL Use a Transportation Map What rail lines
|
would you have taken to go from Chicago to
Sacramento? 281
truck over the interstate highways.
Superhighways
Because of the Midwest's central
Span the States location, its highways are important
In the early 1900s automobiles for trade.
began to catch on in the United
States. People liked being able to
REVIEW What effect did the building
of interstate highways have on
travel when they wanted to instead of
following a railroad schedule. However,
shipping? ^® Cause and Effect
there were few good roads.

The government started building
better roads for automobiles in the L - More than 1,000 years ago Native
Americans built mounds at Cahokia.
early 1900s. By the 1950s the govern-
1804 Lewis and Clark set out
ment decided that the nation needed a
to find a water route to the
set of wide, fast, interconnecting
Pacific Ocean.
highways to link all the states. They
r 1820s Steamboats carried trade on
built the Interstate highway system,
rivers in the Midwest.
commonly called superhighways.
1869 A transcontinental INTERSTATE
Interstate highways carry freight as
railroad was built.
well as car passengers. Most of the
1950s The Interstate
things that we buy are now shipped by
highway system was built.
LESSON 4 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Why was Cahokia an important trade center
around 1100?
1. SJ) Cause and Effect Make a diagram like
the one shown. Complete it by filling in the
3. What did the Lewis and Clark expedition
accomplish?
cause and effects.
4. How did steamboat traffic help St. Louis to
Cause Effect
grow?
5. Critical Thinking: Point of View If you were
Steamboats Chicago in the mid-1800s, why

living in
were invented. would you encourage a relative from the
Northeast to move there?
Congress helps
Link to Writing
to build the
transcontinental Write a Journal Entry Suppose you are taking
railroad. a train trip across the Midwest. What would
you write in your journal?
Government decides
nation needs wide,
fast highways.
282
Mark Twain 1835-1910
JVlark Twain's real name was Samuel Langhorne Clemens
Mark Twain was one of America's most popular writers.
He grew up in the small, riverfront town of Hannibal,
Missouri. According to Twain, life in Hannibal centered on
the steamboats that visited daily. Twain's love of the great
river began when he took a trip
es -
downstream, intending to go
Halley's Comet appeared in
to South America.
1835, the year that Mark Twain
was horn. The next time it Twain started his career in
appeared was 1910, the year that
writing when he worked as
Twain died.
a printer's assistant. His first
story was about life on the Mississippi.
However, Twain longed to work on the steamboats. In
1859 he became a steamboat pilot and worked on the
river for another two years. Twain's years on the
Mississippi gave him many stories to tell. It also gave
him pen name. On the riverboats the crew
his
measured the depth of the water using a rope with
flags. When someone shouted, "Mark one," the rope
went down to its first mark. At this measurement, the

water was six feet deep. At "mark twain" the rope was at
its second mark. "Mark Twain," or twelve feet, meant
#
the water was deep enough for riverboats to travel \
safely. Samuel Clemens took this riverboat cry as his
name. It represented his love for the Mississippi and

the riverboats.

Inwhat ways did working on a steamboat help
Twain in the career he
For m0re information g° online to Meet the
later rVinca
l^f^r sc a
chose as q TArrifor?
writer/ www sfsocia stud ie S .com,
C Peop/e at . ,
p;;§!
1800 1810 1820
REVIEW v/
1804 1820s
Lewis and Clark Steamboats
expedition began. travel on rivers.
Chapter Summary
*\
& Cause and Effect

Cause Effect
Make a diagram like the one shown at the In the Ojibwa

right. Complete the empty boxes. homeland, forests
were too thick for
farming.
Farmers used
available materials
such as sod to
build homes.
Ojibwa
hunting
Interstate highways
tools
are built.
Vocabulary People
\ \
Match each word with the correct definition or Describe each person, and tell why each has
description. been important in the Midwest region.
mission (p. 265) a. little precipitation Jacques Marquette (p. 265)

over a long period
sod (p. 270) Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable (p. 266)
b. rail lines that
drought 272) John Deere (p. 271)
(p. cross the country
transcontinental Meriwether Lewis (p. 278)

c. roads that link all
railroad (p. 281) states
Mark Twain (p. 283)
interstate d. a settlement set
highway system up by a religious
(p. 282) group
e. earth materials
used for building
^
284
1830 1840 1850 1870
1843 1869
Wapello County I Transcontinental
land rush |
railroad was completed.

\
Write your answers on a separate sheet of Write an advertisement for your favorite
paper. form of transportation. Include pictures
Q How did the Ojibwa of the

to living in
1600s adapt
the northern Great Lakes
and a slogan or a plan for a videotape.
Write a diary entry telling what it was like

region? forsomeone your age to live in the
Q Main Idea Why was the fur trade very
important to the Midwest?
Midwest some time long ago. You might
be a member of a Native American family
or a member of a pioneer family.
Q Main Idea What was the result of special

had with the United
treaties the Ojibwa
Write a story from the point of view of a
railroad worker living in what is today
States government?
South Dakota, near the Missouri River.
Q Main Idea Why were Cahokia and

Louis good places for trade?
St.
Describe the changes you hope to see in
the area after the tracks are laid.
Q What advances technology and

in
transportation in the mid-1800s helped

in
Midwestern farmers be successful?

Apply Skills
Q Time Line About how many years were
there between the Lewis and Clark Using a Search Engine
\
expedition and the Wapello County land

Look at the following list to be used to search
rush in Iowa?
the Web for information:
Q How can
Make Generalizations
Critical Thinking:
the Midwest be called the
•
•
Samuel L.
Hannibal, Missouri
Clemens
"Hub of the Country"? • Steamboats

• Famous American writers
v_
Q What is this research probably about?
Q What other words and phrases might you

add to the list? Why?
Iftftriitt Jketivity Q Would you be more

information you
likely to find the
want at a .gov,
To get help with vocabulary, people,
.com, or .edu
and terms, select the dictionary site? Why?
or encyclopedia from Social Studies
Create your own list
Library at www.sfsocialstudies.com. of search terms for
another topic in the
chapter.
^—
285
End with a Song
. iWMiitii
^^ eefl W°fki°S on the Rallfoa*

People came from many countries to build the railroads that
cross the United States. In the 1800s men worked to the
rhythm of this song as they laid the first railroad tracks.
Work Song from the United States
G
1
-0
Di - nah, won't you blow, Di - nah won't you blow,
12.
±3 m
A Di-
G
nah won't you
, bl ow you ho n? horn?
y
A.
ti
ft
— — — —
fn * m
w W w ,*n
vV KJ
*J O
Some -one's in the kitch - en with Di - nah,
G D,
i Some-one's ir ) th e kitch - en, 1 know.

c D7 G
M
£L
Iff
Tl
— - V v ^ v " p —
> r w M v w fj «
VJ y W C/
fj L.
Some-one's in the kitch-en with Di - nah, Strum-min' on the old ban - jo.
G 3 3 d7
Fee, fie, fid-dle-ee i o, fee, fie, fid-dle-ee i o,
slight ritard a tempo

G C C\ D7
m mm
i Fee, fie, fid-dle-ee i o, Strum-min' on the old ban - jo.
287
Test Talk
Review
Look for details to support your — ....—» —— ...
answer.

The Midwest region is at the center of travel when they wanted to instead of
the United States. Its waterways connect following a railroad schedule. Soon the
the Midwest to the rest of the United Interstate highway system was
States and to the world. developed.
In the 1700s the French came to the The Midwest has served as a center,
Midwest region. The French also used or hub, of transportation. In the early
the waterways for trade. They built fur- 1800s steamboats brought traffic to the
trading posts on the rivers. These region's many rivers and lakes. In the
trading posts grew into large cities. mid-1800s railroads became the most
In the early and mid-1800s, many popular form of transportation. Trains
people traveled on waterways as they from the Northeast and Southeast
settled in the Midwest. However, in the regions connected to trains going
1900s, automobiles began to catch on westward. Today the vast superhighways
in America. People liked being able to carry traffic across the country.
According to the passage, which

became large cities?
Q The passage as a whole illustrates
A how the Midwest became a
A Native American hunting grounds transportation hub
B French fur-trading posts B how the Midwest became popular
C farms beside the Great Lakes C why people chose to move to the
D railroad repair yards Midwest
D why wheels also have hubs
In the passage the phrase Interstate
highway system
A a large road
means Q In the passage the word
superhighways means
B transportation A the waterways of the Midwest
C a set of roads that connect states B the Midwest's central locations
D traffic jams C un paved roads
D large roads that carry goods and
people across the country
N^
288
innii i mini

\ \
Match each person or term with its description. Write a Poem As a class write a poem about
how the Midwest has changed from the 1600s
Q Illinois
(P- 234)
Waterway a. canoed down the
Mississippi River
to the present. Divide up the centuries and form
small groups to write a stanza about each time
division. Decide whether or not you want your
to claim land for
Q Cahokia (p. 277) France poem to rhyme. After all the groups have finished
writing their stanzas, get together with the other
Q Louis Jolliet
265)
b. traveled the groups and read your stanzas in time order.
(p. Missouri River h.
Q Jean Baptiste
Point Du Sable
c. connects Lake
Michigan to
(P- 267) Mississippi River Read on Your Own
© William Clark
278
d. built a trading post Look for books like these in the library:
\
(P- ) in area that
became Chicago
e. ancient city that

was
trade
a center of
& ?ne Nation*
h.
Wany Tribes
Ho* W* live
1r
**toii Community
Apply Skills
X
Make a Bar Graph There is an Arts Camp
located in Michigan. Students from all over the of
United States attend this camp. With the •The Adventures
î:snw|jfl Sawyer
following data, create a bar graph showing how \ Tom
many students come from each state:
The number of students ranges from 0-400.
73 from Florida
225
50
from
from
Illinois
Indiana
\W)W o^ SôA«ft+;
350 from Michigan

60 from New York
140 from Ohio
fjot^j HW,s \r*U«* fVU^vMOL
289
oNir
- CHANNEL
StriOOL
Project
Point of View
People often have different ideas about one
topic. Take sides and discuss different
points of view.
1 Form a group. Choose a topic

covered in this unit that was
important to your state's history.
Write a sentence about your
topic.
2 Find two sides of the topic.

Write sentences with facts that
support each side.
3 Decide who will argue each side.
4 Debate your topic for the class.
Internet Activity
Explore the Midwest on the Internet. Go to
290
The
Southwest
. .-„-: „.._
;'£. - '
-•
291
. „>.>.<>.„ ~-^_ :
.
•^- v> ; v
-.
*.*'ii-'
IB
HJKBH
44
. . . your children, your children's
keep it for
children, and for all who come after you ." . .
—President Theodore Roosevelt, May 6, 1903, on his first visit to the Grand Canyon.
Edward H. Potthast's 1910 painting,

The Grand Canyon, pictures the vast
area of the canyon.
1
v V ^ ""
1
293
Welcome to the Southwest
M*uMM*««BBB
Yellow blossoms I
of the prickly
pear cactus
can be seen
throughout the
Southwest.
This bowl was made by

the Anasazi, a group of
Native Americans who
lived in Arizona and New
Mexico long ago.
> The roadrunner, the state bird of

New Mexico, prefers running to
flying. It can run as fast as 17
miles per hour.
Astronauts are trained

at Johnson Space Center
in Houston, Texas, for the
work they will do in space

HHHHHHHHHMHMHMHHNNBbr . . iMmtmnawm ,
The Southwest
Draw Conclusions
Authors do not always you everything. Instead,
tell
they may give you a few details about what happens

and expect you to draw conclusions.
Details Conclusion
Information
( with details A decision you reach
I
after you think about
the details
Information
with details
A conclusion is you reach that makes

a decision
sense after you think about details that you have
read.
You can use the and what you already know

details
about a subject to draw conclusions about it.
Read the paragraph at the The Grand Canyon is one of the nation's most
right. The conclusion was popular national parks. In the year 2000, almost 5
reached from the details million people visited the park. Most of them drove
in the paragraph. there in their cars, but the park does not have many
roads or parking spaces. This combination caused
traffic jams. Park managers concluded that they must
a better way
*— find for tourists to travel in the park.
296
Draw Conclusions About the Grand Canyon
After Major John Wesley Powell honor. In the meantime, the area
explored the Grand Canyon and became the Grand Canyon Forest
wrote reports about his trip, many Preserve. Mining and cutting
people became interested in this trees for lumber were still
natural wonder. Miners came to allowed.

search for minerals. Tourists 1903, President Theodore
In
came to see the wonders Powell Roosevelt visited the Grand

had written about. Some miners Canyon. He was impressed by its
found that there was more wealth beauty. He said, "Leave it as it is.
in guiding tourists than in digging . .keep it for your children, your
.
for minerals. children's children, and for all who

In 1882, the United States come after you as one of the great
government began a movement sights which every American . . .
to protect the canyon. A bill was should see." In 1908, the Grand
introduced in Congress to make Canyon became a national
the Grand Canyon a national park. monument. Then, in 1919, part of
It took more than thirty years for the Grand Canyon became a
the Grand Canyon to win this national park.
Apply it;
Use the reading strategy of drawing conclusions to answer these questions.
Q Why might a miner decide to guide tourists through the Grand Canyon?
Q Why did the government make the Grand Canyon a national park?
Q Do you think that the Grand Canyon should have been made a national
park? Why or why not?
297
Land and Resources
of the Southwest
-<^mmmmmmm !
i »
""«BH
Lesson 2
Saguaro National
Park, Arizona
The saguaro cactus
is adapted to
desert life.
298
Locating Places
WW"! -
-*mimnmm»wi-w "«»"
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Why We Remember
When you think of the Southwest, what images come to mind?
The Painted Desert? The Grand Canyon? Majestic mountains?
Sunny, warm climate? If you thought of any of these, you would
be right! The Southwest has a varied climate, unusual plants,
and amazing landforms, including one of the seven natural
wonders of the world —the Grand Canyon. It also has state-of-
the-art technology and much more. Turn the page and find out
just what the Southwest has to offer.
- .
299
LESSON 1
A Land
of Canyons
PREVIEW
uj, Finally, you are going hiking
""J
j
JO U Are ,
Jn the Grand Canyon You can

The Grand Canyon dazzles
visitors with its size and
x
_ - _ rf yj feel the excitement as your
beauty.
guide signals the beginning of your adventure
PLACES down Bright Angel Trail. As you look down
Grand Canyon National Park
you think, "I'd better watch my step, or I might
PEOPLE
find myself down there faster than I planned."
Garcia Lopez de Cardenas
Francisco Vasquez de On the rim, two mule deer pass by. Out from
Coronado
John Wesley Powell behind a fallen boulder some rock squirrels
Theodore Roosevelt
chase one another. Overhead a beautiful
VOCABULARY butterfly flits through the air. Below you in
adobe
pueblo the canyon, some jet black ravens roll and
tumble like acrobats.
What an adventure this
is going to be!
Binoculars
v^TV Draw Conclusions As you read,

VW£ draw conclusions about why the Grand
Canyon attracts so many tourists.
300
as limestone, causing to wear away.
The Role of Erosion it
Wind may also play a part in the

Scientists still know exactly
don't
canyon's continued erosion. Sand is
how the Grand Canyon was formed.
often picked up by wind and blown
What they do know is that erosion
against the canyon's walls. If you have
played a part in it. This gradual
felt sand, you know how sharp its
process of wearing away soil and rock
edges can be. Blowing sand can wear
can be caused by gravel and sand, by
away the surface of the rock.
water from rushing rivers, by rainwater,
Because erosion takes place all the
by melting and moving glaciers, and
time, the Grand Canyon may never
even by the wind.
stop changing. However, these
Many scientists think that the rushing
water of the Colorado River helped
changes happen very slowly — over
thousands of years. Hikers and visitors
dissolve and wear away the rock of the
may never see any changes at all.
Grand Canyon. The sand, gravel, and
boulders carried by the river most likely REVIEW How might the canyon
helped cut the canyon as well.
continue to change because of
erosion? >® Draw Conclusions
Rainwater also causes erosion by
dissolving certain kinds of rock, such p Rafting through the Grand Canyon on the Colorado
River is an exciting experience. The river's swift
waters helped carve the canyon.
?N*^ .^tfSSE
301
People and the Canyon
For centuries, people have hunted,
farmed, and lived around the Grand
Canyon. Scientists have found artifacts
in the canyon that are more than
3,000 years old.
Hundreds of years ago, people we
call the Anasazi (ah nuh SAH zee) lived
in the Southwest and as far north as

Colorado. Some lived near the Grand
>• Anasazi buildings within Grand Canyon
Canyon. Anasazi means "ancient ones"
in the Navajo language.
The Anasazi were skilled basket trails. Even so, tourists hike or ride in to
makers and potters. They also built see the beautiful waterfalls and blue-
networks of roads. Anasazi farmers green pools along Havasu Creek.
built irrigation systems to bring water Spanish explorer Captain Garcia
to their crops. Lopez de Cardenas (CAR deh nas) and
Some Anasazi homes were one- or a small band of soldiers were the first
two-story houses of adobe, or mud Europeans to see the Grand Canyon.

brick. The Anasazi also built large, Their leader, Francisco Vasquez de
apartment-like homes on cliffs. These Coronado, explored the Southwest in
cliff dwellings had many rooms and search of gold. He had heard rumors
housed many families. | of a great river that flowed through
Native Americans still live in the a golden canyon. Coronado sent
canyon area today. Some, such as Cardenas and the soldiers to see if the
the Pueblo peoples, may be the rumors were true. In 1540, they found
descendants of the Anasazi. Pueblo the river and the canyon, but no gold.
means "village" in Spanish. Some There was not much interest in the
Pueblo still live in villages of adobe Grand Canyon 1869, when Major
until
homes similar to those of the Anasazi. John Wesley Powell explored it. He
The Havasupai (hah vah SOO peye) live made a dangerous trip by boat down
in Havasu Canyon, a part of the Grand the Colorado River and through the
Canyon. Havasupai means "people of canyon. His report led others to want
the blue-green water." There are no roads to see this natural wonder. Powell was
to their reservation, only hiking and mule the first to call it the "Grand Canyon."
302
In the 1880s, miners came to the
canyon in search of zinc, copper, lead,
and other minerals, but the steep

canyon walls made mining difficult. At
the same came to see
time, tourists
the Grand Canyon. Some miners
began taking tourists into the canyon. U'
They charged for the tour.
In 1903, President Theodore

Roosevelt visited the Grand Canyon.
He wanted to preserve its beauty for
years to come. In 1919, part of the
Grand Canyon became a national park.
REVIEW Why did Spanish explorers

come to the Grand Canyon?
Si) Draw Conclusions
FACT Fill
Grand Canyon Facts
The Grand Canyon is about 277 miles long and
about 6,000 feet deep at its deepest point. That is the
height of four Sears Towers.
At widest point, the Grand Canyon

its is more than
18 miles wide.
At the South Rim the average temperature in July

is 69°F. In the same month, the average temperature
on the canyon floor is 92 °F.

-^ > Guided mule rides below the rim are popular
with tourists to Grand Canyon National Park.
303
Visiting the REVIEW Why do people want to visit
the Grand Canyon? ^® Draw Conclusions

Grand Canyon
If you visit Grand Canyon National Summarize the Lesson
Park, you can walk along the rim of
• The Grand Canyon is a magnificent
the canyon to see the breathtaking
landform.
view. You can hike into the canyon on
• Erosion carved out and is still
one of the trails. Park rangers can tell
carving the features of the canyon.
you about the wildlife and earth science
• Native Americans, Spanish
of the canyon. You can also explore the
explorers, miners, and tourists have
site of a Native American village. played a part in the history of
the Grand Canyon.
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. What is the Grand Canyon and why do so
many people travel to the Grand Canyon
1. "© Draw Conclusions On a separate sheet of
each year?
paper, write a conclusion about people living
in the Grand Canyon from the details given. 3. How might the Grand Canyon have been
formed?
Details 4. How does erosion affect the Grand Canyon
Scientists have today?
found artifacts in the Conclusion 5. Critical Thinking: Predict How might the
canyon that are over Grand Canyon be different today if the
3,000 years old. Grand Canyon National Park had not been
formed?
The Anasazi lived in

and near the Grand
Link to Science
Canyon hundreds Do Research About Erosion Erosion can help
of years ago. create beautiful landforms, such as the Grand
Canyon. It can also wear away topsoil needed
for growing crops. Find out about other
Native Americans landforms that may have been shaped by
live in the canyon erosion. Share your findings with classmates.
area today.
304
John Wesley
Powell 1834-1902
lhe year was 1869. Major John Wesley Powell gathered nine
brave men and four sturdy boats to take a trip through nearly
a thousand miles of canyons.
Powell had lost part of his right arm in the Civil War, but that
didn't stop him. This journey had been a lifelong dream of
this college professor and
geologist. On May 24, 1869,
Powell and his crew set off on the
Green River in Wyoming.
Nearly two months into the trip,
the crew reached the place

where the Green River
meets the Colorado River in Utah. The Colorado
River is rough with many dangerous rapids as it
passes through the Grand Canyon.
By August 29, 1869, Powell and his crew had
braved the danger and traveled through the
Grand Canyon! Powell made the first scientific
exploration of the Grand Canyon. His account
of the canyon sparked interest in this
awe-inspiring landform. In a report about
his trip he wrote,
"The Grand Canyon is a land of song. . . .
This is the music of waters/'

Powell was a scientist who kept a detailed
journal of his trip. How do you think this
journal influenced people?
For more information, go online to

the People www.sfsocialstudies.com.
Meet Ol
Thinking Skills
L
What? A generalization is many
a statement that applies to
examples. It explains how many facts have one idea in common.
Sometimes, clue words such as all, most, some, none, and many
signal the use of a generalization.
In Lesson 1, you learned these facts:
Peoples of the What they

Grand Canyon did there
Anasazi Lived and farmed
Spanish Explorers Looked for gold
John Wesley Powell Explored
From these statements of fact, you can form this generalization
Many different people have lived in
or explored the Grand Canyon.
Anasazi cliff dwellings

mm^^^HH I^^HHHBMHBMH
Why? Generalizations help you see The last sentence of the paragraph
make it easier for
the big picture. They is a generalization. Based on the
you to remember many facts. They information, it is a valid
help you understand new information. generalization — one that is supported

by facts.
HOW? To make a generalization, you

need to identify the topic and gather
facts about it. Then you figure out what Think and -Apply
these facts have in common. Finally,
you make one statement that is true

for all the information. Based on the paragraph about the
This passage is about tourists and Grand Canyon at left, which of the
the Grand Canyon: following statements are valid
generalizations and which are not
There are six lodges and three valid? Why?
campgrounds on the South Rim of the
Grand Canyon. Two main roads lead The South Rim of the Grand
into the South Rim, which is open Canyon is more beautiful than
year-round. Only one road leads to the the North Rim.
tourist area on the North Rim, which

has only one lodge and one
Q There is more traffic at the
South Rim.
campground. Because of snow, the
North Rim is closed from late autumn Q Park rangers would rather
until mid-spring. Most tourists to the work at the North Rim.
Grand Canyon visit the South Rim.
LESSON 2
Climates in
the Southwest
PREVIEW
You are walking outside on
a hot summer day. You are
The Southwest climate can
vary greatly. It is dry in some wearing a hat, but you can still
places and moist in others.
feel the sun beating down on your head. You
PLACES think, "Whew, it's really hot! But I'm not
Sonoran Desert
Saguaro National Park sweating." Even the air around you feels dry.
VOCABULARY
You take out your water bottle and take a long
arid drink. That cool water tastes good!
savanna
You look around and see plants growing
here. You wonder, "Where did that squirrel
come from?" You notice birds flitting from one
cactus to another. You think, "How can living
things survive in such a hot, dry climate?
Where do they get the water they need to live?"
>> The owl

tiny elf
may nest a hole
in ^/J\ Draw Conclusions As you read,
in the trunk of a IsjjS^ draw some conclusions about living
saguaro cactus.
in a climate that is hot and dry.
each
A Region of rain
dry.
year, but they are
These areas might go

still very
for a long
Varied Climates time without rain.
The Southwest region has a variety Because Texas is so large, the state
of climates with wide differences in
has several types of climate. The
temperature and precipitation. Some eastern part of Texas has a hot, humid
parts of the Southwest are deserts. climate. Western Texas is also hot, but
Remember, a desert is an area that it is usually dry.
gets less than ten inches of rain each Oklahoma sometimes has humid and
year. The rains may come in heavy windy weather. When cold and warm air
downpours, but they don't last long. masses meet over the state, Oklahoma
Some parts of the Southwest have can experience thunderstorms,
an arid climate. They are dry, but are blizzards, or tornadoes.
not deserts. For example, parts of
Arizona, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and REVIEW How would you describe
the climate of the Southwest?
Texas receive more than ten inches of
Average Temperatures in the Southwest During May
Temperatures in the Southwest vary greatly during the month of May.

MAP SKILL Use a Climate Map What Southwestern state has the highest average temperatures
|
in
May? Which states in the Southwest have the lowest average temperature in May?
309
Plants of the Southwest
The saguaro (saWARoh) is a kind
of cactus that grows naturally in the
Sonoran Desert, which stretches
through Arizona, parts of Mexico, and
southern California. This cactus is the
symbol of the Southwest. Its white,
night-blooming blossom is Arizona's
state flower. You can see
these spectacular plants
many
in
of
Saguaro
HmnHH
>• Saguaro in the Sonoran Desert
National Park near Tucson, Arizona.
The saguaro is well suited for living in
the desert. To grow big and strong, the

ribbed trunk and branches expand to
saguaro spreads its long, shallow
store water. The saguaro can store
roots to drink in the rainwater. Its
enough water to stay alive through
long, dry periods.
The saguaro's relationship with
desert animals is good for all. The
The Desert Is Theirs saguaro provides shelter for gila
Byrd Baylor collected folktales woodpeckers, elf owls, bluebirds,
from the Southwest. Here is part warblers, cactus wrens, wood rats, and
of a poem based on a tale told
lizards. Many animals return the favor
by the Papago people who live
by eating insects that could cause
in the Sonoran Desert.
disease and destroy the saguaro.
Even then Other types of plants grow in a
Coyote
climate region of the Southwest called
was around
a savanna. A savanna is a grassy plain
giving advice
and scattering seeds
on which few trees grow. The savanna
on the sides is hot and seasonally dry. Pihon (PIN
of hills. yon) pines and junipers are examples
Where he dropped of trees that grow on the savannas of
those seeds, the Southwest.
you see Wetlands can be found in the
saguaro cactus
Southwest as well. Marshes sometimes
growing now.
form on flat land surrounding rivers.
Wetlands provide a place for water
birds such as ducks and cranes.
310
A Southwestern Savanna Wetlands in Bosque del Apache National Wildlife
Refuge in New Mexico
Marsh plants include reeds, grasses,

and wild grains.
• Much of the Southwest has an arid
REVIEW Name three types of climate, but not all of the region is
plants that grow in the Southwest. desert.
Main Idea and Details • The saguaro is a cactus that is well

suited to growing in the Sonoran
Desert of the Southwest.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. How does the climate of the Southwest
vary?
1. Si) Draw Conclusions Make a diagram like
the one shown. Draw a conclusion about the 3. In what area of the Southwest do the
saguaro from the facts given in the diagram. saguaro grow?

4. Describe a savanna.
Details
5. Critical Thinking: Make Generalizations
What do plants and animals of the
Itsroots spread Conclusion
Southwest have in common?
wide to drink in
rainwater.
Link to Writing
Describe the Climate Write a postcard to a
Its trunk and
friend describing the climate of the Southwest.
branches expand
On the front of the postcard, draw a picture to
to store water.
show what the Southwest is like.
Animals help the

saguaro by eating
harmful insects.
311
Sonoran
Desert
xL&2 Esam
Nyiri The saguaro cactus
Desert begins to bloom when
it is 50 to 75 years old.
immi
The saguaro cactus is a large plant
that grows in the Sonoran Desert in
the Southwest. Giant plants grow in
many other places in the world. The

giant baobab tree grows in the Nyiri
Desert and on the savannas of
Africa. The baobab has a very wide
trunk. Both the saguaro and the

baobab tree can grow as tall as 60
feet. Many different animals make
their homes in both the saguaro and
the baobab.
Most saguaros grow

their first branches after
they are 80 years old.
Big Hug for a Big Tree It would take about 15 students

touching hands to go all around the trunk of an average baobab.
312 ^M^
Oil and
"fv
t
Technology
Preview
1 It's 10:30 in the mornin
on January 10, 1901.
The Southwest is a region
of discovery and research. You're watching a crew
PLACES drilling on Spindletop Hill near

Beaumont, Texas Beaumont, Texas. All of a sudden the
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Los Alamos, New Mexico earth begins to rumble. All at once,
Houston, Texas
mud begins gushing from the
PEOPLE ground! Drilling string and pieces
Pattillo Higgins
Anthony Lucas of equipment fly high into the air.
VOCABULARY
Then comes the oil! Everyone runs
gusher for cover. Safe at last, but covered
refinery
with oil, the drillers rejoice.
"We have struck 'black gold'!"
; Gusher at
Spindletop
vj/J\ Draw Conclusions As you read,

^^^ draw conclusions about how oil and
technology play an important role in
the economy of the Southwest.
314
Lucas's crew drilled the gusher.
Using Oil
Oil comes out of the ground in the
The gusher at Spindletop had an
form of a thick, black liquid called
effect on Texas history. A gusher is an
crude oil. This liquid must be
oil well that produces a large amount
separated, or refined, into different
of oil. After the gusher at Spindletop
groups of chemicals. The factory that
many people came to Texas in search
does this separation is called a
of and natural gas. By 1902, more
oil
refinery. From the refinery the
than 500 Texas companies were doing
chemicals go to other factories to be
business in Beaumont and other
made into many different products.
Texas towns.
Oil is a natural resource, and it
Pattillo Higgins, a businessman
is nonrenewable. A nonrenewable
and scientist, thought that there might
resource is one that cannot be
be oil beneath Spindletop. He saw
replaced by nature.
signs that there might be natural gas
in the area. He thought if there was REVIEW Using details from this page,
underground gas, there might also be draw a conclusion about the importance
oil. Higgins hired Anthony Lucas, a of oil. ^® Draw Conclusions
mining engineer, to drill at Spindletop.
FACT FILE
Oil and its Q Refining 1-KKlUctS
Products
Oil is pumped from

the ground and sent
gasoline airplane fuel
to a refinery.
Q At a refinery, oil is heated

so that it separates into
different chemicals.
Groups of chemicals are

made into products. fibers for
medicines
clothing
Pumping
Motor oil and asphalt for roads

other lubricants
' "
315
Technology
in the Southwest
The oil industry is important to the
economy of the Southwest. Technology
is another important part of the
Southwestern economy.
Arizona factories manufacture
electronic equipment, aircraft, space
vehicles, and missiles. You can see
some of these products at the Pima Air
and Space Museum near Tucson.

Companies in New Mexico make
computer chips and computers.
Pima Air and Space Museum
Researchers study telecommunications,
medicine, and genetics. At the Sandia about space from one of the world's
National Laboratories in Albuquerque, largest radio observatories, the Very
workers develop military resources. Large Array in the desert of central
Scientists in Los Alamos study New Mexico. The observatory has 27
nuclear energy. Astronomers from radio antennas that allow scientists to
around the world receive information view objects in space.
Radio telescopes at
the Very Large Array
MmmMM^mm
Texas industries make computers, REVIEW How does technology in the
radios, calculators, and electronic Southwest affect people all over the
equipment. Texas is also home to the world? S3 Draw Conclusions
Johnson Space Center in Houston.
Scientists and engineers at the Summarize the Lesson
Johnson Space Center manage space • a nonrenewable natural
Oil is
flights and conduct research. resource found in the Southwest.
Oklahoma companies assist the • Technology important to the
is
electronic, aviation, and space economy of the Southwest.

industries. Many NASA astronauts train
at Vance Air Force Base in Oklahoma.
> This jet, the SR-71 Blackbird, is one

of the fastest planes in the world.
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Why is oil called a nonrenewable natural
resource?
1. "® Draw Conclusions On a separate sheet
of paper, complete the chart about the
3. Name one technology industry for each
state in the Southwest.
importance of oil to the development of the
Southwest. 4. How has technology in the Southwest
helped the rest of the United States?
Details
5. Critical Thinking: Evaluate How have the
lives of thepeople of the Southwest been
Oil brought many Conclusion affected by the discovery of oil?
businesses to
Beaumont, Texas.
Link to Science
Conserve Resources Research different types
Oil has been of nonrenewable resources and ways to
important to the conserve their use. Make a poster showing
development of ways to conserve a nonrenewable resource.
the Southwest.
r
J
317
Flying to Help
When her dream of flying in space didn't come true,

Jerrie Cobb decided to use her skills to help others in
need. Because Jerrie Cobb cared, many people in the

Amazon rain forest lead healthier lives.
Geraldyn Cobb was born in 1931 in Norman,

(Jerrie)
Oklahoma. When she was only twelve years old, her

father taught her to fly a plane. After Project Mercury, a
major space project, was announced in 1958 by NASA,
Jerriewas chosen to take physical tests to compare
women's and men's abilities to become astronauts.
In 1960, Jerrie easily passed the 75 tests and
was named one of the participants in the

women's astronaut training program.
A change in the rules, however, kept Jerrie Cobb
from her dream of going into space. NASA made
a rule that astronauts must be military jet pilots
and at that time only men could be military jet
So the 13 women chosen for Mercury 13

pilots.
lost their chance to go into space.
, Jerrie was discouraged, but she decided to use
i her skill as a pilot to help others. She knew that

I the people of the Amazon rain forest needed
medicine, clothes, food, and doctors. For more
than 35 years, Jerrie has flown doctors and
supplies into this South American rain forest.
ii
Respect
Responsibility
Cobb's plane takes her to
parts of the Amazon rain Fairness
forest that cannot be
reached on foot or by car. Honesty
Courage
Her flights have helped
more than 6 million
people living in parts

of Brazil, Colombia,
Bolivia, Peru,
Venezuela, and
Ecuador. Because of
her caring efforts, Jerrie
Cobb was nominated
for a Nobel Peace Prize.
Jerrie Cobb organized this project on her own. Her work in

the Amazon has given her a new dream. She hopes to go on
a mission to study the Amazon from space one day.
319
Review
Chapter Summary
\
Details
^V*J Draw Conclusions

Conclusion
On a separate sheet of paper, fill in three details
that would lead you to draw this conclusion
about the Southwest.
The Southwest
has many natural
resources.

Match each word with the correct definition Write a sentence explaining why each
of the
or description. following people or places important to the
is
Southwest. You may use two or more people
Q adobe
(p. 302)
a. grassy area with
little rainfall
or places in one sentence.
Q pueblo b. mud brick

Q Garcia Lopez de
Cardenas
Q Beaumont, Texas
(P- 315)
(P. 302) (p. 302)
c. village
Q arid
(p. 309) d. a factory where Q John Wesley
Pattillo Higgins
(P- 315)
Powell
crude oil is
Q savanna separated (p. 302)
(P- 310)
e. dry Q Theodore
Q refinery
315)
Roosevelt
(p. 303)
(P-
Q Sonoran Desert
(P- 310)
^- —
^
320
Facts and Main Ideas Write About Geography
Q Why was Major John Wesley
important to the history of the Grand
Powell
\
Q Write a diary entry about a day at the
Grand Canyon.
Canyon?
Q Write a report describing ways to
Q How does the arid climate of the
Southwest affect the kinds of plants that
conserve oil and reasons for doing so.
grow there? Q Write a newspaper article describing the

plants and animals of the Southwest.
Q How was oil found at Spindletop?
Q Main Idea How has erosion affected the

Grand Canyon?
Q Main Idea Describe three types of

climate you might find in the Southwest.
"TW Sonera Sewtifoe •
Q Main Idea Name four technology

industries found in the Southwest.
© Critical Thinking:
did the discovery of
Cause and
oil
Effect
affect the
How
development of the Southwest?
—
Apply Skills
N
Read the paragraph below. Which numbered
statement is a generalization?
The saguaro cactus is well suited to grow

^~
inthe desert. The saguaro has long, shallow
roots that take in water quickly when it rains.
Saguaros have ribbed trunks and branches
that expand as wateris taken in. The cactus
can store huge amounts of water that keep

the plant alive during dry periods. Internet: Activity
Q The saguaro cactus

in the desert.
is well suited to grow and places, select dictionary or
Q The cactus can store huge amounts of

water.
Q Saguaros have ribbed trunks and

branches.
321
The People of
the Southwest
**" '*=-«^-"
?
Tucson, Arizona
Cities in the desert
are growing quickly.
322
Locating Places
l.li^lliiri! inflr iiip^rimrirn.i.li.iiiiiBiTiMi/
Why We Remember
The Southwest region has a varied and colorful history. The

Navajo, the Spanish explorers, and the region's Mexican
neighbors have all left their marks on the culture of the
Southwest. Now, technology and space exploration are
helping the region to develop even more. The Southwest
remains a fine landscape for those who want to explore.
323
1
..- !'•«!," ..,..-.,.,

,
LESSON 1 1850 1900 1950
1864 1868 1923
—
The Long Walk Navajo sign a treaty
with the United States
government.
Navajo Tribal
Council is formed.
The Navajo
PREVIEW
'
You've spent the day
wandering around the
The Navajo have lived in the
Southwest for centuries. fairgrounds, sampling
PLACES frybread and barbecue and watching artists

FortCan by, Arizona make beautiful jewelry. Then you spent some
Bosque Redondo, New Mexico
Window Rock, Arizona time at the rodeo, cheering on the riders.
PEOPLE
Now it is evening, time for dancing. You
KitCarson watch the dancers make their way across the
Henry Chee Dodge
floor. Their movements are graceful and full
VOCABULARY
of purpose. The Navajo dance, then the
hogan
Apache. Now a Pueblo group appears. You
EVENTS
The Long Walk
want to know more about these dances.
Perhaps you can learn about the meaning of

these dances tomorrow, on the final day of
the Navajo Nation Fair.
Cause and Effect As you read, think about

the way the lives of the Navajo have changed
over the years. Look for information about
what caused these changes.
324
Early Culture
When European explorers
came to North America, the
Navajo (NAH vah hoh) lived
in the hot, dry land of the

Southwest. They did not call
themselves Navajo. They

called themselves Dine
(Din NAY), which means
"the people."
The Navajo were mainly
hunters and gatherers, but
they learned farming, pottery
making, and basket weaving
from the Pueblo, who lived
nearby.
The Navajo lived in homes
called hogans. Usually, a
hogan had only one room. The
4g>
frame of the hogan was made
of logs, which were covered Navajo blankets are skillfully woven and highly
with a thick layer of soil. Later, hogans prized.
were made of stone, adobe, or wood.

in the area. Raising sheep became very
The door of a hogan would always face
important to the Navajo. The Navajo
east, toward the rising sun.
used the sheep for food and wool.
The Navajo got sheep and horses
The Navajo were organized into
from the Spanish colonists who settled
clans, or family groups. Each clan had
a leader, but there was no main Navajo
P A Navajo hogan in Arizona
leader. When white settlers
came, the U.S. government made
a treaty with the Navajo, but only
a few clans knew about the
treaty. This led to conflict.
REVIEW What are some ways

that the Navajo culture was
influenced by the Pueblo?
325
The Long Walk
In 1863, a soldier named Kit Carson
was ordered by the U.S. government
to stop the conflicts between the
Navajo and the white settlers in New
Mexico. First, Colonel Kit
Carson and his men
destroyed Navajo
crops and
hogans. Then,
they took the
Navajo's
animals. The
Navajo were left
with little food

and without a
Kit Carson
safe place to
live. Carson ordered the Navajo to
leave their land and move to the army
post at Fort Canby, now known as Fort The Long Walk covered almost 300 miles.
Defiance, in Arizona. MAP SKILL Use Map Scale About how far was
Fort Canby from Los Pinos?
In1864, many Navajo arrived at Fort
Canby. The soldiers gave the Navajo
food and blankets. However, in order to The Navajo were forced to walk 300
prevent further conflict with the Navajo, miles to an area known as Bosque
the army pushed them farther east. Redondo (BOHSkay ray DONdoh).
Bosque Redondo was near Fort
The Navajo Tribal Council
Sumner, in eastern New Mexico. It
In 1923 oil and minerals were
was a very difficult journey. Many
discovered on the Navajo reservation.
Navajo died along the way. Their journey
The Navajo Tribal Council was formed
became known as "The Long Walk."
to make agreements over drilling for oil
The soil at Bosque Redondo was
and digging for minerals on Navajo
poor for growing crops. The water was
land. The council made the first written
not safe to drink. Clothing and
system of Navajo laws. Henry Chee
blankets were scarce. Many more
Dodge was the first chairman of the
Navajo became sick and died.
Navajo Tribal Council.
Finally, in 1868, the U.S. government
The Navajo are now officially called
decided to allow the Navajo to return
the Navajo Nation. The Navajo capital
home. The Navajo signed a treaty with
is in Window Rock, Arizona. Today, the
the government. They would live on a
Navajo Tribal Council is the largest
reservation of 3.5 million acres that
tribal government body in the United
included their old lands. In return, the
States. The council members and a
Navajo promised to end their conflict
chairperson are elected every four
with the white settlers. The government
years. The Council meets often in
promised to build schools for the
Window Rock to make decisions for
Navajo and to give them sheep to herd.
its people.
The Navajo returned to rebuild their
homes and their lives. REVIEW How did the discovery of oil
and minerals on their land affect the

REVIEW Why was life at Bosque
Navajo? Cause and Effect
Redondo difficult for the Navajo?
Navajo wait to receive coupons for food at Fort
Sumner after the Long Walk.
327
—
business, and religion.

Navajo Life Today
Navajo culture includes many
The Navajo Nation is the largest
ceremonies. Some of the ceremonies
Native American group in the United
are for curing sickness. Others
States. Many Navajo live on the
teach the history of the people and
reservation, which covers parts of
their responsibility to the Navajo
Arizona, New Mexico, and Utah.
Nation. The Navajo also respect nature
The Navajo continue to keep much of
and aim to "walk in beauty" always.
their traditional culture. Even though
many young people speak only English, REVIEW What are some ways that
the Navajo language is taught in schools the Navajo keep their traditional
on the reservation. Many Navajo families culture? Main Idea and Details
still live in hogans and work together in
agriculture. Both men and women play

- 1864 The Navajo were forced to
an important role in Navajo politics,
walk 300 miles to New Mexico.
- 1868 The Navajo were allowed to
return to their land.
1923 The Navajo Tribal Council was

formed.
r- Today The Navajo Nation is the
largest Native American group in
| the United States.
Navajo shepherds
LESSON 1 REVIEW
2. What was the early Navajo culture like?
1. Cause and Effect On a separate sheet of
3. How is Navajo culture today similar to the
early Navajo culture?
paper, make a chart like the one shown. Fill
in the missing causes of the events listed. 4. How are the members of the Navajo Tribal
Council chosen?
Cause Effect 5. Critical Thinking: Evaluate Do you think it is
Soldiers destroyed better for the Navajo people to be governed

Navajo crops and by the Navajo Tribal Council rather than by
hogans and took laws made by people outside the Navajo
Navajoanimals. Nation? Why or why not?
The army forced Link to

the Navajo to go Draw a Picture The Navajo people use
on The Long Walk. materials from their land and their animals to
create art. Research types of Navajo art. Tell
about one type of Navajo art and draw pictures
to show it.
ooo i n iiiii—w mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

Henry Chee
Dodge 1857-1947
rTenry Chee Dodge faced many hardships as a child. Both
his Navajo mother and Mexican father died when Chee was
-:
very young. At age six he was forced to march with his
people on The Long Walk.
After the U.S. government allowed the Navajo to return
home in 1868, Chee Dodge learned to speak English. He
soon began to interpret for the U.S. agents governing the
Navajo. Later, he worked to keep
peace between his people and the
Before the U.S. government
reduced Navajo livestock
government agents. When the first
herds in the 1930s, Navajo Tribal Council was formed

Chee Dodge owned a
in 1923, Chee Dodge became
flock of sheep so large
that it took two months chairman. He served until 1928.
to shear them all.
In 1942, Chee Dodge was
once again elected
tribal chairman. In 1945, Henry Chee
Dodge was awarded the Silver
Achievement Medal from the Indian
Council Fire. In his acceptance
speech he said,
"The greatest of all Indian needs

is education/'
^.~±

k\ How do you think Henry Chee Dodge's
experiences helped prepare him to be
chairman of the Navajo Tribal
Council?

/
esearcn ana writing Skills
and
Identify Primary
Secondary Sources
What? Primary sources are eyewitness accounts or
observations. Primary sources can be letters, diaries, documents,
speeches, interviews, quotations, and even photographs and
newspaper interviews.
Secondary sources are secondhand accounts of history. Writers
of secondary sources collect information about a person, place, or

event from different sources. Then they organize that information and
present it in their own way. History textbooks and articles in
encyclopedias and newspapers are examples of secondary sources.

In this primary source quotation, a Navajo Code Talker describes an
experience during World War II. Navajo Code Talkers worked with the
U.S. Marines from 1942 to 1945. They sent secret radio messages in
Navajo. The enemy was never able to decode these messages.
"One experience that stands out in my memory is being on

combat patrol in Okinawa in Japan. Our patrol was pinned
down for two days —the antenna of my radio was shot off, but
I was able to get a message through [in code] for
reinforcements."
Roy 0. Hawthorne,
Kin lichii'nii Clan
The description below tells about the same event as a reporter

might write in a newspaper article. The article would be a
secondary source.
Those Marines were able to get themselves out of many difficult
situations using their Navajo words as a code language in voice
(radio and wire) transmission. For instance, a combat patrol in
Okinawa got a message asking for reinforcements through in code
in the middle of fighting.

330
Why? As you study, you can use
primary and secondary sources for Think and .-Apply
different purposes.
Primary sources can give you
information about how real people Q Suppose you wanted to read
thought, felt, or acted at a particular the words of a soldier in a war.
time and place. What kind of source would

Secondary sources help show how you look for? Explain.
people have come to understand an

event that took place in the past.
Q If you need a single source to
tell you about all of the events
leading up to a certain battle,

HOW? To tell if something is a
what kind of source might be
primary source or a secondary source,
most helpful? Explain.
consider the following:
In a primary source, the writer is a Q In which type of source is the
part of the action described, or an writer also a part of the scene?
eyewitness to it. The writer may say,
"I saw this," or "we did that." In the
example on page 330, Roy 0.
Hawthorne describes his own feelings Navajo Code Talkers
and actions. It is clear from his words

that he was present.
Secondary sources are written by
someone who did not see the
events firsthand. The writer is not
part of the events described.
Instead, he or she describes
what took place.
Both primary and
secondary sources are
useful. They can provide
a different point of view
of the same information.
WL—maertf
sso f H'l'M
•
1600 1700
1540 1610 1687 1720

Coronado sets City of Father Kino Mission San Jose
off to find Santa Fe founds is established in
/ I •
the "Cities is founded. missions in San Antonio, Texas.
of Gold." Arizona.
San
Antonio
Spanish
PREVIEW Influence
Focus on the Main idea
Explorers and missionaries
It has been a long journey.
brought a Spanish presence to
the Southwest. It seems as if you've been
PLACES J walking for years, searching

San Antonio, Texas for gold. You haven't found any yet.
Santa Fe, New Mexico
When you started this expedition, you were
PEOPLE
sure that you would find cities of gold. After
Father Eusebio Kino
all, eyewitnesses said they had seen them,
VOCABULARY
viceroy glistening in the desert sun. But when you
missionary
got there, every "golden city" you came upon
vaquero
was only a town of mud and brick. This time,
though, you know there must be treasure

ahead.
You're making your way toward the grand
city of Quivira. Your guide has been there.

He has seen its riches! You only hope it is
but a few more days' walk.
> Spanish soldiers wore

helmets similar to this vOi Draw Conclusions As you read, think
one on their expeditions vwj about the effects that the Spanish had
in North America.
on life in the Southwest.
332
Coronado Coronado s Expedition
and His Search
One of Spain's purposes
for sending explorers to the
Americas was to find gold.
When the viceroy, or governor,

of Mexico heard reports of
"Cities of Gold" to the north,
he wanted to claim them for
Spain. The cities were said to

have "... walls of gold blocks,
gates studded with precious
jewels, and streets paved with
silver. ..."
In 1540, the viceroy sent
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado to
search for Cibola, the golden cities.
On his journey, Coronado saw

a Zuhi pueblo near the present-
day border of New Mexico and
Arizona. The walls that were
supposed to be gold were merely
adobe shining in the desert sun. But
Coronado did not give up.
Coronado sent search parties in
different directions. You have read about

the group that went west. They became buffalo
the first Europeans to see the Grand and Native
Canyon. Another group came upon the American villages.
Gulf of California. A group that went east Coronado returned

explored Pueblo villages on the Rio to Mexico and reported
Grande in what is now New Mexico. that therewas no gold. His
Meanwhile, Coronado's party had expedition was labeled a failure.
heard about a mythical city of riches
REVIEW What did Coronado and his
called "Quivira." They traveled as far
explorers find on their journey instead
as present-day Kansas, but they found
of gold? Main Idea and Details
no gold. They found only herds of
333
Grain Mill
Candle and
Soap Vats
y Missions had many buildings and work areas.
Americans and they were devoted to

Spanish Missions
him. One of his missions, Mission
When the Spanish moved into what
Dolores, which was in Sonora, Mexico,
is now New Mexico, they brought
had a ranch with cattle and sheep,
missionaries with them. A missionary
wheat and corn fields, and orchards. It
is a person who is sent into other
even had a water-powered mill so the
parts of the world by a religious
people who lived there could grind their
organization to spread its beliefs.
own grain.
Spanish missionaries in the Southwest
Mission San Jose San Antonio,
in
set up missions, which were their
Texas, was established in 1720. It was
headquarters. Each mission tried to
so beautiful that it was called "Queen
support itself by raising cows, pigs,
of the Missions." Most missions were
and sheep. Mission farms also raised
enclosed by stone and mud walls with
crops such as corn, beans, fruit, and
wooden gates that could be locked.
pumpkins.
They had buildings for the missionaries,
Over time the missions spread into
offices, and a church. Missions also had
Texas and Arizona. In 1687, Father
rooms for Native Americans and others
Eusebio Kino founded three missions
who lived there.
in present-day Arizona, where he taught
The purposes of missions
Native American Pima and Yuma people
were to claim land and to make
for 25 years. He was kind to the Native
Christians of the Native Americans.
334
The Spanish government supported the Spanish viceroys treated Native
missions because they wanted the Americans cruelly. But some
Native Americans to become good missionaries were kind to the Native
citizens and loyal subjects of the king of Americans and protected them from
Spain. The Spanish also saw the Native people who mistreated them.
Americans as laborers. Most Native Some who lived at
Native Americans
Americans who lived at the missions the mission married and built homes
were put to work farming, making near there. In time, pueblos grew up
leather goods, spinning yarn, and around missions. The mission priests
weaving cloth. allowed the pueblos to govern
Native Americans were persuaded themselves with some supervision
to enter the mission in exchange for from the missionaries.
food and protection from enemies.
REVIEW Why were Spanish
Sometimes, however, they were forced
missions started in the Southwest?
to live and work at the missions. Some
^® Draw Conclusions
S
4
tVen
//
Remember the Alamo! ft
The Alamo is one of five Spanish missions in San Antonio,

Texas. Its real name is Mission San Antonio de Valero. It was
built in 1718, when Texas was still part of Mexico. In 1836, a band of
Texas settlers used the mission as a fort to fight for independence from
Mexico. All the Texas solders were killed. Soon after, Texas won its
independence with the rally cry "Remember the Alamo!" Only the chapel
Today, the Alamo Other missions are part of
is a historical site. remains of the
mission that the
the San Antonio Mission National Historical Park. Some, such as
Texans used as
Mission San Jose, are still active places of worship. a fort.
The festival celebrates Mexico's
Influence of Spanish
independence from Spain.
and Mexican Culture Modern ranches also reflect the
The influence of Spanish and influence of Spanish culture. The
Mexican culture can be seen Spanish were the first to bring cattle
throughout the Southwest. Some of to the region. They started the cattle
the Spanish mission churches are still
ranches of the Southwest. Spanish
standing. By 1610, the Spanish had cowboys, called vaqueros, handed
founded Santa Fe, the capital of down the skills used by modern
present-day New Mexico. Santa Fe is
—
cowboys herding cattle, roping,
the oldest center of government in the branding, rounding up herds, and
United States. Today many Spanish- riding on trail drives.
style buildings can be seen in the
Southwest.
The culture of Native Americans from
the Southwest and Mexico influenced
A dancer twirls at
the culture of the region. Mexican
a Cinco de Mayo
and Spanish foods are popular in the celebration.
Southwest. Bright western clothing

and lively music are a result of
Mexican influence.
Many people in the Southwest
celebrate two important
festivals that have their
roots in Mexico. The
first, Cinco de Mayo,
celebrates a Mexican
victory against French
forces at Puebla,
Mexico, in 1862. The
second, Mexican
Independence Day,
is also known as
Diez y Seis de
Septiembre
(September 16).
336
Even the language of the Southwest
uses many Spanish words. The
1540 Coronado set off in search of
wooden pen for cattle and horses is
gold.
called by the Spanish name corral.
1610 City of Santa Fe was founded.
The ropes used to capture steers and
horses are called lassos. Ranch comes
- 1687 Father Kino founded missions
^ in Arizona.
from the Spanish word rancho. Many
people the Southwest speak both
Mission San Jose was
in
rl720
established in San Antonio.
English and Spanish.
REVIEW How did Spanish settlers ^ Today Spanish influences can be

seen throughout the Southwest.
affect cattle ranching in the
Southwest? Cause and Effect Santa Fe, New Mexico
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. What parts of the Southwest did
Coronado's soldiers explore?
1. ^® Draw Conclusions On a separate
sheet of paper, fill in a conclusion about
3. How did the Spanish missions affect the
settlement of the Southwest?
Coronado's exploration from the facts given.
Details
4. How Spanish influence
is still seen in the
Southwest?
Coronado came 5. Critical Thinking: Recognize Point of View
Conclusion
to find the "Cities Why did some Native Americans resist living
of Gold." at missions? How did their point of view
differ from those who lived at missions
willingly?
He did not find Link to Writing

any gold.
Write a Travel Brochure Do some research
to learn about a Spanish mission in the
Southwest that is still open to visitors. Write a
travel brochure to tell tourists about interesting
He did not find things to do and see at the mission. Be sure
anything of value to draw some pictures for your brochure.
to the viceroy.
*.
337
ESSON 3 t»>ll
a
1875
m.
1 Qflfi
W 1853 1865 1870 1890

King Ranch is Jesse Chisholm Philip Armour The open range
established. blazes a cattle starts a meat is closed.
trail. packing industry.
* /
Ranches
PREVIEW and Drivers
The cattle industry boomed in
It is June of 1872. You and
the Southwest in the 1800s.
The cowboys who herded your team are driving a herd
cattle became part of our
nation's lore. of about 3,000 cattle from
Texas to Abilene, Kansas. You still have
PLACES
San Antonio, Texas hundreds of miles to go on the dusty
King Ranch
Chisholm Trail. You can't drive the cattle too
PEOPLE or they will lose weight, so you cover only
fast
Philip Armour
Annie Oakley about 15 miles a day. It will take about six
Calamity Jane (Martha Canary)
Jesse Chisholm
weeks to get to Abilene. The work is
hard and the days are long. The sun

VOCABULARY
tallow beats down on your hat. The
homestead
kerchief you wear over your face
TERMS protects you from breathing in
Chisholm Trail
dust. At night you sleep on the
A cowhand's
spur ground in your bedroll. You
can't wait to get to a hot bath
and a soft bed!
v^v Draw Conclusions As you read, draw your

^Jj own conclusions about why ranching became
such an important industry in the Southwest.
338
abooming business.
Cattle Country
Texas farmers and ranchers coming
The Spanish missionaries and
home from the Civil War began
soldiers brought cattle to Texas. When
rounding up the wild cattle. They
the missionaries withdrew, they left the
grazed them on grasslands until they
cattle behind. As a result, settlers
were large enough to sell. Since there
moving to Texas found thousands of
was no railroad connection in Texas
wild cattle roaming the grasslands.
yet, they took cattle to railroad towns
The early settlers raised cattle to use
in Kansas and Missouri. There the
as meat for their families. They used
cattle were loaded onto freight cars
cattle for other purposes too. For
headed for meat-packing plants in
example, cattle hides were used for
Kansas City or Chicago.
leather, and horns and hooves were
As the market for beef grew, cattle
made into buckles and buttons. The
ranching spread northward out of
tallow, or fat, of the cattle was used for
Texas. Before long, not only the
candles and soap. Some settlers sold a
Southwest, but also the northern
few cattle to people in nearby towns.
plains states as far north as Montana
During the Civil Armour
War, Philip
and the Dakotas were cattle country.
sold beef to the army. Then in 1870,
The northern plains that once were
Armour started a meat-packing
grazing land for buffalo were filled with
industry in Chicago. Business people
cattle.
in Texas thought that the market for
beef would grow. The possibility of REVIEW How was cattle
large profits attracted people from the raising introduced into Texas?
East and overseas to invest in raising Main Idea and Details
beef. Suddenly raising cattle became
A cattle drive in the Southwest
J*i
339
"TV
feljgl'JP^' ^ taught the newer settlers
cowboys.
how to be
The life of the cowboy shown

today in books, movies, songs,
and on TV was far from real life.
Cowhands rarely fought Native
Americans. They worked long hours.

They often spent more than twelve
hours a day on horseback. On trail
drives the cowhands took turns

guarding the cattle throughout the
night. Cowhands slept on the
ground and rarely carried
guns.
Cowgirls were also a part
of the old West. Only a few
Calamity Jane, 1901 women went on cattle
drives. The most famous

Cowboys cowgirls took part in
and Cowgirls rodeos and wild-west

Many different types of people shows. Annie Oakley
worked on ranches training was a sharpshooter who
horses and herding cattle. After had her own show.
the Civil War many freed slaves Calamity Jane,
hired on as cowhands. Native whose real name
Americans and European was Martha Canary,
settlers also worked as was also a famous
cowhands. cowgirl. She
In South Texas, performed

where some shooting
ranches were displays in
owned by Mexican wild-west shows.
families, many
REVIEW What was
cowboys were of
the life of a real cowhand
Mexican descent.
like? Main Idea and Details
In fact, the
Mexican vaqueros
of South Texas
340
Trail could be paid with a head or two
The Chisholm Trail
of cattle. Many ranchers began using
In1865 Jesse Chisholm, (CHIZ
this trail.
uhm), a trader who was part Native
While the rivers along the trail
American, blazed, or marked, a trail
provided water, they were also hazards.
from San Antonio, Texas, to Abilene,
The cattle were afraid of water and had
Kansas. As railroad lines were
to be forced to cross rivers. After heavy
extended, the trail also went to
rains some cattle were swept away by
Ellsworth, Kansas, and other cities.
swiftly running rivers. At times the cattle
The Chisholm Trail went through
got stuck in mud or quicksand along the
Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). Some
rivers. Getting the cattle across the
Native American groups charged a toll
rivers was a difficult and dangerous job
of ten cents a head for cattle driven
for the cowboys.
through their land. They also charged a
grazing fee for the grass the cattle ate REVIEW Why did ranchers like the
along the way. The toll on the Chisholm Chisholm Trail? Main Idea and Details
Map Adventure ^Chicago
SaltLokf
City
The Chisholm Trail

Many cowboys driving their herds
from San Antonio, Texas, to Abilene,
Kansas, used the Chisholm Trail.
Suppose you are a cowhand
driving a herd along this trail.
1, If you leave from San Antonio,

Texas, what river will you cross
. . to reach Cheyenne Territory?
2, In what main direction will you

^l^, be traveling?
3, What is the second major river
that you must cross
JP\eSico
Some settlers to the Southwest built houses of sod on their homesteads.
crops. The land given to a settler was

How Ranching called a homestead. To keep animals
Influenced the Southwest out of their fields, homesteaders fenced
As more railroads were built in the their land. Cattle ranchers also began
Southwest, the distance from the to fence their land to keep their animals
ranches to the railroads became from wandering off. As a result, the
shorter and shorter. The days of long grasslands were no longer available for
cattle drives were over. Cowhands now shared grazing.
worked in different jobs on the Ranchers began to decrease the size
ranches. of their herds to a number that could
By 1890 ranchers could no longer graze on their land. At the same time,
graze their cattle on the open range. they began to raise crops to feed
Thiswas partly due to the increasing their animals during the winter. The
number of settlers who were moving to ranchers also began to drill water wells
the Southwest. The U.S. government so their animals didn't have to travel a
granted land to settlers for a few dollars long way to drink.
if they would live on the land and raise
342
Some large ranches still remain in South Texas. It is larger than the state
the Southwest. Among them is the of Rhode Island. The King Ranch is
King Ranch. It was established in also used for scientific studies of

1853 and it is still in business. This cattle and cattle diseases.
ranch spreads over 800,000 acres in

REVIEW How did fences affect cattle
King Ranch is about 250 square miles larger than ranching in the Southwest?
Rhode Island.
S3 Draw Conclusions

1853 King Ranch was founded.
1865 Jesse Chisholm blazed a
cattle trail.
- 1870 Philip Armour started meat-

packing industry
1890 The open range was closed.
LESSON 3 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. How did cattle raising help develop the
economy of the Southwest?
1. >g)Drawing Conclusions On a separate
sheet of paper, fill in a conclusion that you
3. How did ranching change when the open
range was closed?
can draw about ranching from the facts
given. 4. How have cowhands become part of the
lore of our nation?
Details
5. Critical Thinking: Solve Problems How did
Cattle provided the Chisholm Trail solve the problem of
food and other getting cattle to the railroad towns?
necessities for
early settlers.
Link to Writing
Write a Story Write a story about a day in the
Cowhands made life of a cowboy or cowgirl. Do some research to
their living working find out more about their lives. Tell about what
with cattle. they wore, what they ate, and what they did.
Philip Armour sold

beef and started a
meat-packing
industry.
343
mm
Ranchers and
Cowhands
Cowhands and ranchers have been a
colorful part of southwestern life. They
are skilled horseback riders who have jobs
that are sometimes dangerous. The clothes
they wear have a special style. Here are some
items that show and celebrate the lives of
cowhands and ranchers.
Cowboy Boots
The cowboy boots shown here are not real boots, but are
sculptures made of porcelain. They were made by William
Wilhelmi, an artist who lives in Corpus Christi, Texas.
344
Buffalo Bill's
Vaquero
The word vaquero (vah KAIR oh) is Spanish for
"cowboy." American cowboys in the 1800s

learned many skills from the Mexican
vaqueros. This large statue was made in 1990
by Luis Jimenez, Jr. He grew up in El Paso, Texas,
and makes large statues like this to celebrate his
land and culture. This statue is more than 16 feet high
'*#2fe **<-<£
P^l
Artifacts are from the £ 3 Smithsonian Institution.
345
ESSON 4 1 Q7R 1 Qi»tfl
1911 1928 1960

Willis Carrier Air-conditioned Milam California State
develops a useful Building is completed. Water Project
air-conditioning begins.
system.
Living in
PREVIEW the Desert
High temperatures and a
shortage of water can make You step outside your home
living in the desert a
near Tucson, Arizona, in the
challenge.
Sonoran Desert. It is a warm
PLACES
autumn day. A lizard scurries across the
Phoenix, Arizona
Tucson, Arizona stones that cover the ground. A few prickly-
PEOPLE pear and barrel cacti grow in the yard. So do

Willis Haviland Carrier a few small mesquite trees. It can get very hot
VOCABULARY during the summer, and it doesn't rain much.
aqueduct
Still, everywhere you look you can see
beautiful mountains. Sometimes there is
snow on their peaks. The sky is almost always
a clear blue, with not a
cloud to be seen!
•< Western Banded Gecko
J
Cause and Effect As you read, think about
what effects a dry climate has on a region.
346
Irrigation
The Sonoran Desert in Arizona gets
only about 8 10 inches of rainfall a
to
year. About half of that comes in the
rainy months from July to September.
In order to raise crops, people have to
find other sources of water. Before
Europeans came to Arizona, some
Native Americans dug irrigation canals
and built aqueducts to get water for their
crops. An aqueduct is a trench or pipe

used to bring water from a distance.
Today, there are dams and reservoirs
in Arizona, especially in the Phoenix
area. These reservoirs store water for
various valleys and regions. In 1960,

Key
the California State Water Project was
Locations of dams
designed to bring water to Southern Interstate highways
California. It provided funds for an 20 Kilometers
aqueduct on the Colorado River. This &*Dams control the flow of water from reservoirs.
aqueduct also carries water to the MAP SKILL Human-Environment Interaction
How have people controlled the movement of river
regions around Phoenix and Tucson.
water in the Southwest?
Because of irrigation, some of the
dry land of the Southwest has become Phoenix, Tucson, and other desert
rich farmland. Farms in Arizona provide cities are growing communities. In the
fresh vegetables, citrus fruit, apples, last 40 years, Arizona's population has
peaches, and pecans. Another increased almost four times over.

important crop is cotton. The long REVIEW Would the population of
growing season in Arizona makes the Arizona be able to grow as quickly
farms very productive.
without a good irrigation system?
The use of irrigation has also made ^® Draw Conclusions
the desert a more inviting place to live.
Irrigation helps crops grow in New Mexico.
machines and workers cool. The first
high-rise air-conditioned office building,

the Milam Building, was opened in San
Antonio, Texas, in 1928.
Today air conditioning is common in
homes and offices. It has made the
heat of the Southwest more bearable to
Carrier's air-cooling system, 1922
businesses and families who live there.
Air Conditioning REVIEW What effect did the
Although air conditioning was invention of air conditioning have
invented in New York, the growth of on businesses in hot climates?

air conditioning made it possible for Cause and Effect
businesses and people to thrive in the
Southwest. In 1911, Willis Haviland
Carrier developed a useful air- 1911 developed a
Willis H. Carrier
useful air-conditioning system.
conditioning system. This system
cooled the air temperature and 1928 The air-conditioned Milam
Building was competed in San
lowered humidity, or moisture in the
Antonio, Texas.
air, at the same time.
Many factories and businesses -1960 The California State Water
Project began.
depend on air conditioning to keep their
LESSON 4 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. How has irrigation changed the desert in
Arizona?
1. Cause and Effect On a separate sheet of
paper, the missing causes of the
fill in
3. Who developed a useful air-conditioning
effects shown below.
system?
4. How have people in desert communities
Cause Effect been able to overcome the heat and lack
of plentiful water?
5. Critical Thinking: Point of View How might
Farms and cities an amusement park owner and a farmer
in Arizona grew. view a hot, sunny day differently?
Link to Science
Learn About Dams Find out how dams can be
People could live used to make electric power. Draw a diagram
more comfortably to show how this process works.
in hot climates.
—
348
*B| °G*
4PHY*
Willis Haviland
Carrier me-mo
fa
Willis Haviland Carrier, "the king of cool/' helped

develop modern air-conditioning. Carrier studied the
temperature and humidity of air. In 1911 he developed
the basic equations scientists use
to understand how temperature
A pasta maker
once asked
and humidity are related. He
Carrier to find started a company to make air- sr *a?
a way to dry
5 tons of wet conditioning systems.
macaroni. Carrier also studied people.
Carrier reasoned that for people
to be comfortable, both temperature and humidity must
be controlled. Carrier invented ways to control
both temperature and humidity. People found
air-conditioned air to be comfortable and
refreshing!
At first, air-conditioning was used in
some where controlling
factories
temperature and humidity was necessary.
In time, theater owners began to install
air-conditioners. They hoped to attract
customers during hot weather. Soon more
businesses got air-conditioning.
Today many homes and cars are
air-conditioned. Even some schools <&?*
are air-conditioned.

Why is Carrier known as the
"the king of cool"?

m
Y*
Issues and Viewpoint:
Save "America's
Main Street"?
Or remove this drive-on museum in favor
of newer, safer roads?

ROUtt
JKL^K^ In the early 1900s, the United States
^^ government started building a system
of national highways. Route 66

stretched 2,400 miles from Chicago, Illinois, to
><J
Santa Monica, California. New businesses grew
along the road. They provided places where
travelers could rest, eat, and sleep.
In time, the road began to crumble. It was not

repaired. A new Interstate highway system grew,
and its roads went through much of the area that
Route 66 covered. People traveling on these newer,
faster roads did not have to go through the towns
that they passed. In 1985, Route 66 was no longer
a United States highway. The official road signs
were removed.
Some people do not want the government to
tôWCA spend the money to repair old Route 66. They
SANTA
feel that Interstates are safer and more efficient.
Other people want to preserve Route 66 as a
drive-on museum.
<^pHTB_fflOff/cs
The Santa Monica Pier i
in Santa Monica, California,

near the western end of
Route 66.
This lion stands
outside the Art
Institute of
Chicago, near
the eastern end
of Route 66.
"It is important to keep America 's

historic places. Route 66 is like a
2,400 mile museum of historical
"
places you drive through.
— David Knudson, Director, rrr.

Route 66 Federation j
CHICAGO
"If we do not preserve what is left of the

past, there will be nothing in the future
to see, or to educate people about the

way Route 66 was."
— Jeff LaFollette, President,

Route 66 Association of Illinois
OKL^HoMyToTr 1
A*\U-0
Issues and You

Think of your community.
a historic building or area in
Interview people to collect ideas about historical places
that would serve the community as a museum.
-_ 351
CHAPTER 1675 1725
REVIE 1687
Father Kino
founded missions
in Arizona.
Chapter Summary
Details
^
Draw Conclusions The Navajo follow
many of the same
On a separate sheet of paper, make a chart customs today as
like the one shown. Draw a conclusion from long ago.
the details listed.
Many missions
built by the Spanish
are still standing.
Modern cowboys
dress and work
very much like
Spanish vaqueros.
A traditional Navajo hogan
v_ J
Vocabulary People and Terms

A
Use the words listed to fill in the blanks in the Match the number of each of the people or
sentences below. terms in Column 1 with a letter of a phrase in
Column 2.
hogan
viceroy
325)
(p.
333)
(p.
homestead (p. 342)
aqueduct (p. 347) Q Kit
(p.
Carson
326)
a. Started a meat-
packing industry in
missionary (p. 334)
Chicago
Q Henry Chee
Q A religious group may send a Dodge (p. 327) b. Extended from
Texas to Kansas
to another part of the world.
@ Father Eusebio
Q Water is
for irrigation.
carried through an _ Kino (p. 334) c. A missionary
Philip Armour d. A sharpshooter

© The of Mexico wanted to (p. 339) who had
wild-west
herown
show
claim land for Spain.
Q Annie Oakley
Q A Navajo home is called a .
(p. 340) e. First chairman of
the Navajo Tribal
© Settlers paid just a few dollars for land Q Chisholm
(p. 341)
Trail Council
called a
f. Forced the Navajo
^ from their land
v. J
352
1825 1875 1925
€•*•
1853 1864
64 r 1865 1870 1890 1911
King Ranch was established. The Long Walk
falkl Jesse Chisholm Philip Armour The open range Willis H. Carrier
blazed a started a meat- was closed. developed a useful air-
cattle trail. packing industry. conditioning system.

A
Q How did cattle raising get started in Texas? Q Write a skit about a day
cowboy
in the life of a
Q Time Line How many years passed

or cowgirl.
between the blazing of the Chisholm

and the closing of the open range?
Trail
O Write a TV commercial about interesting
places to visit in the Southwest.
Q Main Idea Describe modern Navajo culture. Q how Write a magazine article in which you tell
different the Southwest region would
Q Main Idea How did missions help establish
a Spanish presence in the Southwest?
be without air conditioning.
w.
Q Main Idea How have the cowboy and

cowgirlbeen a part of our nation's lore?
Q Main Idea Why is the Southwest a fast-

growing region today?
Apply Skills
Identify Primary Sources
O Fact or Opinion Which of
Critical Thinking:
the following statements are fact and which Read the primary source below. It is
are opinion? Coronado's description of a Native American
a. Colonel Kit Carson captured the Navajo pueblo in the Southwest from a report he
and held them prisoner for four years. made to a Spanish viceroy. Then answer the
b. It was not fair for Spanish missionaries questions.
to offer food and protection to Native
Americans in exchange for work. "In this place where I am now lodged there
c. Irrigation turned dry desert land into
productive fields.
are perhaps 200 houses, all surrounded
by a wall, and it seems to me that with
the other houses, which are not so
surrounded, there might be altogether
500 families."
Internet Activity
Q How do you know that this
source?
is a primary
and terms, select the dictionary or

Q What is the purpose of this document?
Library at www.sfsocialstudies.com. Q What

source?
is the main idea of this primary
W.
353
End with Literature
BY ANN HERBERT SCOTT

Cowboy Country is a book You think you'd like to learn to cowboy?
that tells about the life of a Then you'll need to watch and listen.
cowboy, or buckaroo. Here Most cowboys don't say much

is a part of the book that but their eyes and ears are working all the time.
describes some of the See that old cow lying on her side in the willows?
things that a good She may be asleep, but on the other hand
buckaroo needs to learn. she could have run a thorn into her hoof.
Let's check her out. Right here by my saddle
Illustration by Ted Lewin
I carry a kit for doctoring.
You don't need to be a vet
to give a sick calf a shot

or swab out a cut or treat a cow for worms.
See that bull over by the boulder?

I think he belongs to our neighbors
over beyond Lone Mountain.
Let's check his brand.
— —
-« ......,..:.. ............. . -.. „ . _
They trucked that critter all the way from Canada.

I know they wouldn't want to lose him now.
Do the cattle all look the same to you?

Well, they're just as different as people are
when you take the care to know them.
If you've seen western movies
or watched cowboys on TV,
you might guess it's bronc riding
and roping snorting steers that makes a top hand.
Well, you'd guess wrong.
Of course, any good buckaroo needs to know

how to handle a rough pony and slip a slick noose,
but it's reading cows that makes a good cowboy
knowing what an old cow is thinking
before she knows herself. It takes years
to learn that —maybe a lifetime

but you're starting young,
and you've got lots of time.
«
/ft
— —
Test Talk
Review
.- .- , .
Use the picture to help you find mm
the answers.

Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Many people visit the Southwest to enjoy
Coronado explored a large part of the its beautiful landforms. Others come to see
Southwest in search of "Cities of Gold." He plants such as the saguaro cacti that grow
found only adobe pueblos His explorations
. only the Sonoran Desert. Saguaro grow
in
were labeled as failures. to be 60

feet tall. They are 80 years old
When Spanish missionaries came to the before they begin to grow branches.
Southwest, they brought cattle. Cattle Much of the Southwest has an arid
ranching became an important part of the climate, but it is not all desert. Parts of the
economy of the region. The American Southwest get a lot of rain and even have
cowboy became a part of our nation's lore. wetlands. Until the 1900s, heat and lack of
Later, the discovery of oil in the water in the desert regions kept the
Southwest brought more jobs to the region. population low. With the advances of
Oil brought wealth to people who came to irrigation and air conditioning, life in the
invest in that resource. desert became more comfortable. New
The Navajo are one of the largest Native businesses and the growth of technology
American groups in the United States. They have allowed desert cities to grow quickly.
also are ruled by one of the largest tribal
councils. The Navajo have kept many of
their old traditions.
Why did Coronado explore the

Southwest?
o According to this passage, the cactus
pictured must be at least how many
A He wanted to make Christians of years old?
the Navajo. A 80
B He was searching for the Grand B 3
Canyon. C 25
C He wanted to claim land. D 60
D He was looking for the "Cities of
Gold." In the passage, the word arid
means
In the passage, the word pueblos A regional
means B dry
A Native American group C ranch land
B gold mines D irrigated
C villages
D cattle ranches
> Saguaro cactus
356
mmm WMin, l— ,.„ nn .,*»!, Km. i i mm, mnniiT ,
People Write and Share

\ \
Choose five of the people listed below and use Write and Perform a Skit With a group of
them in a paragraph about the Southwest classmates, write a skit about cattle ranching,
Region. cowboys, and cowgirls. Include examples that
show how real lives of cowhands were different
Garcia Lopez de Annie Oakley (p. 340) from what might be shown in a movie. Choose
Cardenas (p. 302) classmates to play each of the parts in the skit.
Calamity Jane (p. 340) Make costumes and perform the skit for another
John Wesley Powell class.
(p. 302) Jesse Chisholm ^-
(P- 341)
Theodore Roosevelt
(p. 303)
Willis Haviland Carrier
(p. 348)
Pattillo Higgins
315)
(p.
Read on Your Own
Kit Carson (p. 326)
Look for books like these in your library
Henry Chee Dodge
(P- 327)
Father Eusebio Kino

(P- 334)
Philip Armour (p. 339)
w.
Apply Skills
Create a Primary Source Guide About Your
\
Community Write a three-paragraph description
of a favorite community event or a favorite place
in your community. With classmates, bind your
descriptions into a book to create a primary

source guide
about your
community. lOuf C OfW^^V !
357
oNir
Ad Sales
Healthy businesses are good for your state's
economy. Make your own infomercial about
a product or a business.
1 Form a group. Choose a product or a business.
2 Research the product or business and write
a list of facts about it.
3 Write a script for an infomercial about

the product or business. Include the
value and cost, as well as the history
of the product or business. Give
examples of its successes. Tell how
it contributes to your state's economy.
4 Make an advertisement on a poster or banner to

use in your infomercial.
5 Present your infomercial to the class. J
Internet Activity
Explore the Southwest on the Internet. Go to
358
The West
iMgiMiM,MBMM -,, .^^Mu^m^mmmm
-
;
'
^JL
44
Climb the mountains. . Nature's peace
. . will flow
into you as sunshine flows into trees."
—John Muir, from Our National Parks, 1901
Welcome to the West
The Rocky Mountains are the largest system
of mountain ranges in North America, in the
IP'
United States, the Rockies stretch across
New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, > This redwood tree grows in
Idaho, Montana, Washington, and Alaska. California. Redwoods are the tallest
trees in the United States. They
height of 350 feet
to be 2,000 years old.
% '. .''

. >[*iJi lilli.niMi
-
m, ir-r-.nn.ti ir.(,r, n 1«l I IJIWl
The West
3fcJ/ Compare and Contrast
Features that
are different
To compare is to tell how two or more things are

similar, or alike. To contrast is to tell how two or
more things are different.
Clue words such as like, similar, as, and also show

comparisons.
Clue words such as unlike, different, and but
show contrasts.
Sometimes authors do not use clue words.

Readers must make comparisons for themselves.
Read the paragraph. The

sentences that compare some
Hawaii and southern California are alike in
and contrast have been ways, but are different in other ways. Both are warm
highlighted.
and sunny much of the time. However, Hawaii has
some areas that receive a great deal of rain. Unlike
those places, southern California has desert areas
that are very dry.
364
Not All Mountains Are the Same
There are a number of mountain many of the mountains in the
ranges in the West. Two of these Cascade Range are volcanoes.
ranges are the Rocky Mountains These volcanic mountains are also
and the Cascade Range. The Rocky old, but many are still active. Mount
Mountains extend more than 3,000 St. Helens, one of the Cascade's
miles through the United States most famous volcanoes, erupted in
and Canada, but the Cascade 1980.
Mountains cover a smaller Rainfall is heavy in the Cascade
distance, 700 miles, from northern Range. Some parts get more than
California to British Columbia in 100 inches of rainfall each year!
Canada. The range takes its name from the
Most of the Rocky Mountains' cascades, or waterfalls, that can
peaks were formed millions of be seen in the area. Visitors to
years ago during a huge shift in the the Cascades, like those who go
Earth's crust. Over time, this shift to the Rocky Mountains, can enjoy
created the mountains. Unlike many different activities, including
most of the Rocky Mountains, hiking and camping.
Applyif/
Use the reading strategy of comparing and contrasting to answer these questions.
Q Which mountain range is larger, the Rocky Mountains or the Cascade

Range? Explain your answer.
Q In what ways are the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains alike?
Give examples from the passage that support your answer.
Q How do the two ranges of mountains differ from one another? What clue
words are used in the passage to show contrast?
— - warn m — '
365
CHAPTER The Land of the West
366
Locatina Places
Why We Remember
The West is rich in natural resources. It has many different
climates and landforms: tropics and tundra, rain forests and
deserts, mountains and beaches. From the lush islands of Hawaii
to the frozen lands of northern Alaska and the rugged peaks of the
Rocky Mountains, the geography of the West has shaped the
people who settled there. Likewise, the many cultures that have
made theirhomes in the West have helped shape the land into a
region of many contrasts.
367
LESSON 1
rocky'
mountains
Yellowstone
National Park-,
V)
A Land
of Mountains
PREVIEW
*
You have been hiking uphill
Many parts of the West are \
for a long time. Now you are
mountainous. 3 so far up the side of the
PLACES mountain that there are no longer any trees
Rocky Mountains growing along the trail. You know that you
Continental Divide
Yellowstone National Park are not far from your goal. As you finally
VOCABULARY reach the top of the mountain, you take a

timberline look around. The peaks of other mountains
geyser
magma rise to the north, south, and west. To the east,
volcano
lava
plains stretch as far as you can see. It is a
clear day and you can see into the distance

many miles away. You
smile. You have hiked

to the top of Pikes
Peak!
v/J\ Compare and Contrast

i£*jfc As you read, look for ways that the
mountain ranges of the West are alike
and different.
Many animals live in the Rocky
The Rocky Mountains
Mountains. The forests are home to
Pikes Peak, in Colorado, is one of
black bears and grizzly bears,
the most famous peaks in the Rocky
mountain lions, elk, mink, and
Mountains. The Rocky Mountains are
many other creatures.
the largest mountain system in North
Chipmunks, coyotes, and
America. The "Rockies," as they are
moose live in mountain
often called, are made up of a number
valleys, and fish are
of smaller ranges. Together, these
plentiful in mountain
ranges extend more than 3,000 miles
streams. Even
from New Mexico north through
above the
Canada and into Alaska. In some
timberline,
places the Rockies are 350 miles
mountain goats
wide. The highest peaks in the Rockies
and bighorn
rise more than 14,000 feet above sea
sheep make
level. The Rocky Mountain states
their homes.
include Colorado, Utah, Wyoming,
The people
Idaho, and Montana.
who live in the Rocky
The Continental Divide is an
Mountain states make
imaginary line that runs along the
use of the area's many
crest of the Rocky Mountains. Rivers
natural resources such
on the east side of this line flow
as minerals, ranch lands, and timber.
toward the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf
Tourism is also important to the Rocky
of Mexico. Rivers on the west side flow
Mountain economy. Many people visit
west toward the Pacific Ocean.
the Rockies every year to hike, ski,
Most of the Rocky Mountains are
climb mountains, and enjoy the
covered with forests. However, most
scenery.
trees will not grow above a certain
elevation. This line of elevation is REVIEW What is different about the
called the timberline. Many Rocky Rocky Mountains below the timber line
Mountain peaks rise above the and above the timber line?
timberline. Most of these high peaks ^® Compare and Contrast

are covered with snow year-round.
Each time Old Faithful erupts, it sends
Yellowstone
a stream of boiling water more than a
National Park hundred feet into the air.
Yellowstone National Park is the Why does Yellowstone have so many

oldest national park in the world. It was geysers and hot springs? Part of the
established in 1872. The park covers park is located over a "hot spot" in
more than 2.2 million acres of the Earth's crust. According to scientists, a
northwest corner of Wyoming, and hot spot occurs where magma, or
includes parts of Idaho and Montana. molten rock, lies close to Earth's
Yellowstone is famous for its many surface rather than deep underground.
natural attractions, such as mountains, This magma heats groundwater that
canyons, waterfalls, lakes, forests, and rises to the surface, causing geysers
wildlife. and hot springs.
By far, Yellowstone's most popular Yellowstone National Park is also a
points of interest are its geysers and place where wildlife can roam free. No
hot springs. A hot spring is a pool of one may hunt animals within the park,
water heated by forces beneath Earth's although fishing is allowed. As a
surface. A geyser is a type of hot result, many animals native to the
spring that erupts, shooting hot water West live within the boundaries of the
into the air. more than
There are park. Bison, which are also called
10,000 hot springs and geysers in buffalo, are plentiful in the park. Elk
Yellowstone. One of the most famous and moose also live within the park.
geysers in the park is Old Faithful, Black bears, grizzly bears, and wolves
which erupts every 45 to 110 minutes. are among the animals wildlife
P Bison and other animals graze near hot springs

during Yellowstone's winter.
370
K" JflSHHMIBiffi HMHtH
Forests in Yellowstone are still recovering from

fires in 1988.
watchers come to Yellowstone to view. given firefighters and scientists a

In 1988, a large portion of the park chance to study the effects of wildfire
was burned in a series of wildfires. in the West.

Although many acres of forests were
REVIEW What is the difference
burned, by the next year the forests
between a geyser and a hot spring?
were showing signs of new growth. The
S5) Compare and Contrast
fires and the forests' recovery have
i
" ._.,,.
371
Still other western mountain ranges,
Western Mountain
such as the Cascade Range in
Ranges Washington, Oregon, and northern
The Rocky Mountains are not the only California, and the Aleutian Range in
mountains in the West. Some mountain Alaska, have volcanoes. A volcano is a

ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada, mountain with an opening through
which extends through eastern which ash, gas, and lava are forced.
California and western Nevada, are Lava, like magma, is molten rock.
similar to the Rockies. They are high, Magma that rises and flows on Earth's
rugged mountains with several peaks surface is called lava.
that rise higher than 14,000 feet above All the mountains of Hawaii are
sea level. Other western ranges, such volcanoes. This chain of islands
as Washington's Olympic Mountains, lie
formed as volcanoes rose from the
along the Pacific coast.
Elevations in the West
400 Kilometers
The West has the highest and lowest elevations in North America.
MAP SKILL Use an Elevation Map What state has the greatest difference in elevation?
372
ocean Hawaii's Mount Kilauea
floor. is
one of the world's most active
• The Rockies are a large system of
volcanoes.
mountains that support many kinds
rTOTTTfl How are the Sierra Nevada of plants and animals.
and the Cascade Range alike? • Attractions at Yellowstone National

How are they different? Park include geysers, hot springs,
^® Compare and Contrast and lots of wildlife.
• The West has a variety of

mountains ranges.
Craggy peaks in the Sierra Nevada
2. Which mountain system the largest in the

Check Facts and Main Ideas is
United States?
1. "© Compare and Contrast On a separate
sheet of paper, make a chart to compare
3. How are geysers similar to volcanoes?
and contrast the Rocky Mountains and the 4. Name some of the states in the West
Sierra Nevada. Tell how they are similar and where mountains are located.
how they are different. 5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why are
a great many national parks located in the
Similarities Differences West?
Link to Geography
Find the Geysers Use reference materials to
learn where geysers can be found on Earth
besides Yellowstone National Park. Give a
report that tells what these locations have in
common besides geysers.
373
DORLING KINDERSLEY EYEWITNESS BOOK
When a Mountain Explodes

A volcano is a mountain that forms from material
from deep inside Earth. Different kinds of
volcanoes erupt in different ways. But when all
volcanoes erupt, hot material from inside Earth

moves to Earth's surface. This hot, melted rock
Sleeping Giant
material is known as magma. An active volcano Mount St. Helens is in
is one that is erupting or might erupt. After a the Cascade mountain
range. Before it erupted
volcano erupts, it may remain dormant. A
on May 18, 1980, Mount
dormant volcano is one that has not erupted in
St. Helens was a
recent times. Mount St. Helens in Washington popular vacation place.
It was surrounded by
had not erupted for 123 years. Then, in 1980,
peaceful forests and
it erupted in a huge explosion. The sound of lakes.
the explosion was heard 200 miles away.
Mount St. Helens Erupting

Aftertwo months of small earthquakes, the hot magma deep inside
the volcano began to explode. This picture was taken 38 seconds
after the first explosion started. The side of the mountain gave way,
and a cloud of ash and gas blew into the sky.
Ashy eruption cloud
Lava
Feeder pipe
Magma chamber
Four Seconds Later...
The cloud of ash grows with newly
erupted material. The new material
Inside the Volcano
quickly rolls over the rock that had
Magma gathered far underground in a magma chamber. Powerful
been blown from the side of the
forces pushed the magma upward through the feeder pipe. Then
mountain.
magma, ash, and gases were pushed upward and erupted on the
surface. Magma that erupts onto Earth's surface is called lava.
374
Cascade Volcano
Mount Rainier is another volcano
in the Cascade Mountains, the
group that includes Mount St.
Helens. Mount Rainier erupted

last in the 1840s.
Mauna Loa Erupts

All the islands of Flowing Lava
Hawaii grew as Lava like this in Hawaii erupts more slowly
volcanoes. Mauna Loa than at Mount St. Helens. It moves slowly
is an active volcano on down the mountain. Even so, the lava is
the island of Hawaii. very hot. This picture was taken at night,
Mauna Loa erupts as a when you can easily see the red glow of the
fire fountain. Lava hot, melted rock.
streams down its side.
Eleven Seconds Later...

The rock from the
mountainside is almost
completely covered by
ash. Huge chunks of
rock have been thrown
out from the ash cloud.
Take Notes and Write Outlines
What? Notes are bits of information you write in your own words. An outline is
a framework for organizing information. It lets you see main ideas and details at
a glance.
Why? Taking notes helps you Follow the example of the outline on
remember what you have read. You page 377. Write the main ideas from
can use your notes to make an outline. your cards next to Roman numerals.
Taking notes and making an outline Then write important facts about
are useful ways to study for a test or those ideas next to a capital letter
prepare a report. below the main idea.
HOW? Follow these steps to take

notes and write an outline. Think and ..Apply
• As you read, look for main ideas and
important details. Write each main
idea as a heading. Use the note Q What is the source of the
information on the note card
cards on page 377 as an example.
on page 377?
• Write important facts and details
below the heading. Use your own Q What important fact can be
written next to B under Roman
words. You do not need to use
numeral / in the outline on
complete sentences. Be sure to
page 377?
write the title of the source, the
author's name, the publication date, Q How can taking notes and
and the page number where you creating an outline help you
found the information. prepare for a test?
• Sort your note cards into an order

that makes sense. Then use your
cards to write an outline.
376
wamm
Volcano A volcano is an The cone is caused by the
opening in Earth's crust through buildup of lava and other
which and rocks
lava, hot gas, materials released from inside
erupt. A volcano forms when the volcano during eruptions.
melted rock from deep within It takes thousands of years to
Earth blasts upward through the form.
surface. Volcanoes are often
cone-shaped mountains.
Encyclopedia One 712
D e s crip t ion of a volcano

a hole in E arth's surface
lava, hot gas, and pieces of rock erupt
through the hole
• volcanoes —
often cone-shaped mountains
Encyclopedia One Michael Matthews.
.
2002, p. 712
Volcanoes
I. Description of a volcano
A. A volcano is an opening in Earth's
surface.
B.
C. Volcanoes are often mountains.

II. How volcanoes form
A. Melted rock deep within Earth erupts
from an opening in Earth's surface.
B. Lava, hot gas, and rocks come out.
C. The buildup of these materials over

thousands of years forms a cone-shaped
mountain.
377
GREAT
J*
\
--•
BASIN
Climates
in the West
PREVIEW
It's below zero and the wind is
Focus on the Main Idea blowing across the frozen

The climate in different areas
of the West varies greatly. tundra. You and your team of
PLACES dogs are waiting at the starting line of the

Mount McKinley, Alaska Iditarod (eye DIT uh rod). This race is the
Death Valley, California
Great Basin most famous dogsled race in the world. You
Mount Waialeale, Hawaii
Cascade Range will race for more than a thousand miles
between Anchorage and Nome, Alaska.

VOCABULARY
tundra You hear the announcer yell, "Go!" The
frigid
rain shadow dogs dash forward and your sled flies from
the starting line. The cold air stings your face
as your sled picks up speed. The crowd by the

side of the trail cheers as you ride off into the
Alaskan wilderness.
p- Iditarod
teams
take 10 Compare and Contrast As you read,
to 17
days to ^53^ look for places in the West that have
complete
the race.
the same or different climates.
378
>• Mt. McKinley, also known as Denali, is the tallest mountain in North America.
Some of the other states the West

The Frosty North in
also have cold winter temperatures.

Many areas of the western region of
Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
the United States have very cold winter
and parts of Washington have wintry
temperatures. The tundra in Alaska,
temperatures and heavy snowfall. For
where the Iditarod is held, is one of
example, the average temperature in
these places. A tundra is a cold, flat
January in Idaho is only 23°F.
area where trees cannot grow.
The snowy weather in parts
cold, of
Think about these Alaskan
the West attracts thousands of
temperatures, and you will understand
tourists each year. People enjoy winter
how cold it really is there. In Barrow,
sports. They downhill ski and
Alaska, in the northern part of the
snowboard in the mountains. Other
state, the average temperature in
winter activities that people enjoy are
February is -11° F. The record low
cross-country skiing, snowshoeing, dog
temperature was recorded on January
sledding, and ice fishing.
23, 1971. On that day in Prospect
Tourists also enjoy the scenery,
Creek, Alaska, the temperature dropped
such as Alaska's majestic
to -80°F —80 degrees below zero. To Mount McKinley. It is the highest peak
understand how cold this is, remember
in North America at 20,320 feet. Its
that water freezes at 32°F above zero.
Not all of Alaska has these frigid — peak is covered with snow year-round.
or very cold —temperatures. Parts of REVIEW How does the temperature

southern Alaska have temperatures in Alaska differ from the northern part
that range between 28°F and 55°F of the state to the southern part?
during the whole year. S5) Compare and Contrast
379
such a large state that
A Region California is
has a variety of climates. Overall,

it
of Many Climates though, California has two main

Unlike the wintry areas of the seasons —the season in the
rainy
northern part of the region, parts of winter and the dry season in the
the West have warm weather summer. Temperatures in southern
throughout the year. Temperatures in California are warm all year.
some parts of California and Hawaii, Temperatures in northern California
for example, rarely drop below are cool in the winter, but rarely below
freezing —even in the middle of winter! freezing. Winter weather does come to
Hawaii has a tropical climate. People parts of California —freezing
who live there and visitors all enjoy the temperatures and snow can be found
warm, wet climate of Hawaii year-round. in the mountains in winter.
The islands have tropical rain forests, Yet another climate can be found in
where the plants grow large and full.

California. There are deserts in
southern California in the interior of

the state. Death Valley is a desert
A tropical rain forest in Hawaii area in southern California.
i
Death Valley is actually part of the Wyoming. The word basin usually
Great Basin, a desert region in the means "a wide, shallow bowl for
West that includes most of Nevada holding liquids." The reason that this
and parts of Oregon, Utah, Idaho, and part of the country is called a basin is
that the water from its streams drains

j> The Great Salt Lake is the largest inland body into the area instead of into rivers that
of salt water in the Western Hemisphere.
lead to an ocean. One place the water
drains into in the Great Basin is the
Great Salt Lake in Utah.
The Great Basin gets very hot on
summer days. There are few trees. The
desert shrubs that grow there need
only small amounts of water to survive.
REVIEW Name one way in which

Hawaii and the Great Basin are similar
and one way in which they are
different. S5) Compare and Contrast
Average January Temperatures in the West
PACIFIC
OCEAN
-i
i
—
400 Kilometers
150°W 140-^W s q-V^
PACIFIC OCEAN
• HAWAII
Honolulu -a^
PACIFIC
100 Kilometers w OCEAN
Key
Degrees Degrees
Fahrenheit Celsius
Over 50 Over 10
40 to 50 4 to 10
30 to 40 -1 to 4
20 to 30 -7 to -1
10 to 20 -12 to -7
Oto 10 -18 to -12
-10 toO -23 to -18
Less than -10 Less than -23
Temperatures vary throughout the West.

MAP SKILL Using Map Key Which state has the greatest variation in temperature as shown on the map?
381
Some parts of the West are very
Let It Rain . . . and Snow!
rainy. The wettest place on Earth is
Precipitation in the West varies
Mount Waialeale (wah ya lee AH lee) in
greatly. On average, fewer than two
Hawaii. The average yearly rainfall on
inches of rain fall each year in Death
the mountain is 460 inches, or more
Valley, California. In fact, from October
than 38 feet of water.
3, 1912, to November 8, 1914, part of
Parts of Washington are also very
Death Valley had no precipitation at
wet. The high mountains in the
all. That is more than two years
Cascade Range greatly affect the
without rain!
surrounding area. West of the
However, the West is also known for
Cascades, in much of the Olympic
record snowfalls. One of the largest
Peninsula of Washington, precipitation
snowfalls one year was recorded at
in
Rainier Paradise Ranger Station in

averages more than 135 inches —or
Washington in the early 1970s. In one
more than 11 feet — per year.
In contrast, areas east of the

year,1,122 inches of snow fell! Silver
Cascades receive much less rain. For
Lake, Colorado, has experienced one
example, Yakima, Washington, receives
of the largest snowfalls in a 24-hour
less than 8 inches of rain per year.
period — 76 inches. That is more than
The reason for this difference is an
six feet of snow in one day!
effect called the rain shadow. Winds
The Cascade Rain Shadow
Cool clouds cannot hold much moisture.

Moisture comes out of the clouds and falls
to Earth as rain or snow.
Air sinks down

the side of the
mountains.
Warm air rises along the The air becomes
mountains. The air becomes warmer and
cooler as it rises. drier, and the
clouds disappear.
This area is in the rain

shadow. It has a dry
climate.
Winds from the ocean

bring warm, moist air
east.
382
from the Pacific Ocean bring warm, carry very little moisture. Therefore,
moist air east. This warm air rises and the eastern side of the Cascade Range
forms clouds. The winds push the receives less rain than the western
clouds up against the mountains. As side. The land east of the Cascades
the clouds rise, become cooler.
they lies in the rain shadow.
Cool air cannot hold as much moisture
REVIEW Why might the West be
as warm air, so much of the water falls
known as a region of weather
back to Earth as rain or snow on the
contrasts? Main Idea and Details
western side of the mountains. By the
time the clouds have passed to the Summarize the Lesson
eastern side of the mountains, they
• Though many areas of Alaska are
some parts of the
very cold, state
> Tropical flowers, such as have much milder climates.
this Bird of Paradise, thrive
in Hawaii's warm climate.
• The West has areas that are warm
and tropical year-round.
• The West is home to the wettest
and driest places in the nation.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Which state experienced one of the largest
snowfalls in one year?
1. S5)Compare and Contrast On a separate
sheet of paper, make a chart like the one 3. Explain how the rain shadow works.
below. List similarities and differences in 4. Name three different climates in the West,
the climates of Hawaii and California. and give an example of each.
5. Critical Thinking: Point of View Think about
Differences living in Barrow, Alaska. What do you think
Similarities
would be different from the way that you live
now? What advantages are there to living in
such a cold climate?
Link to Science
Learn About Plants With a partner, do research
in the library or on the Internet to find out more
about plants that live on the tundra. Present

what you learned to the class.
383
LESSON 3
Resources
r~
of the West
PREVIEW
The summer is over and the
coolness of autumn has begun
The West is rich in natural
resources. t a to turn the leaves gold and
PLACES brown. You head for the tree that is filled
Willamette Valley, Oregon

with the largest apples in the orchard. You
Central Valley, California
sling a canvas bag over one shoulder and
VOCABULARY
greenhouse climb a ladder up to the tree's branches. You
livestock
reach out and pick an apple. This is just the
reforest
first of many apples you'll harvest today, but
this one's not going in the bag. You smile and

put this apple in your pocket so that
you can enjoy it later. You know it
will taste wonderful. You are so lucky
that your parents own this apple
orchard.
Summarize As you read, think of ways to

summarize what you have learned about the
wide variety of resources in the West.
384
\ .
*v>^>
*-S*
P Apples are harvested from late August

to early November.
The Plentiful West
in parts of Alaska will not support
Apples are one of the many
agricultural products of the West.
many types of plants. Some Alaskan
crops are grown in greenhouses. A
Apples do not grow in all parts of the
greenhouse is an enclosed structure
West, however. Like most crops, they
that allows light to enter and keeps
grow where the climate and land are
heat and moisture from escaping.
best for their growth.
Hawaii's tropical climate is good for
The eastern part of Washington is
growing sugarcane and pineapples.
famous for the many types of apples
Other Hawaiian crops are macadamia
that are grown there. Cherries, pears,
nuts and coffee.
and potatoes are also grown in
Washington. The biggest producer of REVIEW How would you compare the
potatoes in the United States, though, agricultural products of California and
is Idaho. Oregon's Willamette Valley Alaska? S5) Compare and Contrast
farms grow many types of berries and
a wide variety of vegetables. literature and Social Studies
The state that produces the widest
variety of fruits, vegetables, and nuts This type of short poem is a haiku.
is California. Many farms are in the The word haiku comes from Japanese
Central Valley. This huge area lies words meaning "joke" and "poem."
between the California Coastal Range
to the west and the Sierra Nevada to Ripening Cherries
the east. Among the fruits grown there by Florence Vilen
are grapes, strawberries, peaches, Ripening cherries,
plums, and melons. who is the first to take them,
Some Alaskan crops are barley, oats, a hand or a beak?
hay, and potatoes. The harsh climate
385
Not Just Fruits
and Vegetables
The West produces more than just
fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts. In
some western states, livestock are the

main source of income from
agriculture. Livestock are animals that
are raised on farms and ranches.
Cattle, sheep, and pigs are examples
of livestock. Montana, Idaho, Colorado,
Washington, Wyoming, Alaska, and
Utah all include beef cattle as one of P Fishing for salmon
their main sources of income. Nevada,

Utah, andMontana also produce In addition to the many food
products that are grown in the West,
sheep and sheep products such as
wool. Milk is produced in states
many states grow flowers, plants, and
around the region as well.

bushes to be sold in plant and flower
shops. These are often referred to as
The fishing industry is very important
economy some Western greenhouse products because they are
to the of
generally grown in a greenhouse.
states. In Alaska the yearly fish catch
is valued at more than a billion dollars.
The West is also known for its wealth
Workers catch cod, flounder, salmon, of mineral resources. Alaska and

California produce oil. Coal, gold, and
and halibut, among other types of fish.
lead are three minerals mined in
Shellfish, such as crab and shrimp, are
also important to Alaska's economy.
Colorado. Gold, silver, and copper,
Hawaii also has a large fishing

among other minerals, are mined in
industry. Swordfish and tuna are Nevada and Utah.

caught off the coast of Hawaii. REVIEW Name one way in which
Alaska and Hawaii are similar.
> Cattle are one kind of livestock. S5) Compare and Contrast
* £m ,r. ../i^.
Agricultural Products of the West Region
Apples
* Forest products Pineapples Sugar beets
Broccoli
Potatoes
Grapes Tomatoes
Livestock
»** Plums
Lettuce Tuna
Cherries
s^CZ^ Salmon
Crabs Nuts Wheat

Strawberries
DIAGRAM SKILL According to this map, what states provide salmon? What states provide tuna?
salmon: Washington, Alaska; tuna: California, Hawaii 387
Trees, Please reforest, or plant new trees to replace
the ones they have cut.
Wood, also known as timber, and
wood products are also produced in REVIEW Why do timber companies
certain parts of the West. The timber reforest? Main Idea and Details
industry is important to the region. We
use wood to build many things, such as Summarize the Lesson
houses and furniture. We also use •The West produces a wide variety of
wood products when we clean up a spill fruits, vegetables, grains, and nuts.
with a paper towel or read a book. • Raising livestock, fishing, and

Paper is a wood product. Wood is a very mining are important industries in
important part of our everyday lives. the West.
Because wood is such a valuable •The timber industry in the West

resource, timber companies usually provides a variety of wood products.
2. What place in California produces a wide

Check Facts and Main Ideas and nuts?
variety of fruits, vegetables,
1. Summarize On a separate sheet of paper,
draw the following diagram. Fill in the boxes
3. Name one of Alaska's important industries.
with examples to support the summary in 4. How do people benefit from the resources
the bottom box. of the West?
5. Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions How
does recycling newspapers help conserve
timber?
N Link to Reading
Read About the Timber Industry Find an article
The West has many about the timber industry in the West and
varied resources. share it with the class.
>.
388
•"'•V ft* i
u , *,- v
•tMlL: °g
"aphy
Seth Lewelling 820-1 896

i
3eth Lewelling was born in 1820 in Randolph County,

North Carolina. In 1850 Lewelling moved to Milwaukie,
Oregon, and joined his brother in his plant nursery.
The Lewelling nursery was successful. Ah Bing, a farmer
from China, was hired as a supervisor. He managed a team of
workers. In time the nursery had 18,000 small plants to sell.
Lewelling and Bing became
The first trees

friends. Both men knew how to rll <
in Lewelling's develop new varieties of plants.
1
*c
nursery L
traveled with
They both understood that
the family over farmers wanted to sell as much
the Oregon
fruit as they could. Fruit that
Trail.
could be shipped a
long way and good was important.
still taste
In time, Lewelling and Bing developed a
large, dark cherry that had a sweet taste. It
remained even when shipped a long
crisp
way. Lewelling named it the Bing cherry
in honor of Ah Bing. Today more people
in the United States eat Bing cherries *2r^
than any other variety.

Popular varieties of apples and grapes
were also developed at the Lewelling
nursery. Why do you think the nursery
was successful in developing new fruits?

<:.*,-
Review
Chapter Summary
*
Compare and Contrast

Similarities
On a separate sheet of paper, make a chart and

label it the one shown. List at least one
like
similarity and three differences between the
Rocky Mountains and desert areas of the West.
> Rocky Mountains
L.
Vocabulary Places
Use each word in a sentence that explains the Fill in the blanks with the place that best
meaning of the word. completes the sentence.
Q timberline (p. 369)

of mountains in
form the largest system
North America, (p. 369)
Q geyser (p. 370)
Rivers to the east of the
magma (p. 370) flow toward the Atlantic Ocean, (p. 369)
tundra (p. 379) A The oldest national park in the world is
.(P. 370)
rain shadow (p. 382)
A large desert region that covers many
livestock (p. 386) western states is . (p. 380)
Q the world, (p. 382)

is the wettest place in
390
\
Q What two nations do the Rocky
Mountains extend through?
1 Write Notes and Outlines
Read the following outline. Then answer the
Q Describe two of the landforms
Yellowstone National Park.
in questions.
Q Name two valleys in the West that

produce many fruits and vegetables. I. Farm products of the West
Q Main Idea Name three mountain ranges

in the West.
A. Fruit
B. Vegetables
Q Main Idea Why is the land on the eastern

Cascade Range drier than
side of the
C. Livestock
land on the western side? II. Metal ores of the West
Q Main Idea Describe the

West.
agriculture of the
A. Copper
B. Gold
Q Critical Thinking: Draw Conclusions Why

are greenhouses important in Alaska?
C. Silver
Q What title would you give this outline?
Write About Geography Q Would a note card's information about

apples fit into this outline? If so, where?
\
Write a journal entry about a trip to
Yellowstone National Park. The entry
Q How might you use this outline?
might involve an animal or a landform.
Write a poem about climbing a mountain

in the Rocky Mountains. Describe what
you see and how you feel.
Write an advertisement for a tour

company that takes people through the
West. Describe three places where you
would take visitors.
Internet: J&cyfeavffey

391
Living in the West
LeSSOn2
w
Sutter's Mill,
California
The Gold Rush
brought many new
settlers to the West.
392
I Locating Places
*
^^p•^^•p™™™,"'"
Why We Remember mmmimmht(i^M^-

Iffilifr""
People have long been attracted to the West because of its rich
resources. People have lived in the West for thousands of years.

Even before the Gold Rush, Americans were traveling west for
rich farmland and Then the Gold Rush brought

living space.
thousands of people from all over the world. Many stayed even
after most of the gold was gone, and more have since arrived. All
the people of the West, past and present, have aided the
development of the culture and economy of the United States.
393
LESSON 1
ALASKAS YTUCKD N
N..V> (U.S.)
Tlingit
Cultural
Region
— The
-X, Tlingit
PREVIEW
Two people enter the room
carrying a dish full of food
The Tlingit live in the northern
part of the West. that's as large as a canoe.
PLACES You've never seen so much food! You are a

Tlingit Cultural Region
guest at a Tlingit potlatch. Your best friend's
Juneau, Alaska
family is celebrating the raising of their new
VOCABULARY
totem pole totem pole. Your friend's grandfather rises to
potlatch
give a speech welcoming his guests. Soon the
singing and dancing will begin. Your friend
and her family help her grandfather hand out

presents to the guests. Your best friend
hands you a special gift. She has chosen it
just for you. After the feast, the family
gives the extra food to the guests —food

that everyone will eat at home and
? Tlingit wood remember this celebration.
carving
Summarize As you read, think of ways

to summarize what you have learned about
the Tlingit.
394
as canoes, blankets,
Tlingit Traditions
copper tools and
The Tlingit (KLINHNG it) are Native
ornaments, baskets,
Americans who live along the
and seal oil. They had
southeastern coast of Alaska and the
a large trading network
northern coast of British Columbia in
with other Native
Canada. This area makes up the
Americans. Sometimes
Tlingit cultural region. The influence of
they bought goods from
Tlingit culture is strong throughout this
one group to trade with
area.
another.
This region is rich in natural
One of the most
resources. Vast forests grow there,
prized Tlingit products,
and fish and game are plentiful. For
even today, is the
hundreds of years the Tlingit made
Chilkat (CHILL kat)
good use of these resources. They
blanket. It was
fished for salmon and hunted deer and
traditionally woven from
seals. They used large planks of wood
the dyed wool of
to build large homes. The Tlingit often
mountain goats and
carved figures into the doorways of
sheep. These colorful
their homes. Tlingit families often
blankets have detailed
placed totem poles outside their
designs of shapes and
homes as well, and some Tlingit families
animals. Just as a
still A totem pole is
follow this tradition.
totem pole might tell
a tall post carved with the images of
the story of a family,
people and animals. These images are
the designs on a
often brightly painted. They often
Chilkat blanket tell
represent the history of the family.
stories too.
The Tlingit lived in these homes
during winter. During the warmer REVIEW Whom
months, they moved to smaller did the Tlingit trade
wooden homes near hunting and with, and what did
fishing grounds. They carved wooden they trade?
canoes for fishing and hunting. Main Idea and Details %
Because game and fish were so
plentiful, the Tlingit were able to spend i
time making and trading goods such
A Tlingit totem pole
m
Guests at a potlatch often perform
traditional dances.
host's generosity with others.

The Potlatch
The potlatch is still an important
A potlatch is a feast held to
part of the Tlingit culture. Speeches,
celebrate important events such as a
dancing, feasting, and gift-giving are
wedding, a birth, or a death. A potlatch
still important parts of a modern
also shows a family's importance to
potlatch, although today's gifts often
the community. Sometimes more than
include money and household goods.
a hundred guests will attend a
Many modern potlatches are held
potlatch. Many northwestern Native
during the weekend so that guests do
Americans, including the Tlingit, hold
not have to miss work or school.
potlatches. This tradition has been
practiced since long before Europeans REVIEW What types of events occur
came to this region. at a potlatch? Summarize
During a potlatch long ago, the host
Chilkat blanket
gave gifts such as canoes, blankets,
and other goods to each of the guests.
The host and honored guests made
speeches. People put on carved
masks and participated in traditional
dances.
The host also tried to provide much
more food than the guests could eat
during the feast, which could last up to
twelve days. Often, guests took food
home so that they could share the '
396
Alaska. The council governs the Tlingit
and Haida people. It meets in Juneau,
Alaska.
Also, the Tlingit and other Native
Americans have formed a company
called the Sealaska Corporation. This
corporation builds new buildings for
the Tlingit and protects Tlingit property.
The corporation makes sure the Tlingit
and others will have enough money

and land in the future.
REVIEW What is the purpose

The Tlingit Today of the Sealaska Corporation?
Some Tlingit live on the same land Main Idea and Details
their families have lived on for
centuries. Many Tlingit make their

living by logging or fishing. They live in • The Tlingit make use of the plentiful
modern villages and combine their natural resources of their region.
traditions with everyday modern life. • Potlatch ceremonies involve a feast,

The Tlingit and Haida (HEYE duh), speeches, dancing, and gift-giving.
another Native American group, have • combine

Today, the Tlingit tradition
formed the Central Council of the with everyday modern life.
Tlingit and Haida Indian Tribes of
LESSON 1 VIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. How did the Tlingit make use of natural
resources?
1. Summarize Use the details below to write a
summary about the Tlingit.
3. How are modern potlatches like potlatches
long ago? How are they different?
4. Give three details about the Tlingit today.
wove
carved 5. Critical Thinking: Make Inferences Why do
Chilkat
totem poles you think the host of a potlatch gives so
blankets
many gifts?
Link to
Create a Sculpture You read that totem poles
tellthe history of Tlingit families. Use clay to
create a sculpture that tells something about
you or your family. Share its meaning with your
classmates.
J
397
zii isiam
Masks Tell a
Story
The Native Americans who lived
along the Pacific Northwest

Coast were expert woodcarvers.
In addition to totem poles and
canoes, they made masks to
wear during ceremonies.
Today, many groups, including
the Haida, are still famous
p- This mask represents a
for their woodcarvings. cat god or goddess from
The Haida live on islands theMoche culture. It

was made of copper and
off the coast of Alaska and bone between a.d. 200
and a.d. 800.
Canada.
Like the Haida, the Inca of South America
and their ancestors also made masks. By
-O 1500, the Inca Empire covered a large
part of western South America. The

Inca wore masks during festivals.
They also placed masks on the

deceased before they were buried.
Each mask had a special meaning.

Before the Inca formed their empire,
many cultures existed in the area. One of
the cultures, called Moche, was well-known

for its crafts and artwork, including masks.
) This Inca warrior's mask is made of

gold. It was made before Columbus
came to the Americas. The Inca
worked with metals such as gold,
copper, and silver.
Tlingit/Haida
Cultural
Region
/
Moche/lnca
Cultural
Region
This Haida mask can be worn closed

or open. When the mask is closed, it
represents an eagle, or thunderbird.
When it is open, it represents the
moon. The head in the center of the
mask has real human hair. The mask
isopened by pulling cords. The Haida
wore masks in ceremonial dances
and in performances during
potlatches. Many Haida
masks represent
spirits.
^v.
A -** E
rs ^^^^R "... -
WjT
9
r _
'*1&P:
399
!
LESSON 2 1760 1860 1960
1769 1848 1959

Father Serra builds the 1 Gold is discovered at Alaska and Hawa
first California mission. 1 Sutter's Mill in California. become states.
Exploration
PREVIEW and Growth
Explorers from Spain and
seeking gold helped
1 It's 1542. Juan Rodriguez
settlers
shape the West. ! YOU Are! Cabrillo, a Portuguese
PLACES
'
There explorer for Spain, sets sail

American River
from the west coast of New Spain, or Mexico.
Sutter's Mill
San Francisco, California You're part of his crew. Cabrillo's ship is on a
PEOPLE northerly course. He plans to explore the
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo
Junipero Serra
Pacific coast in search of riches and a water
John Sutter
passage that connects the Pacific and Atlantic
James Marshall
Levi Strauss Oceans.
VOCABULARY You don't know what to expect. You hope

prospector
that the voyage will be successful. You've left
boom town
ghost town your family to join Cabrillo. You have no
EVENTS idea what you will find. You walk the deck
Gold Rush
of the ship dreaming about finding lots of
silver and gold.
Statue of Juan
Rodriguez Cabrillo
Draw Conclusions As you read, think
about how the discovery of gold and other
resources changed the West.
400
Claims to the Pacific Coast
Exploring the West in the Early 1800s
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo /
Key
[kah BREE oh] was probably the first
Russian claim
ALASKA
European to see the coast of what is
(U.S.) British claim
now California. The Spanish sent other U.S. claim
explorers north along the coast of Claimed by Britain

and United States
California as well. Some of these
Spanish claim
explorers suggested that Spain should Present-day countries
and U.S. states are shown.
send colonists to settle in the new
land. CANADA
When the Spanish settled in an
area, they often established Roman
Catholic missions. A Franciscan priest,
Father Junipero Serra [hoo NEE peh

roh SAIR rah], decided to leave his
mission to set up a mission in what is
today California. Father Serra built the

first California mission in 1769. That
mission was the beginning of the city
Many countries claimed parts of the West.
of San Diego. MAP SKILL Use Map Key What modern states
By 1823 the Franciscans had built lie in the area claimed by both Britain and the
United States?
21 missions in California. The
missions served both Spanish settlers West. The United States wanted
and Native Americans. Several California to become an American
California cities, such as Santa territory. Mexico was now free of
Barbara and San Francisco, began as Spanish rule and owned the territory
missions. but refused to sell the land. In 1846
Explorers from other lands also war started between Mexico and the
traveled throughout the West. In 1812 United States over several areas of
Russians built a fur-trading post at Fort land in the West and Southwest. The
Ross, north of San Francisco. United States won the war in 1848.
Russians also claimed much of Mexico was forced to give up California
Alaska. The British built fur-trading along with some of its other territories
posts along the Pacific coast in what in North America.

are today Oregon and Washington.
REVIEW What brought explorers
In 1841 the first of many wagon
from many different countries to the
trains brought American settlers to the
West Coast? Draw Conclusions
401
Gold! California Gold Rush was on!
Prospectors came from all over the
In 1839 a Swiss immigrant named
world hoping to find gold in California.
John Sutter moved to California. He
A prospector is someone who
settled on land in the foothills of the
searches for valuable minerals. Some
Sierra Nevada. In January 1848,
came overland from the eastern United
James Marshall was busy building
States. This was a long and dangerous
a mill for Sutter along the American
saw something shiny
trip. Some traveled by sea from the
River. Marshall
East Coast to the West Coast. At that
in the water as it passed by the mill. It
time, the shortest sea route was a
was gold!
15,000-mile journey around South
Marshall told Sutter about the gold,
America to the small port of
and they decided to keep the discovery
San Francisco on the California coast.
a secret. Word got out, though. Soon
Prospectors even sailed across the
thousands of people were headed
Pacific Ocean from China. Any way the
toward California and Sutter's Mill. The
PACIFIC OCEAN
ATLANTIC OCEAN
Map
Adventure
In Search of Gold
The California was the first
clipper ship to reach San Francisco

after gold was discovered. The ship
was under the command of Captain
Cleveland Forbes. It left New York on
October 6, 1848. On February 28, 1849,
145 days later, the ship arrived in San
Francisco.
/. In what direction did the California sail
from New York to Rio de Janeiro?
2, On what oceans did the California sail?

3, How many stops did the California make
from Valparaiso to San Francisco?
402
prospectors traveled, the journey took
a long time. Most gold-seekers didn't
get to California until 1849. That is
how they got the name "forty-niners."
San Francisco had a good harbor. It rovi lie (1849)
Trinity River
Rich Bar (1850)
was the closest port to the California (1848)
Downieville (1849)
Nevada City (1849) itch Flat (1849)
gold fields. Many forty-niners passed Rough and Ready Georgetown (1849)
NEVADA
( (1848) • Reno
Grass Valley (1848)
through the city. By 1849 the tiny port Sutter's Mill (184
.Dayton (1849)
^Carson City
American River -^
had grown into a big city with a Sacramento
Drytown (184^,
rville (1850)
Angels Camp (1848)
JacksorH^S-'
Columbia (1850)
population of 100,000. San Francisco San Francisco.
Chinese Camp Sonora (1848)
Mariposa (1849)
was not the only city that boomed
because of the Gold Rush. PACIFIC v'h R'W
C^
Wherever gold, silver, or other

OCEAN CALIFORNIA
valuable metal ore was discovered,

200 Kilometers
boom towns grew quickly. Miners

Key
came and so did merchants.
Locations of gold strike
Merchants built businesses to provide Present-day state borders
goods and services for the miners. Present-day California and
Nevada cities
In fact, many merchants became
wealthier from the gold rush than the
Gold was found in many locations in the Sierra
miners did. One most successful
of the Nevada and foothills.
of these merchants was Levi Strauss. MAP SKILL Use Map Scale About how far is
Mariposa from Trinity River?
He made canvas tents for the miners
until he realized that they needed sturdy
Nevada, became boom towns.
pairs of pants. He made a fortune

In time, a railroad was built across
sewing and selling denim jeans. North America, linking the East and
Prospectors found valuable metal ore West Coasts. Traveling west by train
throughout the West. More towns, such was shorter and easier than sailing or
traveling by wagon. More people moved
as Denver, Colorado, and Carson City,
to the West. Some cities, many of them
P Panning for gold was hard work.
along railroad lines, continued to grow.
But once the metal ore was mined from
an area, many boom towns were
deserted. They became ghost towns.
Today tourists can visit ghost towns
throughout the West.
REVIEW Why did some merchants

become wealthier than the gold
miners? Draw Conclusions
403
The Wild West
In the mid-1800s, the West was new
most Americans. It could
territory to
also be dangerous. Boom towns could

be loud and rowdy places. Towns that
grew up almost overnight rarely had
good police departments.
As the Gold Rush ended, cattle
drives began to take hold in the West.

Advertisement for "Buffalo Bill's Wild West" show
Cowhands drove herds from ranches in
Montana, Wyoming, Nevada, and Utah

called "Buffalo Bill's Wild West." It
to towns along the railroad, just as

featured trick riding and rifle-shooting,
Texas cowhands did. The cowhands
western wildlife, and more.
often celebrated the end of the trail in
By the 1890s, the "Wild West" had
these "cow towns." They could get
been tamed. Through songs, stories,
pretty wild.
and movies, however, the legend still
The colorful and often violent
lives on.
characters of the West created a
lasting legend—the "Wild West." One REVIEW Why was the West called
of the most famous characters was the "Wild West"? Main Idea and
William "Buffalo Bill" Cody. In 1883 Details
Cody formed a famous traveling show
""'fSni Bodie, California

Bodie, California is one of
the best-preserved ghost
towns in the West. A large gold and
silver strike in 1877 brought mines and
mills to the town.By 1880 Bodie was a
boom town with more than 10,000
people and 2,000 buildings.
In only a few years, most of the gold
and silver had been mined. By 1882
miners had moved on to other boom Bodie, California, present day
towns. In later years, fires destroyed

much of Bodie. Only 170 original buildings still stand.
Today Bodie is a California State Historic Park. It is preserved
much as it was when the last residents left in the mid-1900s.
404
The Territories of the West Become States
State Entry Date Order Flag State Entry Date Order Flag
California Sept. 9, 1850 31st Idaho July 3, 1890 43rd SfT^H
Oregon Feb. 14, 1859 33rd Wyoming July 10, 1890 44th
ES
Nevada Oct. 31, 1864 36th Utah Jan. 4, 1896 45th /@S\
^gfy
Colorado Aug. 1, 1876 38th Alaska Jan. 3, 1959 49th
Montana Nov. 8, 1889 41st Hawaii Aug. 21, 1959 50th
Washington Nov. 11, 1889 42nd
Some western territories were among the last territories to become states.
CHART SKILL Use a Table Name one of the three pairs of states that gained statehood in the same years.
Canada. Then, just as in California,

Statehood for Alaska
thousands of people rushed to the
The territories of the West became
area. The cities of Juneau and
states between 1850 and 1959. Look
Fairbanks grew quickly.
at the chart above. You will notice that
During World War II, military bases in
the last two territories to become
Alaska were an important line of
states, Alaska and Hawaii, are both in
defense for the United States. Airfields
the West and became states in the
and highways built during the war
same year.
helped boost transportation and
Alaska was once a territory claimed
business development after the war.
by the country of Russia. The Russians
Alaska became a state in 1959. In
used the territory mainly for fur trading.
1968 vast oil deposits were discovered
In 1867 Russia sold Alaska to the
on the coast of the Arctic Ocean in
United States for a more than $7
little
Alaska. An 800-mile-long pipeline was
million, or about two cents an acre. The
built to bring the oil to Valdez, where it
United States hoped that fur trapping in
could be loaded onto ships and
Alaska would help the United States'
transported to ports around the world.
economy. Alaska had even more
natural resources, however. REVIEW Was the United States
In the 1880s and 1890s, gold was purchase of Alaska a good idea?
discovered in parts of Alaska and Explain your answer. Draw Conclusions
405
brought the United States into World
Hawaii Becomes a State
War II. Hawaiians had discussed
Hawaii is a chain of islands in the
statehood even before World War II.
Pacific Ocean. In 1900 the United
After the war ended, Hawaiians again
States made Hawaii a territory.
asked for statehood. Finally, in 1959
Hawaiian farms produced sugar cane
Hawaii became the fiftieth state.
and pineapples for export to the
United States mainland. REVIEW How were the paths to

The United States also built ports statehood alike and different for
and military bases on the islands. A Alaska and Hawaii?

major base was built at Pearl Harbor. >® Compare and Contrast
In December 1941, Japanese
warplanes attacked Pearl Harbor. This Summarize the Lesson
1769 Father Serra built the first
California mission.
1848 Gold was discovered at

Sutter's Mill in California.
1959 Alaska and Hawaii became

states.
A lei, or garland of flowers, is a gift

of welcome in Hawaii.
LESSON 2 REVIEW
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Why did people begin to explore the West?
1. Draw Conclusions Copy the diagram below 3. What was the California Gold Rush and how
did it change the West?
on a separate sheet of paper. Fill in the
details that would lead to the given 4. Why did some boom towns become ghost
conclusion. towns?
5. Critical Thinking: Make Generalizations
When and how did some territories in the
West become states?
Link to Music
Many changes occurred
Find a Song of the Wild West Many songs
in the West during
were written about life in the Wild West. Some
the 1800s.
have become famous and are still sung today.
Find a song and share with your class what the
song tells you about life in the Wild West.
406
f
J.
Levi Strauss
1829-1902
JLevi Strauss invented modern blue jeans. He came to the

1 United States from Germany in 1847. Six years later,
during the California Gold Rush, he moved to San
Francisco. There he made tents from heavy canvas and
sold them at his business along with clothes, blankets, and
household items. He also traveled to mining camps,
selling these goods to miners.
The miners asked Strauss for
tough pants, so he began to make
The descendants of them from canvas. Later, he used
the family of Levi
Strauss still own and denim, a strong cotton fabric. He
run the company he
dyed the denim blue.
founded, Levi Strauss
& Company. Cowboys, railroad
workers, and farmers
bought his blue pants because the pants were
comfortable and strong.
The miners wanted stronger pockets to
hold tools, so Strauss added metal rivets at
the corners of the pockets. Levi Strauss &
Company, the business he founded, still
makes blue denim pants with riveted pockets.
Strauss was very successful. His pants were
inexpensive, but Strauss paid his workers a
good wage. Strauss donated generously to
charities and gave scholarships for students.
The business he began is now about 150 years
old and remains successful.

Why was Levi Strauss successful?
I For more information, go online to Meet
TTi
\the People at www.sfsocialstudies.com.
ap and Globe Skills
Understand Latitude
and Longitude
What? Lines of latitude (LAT i tood) extend east and west.
They are lines drawn on a map or globe that are used to
determine how far north or south of the equator a place is located.
Lines of latitude are also called parallels. They are always the
same distance apart from one another. The globe on the left
shows lines of latitude.
The equator is the imaginary line of latitude that divides Earth

into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere. The
equator is the starting point for measuring latitude. It is labeled
0°, or zero degrees, latitude. Latitude is measured in degrees both
north and south of the equator.
Find the equator on the globe on the left. Notice that the lines
of latitude north of the equator are marked with an N. The lines
that are south of the equator are marked with an S. The North
Pole is 90°N and the South Pole is 90°S.
North Pole North Pole
South Pole
408
Latitude and Longitude in the West

meridian are marked with an E. The
lines west of the prime meridian are
marked with a W. The 180th meridian
is just labeled 180° without an E or IV.
This is because 180°E and 180°W are

the same meridian.
Why? The lines of latitude and

longitude together form a grid. You can
see this grid on the map to the left.
You can use this grid to locate places
on Earth.
HOW? To find what city is located

near 44°N, 116°W on the map at the
right, first find the latitude line labeled
44°N. Then run your finger along that
line until it crosses 116°W. What city is
located nearest this point?
Lines of longitude (LON ji tood)

extend north and south. They are also
called meridians (muh RID ee uhns).
Think and Apply
Lines of longitude are used to
determine how far east or west of the What cities are located near
prime meridian a place is located. 48°N, 1 22°W?
The prime meridian is the starting
point for measuring longitude. It is Q What city is located nearest to
labeled 0°, or zero degrees, longitude. 34°N, 120°W?
Longitude is measured in degrees east
and west of the prime meridian. Q What is the closest longitude
Find the prime meridian on the globe and latitude for Butte, Montana?
on the right (page 408). Notice that
the lines of longitude east of the prime
409
Business
and Pleasure
PREVIEW
You are enjoying another
Focus on the Main Idea beautiful, sunny day of
Cities in the West have many
different kinds of businesses vacation in southern
and attractions.
California. Yesterday you went hiking in the
PLACES Santa Monica Mountains near Los Angeles.
Los Angeles, California
Seattle,Washington Today, you just want to relax on the beach
Salt Lake City, Utah
and splash in the gentle waves of the Pacific
VOCABULARY
Ocean. Suddenly, you hear shouts coming
computer software
international trade from the water. It looks like a swimmer is in
trouble. You wonder why people are simply
standing around and watching. Then
you see a person behind a big

camera. A woman shouts
into the megaphone, "Cut!"

The swimmer laughs. It's
then that you realize they

are making a movie!
Compare and Contrast As you read,

£ compare and contrast the businesses
that can be found in each of the cities
mentioned.
410
Fun in the Sun
Many movies are made in
Los Angeles, California — and for a
good reason. Because California has a

sunny, pleasant climate, the area
around Los Angeles is an excellent
location for filming movies and
television shows. Over time, the
entertainment industry has grown in
Los Angeles.
The pleasant climate around Los
Angeles has drawn many other
businesses to the area. People from
across the United States and around
the world come to Los Angeles to live
and work. The rapid growth of Los
Angeles has made it the second largest
city in the United States.
People also travel to Los Angeles to
visit its many attractions. Tourism is an
important industry. Whether they are
P There are many amusement parks in and around
Los Angeles.
relaxing on the beach or riding on a
REVIEW What are some reasons
roller coaster, people enjoy visiting
people come to Los Angeles?
Los Angeles.
>• The famous Hollywood sign has become a symbol of the movie industry in Los Angeles.
takes name. Like Seattle, Salt Lake
Two Western Cities
its
City's economy depends on varied

The cities of the West are as varied
industries.
as the region's landscape. About a
Salt is an important resource in the
thousand miles north of Los Angeles
Salt Lake City area. The Great Salt Lake
lies the city of Seattle, Washington.
is a saltwater lake. About 2.5 million
economy depends on a
Seattle's
tons of salt are drawn each year from
number of different industries. Many
the area surrounding the lake.
companies that make computer
Mining also important to Salt Lake
software — programs that help One
is
of the world's largest open-pit

computers run certain functions — have City.
copper mines is located near the city.

their headquarters in or near Seattle.
Valuable minerals such as lead and
Ships and jet airplanes are also built
silver are mined as well.
in the area.
Tourists come to Salt Lake City to
Tourists to Seattle enjoy the city's
enjoy its rich history. Nearby
historic districts and parks. Sightseers
mountains also attract people who
can ride the Monorail — an elevated enjoy skiing and other winter sports.
train —through the city to the Space
Seattle and Salt Lake City are very
Needle. This tall tower has a wide view
different places. Still, they are both
of the Seattle area and nearby
examples of the strong, busy cities of
mountains.
the West.
Salt Lake City, Utah, is hundreds of
miles south and east of Seattle. Salt REVIEW Name ways that Seattle and
Lake City lies on the shore of the Salt Lake City are alike and different.
Great Salt Lake, from which the city Ss) Compare and Contrast
Bingham Canyon Mine, one of the world's largest open-pit copper mines, is located in the mountains
west of Salt Lake City.
FACT FILE
The bar graph shows the increase in population in the metropolitan
areas of Los Angeles, California; Seattle, Washington; and Salt Lake City,
Utah from 1990 to 2000. The pie chart shows the populations of these three
Western cities in relation to each other.
Metro area population Metro area populations,

growth, 1990 to 2000 2000
Salt Lake City
This satellite image of Seattle, Washington, shows a densely populated city.
413
The United States also exports
Trade and the Pacific Rim
products to Pacific Rim countries.
Rim countries are nations
Pacific
Movies made in Los Angeles and
that border the Pacific Ocean. The
computer software made in Seattle are
United States trades many resources,
important U.S. exports. Hawaii exports
goods, and services with these
agricultural products such as
countries. Trade between countries is
sugarcane, coffee, and pineapples.
called international trade.
In addition to the exchange of goods
Ports in the West carry on
between these countries, ideas,
international trade with other Pacific
languages, and traditions pass along
Rim nations. The United States
this international trade route.
imports electronic equipment and cars
from Japan. Meat and minerals are REVIEW Summarize how the United
imported from Australia. Clothing and States practices international trade on
food are imported from China. the Pacific Rim. Summarize
^ Goods traded on the Pacific Rim
DIAGRAM SKILL According to the map, what goods and services are manufactured both in Asia and
414
Worth America?
Westward Bound REVIEW Why is the West an
interesting region to live in or visit?
You have read many reasons why the
West is a great place to live in or visit.
You can enjoy viewing the region's
natural beauty and wildlife. You can
down them
• The climate and industries in Los
climb up mountains or ski
Angeles have helped it to grow in
in many Western states. You can live
population.
and work in a place with many natural
• Seattle and Salt Lake City are
resources. The West has something
examples of strong Western cities.
for everyone.
• The United States and the countries
of the Pacific Rim trade many
resources, goods, and services.
Whale watching is an attraction
on the Pacific coast.
Check Facts and Main Ideas 2. Name some of the different industries
found in Los Angeles, Seattle, and Salt
1. ^® Compare and Contrast On a separate Lake City.
sheet of paper, compare Los Angeles and
Salt Lake City. Describe similarities.
3. What is the effect of climate on the
tourism industries in Los Angeles and
Similarities Differences Salt Lake City?
4. What goods does the United States import
from and export to Pacific Rim countries?
•Los Angeles is on 5. Critical Thinking: Point of View Of the cities
the Pacific Ocean. described in this lesson, which one would
•Salt Lake City is you most like to visit? Why?
inland.
•Los Angeles is Link to Writing

famous for movies.
Pen Pal Postcards Write a postcard to a person
•Salt Lake City is
living in one of the cities from the lesson.
known for mining.
Compare and contrast your community with
theirs. Describe similarities and differences.
415
CITIZEN HBHOB
Building a City
Thomas Bradley "was a builder... encouraging a thriving
downtown and improving mass transit. Just as

important, he built bridges across the lines that divide
us, uniting people of many races and backgrounds in the
most diverse city in America."
— President William Jefferson Clinton
Thomas was mayor of Los Angeles for twenty

Bradley
years. He thought his city was a great place to live, and
he wanted everyone to have a fair chance to enjoy it.
One problem Bradley saw was his city's transportation

p- Mayor Thomas Bradley system. Bradley knew that most people used cars for
transportation. People without cars often had a hard time
getting around.
Bradley felt it was not fair that some people had
difficulty enjoying his city. He knew
that sometimes people could not
take good jobs because they had
no way to get to work. He knew
that some people paid more
for food and other needs
because they could not

get to inexpensive
supermarkets and
Caring
Respect
discount stores. He worried that people had difficulty Responsibility
visiting museums, attending concerts, and getting to
parks and beaches. Bradley decided Los Angeles
Honesty
needed a train system like New York's subway to
help make transportation fairer. Courage
Over many years Bradley worked to have the Metro
Rail system built. Now many people ride these trains
to jobs, stores, museums, parks, and Los Angeles Metro Rail System
other places. The Metro Rail system
and other projects Bradley began have
helped make Los Angeles a fairer place b San Fernando
to live.
Xyalley
Thomas Bradley believed that all
people should follow their dreams.

He said,
"The only thing that can stop you

is you. Dream big dreams, work
hard, study hard, and listen to
your teachers. Above all get
along with each other. You can be
anything your heart wants to be."
Fairness in Action
Long Beach
Other people in United States history have
taken action when they saw people being
treated unfairly. Research a person who has
worked for fairness toward immigrants, workers,
or people of a different race or religion. You may
choose an important figure in history or
someone from your own community.
417
CHAPTER
1750 1800
REVIEW 1769 1841 1848

zy
Father Serra Wagon trains The United States won the territory
established the first traveled West. of California from Mexico.

California mission. Gold was discovered in California.
Chapter Summary
\
Compare and Contrast similarities Differences
On a separate sheet of paper, fill in the

diagram to list and differences
similarities
in the ways in which Alaska and Hawaii
became states.
s Sunset in Barrow, Alaska

\
Use each word in a sentence that explains the Write these sentences on a separate sheet of
meaning of the word. paper. Fill in the blank with the name of a
person or place from this chapter.
Q totem pole (p. 395)
Q The Tlingit's governing council meets in
Q potlatch (p. 396) •

(P- 397)
Q prospector (p. 402) Q A priest,

mission in California, (p.
., built the
401)
first
Q boom town (p. 403)

Q In 1848 John Marshall discovered gold in
ghost town (p. 403) California at . (p. 402)
Q computer software (p. 412) €%

Gold Rush in
sold sturdy pants during the
California, (p. 403)
Q international trade (p. 414)
isa city in Utah that was
named for a nearby body of water,
(p. 412)
^ J s
418
1900 1950 2000
1867 1883 1900 1959

The United States "Buffalo Bill" Cody The United States Alaska and Hawaii
purchased Alaska started his Wild claimed Hawaii as were granted
from Russia. West show. a territory. statehood.

Q What is the purpose of a totem pole?
\
Understand Latitude and

Q How did some missions
grow and change?
in California Longitude 1
Q What is the approximate latitude and
Q Time Line How many years passed

between the year the United States
longitude of Denver?
purchased Alaska and the year the Q What is the approximate latitude and
longitude of Pikes Peak?
United States claimed Hawaii?
Q Main Idea Describe the Tlingit way of life. Q What

109°W
40°N,
monument
national
109°W? and 41°N,
is between
Q Main Idea How did the discovery of gold

change the West? Q Name the Colorado cities that are
located at about 105°W.
Q Main Idea What are some products that

are tradedamong the Pacific Rim
109°W W8°W . 1Q7 Q W JOfifW 105°W. 104 Q W 103"W 102°W
WY
countries?
Diniosalir
Fort Collins,
Q Critical Thinking: Make

the West Coast a convenient place for
Inferences Why is
National
Monument
Boulder'
international trade? Lake wood'

UT
^ Grand
.Jun ction Pikes
Peak
COLORADO
Write About History
Q Write a journal entry describing how you
might feel if you learned that gold had
Canyjons of
the Ancients
k Monbment
National
been discovered in your state. Would you

believe it? Would you want to become a
NM
prospector? Sfe.
Q Write a newspaper report about a

why the potlatch was held,
potlatch. Tell
local
who attended, and what kinds of gifts Internet: Activity

were given.
Q Write a travel brochure about a city in

the West. Choose one western city to
research and write about. Include encyclopedia from Social Studies
information about things to see and do in
and around the city.
s
419
—
• '
' ''' '
',
,
'
'
End with a Song

i
MjUjiMii, .
^P
Sweet Betsy was a fictional woman who left Pike County,
Missouri and headed for the California gold mines. This song
celebrates all the hearty people who traveled westward to
California after £old was found there in 1848.

Folk Song from the United States
Adapted and arranged by Wiedman
® c
Lillian
+—
1. Oh, don't you re - mem - ber sweet Bet - sy from Pike?
2. One ev' - ning quite ear - ly they camped on the Platte,
C D7 G
w
f\ • m m "
r^vi
>J V M ^
• m
W ^ o
sz
9J -0
She crossed the wide prai - ries with her hus -
band, Ike,
Twas near by the road on a green shad -

y flat.
With two yoke of ox - en, an old yel - low dog,

Poor Bet - sy, quite tired, lay down for re - pose,
A tall Shang - hai roost - er and one spot - ted hog.

And Ike sat and gazed at his Pike Coun - ty rose.
420
mwiimir r — -
REFRAIN
Too
±=M
- ra -
C
lee,
F
r^ Too - ra -
?
lee,
G7
^
too
l
-
l
ra - lay,
C
C
rrr
r
too -
p
ra -
r
lay,
*
J- ' * * * * * *
Sing-ing too ra lee, too - ra lee, too - ra - lee
3. They soon reached the desert where Betsy gave out.

And down on the sand she lay rolling about.
While Ike, in great tears, looked on in surprise:
Said, "Betsy, get up, you'll get sand in your eyes." Refrain
4. The rooster ran off and the oxen all died:

The last piece of bacon that morning was fried.
Poor Ike got discouraged and Betsy got mad:
The dog wagged his tail and looked awfully sad. Refrain
5. The desert was burning and hot,

alkali
And Ike,he decided to leave on the spot:

"My dear old Pike County, I'll go back to you."
Said Betsy, "You'll go by yourself if you do." Refrain
6. They swam the wide rivers, they crossed the tall peaks,
They camped out on prairies for weeks and for weeks,
Fought hunger and rattlers and big storms of dust,
Determined to reach California or bust. Refrain
-•:.''''"'-,. .
i
Review
Main Ideas and Vocabulary \&*1

Many people think of the West as a Willamette Valley are famous for their
region of mountains. The Rocky farm products. Tropical Hawaii produces
Mountains, which are the largest system crops such as sugarcane and
of mountain ranges in North America, pineapples.
are located in the West. So are the The history and culture of the West is
Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Range. as varied as the region's landscape. In
Mount McKinley, the highest point in 1848 gold was discovered at Sutter's
North America, is located in the western Mill in California. This triggered the Gold
state of Alaska. Rush. Soon prospectors from around the

Yellowstone, the nation's oldest world came to California to search for
national park, is located in the gold. Merchants followed, hoping to
mountains of Wyoming, Idaho, and make money by selling goods to the
Montana. It is famous for its scenery, miners. Cities throughout the West grew
wildlife, and hot springs. Some hot as gold, silver, and other valuable ores
springs, such as the famous Old Faithful, were discovered.
are geysers. An eruption from Old Today the West ishome to many
Faithful sends boiling water more than different cultures. Some, such as the
100 feet into the air. Tlingit,have lived in southern Alaska for
The West is much more than hundreds of years. One Tlingit tradition
mountains, however. The Great Basin is is the carving and displaying of totem
a desert that is often quite hot. Death poles. The carvings on a totem pole
Valley, California, is more than 200 feet include symbols of a family's history.
below sea level. It is the lowest elevation Another Tlingit tradition is the potlatch, a
in North America. Parts of the West feast where gifts are given. Potlatches
produce lots of fruit and vegetables. can last many days.
California's Central Valley and Oregon's
According to the passage, what is the In the passage, the word prospectors
highest place in North America? means
A Death Valley A people opening stores
B Yellowstone B people searching for valuable ore
C Mount McKinley C people going on vacation
D The Great Basin D people climbing mountains
In the passage, the word geysers means What item below is not a part of
A lakes made by humans Tlingit culture?
B very old trees A a totem pole
C wildlife of the West B a potlatch
D hot springs that erupt C a pineapple
D gift-giving
422
Test Talk
Is your answer complete, correct,
and focused?

\ \
Write a sentence or two explaining why each of Write and Share a Story With a group of
the following people or terms is important. classmates, write a story about a person who
comes to California seeking his or her fortune
Q Yellowstone
National Park
Q Juan Rodriguez
Cabrillo (p. 401)
during the Gold Rush. Choose one person from
the group to read the whole story, or split the
(P- 370)
Q Death Valley,
Q Junipero Serra
(p. 401)
story into sections and let each group member
read.
California
(p. 380) Q John Sutter
(P. 402)
Q Willamette
Valley, Oregon Q Levi Strauss
(p. 385) (P- 403)

^_
Read on Your Own
Look for books like these in the library. ^
Apply Skills
Write Notes and Outlines
Choose one topic covered in Unit 6, such as
Yellowstone National Park, the Tlingit culture, or
the Gold Rush, and do research on it. As you do
;#PLA1N
your research, take notes. Then use your notes
to write an outline about the topic. Illustrate the
outline, if you wish.
Upper Geyser Basin

Old Faithful
Castle Geyser
Morning Glory Pool
Things to See in Yellowstone

National Park
I. Upper Geyser Basin
A. Old Faithful
Geyser
B. Castle
C.Morning Glory Pool
II Mammoth Hot Springs
A. Minerva Terrace
B. Canary Spring
C. Elk
423
oNir
Great State
Create a booklet that shows what's great
about your state today and what will be —
great in the future.
1 Form a group. Choose a current event

in your state.
2 Write a paragraph about the event.

Predict what will happen in the future
and write several sentences.
3 Draw or find pictures that illustrate

the event today and what might
occur in the future.
4 Put your group's paragraphs and

pictures together into a booklet.
Share it with the class.
In/fceirne-fc Activity
Learn more about the West. Go to
424
Reference Guide
ATLAS: World and United States

Photograph of the Continents R2
Table of Satellite
Map of the World: Political R4

Contents Map of the World: Physical R6
Map of the Western Hemisphere: Political R8
Map of the Western Hemisphere: Physical R9
Map of the United States of America RIO
Map of the United States: Political R12
Map of the United States: Physical R14
Geography Terms R16
Facts About Our Fifty States R18
State Names and Mottoes R22
Symbols of the United States R24
United States Declaration of Independence R28
Facts About Our Presidents R32
Learn About Your State R36
Gazetteer R45
Biographical Dictionary R52
Glossary R56
Index R63
Acknowledgments and Credits R75
Social Studies Reference Guide Rl

Atlas
Photograph of the Continents
R2 Social Studies Reference Guide

Social Studies Reference Guide R3
Atlas
Map of the World: Political

tlas
.ap of the World: Physical
180
c
16(TW 140 W 120 W 100°W
ARCTIC OCEAN^
ueen Elizabeth
Islands
20,320 ft.
-^
(6,.t94-fn)-~

"
100 E 120 E 140' E 160 E 180

sevemaya ARCTIC OCEAN SQ ;N ,
New Siberian
SSlsJSp Islands
'Kamchatka
$&- -
Peninsula
North Europe £_
-Jv
Mont Blanks
5>sS-.E
•" U O rP *-)
w R}^'f E^ Elbrus
ft/lt.
18.510 ft.
7m)AA.LP5 642 m)
j ^,
>
'
sMokkaido
Balkan . Sea of
Iberian./ „™' a
Peninsula ' ££W ./apart
Peninsuw Me --. Minor
:
v50V 28,250 fV-<"—
Plateauof
^v^t, .
S&u;^«SS»«.r /, ar ^^J ./? 29,028 ft.
\
7 .^H^mS
Arabian
"eninsula
!
'
,.
Desert
_
^ccah /
(8,848
Sm)
vX Arabian fi&iesu' S3 „ „f )
Southern Polar Region

i>S. AMERICA il £L„ n
del Fuego
er
,
Cape Horn
'
Key Dra/ce Passage

^
Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen _ .
^Falkland
South
a Mountain peak Adelaide l-^Sea
^
— National border
Campbell
Auckland Is.
I.
Scott
Island
ROSS
Sea
r
<£>
LAND
Vinson a
Alexander I..
ELLSWORTH \ Antarctic
Peninsula
Shetland Is.
Scotia
Sea
Roosevelt
South
I. ^S Massif
Cape Adare Orkney
Macquarie I.
McMurdo Ross $ 16,066 ft. Ronne Ice Is.
(4,897 m) She/f Weddell
Bel,eny,,
VICT0RIA
* '
$* /sjN s Bertner Sea
South
Georgia
UN^
M/VD ^/V^^rcTICMO^
Soufh Riiser
Pole Larsen
Polar South
Ice
Plateau Sandwich Is.
Shelf
South
Magnetic Pole ANTARCTICA Fimbul
ATLANTIC
QUEEN MAUD Ice
LAND Shelf OCEAN

Cape -V, o-
Poinsett
Shackleton
'
Amery
&
Shelf
INDIAN Ice Shelf Ice
EN DERBY
Davis Sea
<F OCEAN U %y
west .Bay
dz LAND 400 800 Kilometers
i? Ice Shelf

Atlas
Map of the Western Hemisphere: Political
Gulf of St. Lawrence
•New York City

Denver • ij)
Philadelphia
Ci . .
San Francisco* La* St. Louis Washington, D.C.

Vegas.
Los Angelis. Atlanta
San Diego*»*«'*Wa
*
Phoenix Dallas
New
ATLANTIC
Houston, Orleans
Orle, Savannah OCEAN
#
k San Antonio , \.«.
MEXICO Gf of
Mexico
\fT'Nassau
BAHAMAS
**'
Tropic of Cancer
.Honolulu
Havana
® CUBA ÎTI
BELIZE Port-au-Prince
^
,
HAWAII
(U.S.)
Mexico City
r ,
^
em r.
" ~ Si
rilATCMAIA^ Belm °P an "^

^
JAMAICA
PUERTO RICO
Rl (U.S.)
HONDURAS Kingston-DOMINICAN REPUBLIC
^ ^^ W^Santo Domingo
=
PACIFIC l ^Hnr^ Te ucigalpa

n Salvador --- 2 Caribbean Sea
San
OCEAN EL SALVADOR TfiXSan Jose
*fo Managua
*~s Caracas
-®~-**J GUYANA
;
v
i
NICARAGUA /*> t Panama SURINAME

COSTA RICA / city VENEZUELAr/
PANAMA
Equator
FRENCH
Papeete. POLYNESIA
v * (FRANCE)
Tropic of Capricorn
500 1,000 Kilometers
Key
National border
® National capital
• Other city

'
Map of the Western Hemisphere: Physical
ARCTIC OCEAN North Magnetic Pole +
Queen Elizabeth Islands
Melville Island
Banks
Point Barrow Beaufort Sea Island
^ Brooks, Range -|.\.,
iMcKinlej
f* ?M % 3fc.
20,320
(6,
ft.
194 m)
&>S^
•'
"^JwJi'l
Yukon
Plateau
*%£
^ Great Slave
/9,524 ft. >, V, ,a jT

Kodiak
fqqqimi
(5,951 mh V/^'^^Pe* £• Athabasca
Alaska Island
Peninsula Queen Charlotte
Islands
^%>f "tx. cr>
Saskatc^"^
River take _
Aleutian Islands -p Winnipeg3 //
l/ancoiwer Island- — "
.
A!-^NORTH AM
57
Newfoundland
Puget Sound'
^ o? TO ' El
^
Kc5
Great
C ^Hills%
«
M % / ^Nova Scotia
Bay of Fupdy
of St. Lawrence
W&& Lake £ *^ -
Salt T INTERIOR^'^
3
I K ^ Cape Cod
"=
Vj, GRMT PLAINS Long Island
Mt Whitney J^J?! fi/AS/W> >
Ozark Jf*
14,495 ft. m)
(4,418 T T "<%(* 9>
Deat/i Va//eyc
£ <
.P/afeau
^Cape Hatteras ATLANTIC
(lowest point in N.A.f*o% '
^ OCEAN
282 (-86 m)* %%*£&"
ft.
c0—*4BE /KSTAL
^r ^^
Gulf of
«% **/>
tropic of Cancer
Yucatan Cuba
Hispaniola
CitlH&petl* Peninsula Puerto Rico
A »thh
18,701 ft, „_,,
Lesser Antilles
(5,700 m) Can
PACIFIC
OCEAN La/ce-^jjv )'« Aaks-^laracaibo
scua
Nicaragua "ii*> . nv, orjn?^*
Isthmus
of Panama
Chimborazo
20,561 ft.
Galapagos (6,267 M
Islands
/AZO/V v £
Marquesas
Islands ASIN M&4
Huascaran
22,205 ft.
Tu,
'*to (6,768 m) Plateau Brazilian
Cook '°tu
Lake Titica
1
<*-
$
Highlands
Islands
Society
***
Islancfs
§> SOUTH
2
tropic of Capricorn
V'M ERICA
ilguazu Falls
Mt. Aconcagua
22,831 ft.
(6,959 m,
is
500 1,000 Kilometers
J
^Valdes Peninsula
Key (lowest point in S.A.)
-131 ft. (-40 m)
Mountain peak
T Below sea level Falkland Islands South
Strait of'-sg* tTierra del Georgia
National border Magellan Fuego
-. Cape Horn -
120 W Social Studies Reference Guide R9

1
lias
iap of the United States of America
ARCTIC
OCEAN
PACIFIC OCEAN
250 500 Kilometers
Key
HI
National capital
National border Tr °p/c

of cancer
RIO Social Studies Reference Guide

State or area Abbreviation
Alabama AL
Alaska AK
Arizona AZ
Arkansas AR
California CA
Colorado CO
Connecticut CT
Delaware DE
District of Columbia . DC
Florida FL
Georgia GA
Hawaii HI
Idaho ID
Illinois IL
Indiana IN
Iowa IA
Kansas KS
Kentucky KY
Louisiana LA
Maine ME
Maryland MD
Massachusetts MA
Michigan Ml
Minnesota MN
Mississippi MS
Missouri MO
Montana MT
Nebraska NE
Nevada NV
New Hampshire .... NH
New Jersey NJ
New Mexico NM
New York NY
North Carolina NC
North Dakota ND
Ohio OH
Oklahoma OK
Oregon OR
Pennsylvania PA
Rhode Island Rl
South Carolina SC
South Dakota SD
Tennessee TN
Texas TX
Utah UT
Vermont VT
Virginia VA
Washington WA
West Virginia WV
Wisconsin Wl
Wyoming WY
JAMAICA Rll
80 W Social Studies Reference Guide
Atlas
Map of the Unite
so-,
£s 9 Seattle ,-J^fe,
Olympian
wASHI^TONT
(WA) Spokane*/
Portland iv_<-4o^
Great Ft fs
*Salem 1
MONTANA
/ Helena (MT)
'Eugene
OREGON Billings.
(OR)
Boise
IDAHO
(ID)
/*
WYOMING
Pocatello.
(WY)
PACIFIC Casper.
OCEAN Great A, Ogden/
fSa/tV •
f.Reno
- Lake UL Cheyenm
Sacramento Salt Lake
^Carson City
Region Key City 'Provo
San Francisco ••Oakland NEVADA
Northeast (NV)
San Jose UTAH
m Southeast (UT)
Colorado
'i
Springs,
Midwest CALIFORNIA
(CA) COLORADO
Southwest Las (CO) p ue b|,
.Vegas |
West
_
.Los Angeles
30°,
'Long Beach
^ Santa I
Key '> ARIZONA

'Albuquerqi
® National capital
San Diego
JEW
1EXICO
* State capital Phoenix /
/
(NM)
• Major city
Tucson .
— - National border
lEI Paso
500 Kilometers
ft
155
r
W
•
22 N
HAWAII
(HI)
N
Honolulu
PACIFIC MEXICO
OCEAN
Hilo*
75 150Kilometers

JORTH DAKOTA NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH)
(ND) Grand
Forks
VERMONT (VT)
Bismarck
Fargo
MINNESOTA
(MN) Portland
SOUTH DAKOTA ^•Concord
(SD) Minneapolis
Pierre
MICHIGAN NEW YORK* [Boston* (MA)
(NY) PrOVidenCe
Sioux
Falls
(Ml)
Lansing I
rdr^
Hartfo
l
^C RHODE ISLAND
\
Missou,
Grand
3^ r\ (Ri)
'9,
WAx
(IA)
Rapids. Rockford*
Rapids Detroit
ENNSYLVANIA
(PA)
Newark
£^ Y X ork CONNECTICUT
ao-i*
Chicago Gary [Toledo Cleveland Trenton (CT)

Harrisburg^.
Fort*
OHIO K^ Pittsburgh PhiladelpMT NEW JERSEY (NJ)
Wayne (OH) Wheeling
* Peoria Columbus Baltimore, \. Dover
DELAWARE (DE)
^.Indianapolis ./vvESTi/ J H® Annapolis
Topeka*
Ka
7?.!
Clt
s
VCity
Kansas
^.Springfield
NDIANA LCmcinnati
^Y u
J
+ Frankfort ^Charleston
*
VI
^/ /
IA
Richmond^
.„„.,.., x
KSSjT- MARYLAND (MD)
Washington, D.C.
KANSAS VIRGINIA
Louisville * Norfolk
(KS) (VA)
.Wichita KENTUCKY
(KY)
-**s-"-
— """p Raleigh
Nashville Knoxvilie *
.Tulsa
• NORTH CAROLINA
Charlotte.
TENNESSEE (|\jq
Oklahoma
(TN)
• City
Columbia
OKLAHOMA SOUTH
(OK) CAROLINA
.Atlanta
(SC) ATLANTIC
GEORGIA
Fort ALABAMA (GA)
Charleston OCEAN
Worth. .Dallas (AL)
* Columbus Savannah
Montgomery
TEXAS
(TX)
.Mobile .Jacksonville
:
Baton Rouge^ ! Biloxi Tallahassee
Austin
San New Orleans"

Houston .
Antonio.
FLORIDA
Tampa. (FL)
.Laredo
Corpus
N %^
1
Christ! Gulf of Mexico
6, BAHAMAS
S
Atlas
Map of the United States: Physical
Vegetation Key
Arid
Evergreen forest
Grassland
Mixed forest
Mountains
Tundra
Key
National border
State border
Mountain peak
A Highest point
V Lowest point
160 W.
Oahu
PACIFIC
OCEAN
Hawaii *
150 Miles MaunaKea
13,796 ft.
(4,205 m)
150 Kilometers

ATLANTIC
OCEAN
k Cape
ft Canaveral
Gulf of Mexico
BAHAMAS
\
250 500 Kilometers
90 W
Geography Terms
basin bowl-shaped area of land surrounded by higher land glacier giant sheet of ice that moves very slowly across land
bay narrower part of an ocean or lake that cuts into land gulf body of water, smaller than a bay, with land around part
of it
canal narrow waterway dug across land mainly for ship
travel harbor sheltered body of water where ships safely tie up to
land
canyon steep, narrow valley with high sides
hill rounded land higher than the land around it
cliff steep wall of rock or earth, sometimes called a bluff

island land with water all around it
coast land at the edge of a large body of water such as an
ocean lake large body of water with land all or nearly all around it
coastal plain area of flat land along an ocean or sea mesa flat-topped hill with steep sides
delta triangle-shaped area of land at the mouth of a river mountain a very tall hill; highest land on Earth
desert very dry, barren land without trees mountain range long row of mountains
fall line area along which rivers form waterfalls or rapids as mouth place where a river empties into another body of
the rivers drop to lower land water
forest large area of land where many trees grow ocean any of the four largest bodies of water on Earth
Ocean
Coastal Plain
Island
R16 Sociai Studies Reference Guide

peak pointed top of a mountain sea level an ocean's surface, compared to which land can be
measured either above or below
peninsula land with water on three sides
slope side of a mountain or hill
plain very large area of flat land
source place where a river begins
plateau high, wide area of flat land, with steep sides
swamp very shallow water covering low land filled with
port place, usually in a harbor, where ships safely load and
trees and other plants
unload goods and people
tributary stream or river that runs into a larger river
prairie large area of flat land, with few or no trees, similar
to a plain valley low land between mountains or hills
river large stream of water leading to a lake, other river, or volcano mountain with an opening at the top, formed by
ocean violent bursts of steam and hot rock
riverbank land at a river's edge waterfall steep falling of water from a higher to a lower
place
sea large body of water somewhat smaller than an ocean
Egg
/
Riverbank
Delta

Facts About Our Fifty States
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado
CALIFORNIA REPUBLIC
Capital Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver
Date and order of

1819 (22) 1959 (49) 1912 (48) 1836 (25) 1850 (31) 1876 (38)
statehood
Heart of Grand Canyon Land of

Nickname Dixie
The Last Frontier
State
Golden State Centennial State
Opportunity
Population 4,447,100 626,932 5,130,632 2,673,400 33,871,648 4,301,261
Square miles and

50,750 (28) 570,374 (1) 113,642(6) 52,075 (27) 155,973 (3) 103,730 (8)
rank in area
Region Southeast West Southwest Southeast West West
Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana
Capital Indianapolis Des Moines Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta
Date and order of

1816(19) 1846 (29) 1861 (34) 1792(15) 1812(18) 1820 (23)
statehood
Nickname Hoosier State Hawkeye State Sunflower State Bluegrass State Pelican State Pine Tree State
Population 6,080,485 2,926,324 2,688,418 4,041,769 4,468,976 1,274,923
Square miles and

35,870 (38) 55,875 (23) 81,823 (13) 39,732 (36) 43,566 (33) 30,865 (39)
rank in area
Region Midwest Midwest Midwest Southeast Southeast Northeast

Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois
Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta Honolulu Boise Springfield
1788 (5) 1787(1) 1845 (27) 1788 (4) 1959 (50) 1890 (43) 1818(21)
Diamond State;
Constitution State
First State
Sunshine State Peach State Aloha State Gem State Land of Lincol
3,405,565 783,600 15,982,378 8,186,453 1,211,537 1,293,953 12,419,293
4,845 (48) 1,955 (49) 53,997 (26) 57,919(21) 6,423 (47) 82,751(11) 55,593 (24)
Northeast Northeast Southeast Southeast West West Midwest
m ta JjJ
Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana
Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City Helena
1788(7) 1788(6) 1837 (26) 1858 (32) 1817 (20) 1821 (24) 1889 (41)
Free State Bay State Wolverine State North Star State Magnolia State Show Me State Treasure State
5,296,486 6,349,097 9,938,444 4,919,479 2,844,658 5,595,211 902,195
9,775 (42) 7,838 (45) 56,809 (22) 79,617(14) 46,914(31) 68,898 (18) 145,556 (4)
Northeast Northeast Midwest Midwest Southeast Midwest West

Facts About Our Fifty States
m ca gjjjj m
Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York
i
Capital Lincoln Carson City
D Concord
f
Trenton Santa Fe Albany
Date and order of 1867 (37) 1864 (36) 1788 1787 1912 (47) 1788(11)
(9) (3)
statehood
Land of
Nickname Cornhusker State Silver State Granite State Garden State Empire State
Enchantment
Population 1,711,263 1,998,257 1,235,786 8,414,350 1,819,046 18,976,457
Square miles and 76,644 (15) 109,806 8,969 (44) 7,419 (46) 121,365 (5) 47,224 (30)
(7)
rank in area
Region Midwest West Southwest Northeast
South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont
^^
F
Columbia
w
(V) *
Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier

Capital Pierre Nashville
Date and order of 1889 (40) 1845 (28) 1896 (45) 1791(14)
1788 (8) 1796(16)
statehood
Mount Rushmore Green Mountain

Nickname Palmetto State
State
Volunteer State Lone Star State Beehive State
State
Population 4,012,012 754,844 5,689,283 20,851,820 2,233,169 608,827
Square miles and 30,111 (40) 75,898 (16) 41,220 (34) 261,914(2) 82,168(12) 9,249 (43)
rank in area
Region Southeast Midwest Southeast Southwest West Northeast

I
ca m
North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island
N*C
H
Raleigh Bismarck Columbus Oklahoma City
mm
STATE Of
Salem
Oregon 1
Harrisburg
basest
Providence
1789(12) 1889 (39) 1803 (17) 1907 (46) 1859 (33) 1787 (2) 1790(13)
Tar Heel State Sioux State Buckeye State Sooner State Beaver State Keystone State Ocean State
8,049,313 642,200 11,353,140 3,450,654 3,421,399 12,281,054 1,048,319
48,718 (29) 68,994 (17) 40,953 (35) 68,679 (19) 96,003(10) 44,820 (32) 1,045 (50)
Southeast Midwest Midwest Southwest West Northeast Northeast
ua
Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
-* • fr
Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne
1788(10) 1889 (42) 1863 (35) 1848 (30) 1890 (44)
Old Dominion Evergreen State Mountain State Badger State Equality State
7,078,515 5,894,121 1,808,344 5,363,675 493,782
39,598 (37) 66,582(20) 24,087 (41) 54,314 (25) 97,105(9)
Southeast West Southeast Midwest West

State Names and Mottoes
Northeast Southeast
Connecticut From an Algonquian word meaning Alabama Named for the Alabama, Native
"beside the long river." Americans who lived in the area.
Motto He who transplanted still Motto We Dare Defend Our Rights
sustains From a Lakota word meaning
Arkansas
Delaware Named in honor of a colonial "downstream place."
governor of Virginia, Lord De La Motto The people rule
Warr.
Florida From the Spanish phrase "feast of
Motto Liberty and Independence flowers," meaning Easter.
Maine May be a reference to the fact that Motto In God We Trust
the state's land is part of the
Georgia Named in honor of King George II
mainland. of England.
Motto I direct
Motto Wisdom, justice, and
Maryland Named honor of Henrietta Maria,
in moderation
queen of Charles of England. I
Kentucky From an Iroquois word meaning

Motto Strong deeds, gentle words "land of tomorrow."
Massachusetts From a Massachusett word Motto United we stand, divided we
meaning "at or about the great fall
hill."
Louisiana Named in honor of King Louis XIV
Motto By the sword we seek peace, of France.
but peace only under liberty
Motto Union, justice, and
New Hampshire ....Named for Hampshire, a county in confidence
England.
Mississippi From a Native American word
Motto Live free or die meaning "father of waters."
New Jersey Named for island named Jersey off Motto By valor and arms
the coast of England.
North Carolina Named in honor of England's King
Motto Liberty and Prosperity Charles I.
New York Named in honor of England's Duke Motto To be rather than to seem
of York.
South Carolina Named in honor of England's King
Motto Excelsior; Ever upward Charles I.
Pennsylvania In honor of Admiral William Penn, Mottoes While I breathe I hope

father of the state's founder,
Tennessee From the Cherokee word Tanasi,
William Penn. It means "Penn's
meaning "villages."
woods." Motto Agriculture and Commerce
Motto Virtue, Liberty, and
Independence Virginia From a nickname for England's
Queen Elizabeth I.
Rhode Island Named for the Greek Island of Motto Thus Always to Tyrants
Rhodes.
Motto Hope West Virginia From a nickname for England's
Queen Elizabeth I.
Vermont From French verts monts, meaning Motto Mountaineers are always
"green mountains." free
Motto Freedom and Unity

Midwest Southwest
Illinois From an Algonquian word meaning Arizona From a Pima word meaning "little
"superior men." spring." Motto God enriches

Motto State Sovereignty, National
New Mexico Named by the Spanish for lands
Union
north of Mexico.
Indiana Means "land of the Indians." Motto It grows as it goes
Motto The Crossroads of America
Oklahoma From Native American words
Iowa From a Native American word meaning "red man."
meaning "beautiful land." Motto Work conquers all things
Motto Our liberties we prize and Texas From a Caddo word meaning
our rights we will maintain
"friends." Motto Friendship
Kansas From a Lakota word meaning
"people of the south wind." West
Motto To the stars through
difficulties Alaska From an Aleut word meaning "great
land." Motto North to the Future
Michigan From an Ojibwa word meaning
"great water" or "great lake." California Named for a mythical island in a
Motto you seek a pleasant

If Spanish story. Motto Eureka
peninsula, look about you. Colorado From the Spanish word for "red," to
Minnesota From a Dakota word meaning "sky- describe the Colorado River.
tinted water." Motto Nothing without Providence

Motto The star of the north Hawaii May be named for Hawaiki, the
Missouri Named after the Missouri, Native traditional Polynesian homeland.

Americans who lived in the region Motto The life of the land is
and whose name means "town of perpetuated in righteousness
the large canoes." Idaho An invented name the meaning of
Motto The welfare of the people which is unknown.
shall be the supreme law Motto It is forever
Nebraska From an Oto word that means "flat Montana From the Spanish word for
water," referring to the Platte River. "mountainous."
Motto Equality before the law Motto Gold and Silver
North Dakota Dakota is a Native America word Nevada From a Spanish word meaning
meaning "friend." "snow-capped."
Motto Liberty and union, now and Motto All for our country
forever, one and inseparable
Oregon May have come from a river shown
Ohio From the Iroquois word meaning as "Ouaricon-sint" on a 1715
"good river." French map.
Motto With God, all things are Motto She flies with her own wings
possible
Utah Named after the Ute, Native
South Dakota Dakota is a Native American word Americans who lived in the region
meaning "friend." and whose name means "people of
Motto Under God, the people rule the mountains." Motto Industry
Wisconsin From an Ojibwa word, Ouisconsin, Washington Named in honor of George
believed to mean "grassy place." Washington. Motto Bye and Bye
Motto Forward
Wyoming From a Native American word
meaning "large prairie place."
Motto Equal Rights

Symbols of the United States
Our National Flag

The flag of the United States of America is an important symbol for our
country. The flag should be shown respect at all times. When we say the
Pledge of Allegiance to the flag, we are saying that we will be good citizens of
the United States of America.
When saying the Pledge of Allegiance, stand, face the flag, and place your
right hand over your heart.
The Pledge of Allegiance

I pledge allegiance to the flag
Of the United States of America
And to the Republic for which it stands,
One Nation under God, indivisible,
With liberty and justice for all.

Displaying the Flag Flag Holidays
Display the flag only from sunrise to sunset,
The flag of the United States should be flown
except when bad weather might damage the flag.
every day, but especially on these holidays:
No other flag or pennant should be placed above
New Year's Day January 1
the U.S. flag. If another flag is displayed on the
Inauguration Day January 20
same level, it should be to the right of the flag of
Lincoln's Birthday February 12
the United States of America.
Washington's Birthday third Monday in
When the flag passes in a parade, stand and put February
your hand over your heart. Easter Sunday. . . varies
When singing the National Anthem, everyone Mother's Day . . . second Sunday May in
should rise and stand at attention. A man should Armed Forces Day third Saturday in May
remove his hat with his right hand and place the Memorial Day . . . last Monday in May
palm of his right hand over his heart. (half-staff until noon)
Flag Day June 14
Independence Day July 4
Labor Day Monday
first in
September
Constitution Day September 17
Columbus Day. . second Monday in
October
Navy Day October 27
Veteran's Day . . . November 11
Thanksgiving Day fourth Thursday in
November
Christmas Day . . December 25
By Executive Order, the flag flies 24 hours a day at the following locations:
The Betsy Ross House, Winter Encampment Cabins, Jenny Wade House,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Valley Forge, Pennsylvania Gettysburg, Pennsylvania
(Jenny Wade was the only
The White House, Fort McHenry,
civilian killed at the battle of
Washington, D.C. Baltimore, Maryland (A flag
Gettysburg.)
flying over Fort McHenry after a
The United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C.
battle during the War of 1812 USS Arizona Memorial,
provided the inspiration for Pearl Harbor, Hawaii
Iwo Jima Memorial to U.S. "The Star-Spangled Banner.")
Marines,
The Star-Spangled Banner Flag
Arlington, Virginia
House,
Battleground in Lexington, MA Baltimore, Maryland (This is
(site of the first shots in the the site where the famous flag
Revolutionary War) over Fort McHenry was sewn.)

<. wwmmmmm^
Our National Anthem

Francis Scott Key wrote the words of
"The Star-Spangled Banner" during the War
of1812. After a heavy battle, he was proud
to see that the American was still flying
flag
over a fort that had been heavily damaged

during the night. This song became the
official national anthem in 1931.
WmbI
'
."
.»• ^
.
/ * >
"> '
w .
Hi m_fl
-
i% i
aiiB
R26 Social Studi SSI
The Star-Spangled Banner
Oh, say! can you see by the dawn's early light,
What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming?

Whose broad stripes and bright stars, through the perilous fight,
O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming?
And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air,
Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there.
6 Oh, say does that Star-Spangled Banner yet wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?
On the shore, dimly seen through the mists of the deep,

Where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes,
^^w» What is that which the breeze, o'er the towering steep,
As it fitfully blows, half conceals, half discloses?
Now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam,
In full glory reflected now shines on the stream;
Tis the Star-Spangled Banner! 0, long may it wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!
Oh! thus be when freemen shall stand

it ever,
Between their loved home and the war's desolation!

Blest with victory and peace, may the heav'n rescued land
Praise the Power that hath made and preserved us a nation.
Then conquer we must, when our cause it is just,
And this be our motto: "In God is our trust."
And the Star-Spangled Banner in triumph shall wave
O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave!

United States Documents
The Declaration of Independence
In Congress, July 4, 1776
human
Sometimes
necessary
political
in
for a
history it becomes
group of people to break
ties with the country that rules it.
When, in the course of events,
necessary for one people to dissolve the political
it becomes
When this happens, it is proper to explain bands which have connected them with another,
the reasons for the need to separate.
and to assume, among the powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and
nature'sGod entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of
mankind requires that they should declare the causes which
impel them to the separation.
We believe that all men are created equal We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are
and given by their Creator certain rights
that cannot be taken away. People have the
created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with
right to live, be free, and seek happiness. certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty,
and the pursuit of happiness.

Governments are established to protect That to secure these rights, governments are instituted
these rights. The government gets its
power from the support of the people it
among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
governs. If any form of government tries the governed; that whenever any form of government
to take away the basic rights, it is the
right of the people to change or end the
becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people
government and to establish a new to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new government,
government that seems most likely to
result in their safety and happiness. laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its
powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to
effect their safety and happiness.

Wise judgment will require that long-existing Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long
governments should not be changed for
established should not be changed for light and transient
unimportant or temporary reasons. History
has shown that people are more willing to causes; and accordingly all experience hath shown that
suffer under a bad government than to get
rid of the government they are used to.
mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are
But when there are so many abuses and sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to
misuses of power by the government, it is
the right and duty of the people to throw which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses
off such government and form a new
and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces
government to protect their basic rights.
a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their
right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to

providenew guards for their future security.
The colonies have suffered patiently, and Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies;
now it is necessary for them to change the
government. The king of Great Britain has
and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter
repeatedly abused his power over these their former systems of government. The history of the
states. To prove this, the following facts
are given. present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries
and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment
of an absolute tyranny over these states. To prove this, let facts
be submitted to a candid world.

He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary The king has not given his approval to
needed laws. He has not allowed his
for the public good. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of
governors to pass laws needed immediately.
immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their The king has made the governors delay laws
operation till his assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, until they can get his permission and then
he has ignored the laws.

he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large He has refused to pass other laws to help
large districts of people, unless those
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of
people would give up the right of
representation in the legislature, a right inestimable to them, and representation in the legislature, a right
formidable to tyrants only. priceless to them and threatening only
to tyrants.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, He has called together legislative bodies at
unusual and uncomfortable places, distant
uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records,
from where they store their public records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his and only for the purpose of tiring them into
measures. obeying his measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with He has repeatedly done away with
legislative groups that firmly opposed him
manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
for taking away the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others After he has dissolved these representative
meetings, he has refused to allow new
to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation,
elections. Because of this lack of legislative
have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the state power, the people are exposed to the
remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion dangers of invasion from without and
violence within.
from without and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these states; for that He has tried to prevent people from
immigrating to these states by blocking the
purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners,
process for foreigners to become citizens,
refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and refusing to pass laws to encourage people
raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. to travel to America, and making it harder
to move to and own new lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent He has interfered with the administration
of justice by refusing to approve laws for
to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
establishing courts.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure of their He has made judges do what he wants by
offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
how long they serve and how
controlling
much they are paid.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of He has created many new government
offices and sent many officials to torment
officers to harass our people and eat out their substance.
our people and live off of our hard work.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, without the In times of peace, he has kept soldiers
consent of our legislatures. among us, without the consent of our
legislatures.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, He has tried to make the military separate
from, and superior to, the civil government.
the civil power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to He and others have made us live under
laws that are different from our laws. He
our constitution and unacknowledged by our laws, giving his assent to
has given his approval to these unfair laws
their acts of pretended legislation: that parliament has adopted:

United States Documents
The Declaration of Independence
1
For forcing us to feed and house many For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;
British soldiers;
For using pretend trials to protect British For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any
soldiers from punishment for murdering murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these states;
people in America;
For cutting off our trade with the world; For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;
For taxing us without our consent; For imposing taxes on us without our consent;
For taking away, in many cases, the For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury;
benefits of trial by jury;
For taking us to Great Britain to be tried for For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
made-up offenses;
For doing away with the free system of For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring
English laws in a neighboring province
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging
and establishing a harsh government there,
enlarging its boundaries as a way to its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument
introduce the same absolute rule into for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies;
these colonies;
For taking away our governing documents, For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and
doing away with our most valuable laws,
altering fundamentally the forms of our governments;
and changing our governments completely;
For setting aside our own legislatures and For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves
declaring that Great Britain has power to
invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
make laws for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has deserted government here, by not He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protecting us and by waging war against us.
protection and waging war against us.
He has robbed our ships on the seas, He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and
destroyed our coasts, burned our towns,
destroyed the lives of our people.
and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is sending large armies

at this time He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to
complete the
of foreign hired soldiers to
complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny already begun
works of death, destruction, and injustice.
These deeds are among the cruelest ever with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the
seen in history and are totally unworthy most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized
of the head of a civilized nation.
nation.
He has forced our fellow citizens, who were He has constrained our fellow citizens, taken captive on the high seas,
captured on the high seas, to fight against
to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their
America, to kill their friends and family, or
to be killed themselves. friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.
He has stirred up civil disorder among us He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to
and has tried to cause the merciless killing
bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian savages,
of the people living on the frontiers by the
American Indians, whose rule of warfare whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all
includes the deliberate killing of people ages, sexes, and conditions.
regardless of age, sex, or conditions.
In every stage of these mistreatments In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the
we have asked for a solution in the most most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by
humble terms; our repeated requests have
been answered only by more mistreatment. repeated injury. A prince, whose character is thus marked by every act
A leader who is so unfair and acts like a which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
dictator is unfit to be the ruler of a free
people.

1 — '
Nor have we been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We We have also asked for help from the British
people. We have warned them, from time to
have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature
time, of attempts by their government to
to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded extend illegal power over us. We have
them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We reminded them why we came to America.
We have appealed to their sense of justice
have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity; and we have and generosity; and we have begged them,
conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these because of all we have in common, to give
usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and up these abuses of power. They, like the
king, have not listened to the voice of justice
correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and and brotherhood. We must, therefore,
consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which declare our separation. In war the British are
our enemies. In peace, they are our friends.

denounces our separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of
mankind, enemies in war; in peace, friends.
We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America, in We therefore, as the representatives of the
people of the United States of America,
General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the
in this General Congress assembled,
world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the appealing to God for the honesty of our
authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and purpose, do solemnly publish and declare
that these United Colonies are, and rightly
declare that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free
should be, free and independent states.
and independent states; that they are absolved from all allegiance to The people of the United States are no
connection between them and longer subjects of the British crown. All
the British crown, and that all political
political connections between the colonies
the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and and Great Britain are totally ended. These
that, as free and independent states, they have full power to levy war, freeand independent states have full
power to declare war, make peace, make
conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all
treaties with other countries, establish
other acts and things which independent states may of right do. And, trade,and do all other acts and things
for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the which independent states have the right
to do. To support this declaration, with a
protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our
firm trust on the protection of God, we
lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor. pledge to each other our lives, our
fortunes, and our sacred honor.
Button Gwinnett (GA) Thomas Nelson, Jr. (VA) Richard Stockton (NJ)
Lyman Hall (GA) Francis Lightfoot Lee (VA) John Witherspoon (NJ)
George Walton (GA) Carter Braxton (VA) Francis Hopkinson (NJ)
William Hooper (NC) Robert Morris (PA) John Hart (NJ)

"Among the natural rights of the
Joseph Hewes (NC) Benjamin Rush (PA) Abraham Clark (NJ) Colonists are these: First, a right to
John Penn (NC) Benjamin Franklin (PA) Josiah Bartlett (NH) life; Secondly, to liberty; Thirdly, to
property; together with the right to

Edward Rutledge (SC) John Morton (PA) William Whipple (NH)
support and defend them in the best
Thomas Heyward, Jr. (SC) George Clymer (PA) Samuel Adams (MA) manner they can."
Thomas Lynch, Jr. (SC) James Smith (PA) John Adams (MA) Samuel Adams, The Report of the Committee
Arthur Middleton (SC) George Taylor (PA) Robert Treat Paine (MA) of Correspondence to the Boston Town
Meeting.
John Hancock (MA) James Wilson (PA) Elbridge Gerry (MA)
Samuel Chase (MD) George Ross (PA) Stephen Hopkins (RI)
"All, too, will bear in mind this sacred
William Paca (MD) Caesar Rodney (DE) William Ellery (RI)
principle, that though the will of the
Thomas Stone (MD) George Read (DE) Roger Sherman (CT) majority cases to prevail, that
is in all
Charles Carroll (MD) Thomas McKean (DE) Samuel Huntington (CT) will to be must be reasonable;
rightful
George Wythe (VA) that the minority possess their equal

William Floyd (NY) William Williams (CT)
rights, which equal law must protect,
Richard Henry Lee (VA) Philip Livingston (NY) Oliver Wolcott (CT)
and to violate would be oppression."
Thomas Jefferson (VA) Francis Lewis (NY) Matthew Thornton (NH) Thomas Jefferson, First Inaugural Address.
Benjamin Harrison (VA) Lewis Morris (NY)

Facts About Our Presidents
George John Thomas James James

Washington Adams Jefferson Madison Monroe
Years in Office 1789-1797 1797-1801 1801-1809 1809-1817 1817-1825
Life Span 1732-1799 1735-1826 1743-1826 1751-1836 1758-1831
Westmoreland County, Braintree County, Albemarle County, Port Conway, Westmoreland County,
Birthplace
Virginia Massachusetts Virginia Virginia Virginia
Home State Virginia Massachusetts Virginia Virginia Virginia
Political Party Federalist Federalist Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican Democratic-Republican
Martha Dandridge Elizabeth Kortright

First Lady Abigail Smith Adams None Dolley Payne Madison
Washington Monroe
Religion Episcopalian Unitarian Deist Episcopalian Episcopalian
Zachary Millard Franklin James Abraham

Taylor Fillmore Pierce Buchanan Lincoln
Years in Office 1849-1850 1850-1853 1853-1857 1857-1861 1861-1865
Life Span 1784-1850 1800-1874 1804-1869 1791-1868 1809-1865
Orange County, Cayuga County, Hillsboro, Mercersburg, Harden County,

Birthplace
Virginia New York New Hampshire Pennsylvania Kentucky
Home State Virginia New York New Hampshire Pennsylvania Illinois
Political Party Whig Whig Democratic Democratic Republican
First Lady Margaret Smith Taylor Abigail Powers Fillmore Jane Appleton Pierce None Mary Todd Lincoln
Attended
Religion Episcopalian Unitarian Episcopalian Presbyterian
Presbyterian services

John Andrew Martin William John James
Quincy Adams Jackson Van Buren H. Harrison Tyler K. Polk
1825-1829 1829-1837 1837-1841 1841 1841-1845 1845-1849
1767-1848 1767-1845 1782-1862 1773-1841 1790-1862 1795-1849
Braintree, Waxhaw, Kinderhook, Charles City County, Charles City County, Mecklenburg County,
Massachusetts South Carolina New York Virginia Virginia North Carolina
Massachusetts Tennessee New York Ohio Virginia Tennessee
Democratic-Republican Democratic Democratic Whig Whig Democratic
Letitia Christian Tyler; Sarah Childress

Louisa Johnson Adams None None Anna Symmes Harrison
Julia Gardiner Tyler Polk
Unitarian Presbyterian Dutch Reformed Episcopalian Episcopalian Presbyterian
Andrew Ulysses Rutherford James Chester Grover

Johnson S. Grant B. Hayes A. Garfield A. Arthur Cleveland
1885-1889;
1865-1869 1869-1877 1877-1881 1881 1881-1885
1893-1897
1808-1875 1822-1885 1822-1893 1831-1881 1829-1886 1837-1908
Raleigh, Point Pleasant, Delaware, Orange, Fairfield, Caldwell,

North Carolina Ohio Ohio Ohio Vermont New Jersey
Tennessee Illinois Ohio Ohio New York New York
Democratic Republican Republican Republican Republican Democratic
Lucretia Rudolph Frances Folsom

Eliza McCardle Johnson Julia Dent Grant Lucy Webb Hayes None
Garfield Cleveland
No specific
Methodist Methodist Disciples of Christ Episcopalian Presbyterian
affiliation
Socia Studies Reference Guide

1 R33
acts About Our Presidents
m
Benjamin William Theodore William Wood row
Harrison McKinley Roosevelt H.Taft Wilson
Years in Office 1889-1893 1897-1901 1901-1909 1909-1913 1913-1921
Life Span 1833-1901 1843-1901 1858-1919 1859-1930 1856-1924
North Bend, Niles, New York, Cincinnati, Staunton,

Birthplace
Ohio Ohio New York Ohio Virginia
Home State Indiana Ohio New York Ohio New Jersey
Political Party Republican Republican Republican Republican Democratic
Ellen Axson Wilson;

First Lady Caroline Scott Harrison Ida Saxton McKinley Edith Carow Roosevelt Helen Herron Taft
Edith Gait Wilson
Religion Presbyterian Methodist Dutch Reformed Unitarian Presbyterian
m
John Lyndon Richard Gerald James
F. Kennedy B. Johnson M. Nixon R. Ford E. Carter
Years in Office 1963-1969 1969-1974 1977-1981
Life Span 1917-1963 1908-1973 1913-1994 1913- 1924-
Brookline, Stonewall, Yorba Linda, Omaha, Plains,

Birthplace
Massachusetts Texas California Nebraska Georgia
Home State Massachusetts Texas California Michigan Georgia
Political Party Democratic Democratic Republican Republican Democratic
Jacqueline Bouvier Claudia "Lady Bird" Thelma "Pat" Ryan Elizabeth (Betty)
First Lady Rosalynn Smith Carter
Kennedy Taylor Johnson Nixon Warren Ford
Religion Roman Catholic Disciples of Christ Quaker Episcopalian Southern Baptist

_^_-»
N*MMHOMPiMRnamPH>
Warren Calvin Herbert Franklin Harry Dwight

G. Harding Coolidge Hoover D. Roosevelt S.Truman D. Eisenhower
^.^ 1923-1929 1929-1933 1933-1945 1945-1953 1953-1961

1921-1923
1865-1923 1872-1933 1874-1964 1882-1945 1884-1972 1890-1969
Morrow County, Plymouth, West Branch, Hyde Park, Lamar, Denison,

Ohio Vermont Iowa New York Missouri Texas
Ohio Massachusetts California New York Missouri Kansas
Republican Republican Republican Democratic Democratic Republican
Florence DeWolfe Grace Goodhue Marie "Mamie"

Lou Henry Hoover Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Bess Wallace Truman
Harding Coolidge Doud Eisenhower
Baptist Congregational Quaker Episcopalian Baptist Presbyterian
Ronald George William George

Reagan H.W. Bush J. Clinton W. Bush
1981-1989 1989-1993 1993-2001 2001-
1911- 1924- 1946- 1946-
Tampico, Milton, Hope, New Haven,

Illinois Massachusetts Arkansas Connecticut
California Texas Arkansas Texas
Republican Republican Democratic Republican
Anne "Nancy" Barbara Pierce

Hillary Rodham Clinton Laura Welch Bush
Davis Reagan Bush
Disciples of Christ Episcopalian Baptist Methodist

earn About Your State
You read about different regions of the United States. You read about
many general things about your region. You may have found out some
things about your state when you were reading about your region. Your
state has its own special landforms, climate, history, economics, and
culture.
Use reference materials in your classroom or library to write a

guidebook about your state. What makes your state special? The skills
you learned in this book will help you organize material about your state.
Here are some things to include.
Your State's Geography

Find out some facts about your state's geography. In what region is
your state? What is the state capital? What are the populations of some
of the large cities? What states are neighbors of your state?
Make a chart with some facts about your state. Here is a chart that
some students in Pennsylvania made. What special facts about your
state would you add?
Facts About Pennsylvania
cRegion: Northeast
Large Cities: Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Erie, Scranton, Harrisbcirg €?&

State Capitol: Harrisbcirg
Nickname: The Keystone State
Neighbor States: New York, New Jersey,

| Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Ohio Pennsylvania state capitol
bailding in Harrisbcirg
wm***m*^*^

Your State's Landforms
Use reference materials to find out about rivers and landforms in your
state. Include the information in your guidebook. Do mountain ranges go
through your state? Is your state on the coast of an ocean? Does your
state have a desert area?
Make a physical map of your state. Use reference materials to find

out about landforms and their elevations. Mark the highest point and the
lowest point in your state. Include some rivers and cities. Here is a map
that some students in North Carolina made.
North Carolina Rivers and Landforms
Appalachian Piedmont
Mountains
Roanoke Riven
Mt
Mitchell
"V)
Raleigh ^\^X
Fayetteville Nh-" n^
Cape Feany^
Riven /
J
Atlantic Ocean
Gneen §womp

: L
Your State's Climate

What are some outdoor sports that people in your state
can do in the winter? How can you describe the climate of
your state? Does your state have very cold winters and
hot summers, or is warm for much of the
your state
year? How much rain and snow falls in your state
during the year?
Use reference materials to learn about your state's

climate. Find out how the temperature changes
throughout the year. How does the average precipitation
change from month to month? Make a line graph or a
bar graph to show your state's temperature or
precipitation through a year. Draw or cut out pictures
that show sports people in your state do during

different seasons. Use your pictures in your guidebook
about your state.
90
80 Average temperatures in Illinois
ii. 70 ..
co 60 _.
£ Ô .
5 HO
t 2 30
8. 20
,§
10
o Li Apr Mag Jal
I
Aag
I
1
Sep
1 1— Oct Nov Dec
Jan" Feb Mar Jan
Months

Plants and Animals in Your State
Do saguaros grow near your home? If you live in the Southwest, you
might see saguaros growing. But if you live in the Northeast, you would
see different plants. You know that certain plants and animals are more
likely to live in some regions than in others. Alligators might be
swimming in wetlands of the Southeast, but it is not likely that you would
see them in the rivers of the West.
What animals and plants might you see in your state? Add the plants
and animals that live in your state to your guidebook. Include your official
state animal, tree, and flower. Are any animals and plants in your state
endangered species?

—
-— — _...
Your State's Resources

Some states have lots of rich farmland, others have oil or mineral Natural
resources, and still other states have thick forests. Your state might Resources of
have all of these! Natural resources can be found on Earth's surface Minnesota
or can be mined from deep inside Earth. • Fertile soil for
farming
Some natural resources are used within the state to make
• Trees
materials and products. Natural resources are also shipped to other
• Water in lakes
states and countries where they can be used.
and rivers
Make a list of natural resources found in your state. Choose one > Iron ore
resource from the list. Make a diagram that shows where in your
state the resource is found, and then show some ways that the
resource is used. If the resource is shipped to other places, show
the shipping method most often used.
How Iron One Is Used in Minnesota

J
•P
Iron ore is dug from Ore is made into pellets.
mines in Minnesota.
4
are carried on ships
Pellets Iron ore is made into steel
and barges to steel plants and used to make cars,
around the Great Lakes. trucks, and machines.

r i
Your State's Economy ,
The natural resources of an area can help its businesses

grow. A state's climate can also affect its businesses.
Find out about the main kinds of businesses in your

state. How do the businesses use the natural resources of
the area? Does the climate affect your state's businesses?
Do research to find out about businesses in your state.

Include a section in your state guidebook that shows how
one type of business depends on the resources or climate
^ In October, people
of your state. Here's a picture that some students in New come to the
Mexico made. International Balloon
Fiesta in Albuquerque.
^ Tourism is a business in New Mexico

Your State's History
People and events make up the history of a place. Many groups of
people have come to live in each state. Native Americans, explorers, and
settlers have lived throughout the country. Events have brought changes
to every area.
Use reference materials to learn about the history of your state. Find
out about the earliest groups of people who lived in your state. Research
the explorers who visited your state. Then, find out about other people who
settled in your state. What events brought major changes to your state?
Make a time line for your state. Include at least five dates in your
time line. Here is a time line that some students in Alaska made.
Time Line of Alaska's History
1700s
Meats, Inciit Tlingit
and Haida live in
Alaska.
About 15,000
years ago inn
People may have Russian far traders
crossed ower land build a settlement
from Asia.

These people in Barrow,
Alaska are watching
the sun setting over
the Arctic Ocean.
1897-1898
1959
Alaska Gold Rash
Alaska becomes
attracts thousands
the 1
/ 9 th state.
of people.
1867 1939-19 l
/5 1968
United States of World War II brings Large oil deposits
America bays Alaska changes to Alaska. Many are discovered.
from Russia. people move here, and
many new roads are bciilt

People from Your State
You can learn a lot about your state's history by reading about famous
people who have lived in your state. Some famous people from your
state have also made a difference in the whole country.
Do research to find out about famous people from your state. Choose
one person you admire and make a picture card about him or her. On
your card, list the dates and place in which the person lived. Then list
some reasons why the person became well-known. Your class might
display all the cards as a set of State Heroes. Students in
Massachusetts made cards like these.
State Heroes of Massachusetts

Crispus Attucks Susan B. Anthony
1723-1770 1820-1906
• Crispus Attucks was • Susan B. Anthony
an African American was born in
who lived in Boston. Adams.
• He led a group of • She fought for
colonists against women getting
British soldiers. the right to vote.
• He was the first • She worked for
American to die in the equal rights for

Revolutionary War. women.
Alexander Graham Bell John F. Kennedy

1847-1922 1917-1963
• Alexander Graham •
John F. Kennedy
Bell lived in Boston. was born in
• He had a school for Brookline.

teachers of the deaf. • He was the 35th
• He invented the President of the
telephone. United States of
America.
• He said, "Ask
what you can do

for your country."

Gazetteer
This Gazetteer is a geographic dictionary that

will help you locate and pronounce the names *>tb
of places in this book. Latitude and longitude Badlands National Park (bad 7 landz 7 nash 7 a nal park)
are given for many cities. The page numbers Area of South Dakota where wind and water have
tell you where each place appears on a carved the soft rock into jagged ridges and sharp
spires, (m. 242, t. 244)
map (in) or in the text (t).
Beaumont (bo 7 mont) City in southeastern Texas where

major oil fields are located; 30°N, 94° W.
(m. 314, t. 315)
Bering Strait (bir 7 ing strat) Narrow body of water in the

north Pacific Ocean that separates North America
Acadia National Park (a ka 7 de a nash 7 a nal park) Area in
from Asia. (t. 39)
eastern Maine famous for its cliffs and rocky coastline,
(t. 108) Big Springs (big springz) Town located in Nebraska
7 around which much wheat and sunflowers are grown;
Alabama (al a bam 7 a ) One of the states in the Southeast
41°N, 102°W. (m. 247, t. 247)
region of the United States, (m. 160)
Bosque Redondo (bos 7 ka re don 7 do) Area in New
Alaska (a las 7 ka) A West region state that lies northwest
Mexico where the Long Walk by the Navajo ended in
of Canada, (m. 362; t. 378, 405)
1864. (m. 326, t. 326)
Albuquerque (al 7 ba ker 7 ke) City in New Mexico where
Boston (bo 7 stan) Capital and largest city in Massachusetts
new technological products are developed; 35°N,
and a center for culture, transportation, and
106°W. (m. 314, t. 316)
commerce; 42°N, 71°W. (m. 142, t. 143)
American River (a mer 7 a kan riv 7 ar) River in Colorado
where gold was discovered in 1848. (t. 402, m. 403)
Appalachia (ap 7 a la 7 cha) Mountainous area in the eastern
United States, covering parts of eleven states, (t. 169)
7
Appalachian Mountain Range (ap a la 7 chan moun 7 tan ranj)
Oldest range of mountains in the United States,

extending from eastern Canada to Alabama, (m. 98,
t. 106)
Arizona (ar a
7
zo 7 na) One of the states in the Southwest
Arkansas (ar 7 kan so) One of the states in the Southeast

Atlanta (at Ian 7 ta) Capital of Georgia and a major Pronunciation Key
business and transportation center; 33°N, 84°W.
a in hat 6 in open sh in she
(m. 210, t. 211)
a in age 6 in all th in thin
Atlantic City 7
(at Ian tik sit 7 e) Vacation and resort city a in care 6 in order TH in then
along the Atlantic coast in New Jersey; 39°N, 74° W. a in far oi in oil zh in measure
(t. 109) e in let ou in out 3 = a in about
e in equa u in cup 3 = e in taken
er in term u in put 3 = i in pencil
i in it ii in rule 9 = in lemon
i in ice ch in child 3 = u in circus
in hot ng in long

Gazetteer
«- ,,..,. ., .in , . . MMmm. m,. ^,
, I ! _._ = — .—.v, •
-,
4
*>c ->i> >f

Ion e 7 ga)
7
Cahokia (ka ho 7 ke a) French trading post on the eastern Dahlonega (da Town in mountainous area of
side of the Mississippi River near St. Louis; 38°N, northern Georgia near where gold was discovered in
90°W. (m. 276, t. 277) 1828; 34°N, 84°W. (m. 210, t. 21 1)
7
California (kal a for 7 nya) One of the states in the West Death Valley (deth val 7 e) Dry valley in southern
region of the United States, (m. 362) California that has the lowest elevation in North
America, (m. 372, t. 382)
Capitol (kap 7 a tal) Building in Washington, D.C., where
Congress meets, (t. 50) Delaware (del 7 a war) One of the states in the Northeast
Cascade Range (ka skad 7 ranj) Pacific coast mountain
range formed by volcanoes, where rainfall is heavy, Delaware Bay (del 7 a war ba) Inlet of the Atlantic Ocean
(m. 372, t. 382) between the states of Delaware and New Jersey,
(m. 98, t. 119)

Catskill Mountains (kats 7 kil moun 7 tanz) Smaller part of
the Appalachian Mountain Range, located in eastern Duluth (da luth 7 ) City in Minnesota on Lake Superior near
New York State, (m. 98, t. 107) where the Ojibwa settled; 46°N, 92°W.
(m. 256, t. 257)
Central Plains (sen 7 tral planz) Grassy region in the
eastern part of the Midwest, drained by the Great Dust Bowl (dust bol) Area in the Great Plains where a long
Lakes and the Mississippi River basin, (m. 247, t. 247) drought occurred in the 1930s, causing many farmers
to suffer, (t. 272)
Central Valley (sen 7 tral val
7
e) A major fruit-growing area
in California, (m. 384, t. 385)
Charleston (charlz 7 tan) Seaport in South Central South

Carolina in whose harbor the Civil War began; 32°N, VTEx*
80° W. (m. 202, t. 203)
Ellis Island (el 7 is i
7 land) Small island in New York City
Charlestown (charlz 7 toun) Native American reservation many
harbor that served as the main point of arrival for
in Rhode Island where the Narragansett live today;
immigrants from 1892-1943; 41°N, 74° W.
41°N, 71°W. (m. 126, t. 128)
(m. 130, t. 132)
7
Chesapeake Bay (ches 7 a pek Bay in the Atlantic
ba) 7
Everglades National Park (ev 7 ar gladz nash 7 a nal park)
Ocean between the states of Maryland and Virginia,
Large area of wetlands in southern Florida,
(m. 116, t. 117)
(m. 178, t. 179)
7
Colorado (kol a rad 7 6) One of the states in the West
Connecticut (ka net 7 a kat) One of the states in the

Northeast region of the United States, (m. 98)
Continental Divide (kon 7 ta nen 7 tl da vid 7 ) Ridge in the
Rocky Mountains that divides streams flowing toward

the Pacific Ocean from those flowing toward the
Atlantic Ocean, (t. 369)

*>F>> W I *
Florida (flor'a da) One of the states in the Southeast region Idaho (i/ da ho) One of the states in the West region of the
of the United States, (m. 160) United States, (m. 362)
Florida Keys (floras da kez) Chain of small islands located Illinois (iKa noi') One of the states in the Midwest region
off the southern coast of Florida between the Atlantic of the United States, (m. 226)
Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico, (m. 167, t. 173)
Illinois Waterway (iKa noi' wo'tar wa 7 ) Several rivers and
Fort Canby (fort kan' be) Place known today as Fort canals that connect Lake Michigan with the
Defiance in New Mexico, where many Navajo Mississippi River, (m. 234, t. 234)
surrendered in 1864; 35°N, 109°W. (m. 326, t. 326) 7
Indiana (in de a'na) One of the states in the Midwest
Inner Coastal Plain (in'ar ko / Land area

^G>^ Southeast region lying between the Outer Coastal Plain
and the Piedmont area. (m. 167,
stl plan)
t. 167)
in the
Georgia (\dr / p) One of the states in the Southeast region 7

Iowa (i a wa) One of the states in the Midwest region of
of the United States, (m. 160)
the United States, (m. 226)
Grand Canyon National Park (grand kan / yan nash'a nal
park) Deep gorge in northern Arizona formed by the
Colorado River, (m. 300, t. 304)
Great Basin (grat ba r sn) Large desert region that covers •k* ">
most of the state of Nevada, (m. 378, t. 380)
Jamestown (jamz' toun) Village that was the first
Great Lakes (grat laks) Largest set of freshwater lakes in permanent English settlement in North America, on the
the world, located between the United States and James River in Virginia; 37°N, 76°W. (m. 194, t. 196)
Canada, (m. 233, t. 233) /
Juneau (jii no) Capital of the state of Alaska, where the
Great Plains (grat planz) Grassy area in the western part Tlingit governing council meets; 58°N, 134°W.
of the Midwest region, in the rain shadow of the Rocky (m. 394, t. 397)
Mountains, (m. 247, t. 247)
Green Mountains (gren moun / tanz) Smaller part of the

Appalachian Mountain Range that runs north and south
through Vermont into Massachusetts and Connecticut,
(m. 98, t. 106)
Pronunciation Key
*X H >f
Hawaii (ha wi / e) State in the eastern part of the Pacific a in age 6 in all th in thin
Ocean, made up of a group of islands, (m. 362) a in care 6 in order TH in then
a in far oi in oil zh in measure

Hoopeston (hiip / stan) Town located in Illinois around
e in let ou in out 9 = a in about
which large crops of corn and soybeans are grown;
e in equal u in cup 3 = e in taken
40°N, 87°W. (m. 246, t. 247)
Houston (hyii / stan) Major city in southeastern Texas i in it ii in rule 9 = o in lemon

where the Johnson Space Center and the Texas Medical i in ice ch in child 9 = u in circus
Center are located; 29°N, 95° W. (m. 314, t. 317) o in hot ng in long

Gazetteer

-^>K-> Maryland (mer 7 a bnd) One of the states in the Northeast

Kansas (kan 7 zas) One of the states in the Midwest region
of the United States, (t. 21, m. 226) Massachusetts (mas 7 a chii 7 sits) One of the states in the
Northeast region of the United States, (m. 98)

Kentucky (kan tuk / e) One of the states in the Southeast
region of the United States, (m. 160) Massachusetts Bay (mas 7 a chii / sits ba) Bay near the city
of Boston; a center for fishing and boating, (m. 98,
Key West (ke west) Island and seaport in the Florida Keys,
t. 119)
which lie off the coast of southern Florida; 24°N,
81°W. (m. 172, t. 173) Michigan (mish 7 a gan) One of the states in the Midwest
King Ranch (king ranch) A large ranch in Texas that is
also used for the scientific study of cattle, Midwest Region (mid 7 west 7 "
re 7 jan)
"
Region of the
(m. 338, t. 343) United States that has flat grassy plains and large areas
of forests, (m. 4, 10; t. 12)
Milwaukee (mil wo 7 ke) City in Wisconsin near where the
L-^ Ojibwa settled; 43°N, 88°W. (m. 256, t. 257)
a so 7 ta)
7
Minnesota (min One of the states in the Midwest
Lake Seneca (lak sen 7 a ka) Largest of the Finger Lakes in region of the United States, (m. 226)
upstate New York, noted for its large vineyards, (t.
Mississippi (mis 7 a sip 7 e) One of the states in the
113)
Southeast region of the United States, (m. 160)
Lexington (lek / sing tan) Town in Massachusetts near
Mississippi River (mis 7 a sip 7 e riv 7 ar) Major river in the
Boston where the first shots of the American
United States that flows through the Midwest south
Revolution were fired; 42°N, 71°W. (m. 130, t. 131)
from Minnesota to the Gulf of Mexico,
Los Alamos mos) Town in northern New Mexico
(los al 7 a (m. 38, 234; t. 41,234)
where nuclear energy is studied; 36°N, 106°W.
Missouri (ma ziir 7 e) One of the states in the Midwest
(m. 314, t. 316)
Los Angeles (los an / ja bs) City in southern California that
Mitchell (mich 7 al) Town in South Dakota where the Corn
is the second largest city in the United States; 34°N,
Palace is located; 43°N, 98°W. (m. 246, t. 247)
118°W. (m. 410, t. 411)
Montana (mon tan 7 a) One of the states in the West region
Louisiana (lii e
7
ze an 7 a) One of the states in the Southeast
7
Monticello (mon 7 ta chel 7 6) Home of Thomas Jefferson,
ze an 7 a ter 7 a tor e) Area
7
Louisiana Territory (lu e
located near Charlottesville, Virginia, (t. 197)
purchased by the United States in 1 803 that included
much of the land west of the Mississippi River to the Mount McKinley (mount ma kin 7 le) Highest peak in
Rocky Mountains, (m. 41, t. 41) North America, located in Alaska, (m. 372, t. 379)
Mount Pleasant (mount plez 7 nt) Town in Michigan
where some members of the Saginaw Nation of Native
*>*«-> Americans live; 43°N, 84°W. (m. 256, t. 257)
Mount Waialeale (mount wi a la a 7 le) Mountain in
Mackinaw (mak 7 a no) City in the far northern part of the Hawaii that receives the heaviest annual rainfall in
Lower Peninsula of the state of Michigan where the the United States, (t. 382)
French colonial fort of Michilimackinac was located;
Myrtle Beach (mer 7 tl bech) Atlantic coast resort city in
45°N, 84°W. (m. 264, t. 265)
South Carolina; 33°N, 79°W. (m. 166, t. 167)
Maine (man) One of the states in the Northeast region of

Outer Coastal Plain (ou 7 tar ko 7 stl plan) Land area of
->N^> low elevation along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in the
Southeast region, (m. 167, t. 167)
Nebraska (na bras 7 ka) One of the states in the Midwest
Nevada (na vad 7 a)

One of the states in the West region of
-^P^>
New Hampshire (mi hamp 7 shar) One of the states in the Pennsylvania (pen 7 sal va 7 nya) One of the states in the
Northeast region of the United States, (m. 98) Northeast region of the United States, (m. 98)
New Jersey (nii jer 7 ze) One of the states in the Northeast Philadelphia (fil
7
a del 7 fe a) City in southeastern
region of the United States, (m. 98) Pennsylvania where the Declaration of Independence
was signed and which served as the second capital of
New Mexico (nii mek/ sa ko) One of the states in the
from 1790 to 1800; 40°N, 75°W.
the United States
Southwest region of the United States, (m. 294)
(m. 130; t. 131, 137, 143)
New York (nii york) One of the states in the Northeast
Phoenix (fe 7 niks) Capital of the state of Arizona, irrigated
from the California State Water Project; 33°N, 12°W. 1
New York City (nii york sit

/
e) Largest city in the United (m. 346, t. 347)
States, located in southeast New York; served as the
Piedmont (ped 7 mont) Upland area in the Southeast
first capital of the United States; 41°N, 74°W. (t. 131,
region, located between the coastal plains and the
143; m. 142)
Appalachian Mountains, (m. 167, t. 168)
Niagara Falls (ni ag 7 ra folz) Great waterfall on the
Pittsburgh (pits 7 berg 7 ) City in southwestern Pennsylvania
Niagara River on the boundary between the United
where three major rivers meet and which became a
States and Canada; a city in the western part of New
leading iron- and steel-making center; 40°N, 80°W.
York State; 43°N, 79° W. (m. 104, 105; t. 105)
(m. 142, t. 143)
North Carolina (north kar 7 a li
7 na) One of the states in the
Plymouth (plim 7 ath) Town located in eastern
Massachusetts that was one of the first English
North Dakota (north da ko 7 ta) One of the states in the settlements in North America; 42°N, 70°W.
Midwest region of the United States, (m. 226) (m. 130, t. 131)
Northeast Region (north 7 est 7 re 7 jan) Region in the
United States that contains the country's oldest

mountains, the Appalachian Mountain Range, (m. 4, t.
12)
*ko^f Pronunciation Key

Ohio (6 hi 7 6) One of the states in the Midwest region of
a in care 6 in order TH in then
/
Oklahoma (6 kla ho 7 ma) One of the states in the a in far oi in oil zh in measure
Southwest region of the United States, (m. 294) e in let ou in out 3 = a in about
Oregon (6r 7 a gan) One of the states in the West region of
er in term u in put a = i in pencil
i in it u in rule a = o in lemon
I in ice ch in child 3 = u in circus
o in hot ng in long

Gazetteer
Seattle (se at 7 1) Largest city and major Pacific Ocean port
^CQ >f" in the state of
(m. 410, t. 412)

Washington; 47°N, 122°W.
Qualla Boundary (kwa / la boun 7 dar e) An Eastern

Seneca Falls (sen / 3 ka folz) Village in west-central New
Cherokee reservation in western North Carolina,
York State where the National Women's Hall of Fame
(m. 188, t. 191)
is located; 43°N, 76°W. (m. 136, t. 138)
Sonoran Desert (sa nor 7 an dez 7 art) Dry area in Arizona

where saguaro cactuses grow. (m. 309, t. 310)
>^R South Carolina (south kar 7 a li
7
na) One of the states in the
7 bnd) One of
Rhode Island (rod i the states in the
Northeast region of the United States, (m. 98) South Carver (south kar 7 var) Town in Massachusetts that
is home to the annual Massachusetts Cranberry
Roanoke Island (ro 7 a nok i
7 bnd) Island in present-day
Harvest Festival; 4 1 °N, 70°W. (m. 1 1 2, t. 1 1 3)
North Carolina along the Outer Banks where the
English tried but failed to establish a colony in 1587, South Dakota (south da ko 7 ta)
One of the states in the
which was called the "Lost Colony." (t. 196) Midwest region of the United States, (m. 226)
Rocky Mountains (rok 7 e moun / tanz) Chief group of Southeast Region (south 7 est 7 re 7 jan) Region in the
mountain ranges in the western part of the United United States where the Appalachian Mountains
States, extending from Alaska to New Mexico, gradually flatten into the Atlantic Coastal Plain,
(m. 368, t. 369) (m. 4, t. 12)
Southwest Region (south 7 west 7 re 7 jan) Region in the

United States that is very dry, with many deserts,
->S-> canyons, and plateaus, (m. 4, t. 13)
St. Albans (sant bV banz) Town in Vermont that hosts the

Saguaro National Park (sa gwar 7 6 nash 7 a nal park) Park Vermont Maple Festival each year; 44°N, 73°W.
outside Tucson, Arizona, where the saguaro cactus (m. 112, t. 114)
grows, (m. 308, t. 310)
St. Augustine (sant 6 7 ga sten 7 ) City on the coast of
Salt Lake City (solt lak sit / e) Capital and largest urban eastern Florida, founded by the Spanish in 1565;
center in the state of Utah; 40°N, 1 12°W. 30°N, 81°W. (m. 195, t. 196)
(m. 410, t. 412)
St. Lawrence Seaway (sant lor 7 ans se 7 wa 7 Waterway
)
San Antonio (san an to 7 ne 6) City in southern Texas that links the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean,
where the San Jose Mission was built and where the (m. 234, t. 234)
first air-conditioned office building was located;
7 is)
St. Louis (sant lii City in Missouri on the Mississippi
28°N, 97°W. (m. 332; t. 334, 341)
River where a French trading center was located in the
San Francisco (san fran sis 7

ko) Major port city in 1600s and 1700s and which became the Midwest
California whose bay connects with the Pacific Ocean; transportation hub in the early 1800s; 38°N, 90°W.
37°N, 122°W. (m. 400, t. 402) (m. 72, 276; t. 73, 277)
Santa Fe (san 7 ta fa) Capital of the state of New Mexico, Sutter's Mill (sut 7 tarz mil) Location in California where
founded by the Spanish in about 1609; 35°N, 106°W. gold was discovered in 1848. (t. 400, 402, m. 403)
(m. 332, t. 336)
Sault Sainte Marie (sii

7 sant ma re 7 ) City in Michigan
that began as a French fort and later became a trading
post; 46°N, 84°W. (m. 264, t. 265)

West Region (west re' jan) Region in the United States
*> yf that has extremes both in temperatures and landforms.
(m. 4, t. 13)
7 /
Tennessee (ten a se ) One of the states in the Southeast
West Virginia (west var jin / ya) One of the states in the
Texas (tek/ sas) One of the states in the Southwest region
White Mountains (wit moun / tanz) Small part of the
Appalachian Mountain Range that extends from the
Tlingit Cultural Region (kin/ git kuK char al re7 jan) Area western part of Maine through New Hampshire,
along the southeastern coast of Alaska and the northern (m. 98, t. 106)
part of British Columbia in Canada where the Tlingit
Willamette Valley (wil a' met vaK e) Area in Oregon
people live. (m. 394, t. 395)
where a variety of fruits and vegetables are grown,
Tucson (tii' son) City in the state of Arizona where new (m. 384, t. 385)
technological products are developed and which is
Window Rock (win / do rok) Capital of the Navajo Nation
watered by irrigation from the California State Water
in Arizona; 35°N, 109°W. (m. 324, t. 327)
Project; 32°N, 111°W. (m. 346, t. 347)
Wisconsin (wi skon 7 san) One of the states in the Midwest
*>U O*
>f
Wyoming (wi o / ming)
One of the states in the West region
Utah (yii' to) One of the states in the West region of the
United States, (m. 362)
** •
/*r
*
*>v-> Yellowstone National Park (yeK 6 ston 7 nash'a
Oldest national park in the world, located mostly in
nal park)
northwestern Wyoming, famous for its scenery, hot

Vermont (var mont / ) One of the states in the Northeast
springs, and geysers, (m. 368, t. 370)
Virginia (var jin 7 ya) One of the states in the Southeast

vrw
Wapello County (ws pel 7 6 koun 7 te) A part of Iowa where
the first Midwest land rush took place in 1843.
Pronunciation Key
(m. 268, t. 269)
Washington wash/ ( ing tan) One of the states in the West a in age 6 in all th in thin
region of the United States, (m. 362) a in care 6 in order TH in then

Washington, D.C. (wash 7 ing tan) The capital city of the
United States, located in the District of Columbia;
39°N, 77°W. (t. 14, 48; m. 46)
er in term ii in put 3 = i in pencil
i in it ii in rule 3 = o in lemon
i in ice ch in child 3 = u in circus
o in hot ng in long

Biographical Dictionary
This Biographical Dictionary tells you about Carnegie, Andrew (kar na 7 ge) 1835-1919 Business
leader who developed the steel industry in
the people in this book and how to pronounce
Pennsylvania, (pp. 132, 147)
their names. The page numbers tell you where
Carrier, Willis (kar 7 e ar) 1876-1950 Engineer
the person first appears in the text.
responsible for reducing air moisture at his printing
plant in Brooklyn, New York, in 1902, which led the
way for the development of modern air conditioning,
»/A * (pp. 348, 349)
Carson, Kit (kar 7 san) 1809-1868 Soldier who helped

Adams, John (ad 7
amz) 1735-1826 Signer from stop conflicts in 1863 between the Navajos and white
Massachusetts of the Declaration of Independence and settlers in New Mexico, (p. 326)
second President of the United States, (p. 131)
Chisholm, Jesse (chiz 7 am) c. 1806-1868 American
Albright, Madeleine (6l 7 brit) 1937- Immigrant from trader who marked a trail from San Antonio, Texas, to
eastern Europe who became the first female United Abilene, Kansas, (p. 341)
States Secretary of State, (p. 132)
Clark, William (klark) 1770-1838 Explorer who helped
Anthony, Susan B. (an 7 tha ne) 1820-1906 Leader in the lead an expedition to find a water route to the Pacific
women's rights movement who helped to organize the Ocean through the Louisiana Territory in 1804-1805.
Seneca Falls Convention, (p. 138) (pp. 42, 278)
Armour, Philip (ar 7 mar) 1832-1901 Businessman who Cobb, Geraidyn (Jerri) (kob) 1931- First woman who
started a meat-packing industry in Chicago, (p. 339) trained as an astronaut, but who received the Nobel
Peace Prize for piloting airplanes to take medicines,
clothing, food, and doctors to people in the Amazon

rain forest, (pp. 318-319)
»>B-> Columbus, Christopher (ka lum 7 bas) c. 1451-1506
Spanish explorer who landed on North America in
Bell, Alexander Graham (bel) 1847-1922 Scottish
1492. (pp. 38-39)
immigrant who invented the telephone, (p. 132)
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de (koâ na 7 do)
Bradley, Thomas (brad 7 le) 1917-1998 First African
1510-1554 Spaniard who led an expedition through
American mayor of Los Angeles, (pp. 416^-17)
parts of the Southwest looking for the Seven Cities of
Gold in the early 1540s. (p. 302)
*kcyf
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez (ka bre 7 yo) died in 1543
Spanish explorer who first saw the coast of present-day
California, (pp. 400-401)
Calamity Jane (ka lam 7 a te jan) 1852-1903 Nickname

for Martha Canary, a famous cowgirl, who also
performed shooting displays, (p. 340)
Canonicus (ka non 7 a kas) c. 1565-1647 Native American

ruler of the Narragansett who sold land to Roger
Williams for the colony of Rhode Island, (p. 128)
Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de (kar da 7 nas) (dates unknown)

Spanish explorer who traveled near the Grand Canyon
and the Colorado River in 1540. (p. 302)

*>D>f - G >^
Deere, John (dir) 1804-1886 Inventor of the steel plow in Garrison, William Lloyd (gar 7 3 san) 1805-1879
1838, which made farming grasslands much easier in Abolitionist who began publishing a newspaper called
the Midwest, (pp. 271,273) The Liberator in 1833. (p. 137)
De Soto, Hernando (di so 7 to) c. 1500-1542 Spanish Grimke, Angelina (grim 7 ke) 1805-1879 Southermborn
explorer who sailed around Florida in 1539 and then woman who wanted to end slavery and who wrote
traveled along the southeast coast as far as the letters and pamphlets attacking its evils, (pp. 200-201)
Mississippi River, (p. 195)
Grimke, Sarah (grim 7 ke) 1792-1873 Abolitionist sister
Dodge, Henry Chee (doj) 1857-1947 First chairman of of Angelina who also wrote about the evils of slavery,
the Navajo Tribal Council, (pp. 327, 329) (pp. 200-201)
Douglass, Frederick (dug 7 bs) c. 1817-1895 Former

slave who became an Abolitionist newspaper editor and
who spoke in favor of women's right to vote.
7
Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Pointe (dii sa bsl) c. 1745-1818
(p. 137)
^Vh>^
Free man of African ancestry, born in Haiti, who Hendrickson, Sue (hen 7 drik san) 1949- Archaeologist
became known as the "Father of Chicago" when he who discovered dinosaur bone fossils in South Dakota,
set up a successful trading post in the area in 1784. (pp. 242, 243)
(pp. 266, 267)
Higgins, Pattillo (hig 7 anz) 1863-1955 Scientist who
discovered natural gas escaping from a stream near
Spindletop Hill in Beaumont, Texas, in 1901, which
soon led to the discovery of oil. (p.
^-V e >!^ 315)
Einstein, Albert (in 7 stin) 1879-1955 German immigrant

who became one
scientists, (p.
of the world's most important
132)
*>!">
Inouye, Daniel (en 7 6 wa) 1924- U.S. representative
from Hawaii who was the first Japanese American to
»XF be elected to Congress, (p. 53)
Franklin, Benjamin (frang / kbn) 1706-1790 Signer of

the Declaration of Independence who was from
Pennsylvania; later was a member of the Constitutional
Convention, (p. 131)
Pronunciation Key

e in equa u in cup 9 = e in taken
l in it ii in rule 3 = o in lemon
o in hot ng in long

Biographical Dictionary
Lucas, Anthony (lii' kas) 1855-1921 A mining engineer

hired to drill for oil at Spindletop Hill in Texas in 1901
(p. 315)
Jackson, Andrew (jak' san) 1767-1845 Seventh President
of the United States, who was born in present-day
South Carolina and was very popular with the

common people, (p. 197) W-M X 1
Jefferson, Thomas (jef'ar san) 1743-1826 Virginian who

Madison, James (mad'a san) 1751-1836 Important
wrote the Declaration of Independence, served as the
delegate at the Constitutional Convention who later
third President of the United States, and purchased the
served as the fourth President of the United States,
Louisiana Territory from France in 1803. (pp. 42, 197)
(p. 197)
Jolliet, Louis (jo'leet) 1645-1700 French explorer who
Marquette, Jacques (mar ket') 1637-1675 French
traveled down Lake Michigan and the Illinois and
explorer who traveled down Lake Michigan and the
Mississippi Rivers in 1673. (p. 265)
Illinois and Mississippi Rivers in 1673. (p. 265)
Marshall, James (mar' shal) 1810-1885 Worker who

discovered gold in California in 1848 while building a
*>K-> sawmill for John Sutter, (p. 402)
Mott, Lucretia (mot) 1793-1880 Women's rights leader

King, Martin Luther, Jr. (king) 1929-1968 African
who worked with Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.
American leader who believed in the use of non-
Anthony, (p. 138)
violent civil disobedience to gain civil rights in the
1950s and 1960s, (p. 206)
who
*>0 *
Kino, Eusebio (ke' no) 1645-1711 Spanish priest
founded three missions in present-day Arizona in 1 687
where he taught Native Americans, (p. 334)
Oakley, Annie (o'kle) 1860-1926 Famous cowgirl who
took part in rodeos and Wild West shows, (p. 340)
Wl *
La Guardia, Fiorello (b gwar' de a) 1882-1947 United *>P">
States congressman and later mayor of New York City.
(p. 45) Parks, Rosa (parks) 1913- African American woman

who protested bus segregation in Montgomery,
La Salle, Robert (le sal) 1643-1687 French explorer who
Alabama, in 1955, leading to a bus boycott, (p. 207)
sailed down the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers in 1682,
reaching the Gulf of Mexico, (p. 195) Podlasek, Joseph (po la' sek) Native American who is
the executive director of the American Indian Center

Lewelling, Seth (la weK ling) 1820-1896 Fruit grower
in Chicago, (pp. 260-261)
from Oregon who helped to develop the Bing cherry,
(p. 389) Ponce de Leon, Juan (pons da le' an) c. 1460-1521
Spanish explorer who traveled through Florida in 1513
Lewis, Meriwether (lii' is) 1774-1809 Explorer who
looking for the "fountain of youth." (p. 195)
helped lead an expedition to find a water route to the
Pacific Ocean through the Louisiana Territory in Powell, John Wesley (pou'al) 1834-1902 Explorer of the
1804-1805. (pp.42, 278) Grand Canyon and the Colorado Plateau in 1 869 who
wrote reports about his findings, (pp. 302, 305)
Lincoln, Abraham (ling'kan) 1809-1865 Sixteenth
President of the United States, from 1861 to 1865,
during the Civil War. (p. 203)

vrRx* »^w
F\ ^<
-
Roosevelt, Theodore (ro' za velt) 1858-1919 United Washington, George (wash 7 ing tan) 1732-1799
States President who signed a law making the Grand Virginian who led American troops in the
Canyon a national monument, (p. 303) Revolutionary War and who served as the first
President of the United States, making him the

"Father of the Country." (p. 190)
VCS ^> mmmt Williams, Roger (wiK yamz)

colonist who bought
c. 1603-1683 English
land from the Narragansetts
in 1636 for a colony which became Rhode Island,
Sequoyah (si kwoi'a) c. 1763-1843 Cherokee who
(p. 128)
developed a written alphabet for his people in 1821.
(pp. 190, 193)
Serra, Junipero (ser 7 ra) 1713-1784 Spanish priest who

set up missions in California beginning in 1769.
(p. 401)
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady (star/ tan) 1815-1902

Women's rights leader who helped write the
"Declaration of Sentiments" at the Seneca Falls
Convention, (pp. 138, 139)
Strauss, Levi (strous) 1829-1902 Inventor of sturdy

blue jeans in the 1 850s for miners in California,
(pp. 403, 407)
Sutter, John (sut' tar) 1803-1880 Owner of sawmill in
California where gold was discovered in 1848.

(p. 402)
-w-t->
Truth, Sojourner (truth) 1797-1883 African American
woman who addressed Abolitionist meetings and told
about her early life as a slave, (p. 137)
Twain, Mark (twan) 1835-1910 Literary name of Samuel

Clemens, who wrote books about life along the Pronunciation Key
Mississippi River, (p. 283)

e in equa Ll in cup 3 - e in taken
i in it u in rule 3 = o in lemon
l in ice ch in child 3 = u in circus
o in hot ng in long

Glossary
WMMNV9MM
This Glossary will help you understand the Bill of Rights (bil av rits) the first ten amendments to the
United States Constitution; they state the basic rights
meanings and pronounce the vocabulary words
of United States citizens (p. 52)
in this book. The page numbers tell you where
bog (bog) an area of soft, wet, spongy ground (p. 113)
the word first appears.
boom town (bun/ toun 7
) fast-growing town, usually
located near where gold or silver have recently been
-*A* discovered
boundary (boun / dar

(p. 403)
e) a line or natural feature that

abolitionist (ab/ a lish / a nist) a reformer who believed separates one area or state from another (p. 14)
that slavery should be erased from the law
boycott (boi 7 kot) refusing to buy something as a form of
(p. 137)
protest (p. 207)
adobe (a do / be) a kind of mud brick (p. 302)
agriculture (ag' ra kul 7 char) the raising of crops or

animals (pp. 28, 180)
*>C->
amendment (a mend / mant) a change to the Constitution
of the United States (p. 52) canal (ka naK) a waterway that has been dug across land
for ships to travel through (p. 234)
aqueduct (ak wa dukt) a pipe used to bring water from a
distance (p. 347) canyon (kan / yan) a deep valley with steep rocky walls
(p. 13)
arid (ar7 id) dry, but not desert-like (p. 309)
capital resource (kap 7 a tal re
7 sors) something people
make in order to produce other products (p. 28)
*>B-> Capitol (kap /

United States meets
a tal) the building where the Congress of the
(p. 50)
backwoodsman (bak 7 wudz 7 man) a person who lives in citizen (sit

7 a zan) an official member of a country (p. 47)
forests or wild areas far away from towns (p. 198)
civil rights (siv r al rits) the rights of a citizen, including the
badlands (bad / landz 7 ) a region of dry hills and sharp right to vote and protection under the law (p. 205)
cliffs (p. 243)
Civil War (siv 7 al wor) the United States Civil War, fought
barge (barj) a flat-bottomed boat that carries goods between Northern and Southern states from 1861 to
through lakes and rivers (p. 236) 1865 (p. 203)
barrier island (bar / e ar V land) a narrow island between climate (kli

7 mit) the weather patterns in one place over a
the ocean and the mainland (p. 167) long period of time (p. 19)
barter (bar 7 tar) trading one kind of good or service for colony (koK a ne) a settlement of people who come from
another (p. 73) one country to live in another land (p. 131)
bay (ba) part of a sea or lake that cuts into a coastline commerce (kon/ ars) the buying and selling of goods,
(p. 117) especially in large amounts between different places
(p. 141)
bayou (bi' ii) marshy river (p. 163)
communication (ka myii 7 na ka r shan) the way that
people send and receive information (p. 84)
computer software (kam pyii / tar soft / war 7 ) programs

that help computers perform certain functions (p. 412)

confederacy (kan fed 7 ar a se) a union of groups,
countries, or states that agree to work together for a - E^/V
common goal (p. 129)
economy (i kon 7 a me) the way in which the resources of a
Confederacy (kan fed / ar a se) the name of the Southern
country, state, region, or community are managed
states in the United States Civil War (p. 203)
(p. 76)
consensus (kan sen 7 sas) a method of decision-making in 7
elevation (el a va 7 shan) how high a place is above sea
which all come to agreement (p. 189)
level (pp. 21, 167)
conserve (kan sarv 7 ) to use resources carefully (p. 29)

endangered species (en dan 7 jard spe 7 shez) a kind of
Constitution (kon sta tii 7 shan) the written plan for animal or plant that is in danger of becoming extinct
governing the United States of America (p. 48) (p. 179)
consumer (kan sii

/ mar) a person who buys goods and equator (i kwa 7 tar) the imaginary line that circles the
services (p. 74) center of Earth from east to west (p. 21)
convention (kan ven 7 shan) a meeting held for a certain erosion (i ro 7 zhan) the process by which wind and water
purpose (p. 138) wear away rock (p. 244)
cooperation (ko op 7 a ra 7 shan) to work together to get executive branch (eg zek 7 ya tiv branch) the part of
things done (p. 127) government that enforces the laws (p. 51)
crab pot (krab pot) a large wire cage with several sections export (ek 7 sport) an item sent from one country to be sold
that crabs swim into but from which they cannot in another (p. 143)
escape (p. 117)
extinct (ek stingkt 7 ) no longer existing (p. 179)
crop rotation (krop ro ta 7 shan) the planting of different
crops in different years (p. 248)
culture (kul 7 char) a way of life followed by a group of

people (p. 43)
^(D)lf
demand (di mand 7 ) the amount of an item that consumers
are willing to buy at different prices (p. 77)
democracy (di mok 7 ra se) a system of government in
which every citizen has a right to take part (p. 47)
desert (dez 7 art) an area that receives less than ten inches
of rain in one year (pp. 13, 309) Pronunciation Key

diverse (da vers 7 ) varied (p. 145) a in hat 6 in open sh in she

drought (drout) a long period with little or no rain (p. 272)
Dust Bowl (dust bol) an area of the Midwest and a in far oi in oil zh in measure
Southwest that was struck by years of drought in the e in let ou in out 3 = a in about
1930s (p. 272) e in equa u in cup 3 = e in taken
i in it ii in rule 3 = o in lemon
o in hot ng in long

Glossary
*F->
fall line (fol lin) a line of waterfalls that marks the harvest (harpist) cut for use, as a crop (p. 27)
boundary between the Piedmont and the coastal plains

hogan (ho 7 gan 7 ) a one-room Navajo home with a door
(p. 168)
facing east (p. 325)
federal (fed 7 ar si) a system of government in which the
homestead (horn 7 sted 7 ) land given to settlers by the
national and state governments share power (p. 48)
United States government if they lived and raised
fossil fuel (fos 7 al fyii
7
si) a fuel formed in the earth from crops on it (p. 342)
the remains of plants and animals (p. 183)
hub (hub) a center of activity (p. 280)
system en 7 tar priz 7 tarn) a system
free enterprise (fre sis
human resource (hyu 7 man re 7 sors) a person that makes
in which businesses have the right to produce any good
products or provides services (p. 31)
or provide any service that they want (p. 76)
humidity (hyu mid 7 a te) the amount of moisture in the air
frigid (frij
7 id) very cold 379)
(p.
(pp. 20, 348)
fur trade (fer trad) the trading of goods for animal skins
hurricane (her 7 a kan) a violent storm with high winds and
(p. 258)
heavy rain that forms over an ocean (p. 174)
hurricane season (her 7 a kan se 7 zn) the time of the year
when hurricanes mainly occur (p. 174)
^tg>^ hydroelectricity (hi 7 dro i lek 7 tris

7 a te) electricity
produced by flowing water (p. 105)

7 zar) a hot spring that erupts and sends hot
geyser (gi
7
water from the earth into the air (p. 370) hydropower (hi 7 dro pou ar) power produced by
capturing the energy of flowing water (p. 105)
ghost town (gost toun) a town where all of the people
have moved away (p. 403)
glacier (gla 7 shar) huge sheets of ice that cover land

(p. 105)
globalization (glo 7 ba liz a

7 shan) the process by which a
immigrant (im 7 a grant) a person who comes to live in a
business makes something or provides a service in
new land (p. 43)
different places around the world (p. 82)
import (im 7 port) an item brought from abroad to be
gold rush (gold rush) a sudden movement of people to an
offered for sale (p. 143)
area where gold has been found (p. 211)
industry (in 7 da stre) a business that makes a product or
gorge (gorj) a deep, narrow valley (p. 105)
provides a service (p. 28)
government (guv 7 arn mant) the laws that are followed
inlet (in 7 let) a narrow opening in a coastline (p. 1 17)
and the people that run a country (p. 47)
7
interdependent (in
7
tar di pen 7 dant) when regions rely on
greenhouse (gren 7 hous ) an enclosed structure that
one another for goods, services, or resources (p. 81)
allows light to enter and keeps in heat and moisture
(p. 385) international trade (in
7
tar nash 7 a nal trad) trade between
different countries (p. 414)
gusher (gush 7 ar) an oil well that produces a large amount
7 tarn)
of oil (p. 315) Interstate highway system (in 7 tar stat
7
hi 7 wa 7 sis
a system of interconnected highways in the United

States (p. 282)
a ga 7
7
irrigation (ir shan) the process of bringing water to
crops (p. 248)

*J XT * M>^-
judicial branch (jii dish 7 al branch) the part of government, magma (mag 7 ma) molten rock beneath the surface of the
made up of courts and judges, that interprets laws earth (p. 370)
(p. 51)
manufacturing (man 7 ya fak 7 char ing) making things to
jury (jur r e) a panel of ordinary citizens who make use or sell (p. 28)
decisions in a court of law (p. 58)
meridian (ma rid 7 e an) line of longitude (p. 409)
mineral (min 7 ar al) metals and other resources dug from

the ground (p. 115)
VfK^ mission (mish 7 an) a settlement set up by a religious group

to teach religion and help area people (p. 265)
key (ke) a low island (p. 173)
missionary (mish 7 a ner 7 e) a person sent by a religious
organization to spread its beliefs (p. 334)
mound (mound)
*X^ +m
y^r early Native
a pile of earth or stone constructed by
Americans for a variety of purposes
(p. 277)
landform (land 7 form 7 ) a natural feature of the earth's
surface (p. 11) mountain (moun 7 tan) a very high landform, often with
7
steep sides (p. 12)
latitude (lat a tiid) measurement of how far north or south
of the equator a place is located (p. 408)
lava (la 7 va) molten rock (magma) that rises and flows on
the surface of the earth (p. 372)
legislative branch (lej 7 a sla 7 tiv branch) the part of

government that makes laws (p. 50)
lighthouse (lit
7 hous 7 ) a tall tower with a very strong light
used to guide ships (p. 108)
7
livestock (liv 7 stok ) animals raised on farms and ranches
for human use (p. 386)
lock (lok) a gated part of a canal or river used to raise and

lower water levels (p. 234)
longitude (Ion 7 ja tiid) measurement of how far east or

west of the prime meridian a place is located (p. 409)
Pronunciation Key
The Long Walk (ma long wok) a forced journey of
hundreds of miles by the Navajo in the 1 800s a n hat 6 in open sh in she
(pp. 326-327) a n age 6 in all th in thin
a n care 6 in order TH in then

a n far oi in oil zh in measure
e n let ou in out 3 = a in about
e n equa u in cup 3 = e in taken
er n term ii in put 3 = i in pencil
i n it ii in rule 3 = o in lemon
i n ice ch in child 3 = u in circus
o n hot ng in long

Glossary
M.l,..l..l. 1 V I II I
primary source (pri 7 mer 7 e sors) an eyewitness account

VfN or observation of an event (p. 330)
prime meridian (prim ma rid 7 e an) the starting point for

natural resource (nach / ar al re 7 sors) something in the
measuring longitude (p. 409)
environment that can be used (p. 27)
process (pros 7 es) to change something so that people can
need (ned) something that a person must have in order to
use it (p. 27)
live (p. 73)
producer (pra du 7 sar) a person who makes goods or

nonrenewable resource (non 7 ri nii
7 a bal re 7 sors) a
products to sell (p. 74)
resource that cannot be replaced (p. 29)
product (prod 7 akt) something that people make or grow
Northern Hemisphere (nor 7 THarn heir/ a sfir) the half of
(p. 28)
Earth north of the equator (p. 408)
profit (prof 7 it) the money left over after costs are paid
(p. 76)
prospector (pros 7 pek someone who searches

vro-> valuable minerals
tar)
(p. 402)
for
7 7
opportunity cost (op 7 ar tii na te kost) what is given up public transportation system (pub 7 lik tran spar ta 7
when one chosen over another shan 7 tarn) the trains and buses that carry people
thing is (p. 78) sis
through a city (p. 212)
pueblo (pweb 7 lo) a Spanish word that means "village,"
vtp v
> and which
the Southwest (p. 302)
refers to some Native American groups in
passport (pas 7 port) a paper or booklet that gives a person pulp (pulp) a combination of wood chips, water, and
permission to travel to other countries (p. 57) chemicals used to make paper (p. 182)
peninsula (pa nin 7 sa la) a piece of land almost surrounded

by water (p. 108)
pioneer (pi
7
a ner 7 ) a person who settles in a part of a *>q^>
country and prepares it for others (p. 198)
quarry (kwor 7 e) a place where stone is dug, cut, or blasted
plain (plan) an area of flat land that often is covered with
out of the ground (p. 115)
grass or trees (p. 12)
plantation (plan ta 7 shan) a large farm that produces crops

to sell (p. 198)
plateau (pla to 7 ) a large, flat, raised area of land (p. 13)
polar climate (po 7 lar kli 7 mit) areas around the North and
South Poles with the coldest temperatures (p. 22)
potlatch (pot 7 lach 7 ) a feast held by Native Americans of

the Northwest to celebrate important events (p. 396)
powwow (pou 7 wou 7 ) a Native American festival (p. 128)
prairie (prar 7 e) an area where grass grows well, but trees

are rare (p. 245)
precipitation (pri sip 7 a ta 7 shan) the amount of moisture

that falls as rain or snow (p. 19)

"
secede (si sed 7 ) to pull out of or separate from (p. 203)

V-R secondary source (sek 7
an der 7 e sors) secondhand
account of history (p. 330)
rain shadow (ran shad / o) the side of a mountain chain
/
that receives less precipitation than the other side segregate (seg ra gat 7 ) to separate people according to
(p. 382) their race (p. 205)
/ e al)
raw material (ro ma tir something that is changed so service (ser 7 vis) job that someone does for others (p. 31)
that people can use it (p. 27)
slave (slav) a person who is owned as property by another
7
Reconstruction (re kan struk 7 shan) the period of time person and is forced to work (pp. 137, 198)
after the United States Civil War when the South was
sod (sod) the grass, roots, and dirt that form the ground's
rebuilt (p. 205)
top layer (p. 270)
recycle 7 kal) to use something more than once
(re si (p. 29)
Southern Hemisphere (suth 7 am hem 7 a sfir) the half of
refinery / nar a factory that separates crude oil into Earth south of the equator
(ri fi e) (p. 408)
different groups of chemicals (p. 315)
steamboat (stem 7 bot 7 ) a boat powered by a steam engine
reforest (re for 7 ist) to plant new trees to replace ones that (p. 280)
have been cut down (p. 388)
subarctic climate (sub ark 7 tik kll 7 mit) an area with
region (re 7 pa) a large area in which places share similar short, warm summers and ground covered in snow for
characteristics (p. 11) most of the rest of the year (p. 22)
7
renewable resource (ri nii a bal re 7 sors) a natural supply (sa pli
7
) the amount of an item someone has to sell
resource that can be replaced (p. 29) (p. 77)
represent (rep 7 ri zent 7 ) the act of leaders making Supreme Court (sa prem 7 cort) the highest court of the
decisions for those who elected them (p. 47) United States (p. 51)
republic (ri pub 7 lik) a type of government in which people

elect leaders to represent them (p. 47)
7
reservation (rez ar va 7 shan) an area of land set aside by
the United States for Native Americans (p. 128)
revolution (rev 7 a lu 7 shan) a fight to overthrow a

government (p. 131)
rural (rur 7 al) in small towns or farms (p. 71)
»^s Pronunciation Key

sachem (sa 7 cham) a ruler over a portion of Narragansett
territory (p. 127)
sap (sap) a liquid carrying water and food that circulates a in care 6 in order th in then
through a plant (p. 1 14) a in far oi in oil zh in measure

savanna (sa van 7 a) a grassy plain with few trees (p. 310)
e in equa 1 u in cup a = e in taken
sea level (se lev 7 al) the same height as the surface of the er in term u in put 3 = i in pencil
ocean (p. 170) i in it u in rule 3 = o in lemon

I in ice ch in child a - u in circus
search engine (serch en 7 jan) a special Web site that
o in hot ng in long
locates other Web sites (p. 262) --— TT-
-

) ) )
Glossary
IT
- T^> ^ *
7 o) Union 7 nyan) the name for the Northern states during

tallow (tal animal fat used for making candles and soap (yii
(p. 339) the American Civil War (p. 203)
tax (taks 7 ) money the government collects to pay for its urban (er 7 ban) in the city (p. 71)
services (p. 58)
technology (tek nol 7 a je) the development and use of

scientific knowledge to solve practical problems t IT *
(p. 70)
temperate climate (tem / par it kli

7 mit) moderate area vaquero (va ker 7 6) Spanish word for "cowboy" (p. 336)
between the tropical and subarctic climates (p. 23)
viceroy (vis 7 roi) an early governor of Mexico (p. 333)
temperature (tem / par a char) a measurement telling how
vineyard (vin 7 yard) a place where grapevines are planted
hot or cold something is (p. 19)
(p. 113)
7
timberline (tin/ bar lln ) the elevation on a mountain
volcano (vol ka 7 no) a type of mountain with an opening
above which trees cannot grow (p. 369)
through which ash, gas, and lava are forced (p. 372)
totem pole (to 7 tarn pol) a tall post carved with images of
people and animals to represent family history (p. 395)
trading post
goods are traded
(tra 7 ding post) a kind of store in which
(p. 266)
*>W->
Trail of Tears (tral av tirz) the forced journey of the want (want) something that a person would like to have
Cherokees to land set aside for them by the United but can live without (p. 73)
States in what is now Oklahoma (p. 191)
watermen (wo 7 tar man) men or women who gather
transcontinental railroad (tran 7 skon ta nen / tl ral
7 rod
7
different kinds of seafood and fish in different seasons
)
a rail line that crosses an entire country (p. 28 1 (p. 117)
transportation (tran 7
spar ta 7 shan) the moving of goods, waterway (wo 7 tar wa 7 ) a system of rivers, lakes, and
people, or animals from one place to another (p. 8 1 canals, through which ships travel (p. 234)
7 weather (wem 7 ar) the

tropical climate drop 7 *
a kal kli mit) an area that is condition of the air at a certain
usually very warm all year (p. 22) time and place (p. 19)
tundra (tun 7 dra) a cold, flat area where trees cannot grow wetland (wet 7 land 7 ) land that is covered with water at
(p. 379) times (p. 167)
White House (wit hous) the place where the President of

the United States lives and works (p. 5 1
wigwam (wig 7 warn) a Narragansett hut made of wooden

poles covered in bark (p. 127)

8 1 3 2
Index
This Index lists the pages on which topics appear in this book. Page
numbers after an m refer to a map. Page numbers after a p refer to a
photograph. Page numbers after a c refer to a chart or graph.
Albuquerque, New Mexico, 316, Atlanta, Georgia, 210-212, ml 87,

m309, w326 P 2\\
^k Aleutian Range, 372, m372

alligator, 179,/? 178
Atlantic Coastal Plain,
Atlantic Ocean, 108, 369, 400,

12, ml 1
Abilene, Kansas, 341. m54

mH13, mH15, mil, m40, ml33
alphabet, 188, 190, [93, p 188
abolitionism, 137, 200, 201
automobile, 135,282,414
Acadia National Park, 108 Amazon rain forest, 318, 319,
/?319
Adams, John, 1 3
amendment, 52
Adirondack Mountains, 107,
"America," 90-91
mH13, m98
adobe, 302, 325, 333
American Civil War. See Civil
African Americans, 136, 137,

War
American Falls, 104
^r
205-207, 208 backwoodsman, 198
agriculture
American Indians. See Native
badlands, 242-245, m226
Americans
in Arizona, 347
Badlands National Park, 244,
Cherokees and, 189, 190 American Revolution, 131, 197
m231,/?244
in the Midwest, 247-249 American River, 402, m403
baobab tree, 1 2 / I
resources and, 28 Among the Sierra Nevada

barge, 236, 237, P 236
in the Southeast, 180, ml81 Mountains, California, p362
in the West, 384-387, m387, bar graph, 240, 241
Anasazi, 295, 302, 306
p384-386 barrier islands, 167, ml 67
Anthony, Susan B., 138,/? 138
air conditioning, 348, 349, />34K Barrow, Alaska, 379
Appalachia, 169, 183
airplane, 135,^317 barter, 73, pi
Appalachian Mountain Range,
Alabama, R 1
12, 106, 169, 179, ml 60, ml 67, bay, 117-119
Alamo, 198,335,/?335 w247 bayou, 163
Alaska Appalachian Trail, 106, p 106 Beaumont, Texas, 314, 315,
climate of, 22, 378, 379 apple, 384, 385, w387, /?384, /j385 m299, m309
crops in, 385 beef, 339, 386
aqueduct, 347
facts about, R18
arid, 309 Bell, Alexander Graham, 132,
fishing industry in, 386
135
government of, 50 Arizona, 309, 310, 316, 328, 334,
346, 347, R18, m309, m347,/?295 Bering Strait, 39
inset maps of, 24, m24, 25
map of, m362 Arkansas, 180, R 18, ml 60 Big Springs, Nebraska, 246, 247,
mountains m372
m247
in, 13, 372, Armour, Philip, 339
Native Americans of, 395, 397 Bill of Rights, 52
Asia, 16, 39, 40, m408
Russian claim to, 401, m401 Bimini, 194, 195
astronaut, 317, 318
statehood of, 405, c405
Bing, Ah, 389
astronomy, 316
Albright, Madeleine, 132
Bing cherry, 389
Bingham Canyon Mine, />4 1

2 1
Index
Bird of Paradise, />383 California, 13, 50, 69, 380, 385, Charleston, South Carolina,
401-404, 407, 41 l,R18,m362, 203, 212, 214, 215,ml87,/?161,
bison, 245, 269, 370, /?245,
m403, c405 p2\4
/?370-371
Black Hills, 243, m226

California clipper ship, 402, Charlestown, Rhode Island,
m402 128, ml25, ml26
blacksmith, 273
California State Water Project, Cherokee, 188-193
blanket, 395, /?325,/?396 347
Cherokee language, 192, 193
Blue Ridge Mountains, 169, Callasaja Falls, p 68 1
m 1 60, m 1 67
Cherokee Phoenix, 190, 193
Canada, 104, 105, 128, mil, ml 9,
cherries, 389, m387
Bodie, California, 404, /4<)4 m25, ml03, ml05
Bodie Island, p\lA,p\15 Chesapeake Bay, 116-119, m35,
canal, 234
m98, ml 03, ml 67
bog, 113, pi 13 Canonicus, 128
Chesapeake Bay Foundation,
boom town, 403, 404 canyon, 13,/? 13 118
Boone, Daniel, 198 Cape Cod, 108, m98 Chicago, Illinois, 266, 267, 280,
Bosque Redondo, New Mexico, Cape Hatteras, 174, ml 74 281,350,mH14,ml9
326, 327,w326 Chicago River, 232, 234, 235,
Capitol, 50, m35
Boston, Massachusetts, 142, m234, m265
car. See automombile
143 Chilkat blanket, 395
boundaries, 14 Cardenas, Garcia Lopez de,
302
Chisholm, Jesse, 341
boycott, 207 Chisholm Trail, 341, m341
Carnegie, Andrew, 132, 145, 147
Bradley, Thomas, 416, 417, p4 16 p\41 Cinco de Mayo, 336, /?336
Britain. See England, Great Britain Carrier, Willis Haviland, 348, cities, 71, 142-146,211-213
British Columbia, 395, m394 349, /?348, /?349
citizen, 47, 133
broccoli, m387 Carson City, Nevada, 403, m403 citizenship (Citizen Heroes)
buckaroo, 354 Carson, Kit, 326, p326 caring, 318-319
buffalo, 245, 269, 370, p245, /?370 Cartier, Jacques, 41 courage, 200-201
Cascade Mountains, fairness, 416^17

"Buffalo Bill's Wild West" 365, 382,
383,m372,/?365 honesty, 60-6
show, 404, /?404
respect, 260-261
Castillo de San Marcos, 196,
responsibility, 148-149
p\96
citrus fruit, 180
Catskill Mountains, 106, 107,
x
mH13, m98 civil rights, 205, 206
cattle, 249, 336-343, 385, 404, Civil Rights Act of 1964, 206
m387,/?339
CivilWar, 137, 187, 202-205, 281,
Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 400, cause and effect, 228, 229 p204
401,/?400
cave system, 1 clan, 325
cactus, 310
Centennial Olympic Park, 2 1 Clark, William, 42, 278, 279, p21S
Cahokia, Illinois, 277
Central Plains, 247, 248, m247 Clemens, Samuel Langhorne,
Cahokia Mounds State Park, 283,/?283
Central Valley, California, 385,
277, /;277
m367, m372 cliff dwelling, p306
Calamity Jane (Martha
climate, 7, 18-23, 309, 378-383,
Canary), 340, /?340
ml 9, m20, m22, m309

1
Clinton, William Jefferson, 416 cooperation, 127 Delaware, R19, m98
cloud, 382, 383 copper mine, 412, /?412 Delaware Bay, 1 1 9, m98
coal, 70, 183, pi 83 corn, 246, 248, p246 delta, 163, ml 67
coastal plain, 179, 180, mil, Corn Belt, 248 demand, 77

ml67,m247 Corn Palace, 246, 247, p246 democracy, 47, 48, 52, 53
coastline, 108, 109, 117, 167, 175
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez denim, 407
Cobb, Geraldyn (Jerrie), 318, de, 40, 302, 333, m40 Denver, Colorado, 403, m20, m89
319,/?318 corral, 337
desert, 13, 309, 310, 346, 347,
Cody, William "Buffalo Bill,"
cotton, 28, 199 380,pl3,p310,p380
404, p404
cotton gin, 135 "Desert Is Theirs, The," 310
colony, 128, 131, 196,401
covered wagon, p268 de Soto, Hernando, 40, 195,
Colorado, 382, 403, R46, m362, m40, ml 95
m419, c405 cowboy, 336, 340, 341, 354, 355,
404, p340 details, 162,296
Colorado Plateau, 13, mil
Cowboy Country, 354, 355 Diez y seis de Septiembre, 336
Colorado River, 301, 302, 305,
cowgirl, 340 dinosaur, 242, 244, p242, p243
347, mll,m372, m381,p301
Columbus, Christopher, 38-40, cow town, 404 Dismal Swamp, 167, ml 67, ml 70
m40 crab pot, 116, 117, pi 17 District of Columbia, 14
commerce, 142, 143 crabs, 116, 117, 386, p\ 16 diverse, 145

communication, 84 cranberry, 113, ml 14, pi 13 Dodge, Henry Chee, 327, 329,
compare and contrast, 364 p329

Crockett, David "Davy," 198,
computer, 82, 83, 316, 412, 414,

pl98 dogsled race, 378, 379, p378
p82 crop rotation, 248 Douglass, Frederick, 136, 137,
pi 36
computer software, 412 cross-section diagram, 110, 111
conclusion, 296, 297 Dr.Martin Luther King, Jr.

crude oil, 315
National Historic Site, 210
confederacy, 129 culture, 39, 43
drought, 272
Confederacy, the, 203
Duluth, Minnesota, 257, m255
Confederate States of
America, 203 Du Sable, Jean Baptiste Point,
267, p267
Congress, 50-52
Dust Bowl, 272
Connecticut, R 19, m98
consensus, 189
^k
Dahlonega, Georgia, 21 1, m210
conserve, 29
Dahlonega Courthouse, 211
Constitutional Convention, 1 97
dam, 347, m347
Constitution of the United
States of America, 48-52,
Dead Sea, 16, ml6
137, 138, 144,204 Death Valley, California, 13, Eastern Cherokee, 9 1
consumer, 74, 84
380, 382, m 16
economy, 76, 81,82, 145
Continental Divide, 369, m372 Declaration of Independence,

Edison, Thomas Alva, 1 35
131, 144, 197, R28-R31
convention, 138 Einstein, Albert, 133
Deere, John, 271, 273, p273

1 1 1 1 1 5 1
Index
election, 50, 5 federal government, 48
electricity, 70. 105, 110, 111, 135, Finger Lakes Region, 113
183 fishing, 116-118,386,395
electric light bulb, 135 Florida, 14,22,40,42,43, 173, Garrison, William Lloyd, 137
elevation, 21, 167 179, 180, 195. 196, 212, R19, Gateway Arch, 276, p227, /?276
ml60, ml73,p41
elevation map, 1 70, 1 7 1 , m 1 70, generalizations, make, 306, 307
m372 Florida Keys, 173, ml 60, ml 67
generator, 111, pi 10
elk, 369,370,/>369 flour, 248
Georgia, 173, 180, 211, R 19, m 160
Ellis Island, New York, 132, flowers, 386
Georgia State Capitol, 2 1
ml 25 folklore, 198
Empire State Building, 142
Germany, 1 32, m 1 30
forest products, m387
geyser, 370
endangered species, 79 1
fort, 266
ghost town, 403, 404
England, 131
Fort Canby, Arizona, 326, m326
gila monster, /;346
entrepreneur, 273 Fort Ross, 401
glacier, 105, 167,233
equator, 21, 22, 408, mil, m408 Fort Sumter, 202, 203, /?203
globalization, 82, 83, m83
Erie Canal, 143,280 forty-niners, 403
gold, 333
Erie, Lake, 113, 143,233,235,
fossil, 242-244, p242, /?243
m226, m234 Golden Gate Bridge, p363
fossil fuel, 183
erosion, 244, 301 gold rush, 69, 21 1, 393, 402-404,
fountain of youth, 194, 195
405, 407, m402, p69
Europe, 40, 127, 128, 132, 190,
195, 196, 269, 401, w40, ml 33, Four Corners, p 15 gorge, 105
ml 95 France, 41, 265, 266, 278, m40 government
Everglades National Park, 179, Franciscan missions, 401 Cherokee and, 1 9
ml 65, ml 67 free trade and. 76
Franklin, Benjamin, 1 3
executive branch, 5 Narragansett and, 127
Freedmen's Bureau, 205
exploration, 39-41, 68, 302, Navajo and, 327
freedoms, political. See specific
332-337, 400, 401, m40, m333 United States and, 47-52
freedoms
export, 141,414 Grand Canyon National Park,
Freedom Trail, 142
299-307, m299,p293,
13, 297,
extinct, 179
free enterprise system, 76, 77, p301,/?303,/?304
c76
Grand Teton National Park,
freight train, 237, /?237 H6-H7, mH6, pH6-H7
French Quarter, /; 1 6 Granite State, 1 1
freshwater, 233 grape, 112, 113, ml 14, pi 12 m387

i( frigid, 379 graphs, 240, 241
fact, 208, 209 Frost, Robert, 107 grazing, 341,342
fall line, 169, ml 67 fruit, 180,385 Great Basin, 380, 381, m367,
m381
farm equipment, 272, 273, /?273 fuel, 29
Great Britain, 132, 401, ml 33
farmhouse, 270, p270 fur trade, 258, 264-267, 278, 401,
405 Great Council, 129

1 1
Great Lakes, 13, 232-235, 238, hogs, 249 Independence Hall, 144
257, 280, m234, p233 hogan, 325, 326, 328, p325 Indiana, R 18, m226
Great Plains, 243, 247, 248, 258, Hoh Rain Forest, /?380 Indians. See Native Americans
m247
Hollywood, />4 1 Indian Territory, 295, 341
Great Salt Lake, 381, 412, w372
homestead, 342 Industrial Revolution, 70, 71
Great Shellfish Bay, 117
Hoopeston, Illinois, 247, m231 industry, 28, 70, 7 1 , 143
Great Smoky Mountains, 169,
m 1 67
Hoover Dam, p363 inlet, 117
Horseshoe Falls, 104, ml 05 Inner Coastal Plain, 167

greenhouse, 385
greenhouse products, 386 hot spot, 370 Inouye, Daniel, 53
hot spring, 370, p310 inset map, 24, 25, m24

Green Mountains, 106, mH13,
m98 Houston, Texas, 317, w309 interdependent, 81,82
Green River, 305 hub, 280 international trade, 414. m4 14
grid, 409 Hudson River, 280 Internet, 262, 263
Grimke, Angelina and Sarah, humidity, 348, 349 interstate highway system, 282
200, 201,/?200,p201
hunting, 189 invention, 132, 135
growing season, 1 80, 347
Huron, Lake, 233, m226, w234, Iowa, R18, m226
gusher, 314, 315, p3 14 w265 Ireland, 132,w 132
hurricane, 174 Iroquois Confederacy, 129
hurricane season, 1 74
irrigation, 248, 347, p341
hydroelectricity, 105, 110, 111,
"I've Been Working on the
X
L
/;110
Railroad," 286-287
hydropower, 105, 110, 111, ml 05,
p\10
Haida, 397, 398, p399
haiku, 385
\
harvest, 27, 113, 117,385
Havasupai, 302 \
Hawaii Jackson, Andrew, 97 1
climate of. 18, 22, 380, 382, m381 Jamestown, Virginia, 196, ml 95
crops of, 385, p363 ice age, 233
Japanese American, 53
facts about, R19 Idaho, 379, 385, 386, R19, w362,
fishing industry in, 386 c405 Jefferson, Thomas, 41, 197, 278
Inouye and, 53 Iditarod, 378, 379, /?378 "Jim Crow" laws, 225
inset maps of, 24, m24, m25, p362 Jolliet, Louis, 41, 265, w40
Illinois, R 19, m 226
mountains in, 373, w372
Illinois River, 234, m.234, m265 Josefina Saves the Day, 74
Pacific Rim trade and, 414
Illinois Waterway, 234, m234 judicial branch, 51
statehood of, 405, 406, c405
immigrant, justice, 5
Hendrickson, Sue, 242, 243, 45, 132, 133
p242 import, 141,414
Higgins, Pattillo, 315 Inca empire, 398
highway, 282 independence, 131

1 6 1 4
Index
Lewis, Meriwether, 42, 278, 279, main idea, 162
Kansas, 21,
X
R 18, m226
/?278
Lexington, Massachusetts,
131,ml30
liberator, 137
Mammoth Cave
manatee,
Mandan
179,/?161
Village, 279,
system,
m279
12
Kentucky, R 18, ml 60 manufacturing, 28

Liberty Bell, 144
key, 173 maple syrup, 1 1 4, m 1 1
lighthouse, 108, 174, 175,/? 108,
Key West, Florida, 173, ml 65 pl74,/?175 maps
keyword, 262, 263 climate, ml 9, m20, mil
Lincoln, Abraham, 203,/?203
Kilauea, Mount, 373 elevation, 170, 171, m 170, m 171,
line graph, 240, 241
m372
King, Dr. Martin Luther, Jr., 206 livestock, 28, 385, 386, P 3S6 inset maps, 24, 25, m24, m25, m35
King Ranch, Texas, 343, m323, local government, 48 Northeast, mH 13
P 343 physical, mil, mR6-R7, R9
lock, 234, 235, p235
Kino, Father Eusebio, 334 political, R4-R5, R8
longitude, 408, 409
road, m86, m89
Long Walk, the, 326, 327, 329, satellite, R2-R3
m326 Southeast, mH15
Los Alamos, New Mexico, 3 time zone, 54, 55, m54, m55, m63,
*
1
/?55
Los Angeles, California, 411,
416, 417, m393, m410, c413 United States, R10-R 15
Western Hemisphere, R8-R9
La Guardia, Fiorello, 45 lost colony, 196
World, mR4-R7
Lake Placid, New York, 107 Louis XIV, 195
Marconi, Guglielmo, 135
landform, 7, 11-15, pl2, 13 Louisiana, 12,41, 173, 195, R18,
ml60 Marquette, Jacques, 41, 265,
landmarks, 142 m40
Louisiana Territory, 41, 197, m41
land rush, p269 marsh, 310, 311, p311
Lucas, Anthony, 315
La Salle, Robert, 195, m40, ml 95 Marshall, James, 402
Lyndon Johnson Space
B.
lasso, 337 MARTA, 212,/?212
Center, 295, 317, P 294
latitude, 408, 409 Maryland, 117, R19, m98
lava, 372 mask, 398, pl89, /?398, p399
law, 47, 50-52 Massachusetts, 108, 113, 118,
legends, 198 128, 131, R19, m98
legislative branch, 50 Massachusetts Bay, 119, mH13,

m98
lei, P 406
Mackinaw, Michigan, 265 McKinley, Mount (Denali), 13,
lettuce, m387
Madison, James, 97 1
379,p379
Levi Strauss & Company, 407 meat packing, 339
Magazine Mountain, m 1 70, p 1 7
Lewelling, Seth, 389, /?389
magma, 370, 372 Menotti, Gian Carlo, 214
Lewis and Clark Expedition, 41,
magnolia, h meridian, 409
278, 279, m279
I
Maid of the Mist, 101 metal ore, 403
mail delivery, 8 Metro Rail system, 417, m417

Maine, 108, R18, m98 Mexican Independence Day, 336

1 8
Mexican War, 4 Mississippi River, 12,41, 163, Narragansett Indians, 126-128,

195, 234, 235, 283, mil, m38, pl28
Mexico, 41, 333-336, 340, 401,
m265,pl63,/?280 NASA, 317, 318
m 1 1 , m40
Missouri, R19, m226, c241 National Association for the
Mexico, Gulf of, 163, ml 9, m40
Missouri River, 278, ml 1, mil 9 Advancement of Colored
Michigan, 43, 249, 265, R19,
People (NAACP), 207
m226, m265, c241 Mitchell, Mount, 169
national government, 48
Michigan, Lake, 43, 232-235, Mitchell, South Dakota, 246,
267, m226, m234, m265, p233 247 national park, 108, 297, 370
Michilimackinac, Michigan, money, 74, 75, /?75 Native Americans

265, m265 Monks Mound, 277, pill Columbus and, 39
Middle Atlantic states, 17, in the Midwest, 245, 256-259,

1
Montana, 386, R19, m362, c405
264-266, 269, 277, p257, p258
Monticello, 197,/? 197 in the Northeast, 126-129, pi 28,
Midwest Region
Mott, Lucretia, 138 pl29
Badlands in, 242-245
in the Southwest, 302, 324-329,
boundaries of, 14 mound, 277
334-336, 340, 342, 347, m326,
farming in, 246-249, 271-273 mountain, 11-13. See also specific p295,p326,p327,/?328
fur trade in, 264-266, m265 mountains in the West, 394-399,401
Great Lakes in, 233-235 Mount Everest, 16, ml6 natural resources, 27-29, 76,
immigration to, 132
Mount Katahdin, HI 3, ///HI 3 183, 315, 395, p29
landforms in, 11-13
Mount Kilauea, 373 Navajo, 325-328, p325, p326, p327
map of, m226, m250
/?328
Native Americans in, 245, 256-259, Mount McKinley, 17, 379, ml 6,
264-266, 269, 277 m372 Navajo Code Talker, 329, 330,
p331
pioneers of, 269, 270 Mount Mitchell, 169, ml 70, ml 85
population of, c240, 241 Navajo language, 328
Mount Pleasant, Michigan, 257
rainfall patterns in, 229, 247, w247 Navajo Tribal Council, 327, 329
Mount Rushmore, pill
resources of, 28
Nebraska, R20, m226
shipping and, 236, 237, 271, 280, 282 Mount St. Helens, 365
need, 73
transportation in, 277-282 Mount Washington, HI 3, ///HI 3
Nevada, 386, 403, R20, m362,
Milam Building, 348 movie industry, 41 1
m403, c405
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 257, Muir, John, 361
m20
New England, 108, w98
museum, 351
mineral, 114, 115
New England landscape, p91
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina,
mining, 114, 115, 183,297,303, 167, 212, m 165 New Hampshire, 106, R20, m98
327, 402, 403, 4 12, 41 4, p\ 15 New Jersey, 108, 109, R20, m98
Minnesota, 257, 258, R19, m.226, New Mexico, 294, 309, 316,
m255 326-328, 333, 334, 336, R20,
m274, m295, m309
mission, 265, 334-336, 401,/?334,
p335 newspaper, 330
missionary, 334, 339 New York City, New York, 45,
105, 131, 142-144, ml42,/?142
Mission Dolores, 334 Nantucket Island,
Mission San Jose, 334
Massachusetts, 1 1 New York State, 43, 105, 107,
Narragansett Bay, 127, ml 26 R20, m98

Mississippi, 12, R 19, ml 60
"Niagara," 152

2
Index
Niagara Falls, 101, 104, 105, 152, Oklahoma, 191, 295, 309, 317, Piedmont, 168, 169, 179, ml 67,
ml03, ml05,/?101,/?152,/?153 341,R21,m294, m309 pl68
Niagara River, 105, ml 05 Old Faithful, 370 Pikes Peak, 368, 369, m372
Nineteenth Amendment, 138 Olympia National Park, />3xo Pima Air and Space Museum,
316,/?316
Nobel Peace Prize, 319 Olympic Mountains, 372, m372
pineapple, m387
nonrenewable resource, 29, Olympic Peninsula, 382
183,315 pioneer, 198,269,270
Ontario, Lake, 233, m234
nonviolence, 206 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 141,
On the Banks of Plum Creek,
143, 145,ml25, mU2,p\43
North America, 39, 68, m40, 271
ml95,m401,m408 opinion, 208, 209
plain, 12,28,229
North Carolina, 173, 191, 196,

opportunity cost, 78
plantation, 198, 199,/? 199
R21,ml60, ml 73, ml 74 plant nursery, 389
Oregon, 13, 385, 401, R21, m362,
North Dakota, R21, m226 plants, 3 1 0, 3 1
c405 1 , 386, 389, p3 0, 1
Northeast Region Oregon Territory, 42

p3\\
abolitionists in, 137
plateau, 13
Ottawa Indians, 259
boundaries of, 14
Platte River, m279
cities in, 140-144, ml42 otter, /?363
plow, 27 1-272, p27\
colonies in, 131 Outer Coastal Plain, 67 1
immigration to, 132 plumb, m387

outline, 376, 377
landformsof, 12, 106-109 Plymouth, Massachusetts, 131.
overfishing, 118
Native Americans in, 126-129 ml 30
Niagara Falls in, 104, 105, pi 05 Pocono Mountains, 107, mH13,
resources of, 28, 112-115 m98
Northern Hemisphere, 408 polar climate, 22
North Pole, 408, m408
notes, 376, 377
nuts, 180, m387
*
Pacific Ocean, 369, 383, 400,
pollution, 118, 143, 145
Ponce de Leon, Juan,

m40, ml 95,/? 194
40, 195,
Nyiri Desert, 3 m3 mH12, mil Pony Express, 80

1 2, 1
Pacific Rim, 414, m414 population, c240, c241, c413

paper, 388 port cities, 141, 143, 163, 237
parallel, 408 Port of South Louisiana, 1 63
Parks, Rosa, 207, /?207 potato, 385, m387
*k peanut, 180,
Pearl Harbor, 406

p\6\ Potawatomi Indians, 259
potlatch, 396, /?396
Oakley, Annie, 340
peninsula, 108 Powell, John Wesley, 297, 302,
ocean, 2 1 . See also specific oceans
Pennsylvania, 108, R21, m98 305, 306,/?305
Ocracoke Island, /? 1 74
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Powhatan Indians, 196
Ohio, R21,m226
131, 137, 141, 142, ml 30, ml36, powwow, 128
Oil, 70, 314,315, 327, 405, m4 1 4, ml 42
prairie, 245, 270
c315
Phoenix, Arizona, 347, m346,
prairie dog, 279
Ojibwa, 256-258, 264, 266, p257, m347
p259
phonograph, 135

1 5 1 1 8
precipitation. See rainfall, rainfall, 229, 247, 309, 347, 365,

snowfall
president, 51, 197
press, freedom of the, 52

382, 383, m247,
Rainier Paradise Ranger

Station, 382
rain shadow,
m309
382, 383, c382

sachem, 127
*
primary source, HI 6, 3, 53, 61, saguaro, 310, 312,/?312
97, 159, 206, 207, 225, 239, 244, ranch, 338-343, /?342
261,293,305,310,329,330,
Saguaro National Park, 310,
raw materials, 27, 70
m299
331,351,353,357,361,385,
416, 417, R24, R27, R28-R31 Reconstruction, 205 salmon, m387
prime meridian, 409 recycle, 29 salt, 412
Red River, 2, m 1
process, 27 1
Salt Lake City, Utah, 412, m20,
producers, 75 redwood tree, /?363 c413
products, 28 refinery, 3 1 San Antonio, Texas, 334, 335,

341,348, m20,m309,m332
profit, 76
reforestation, 182,388
Sandburg, Carl, 152
Prospect Creek, Alaska, 379 region, 7, 11-15, 28, 81, mil
religion, freedom of, 52
San Diego, California, 401,
prospector, 402, 403 mH12, ml 9, m409
public transportation system, renewable resource, 29, 1 82,
San Francisco, California,
212,416,417,^212 388, p29
401-403, m20, m402
pueblo, 302, 335 represent, 47
Santa Barbara, California, 401
Pueblo peoples, 302 Representatives, House of, 50
Santa Fe, New Mexico, 336,
Puerto Rico, 195, m40 republic, 47 m309, m323, m332, p331
pulp, 182 research, 262, 263 Santa Monica, California, 350

reservation, 128, 258, 327, 328 sap, 114
reservoir, 347 Sault Sainte Marie, Michigan,
revolution, 131 265, 266, m255, m265
Rhode Island, 127, 128, R21 savanna, 310
^k rice, 180
river, 1
Scandinavia,
seafood, 116, 117
132, ml 32
Qualla Boundary, North

Carolina, 191, 192, ml 87, m 188 riverboat, 283 Sealaska Corporation, 397
quarry, 115, ml 14, p\\5 road maps, m86, m89 sea level, 16, 170
Quivira, 333 roadrunner, /?295 search engine, 262, 263
Roanoke Island, 1 96 sea shanty, 21
rock squirrel, p300 Seattle, Washington, 412, m20,
^X Rocky Mountains,
369, m367, m372, p363,
Roosevelt, Theodore, 297, 303

Route 66, 350-351, m351
243, 363, 365,
p365
p4\3, c-413
secede, 203
secondary source,
segregate, 205, 206
330. 331
radio, 135
rural, 71 Senate, 50, 5
radio telescope, 316, p316
Russia, 401, 405, m54, m372 Seneca Falls, New York, 138,
railroad, 54, 70, 212, 281, 286,
ml 25, ml 36
287, 339, 341, 342, 403, 404, m281
Socia Studies Reference Guide

1 R71
4 8 1 9
Index
Seneca, Lake, 113 Cherokee culture in, 188-193 SR-71 Blackbird, p3 17

sequence of events, cities of, 210-215
100, 101 St. Albans, Vermont, 1 14, ml 03
civil rights movement and, 206, 207
Sequoyah, 190, 193,/? 193 St. Augustine, Florida, 196,
Civil War in, 187, 202-205, 208, 209,
Serra, Junipero, 401 ml 87, ml 95
/?204
shanty, 218 climate and weather of, 173-175 St. Helens, Mount, 365
Shark Bay, 120-121, m 121 early history of, 194-201 St.Lawrence Seaway, 234, 235,
landforms of, 12, 167-171, ml 67, m234
sheep, 325, 385
ml 70 St. Louis, Missouri, 73, 237,
shellfish, 116-118,386 map of, m 1 60 276-280, m255, mil
"Shenandoah," 218,219 resources of, 28, 178-183
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 138,
Shenandoah River, 2 1 Southern Hemisphere, 408 139,/? 139
shipping, 236, 237, 271, 277, 280, South Pole, 408, a??408 state government, 48
282
Southwest Region Statue of Liberty, 142, 144,/?99
Sierra Nevada, 229, 372, w372, boundaries of, 14 steamboat, 280, p280
p361,/>373 climate of, 308, 309, m309
steamship, 135
Silver Lake, Colorado, 382 desert in, 309, 346, 347
steel, 70, 143, 145
Sioux Indians, 258 Grand Canyon in, 297, 299-307,
m299, /?293, /?30 1 , /?303, /?304 "Stopping by Woods on a
slavery, 136, 137, 187, 198-201 Snowy Evening," 107
landforms of, 11, 13
Slavery as Testimony of a
It Is: map of, m294, m309 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 201
Thousand Witnesses, 201 Native Americans in, 302, 324-329,
Strauss, Levi, 403, 407, /?407
snowfall, 382, 383 334-336, m326, /?295, p327, /?328
subarctic climate, 22, 23
sod, 270, /?270 oil and, 314, 315,/?314, c3 15
plants of, 310, 311,/?310,/?311 "Sue," 242, /?243
software, 412
ranching in, 338-343, m341, m343, sugar beet, m387
soil, 29, 168 /?339,/?342,/?343
sugar house, 114
songs resources of, 28
sugar maple tree, 1 14
"America," 90-91 Spain and, 302, 332-337
"Shenandoah," 218-219 technology in, 316, 317 summary, 6
"I've Been Working on the soybeans, 180,248 summer, 21, 22

Railroad," 286-287
spaceflight, 317 superhighway, 282
"Sweet Betsy from Pike," 420-421
Space Needle, 412 Superior, Lake, 233, m226, m234
Sonora Desert, 310, 312, 347,
m309 space shuttle,/? 160 supply, 77
Sonora, Mexico, 334 Spain supporting details, 162
South Carolina, 173, 212, R20,

explorers from, 40, 190, 195, 196, Supreme Court, 51, 115,/?51
401,m40,ra401,ml95
ah 160 Sutter, John, 402
Southwest and, 302, 332-337, m333
South Carver, Massachusetts, Sutter's Mill, 402, m393, m403
territory purchased from, 4
113, mll2
Spanish language, 337
swamp, 179
South Dakota, 242-247, R20,
"Sweet Betsy from Pike,"
m226 speech, freedom of, 52
420^21
Southeast Region Spindletop Hill, 314, 315
syllabary, 193
agriculture in, 180, m 181 Spoleto Festival of Two
boundaries of, 1 Worlds, 214, 215, m215,/?215

6 1
trading post, 266, 267

Trail of Tears, 191,/? 191
-k train, 237, P 237 ^C

talking stick, 256, p256 transcontinental railroad, 281, Uncle Tom's Cabin, 201
m281 Union, 203
tallow, 339
transportation, 81-84, 141, 212,
technology, 70, 316-317 United States
236, 237, 280-282
boundaries in, 14, 15
telephone, 132, 135
tree, 29, 182, 369, 388,/?363 Cherokees and, 190
telescope, 3 1 6, p3 1 Triangle Region, 213 Civil War in, 202-205, 281,/?204
temperature, 13, 309, 349, 379,
tropical climate, 22, 23, 380 climates of, 22, 23, m22
380, ml 73, #w309, m381 communication in, 84
Troy Female Seminary, 139
temperate climate, 23 culture and, 43
trucks, 236, 237
Tennessee, 198, R20, ml 60 exploration of, 39-41, 401, ra40
Truth, Sojourner, 1 37 government of, 47-52, c50
Texas, 41, 295, 309, 314, 315, 317,
Tucson, Arizona, 346, 347, m323 immigration to, 132, 133
339-341, 343, R20, m294, m309
independence of, 131
Thailand, 250-251, m250 tugboat, p236
industry in, 70, 71
Thirteenth Amendment, 137, tuna, m387
inset maps of, 24, m4, m24, m25
204 tundra, 379 international trade and, 414
"This Land Is Your Land," 3 turbine, 111, pi 10 landforms in, 12, 13
Thoreau, Henry David, 97 Twain, Mark, 283, /?283 money in, 74, 75, pi'5
natural resources of, 27, 28
timber, 388 Tyrannosaurus rex, 242-243,
regions of, 11-15, m4, mil
timberline, 369 p242, p243
slavery in, 136, 137
timeline, 134, 135 time zone maps of, 54-55, m54
time zone, 7, 54-55, m54 trade in, 73, 76
Tlingit, 394-399 transportation in, 81-83, 281, m281

women's rights in, 138, 139
Tlingit Cultural Region, 395,
m393 urban, 7
tomato, m387 Utah, 328, 381,386,412, R20,

m362, c405
totem pole, 395, p395
trade
barter as, 73,/?73
Cahokia and, 277

Cherokee culture and, 190
communication and, 84
European explorers and, 40, 1 27
free enterprise system and, 76, 77
Jefferson and, 278
Ojibwa and, 258, 264, 266

Pacific Rim and, 414
St. Louis and, 280
Tlingit and, 395

3 1 6 5
1 1 1
Index
weather, 18-23, 173, 174, ml 73 Wisconsin, 249, R21, m226

i
Web site, 262 women's rights movement, 138,
139
Weld, Theodore Dwight, 201
Valdez, Alaska, 405 Welland Ship Canal, 235, ml 05, wood, 388
vaquero, 336, 340 w234 World Trade Center, 148
vegetable, 385 Western Australia, 120, ///1 21 World War II, 53, 329, 330, 405,
406
Vermont, 43, 106, 108, 114, 115,
Western Cherokee, 1 9
R20, m98 West Region, 69

World Wide Web, 262
1 1, 13, 14, 28,
Vermont Maple Festival, 114 cities of, 411^13, 416, 417 Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 135
climate of, 378-383 Wyoming, 370, R21, m362, c405
vertical time line, 134, 135
exploration and growth of, 400-406,
Very Large Array, 3 1 6, p3 1 w401
vice president, 5 map of, m362, ra372, m381
viceroy, 333, 335 mountains in, 365, 368, 369,

372-373, 377, ra372, p369,p313, \
vineyard, 1 1
p379
Virginia, 173, 196, R21,wl60 Native Americans of, 394-399
volcano, 365, 372-373, 374-375, Pacific Rim trade and, 414 Yakima, Washington, 382
377 resources in, 384-389 Yearling, The, 179
vote, right to, 138,205 Yellowstone National Park in,
Yellowstone National Park,
370-371
370, 371,w368,/?370,/?371
West Virginia, R21, ml 60
wetlands, 1 67, 1 79, 3 0-3 1 1 , /?3 1
Waialeale, Mount, 382

x whale watching, pA
whaling,
wheat,
11 8,
27, 248,
White House,
pi 18
51,
w387
m35
1
i(
Walden, 97 zebra mussels, 238, /?238
White, John, 196
want, 73
White Mountains, 106, ///1 1 1 3.
Wapello County, Iowa, 268, 269, m98
w255, w268
wigwam, 127,/? 127
War Between the States, 203
Wilderness Road, 198
Washington, 382, 385, 386, 401,
wildfire, 371
R21,ra362, c405
wildlife, 370
Washington, D.C., 14, 48, 51, 131
m35, m98 Wild West, 340, 404
Washington, George, 13 1, 190, Willamette Valley, Oregon, 385
197
Williams, Roger, 128
water, 29
Window Rock, Arizona, 327,
waterfall, 168,/? 168 w323, m324
watermen, 116, 117,/?117 winter, 21,379, 380
waterway, 234, m234

TEXT: Dorling Kindersley (DK) is an international renewed 1964 by Carl Sandburg. Reprinted by
publishing company specializing in the creation of high permission, p. 152
quality reference content for books, CD-ROMs, online From "This Land Is Your Land" words and music by
and video. The hallmark of DK content is its unique Woody Guthrie. TRO Copyright © 1956 (Renewed)
combination of educational value and strong visual 1958 (Renewed) 1970 (Renewed) Ludlow Music, Inc.,
style. This combination allows DK to deliver appealing, New York, New York. Used by permission, p.iii, 3
accessible and engaging educational content that
delights children, parents and teachers around the MAPS:
world. Scott Foresman is delighted to have been able MapQuest.com, Inc.
to use selected extracts of DK content within this
Social Studies program.
ILLUSTRATIONS:
176-177 from Eyewitness: Hurricane & Tornado by 16, 17, 21, 382, R16, R17Leland Klanderman
Jack Challoner. Copyright (c) 2000 by Dorling 36 Paul Bachem
Kindersley Limited.
48, 50 Paul Perreault
374-375 from Eyewitness: Volcano & Earthquake by
Susanna Van Rose. Copyright (c) 1992 by Dorling 67 Neal Armstrong
Kindersley Limited. 83 Joe LeMonnier
From The Yearling by Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. Text 110 Robert Lawson
copyright © 1938 Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings; copyright
119, 402 Mike Reagan
renewed © 1966 Norton Baskin. Reprinted with the
permission of Atheneum Books for Young Readers, an 174, 181, 387, 389Susan J. Carlson
imprint of Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing 200, 201 Robert Gunn
Division and Brandt & Hochman Literary Agents, Inc.
p.179 208 Julian Mulock
"Ripening Cherries" by Florence Vilen. Reprinted by 235 Robert Van Nutt

permission of the author, p. 385 239, 303 Albert Lorenz
"Sweet Betsy from Pike" adapted and arranged by 279 Guy Porfirio
Wiedman. Reprinted by permission of Pearson
Lillian
286, 350 Darryl Ligasan
Education, Inc. p. 420
354,355 (c) Ted Lewin
Text excerpt from Cowboy Country by Ann Herbert
Scott. Text copyright © 1993 by Ann Herbert Scott. 389 Richard Waldrep
Reprinted by permission of Clarion Books/Houghton 414,417 Peter Siu
Mifflin Company. All rights reserved, p. 354
414 Elizabeth Wolf
Illustration from Cowboy Country by Ann Herbert Scott,
pictures by Ted Lewin. Illustrations copyright © 1993 420 John Sandford
by Ted Lewin. Reprinted by permission of Clarion PHOTOGRAPHS:
Books/Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. Every effort has been made to secure permission and
p.354 provide appropriate credit for photographic material.
"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" by Robert The publisher deeply regrets any omission and pledges
Frost from The Poetry of Robert Frost, Edward Connery to correct errors called to their attention in subsequent
Lathem. Copyright © 1969 by Henry Holt and Co., editions.
copyright © 1951
by Robert Frost. Reprinted by Unless otherwise acknowledged, all photographs are
permission of Henry Holt and Company, LLC. p. 107 the property of Scott Foresman, a division of Pearson
From The Desert Is Theirs by Byrd Baylor. Copyright © Education.
1975 by Byrd Baylor. Reprinted by permission of
Antheneum Books for Young Readers, an imprint of
Cover: (c) Panoramic Images, Chicago, (BR) (c) F.
Simon & Schuster Children's Publishing, p. 310 Schussler/PhotoLink/ PhotoDisc
Endsheets: Front - Left page: (BCL), (TL), (TR) Hemera
From On the Banks of Plum Creek by Laura Ingalls Technologies, (BC) (c) Richard Price/Getty Images, (BL)
Wilder. Text copyright ©
1937 by Laura Ingalls Wilder. (c) Reza Estakhrian/Getty Images, (BR) (c) Adam
Copyright renewed © 1965 Roger L. MacBridge. Used Woolfitt/Corbis, (CR) PhotoDisc, Front- Right page: (C)
by permission of HarperCollins Publishers, p. 271 (c) Panoramic Images, Chicago, (BC) (c) Amanda
Reprinted from Josefina Saves the Day by Valerie Tripp Clement/PhotoDisc, (TR) (c) Kunio Owaki/Corbis Stock
with permission from Pleasant Company, p. 74 Market, (CR) (c) C. Borland/PhotoLink/PhotoDisc (BR)
"Niagara" from The People, Yes by Carl Sandburg,
Hemera Technologies, (BL) Superstock, (RC) (c) F.
Schussler/PhotoLink/PhotoDisc, Back - Left page: (BL)
copyright © 1936 by Harcourt Brace & Company and
(c)Joseph Sohm/Visions of America/Corbis, (TR)

Credits
(c)Joseph Sohm/Chromosohm/ Photo Researchers, Vanderlaan/Visuals Unlimited 45 Bettmann/Corbis

Inc., (CR) Hemera Technologies, Back - Right page: (BL) 47 Mike Pattisall/Photri, Inc. 49 (B) Don
Hemera Technologies, (CR) (c)Laurie Rubin/Getty Farrall/PhotoDisc, (C) Phil Martin/PhotoEdit, (T)
Images, PhotoDisc SuperStock 51 Supreme Court Historical
Front Matter: Society/Richard W. Strauss/Smithsonian Institution
iv SuperStock v Art Resource, NY vi Jacquelyn 52 Vivian Ronay 53 (Bkgd) (c) David Muench/Corbis,
Modesitt Schindehette vii (Detail) Estate of Grant (L) Corbis, (BR) Courtesy, Senator Daniel Inouye 57
Wood/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY/Joslyn Photri, Inc. 58 (B) Jeff Cadge 59 (c) Andy Sacks/Getty
Museum, Omaha, NE/SuperStock viii Christie's Images 60, 61 Ruben R. Ramirez/El Paso Times 62
Images/Corbis Geoffrey Clements/Corbis x (C) Julie
ix PhotoDisc 64 (C) Hulton Archive, (B) (c) Lawrence
Habel/Corbis, (T) Earth Imaging/ Stone xii, xiii (c) Manning/Corbis, (T) (c) Mike McQueen/Getty Images
Panoramic Images, Chicago H4 (TL) Chris Sheridan, 66 N. Carter/North Wind Picture Archives 67 Museum
(BC) (c) Jeff Cadge/Getty Images, (TR) David Young- of Mankind/(c) Dorling Kindersley 68 Culver Pictures
Wolff/PhotoEdit, (BL) Jeff Greenberg/lndex Stock Inc. 69 (B) The Granger Collection, New York, (T) (c)
Imagery, (BC) Jeff Greenberg/Unicorn Stock Photos, Mike McQueen/Getty Images 70 Detroit Industry,
(BR) (c) Peter Cade/Getty Images H5 (R) (c) Stephen North Wall (Detail), 1932-1933, Diego M. Rivera, Gift of
Wilkes/ Getty Images, (L) Bill Aron/PhotoEdit H6 Edsel B. Ford, photograph (c)2001/Detroit Institute of
(Bkgd) Index Stock Imagery, (R) (c) Raymond Arts 72 Gallo Images/Corbis 73 Hulton/Archive/Getty
Gehman/Corbis, (L) (c) David Muench/Corbis H7 (R) Images 75 British Museum/(c) Dorling Kindersley 77
Greg Martin/SuperStock, (L) (c) Dewitt Jones/Corbis (T) Jeff Greenberg/Visuals Unlimited, (B) Reuters/
H8 Earth Imaging/Getty Images H17 (c) David Young- Corbis 78 (L) (c) Kelly-Mooney Photography/Corbis, (R)
Wolff/Getty Images A. Ramey/PhotoEdit 79 (c) Tessa Codrington /Getty
Unit 1: Images 80 St. Joseph Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri
5 (TL) (c) Panoramic Images, Chicago, (BL) Laurence 81 (T) Bettman/Corbis, (B) (c) Bruce Hands/Getty
Parent, (BR) (c) Panoramic Images, Chicago, (CL) (c) Images 82 (R) (c)Jim Sugar/Corbis, (L) Robert
Kathleen Brown/Corbis, (TR) (c) Walter Bibikow/Getty Holmgren/Peter Arnold, Inc. 83 (R) Robert
Images 8 (B) SuperStock, (C) (c) Julie Habel/ Corbis, Holmgren/Peter Arnold, Inc., (L) (c) Lester Lefkowitz/
(T) (c) Mark Wagner/Getty Images 10 Tom Getty Images, (C) L. O'Shaughnessy/H. Armstrong
Burnside/Photo Researchers, Inc. 12 (B) (c) Bob Roberts 85 Siede Preis/PhotoDisc 88 PhotoDisc 90,
Krist/Getty Images, (T) (c) Ron Thomas/Getty Images, 91 (Bkgd) (c) Panoramic Images, Chicago
(Bkgd) (c) Chris Sanders/Getty Images 13 (R) Jack Unit 2:
Hoehn/lndex Stock Imagery, (L) Larry Lefever/Grant 95, 96, 97 Art Resource, NY 98 (B) (c) Walter
Heilman Photography 14 (B) (c) Joseph Sohm/Corbis, Bibikow/Getty Images 99 (TCL) (c) Bob Rowan/Corbis,
(T) L (c) Kevin R. Morris/ Corbis 15 (c) Dave G. (BCL) Randa Bishop, (CC) Donovan Reese/PhotoDisc,
Houser/Corbis 18 NOAA /Weatherstock 22 Carl (R) (c) V.C.L/Getty Images 101 SuperStock 102 (T) (c)
Purcell/Words and Pictures 23 (L) (c) Doug Cosmo Condina/Getty Images, (B) (c) Lynda
Wilson/Corbis, (R) PhotoDisc 26 Texas Department of Richardson/Corbis, (C) (c)Jonathan Blair/Corbis 104
Transportation 27 (TC) PhotoDisc, (BR) Eascott/ (c) Paul A. Souders/Corbis 106
Raymond
(c)
Momatuk/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (TR) Artville, Gehman/Corbis 107 (T) (c) Susan
AFP/Corbis, (B)
(BL) Steve Satushek 28 (T) PhotoDisc, (B) (c) Rosenthal/Corbis 108 (c) Buddy Mays/Corbis 109
Comstock Inc. 29 (B) Mark E. Gibson/Visuals Preston J. Garrison/Visuals Unlimited 112 (c) Kunio
Unlimited, (T) Grelad & Buff Corsi/Visuals Unlimited Owaki/Corbis Stock Market 113 Marilyn "Angel"
30 Jim Emery/Folio Inc. 31 Mark E. Gibson/Visuals Wynn/Nativestock 114 Ted Levin/Animals Animals/
Unlimited 33 (BCC) Leonard Lee Rue/Bruce Coleman Earth Scenes 115 (c)Joseph Sohm; ChromoSohm
Collection, (TL) (c) David W. Hamilton/Getty Images, Inc/Corbis 116 (c) Lynda Richardson/Corbis 117
(TCL) (c) Aldo Torelli/Getty Images, (BCL) Rene Burri/(c) Sonda Dawes/lmage Works 118 (B) SuperStock, (T)
Magnum Photos, (BL) (c) A. & L. Sinibaldi/Getty Courtesy Nantucket Historical Association 119 (c)Josh
Images, (TCCL) (c) Dorling Kindersley, (TCCR) (c) Gary Reynolds/Image Works 120 (T) H. Armstrong Roberts,
Irving/Getty Images, (TC) PhotoDisc, (TR) (c) Gene (Bkgd) Viesti Collection, Inc. 121 (T) James Watt/
Ahrens, (BR) (c) Dorling Kindersley, (TCR) Dennis Animals Animals/Earth Scenes, (C) Eric Kamp/ Index
Stock/(c) Magnum Photos, (BCR) (c) Richard Hamilton Stock Imagery, (B) (c) Paul A. Souders/ Corbis 122 (c)
Smith/Corbis 34 Patrick J. Endres/Visuals Unlimited Lowell Georgia/Corbis 124 (TC) SuperStock, (BC)
36 (B) (c) Andy Sacks/Getty Images, (C) Robert Hulton-Deutsch Collection Limited/Corbis, (B)
Clay/Visuals Unlimited 38 Museum of the History of SuperStock, (T) North Wind Pictures/North Wind
Science, Oxford 39 Breck P Kent/Animals Picture Archives 126 AP/Wide World Photos 127 (B)
Animals/Earth Scenes 41 Corbis 42 (T) Courtesy North Wind Pictures/North Wind Picture Archives, (T)
National Archives of the United States (from THE Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/Nativestock 128 AP/Wide World
NATIONAL ARCHIVES OF THE UNITED STATES by 129 Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/ Nativestock 130
Herman J. Viola, (c)1984 Harry N. Abrams, Inc. New SuperStock 131 SuperStock 132 Bettmann-Corbis
York), (B) SuperStock 43 SuperStock 44 Sandy 135 (T), (CC), (CBC), (BC), (B) Stock Montage Inc., (TC)

Credits
The Granger Collection, New York 136 The Granger "Angel" Wynn/Nativestock 218, 219 (Bkgd) (c) Richard
Collection, New York 137 Bettmann/Corbis 138 A. Cooke/Corbis
Library of Congress/Corbis 139 (Bkgd) AP/Wide Unit 4:
World, (R) Bettmann Archive/Bettmann-Corbis, (L) 223, 224, 225 (C) (Detail) Estate of Grant
Corbis, (Bkgd) Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis, (Bkgd) Wood/Licensed by VAGA, New York, NY/Joslyn
Library of Congress/Corbis, (Bkgd) Museum, Omaha, NE/SuperStock 226 (c) Panoramic
Hulton/Archive/Getty Images 140, 141 Smithsonian Images, Chicago 227 (TL) (c)James L. Amos/Corbis,
Institution 143 Hulton/Archive/Getty Images 145 (TR) Larry Lefever/Grant Heilman Photography, (BL) (c)
SuperStock 146 (c) Richard T Nowitz/Corbis 147 (R) Vladimir Pcholkin /Getty Images, (BR) SuperStock, (CL)
SuperStock, (L) (c) Patrick Ward/Corbis, (Bkgd) (c) Joel Sartore/Grant Heilman Photography 229 Detail)
Steven Rothfeld/Getty Images 148, 149 Ethan Moses Estate of Grant Wood/Licensed by VAGA, New York,
150 Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/Nativestock 152, 153 NY/Joslyn Museum, Omaha, NE/SuperStock 230 B)
Brooklyn Museum of Art, New York, USA/Bridgeman Art (c) Patti McConville/Getty Images, (TC) (c) Dave G.
Library International Ltd. Hauser/Corbis, (T) John Sohlden/Visuals Unlimited, (C)
Unit 3: Tim Brown/Index Stock Imagery 232 Wendella
157, 158, 159 Jacquelyn Modesitt Schindehette 160 Sightseeing Boats 233 B) (c) Macduff Everton/Corbis,
(c)Panoramic Images, Chicago 161 (TL) (c) Ken (T) WorldSat International/ Science Source/Photo
Reid/Getty Images, (CL) Laszlo Selly/FoodPix, (BL) Researchers, Inc. 236 (c) Bruce Forster/Getty Images
Cousteau Society/Getty Images, (CR) Benn Mitchell, 237 Skip Nall/PhotoDisc 238 (T) Peter Yates/TimePix,
(TR) PhotoDisc 163 George Gerster/Photo (B) Dave Haas/The Image Finders 242 Emile
Researchers, Inc. 164 (T) (c) Michael T Sedham/ Wamsteker/AP/Wide World 243 Reuters/NewMedia,
Corbis, (C) SuperStock, (B) (c) Kevin Fleming/Corbis Inc. /Corbis 244 Tim Brown/Index Stock Imagery 245
166 (c) Randy Faris/Corbis 168 (T) (c)James SuperStock 246 (R) (c) Tom Bean/Corbis, (L) Artville
Carmichael/Getty Images, (B) (c) David Muench/Corbis 248 TL) (c) Wayne Eastep/Getty Images, (TR) (c)
171 Laurence Parent 172 (R) (c) Nicole Duplaix/ Charles O'Rear/Corbis, (BL) Zefa Visual Media -
Corbis, (L) (c) Forest Johnson/Corbis 175 Michael Germany/Index Stock Imagery, (BC) Inga Spence/lndex
Brindle/ BrindlePix 176 (T) (c) David Toase/Travel Ink, Stock Imagery, (BR) Nigel Cattlin/H.S. Int./Photo
(BL) Waltham/Robert Harding 176 (BR) (c)
(c) Dr. A. C. Researchers, Inc., (TC) (c) Willard Clay/Getty Images
Gary Williams/Getty Images 177 (R) (c) Volvox/lndex 249 (T) (c) Macduff Everton/Corbis, (B) Judd
Stock Imagery 178 SuperStock 179 Rick Baetsen/ Pilossof/FoodPix 250 (B) Getty Images, (CR) (c)Jim
Visuals Unlimited 180 SuperStock 182 (T) PhotoDisc, Richardson/ Corbis 251 (T) (c) Yann Layma/Getty
(B) (c) RicErgenbright/Corbis 183 (T) Breck P Images, (BR) SuperStock 252 N. Carter/North Wind
Kent/Animals Animals/Earth Scenes 184 Colorstock/ Picture Archives 254 TC) (c) Layne Kennedy/Corbis,
Getty Images 185 Warren Faidley/ Weatherstock 186 (B) PhotoDisc, (T) Minnesota Historical Society, (BC)
(TC) (c) Karen Huntt Mason/Corbis, (B) SuperStock, (T) Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection, NDSU-
Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/Nativestock, (BC) Fort NDIRS, Fargo/Library of Congress 256 Marilyn "Angel"
Sumpter/Visuals Unlimited 188 North Wind Picture Wynn/Nativestock 257 Minnesota Historical Society
Archives 189 (C), (B) Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/ 258 (c) Peter Turnley/Corbis 259 (c) Phil
Nativestock, (T) Richard A. Cooke/Corbis 190 The Schermeister/Corbis 264 (c) Lowell Georgia/Corbis
Granger Collection, New York 191 The Granger 266 (c) Layne Kennedy/Corbis 267 (c) Dallas and
Collection, New York 192 Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/ John Heaton/Corbis 268 SuperStock 269 SuperStock
Nativestock 193 (L) (c) Galen Rowell/Corbis, (R) 27 Fred Hultstrand History in Pictures Collection,
Newberry Library, Chicago/SuperStock, (Bkgd) Marilyn NDSU-NDIRS, Fargo/Library of Congress 271 Michael
"Angel" Wynn/Nativestock 194 SuperStock 195 Maslan Historic Photographs/Corbis 272 Corbis 273
North Wind Picture Archives 196 (c) Karen Huntt B) "Detail image" of John Deere Carries New Plow to
Mason/Corbis 197 (T) Monticello/Thomas Jefferson Test Site by Walter Haskell Hinton, oil on canvas,
Foundation, Inc., (B) North Wind Picture Archives 198 11x16 inches/Courtesy of the John Deere Art
(L) Burstein Collection/Corbis 199 (TL) (c) Franz-Marc Collection, (T) Wallace Kirkland/TimePix, (Bkgd)
Frei/Corbis 201 AP/Wide World 202 Fort St. Joseph PhotoDisc 274, 275 (B) Smithsonian Institution 276
Museum 203 (B) North Wind Picture Archives, (T) (BL) PhotoDisc 277 Cahokia Mounds State Historic
Stock Montage Inc. 204 Photri, Inc. 205 The Granger Site 278 R) North Wind Pictures/North Wind Picture
Collection, New York 206 (c) Flip Schulke/Corbis 207 Archives, (L), (C) Independence National Historical Park
(B) Carlos Osorio/AP/Wide World, (Bkgd) Bettmann/ 280 Currier & Ives/The Granger Collection, New York
Corbis, (T) Rus Baxley Photography 210 (c)Joseph 283 R) The Granger Collection, New York, (CL) Lowell
Sohm; ChromoSohm/ Corbis 211 Hulton/Archive/ Observatory/AURA/NOAO/NSF 284 Marilyn "Angel"
Getty Images 212 David Sailors Photography 213 (c) Wynn/Nativestock
Eric Horan 214 (BL) (c) Annie Griffiths Belt/Corbis, Unit 5:
(BR) William Struhs, (TL) Margot Granitsas/lmage 291, 292, 293 Christie's Images/Corbis 294 (B)
Works 215 (TR) Wade Spees/AP/ Wide World, (C) Laurence Parent 295 CL) Hal Gage/Index Stock
Margot Granitsas/lmage Works 216 (TR) Marilyn Imagery, (CR) Corbis, (TR) Jess Alford/ PhotoDisc, (BC)

Credits
i
(c) Steve Bly/Getty Images, (TL) (c) Dewitt (c)Panoramic Images, Chicago 371 C) Chuck
Jones/Corbis 297 (c) Eddie Hironaka/Getty Images Nacke/Woodfin Camp & Associates, (T) Ken M.
298 T) (c)John Beatty/Getty Images, (C) (c) Art Johns/Photo Researchers, Inc. 373 (c) George D.
Wolfe/Getty Images, (B) (c) David Muench/Corbis 301 Lepp/Corbis 374 TR) (c) Photri/Robert Harding, (TL),
(c)John Beatty/Getty Images 302 (c) Buddy Mays/ (BR) (c) Gary Rosenquist, 1980, (BL) (c) Dorling
Corbis 303 SuperStock 304 (c) Marc Romanelli/Getty Kindersley, (CL) University of California/GSF 375 TL)
Images 305 Bkgd) (c) Marc Romanelli/Getty Images, Robert Harding, (TR), (C) (c) Lawrence Burr/Getty
(c)John K. Hillers/Corbis 306 (B) R. Kord/H.
(L), (R) Images, (B) (c) Gary Rosenquist, 1980 378 Alaska
Armstrong Roberts 308 T) (c) Frank Lane Picture Stock 379 (c) Harvey Lloyd/Getty Images 380 A&E
Agency/Corbis, (B) (c) Art Wolfe/Getty Images 310 T) Morris/Visuals Unlimited 381 Richard Olsenius/NGS
(c) Granitsas/Getty Images, (B) (c) Charles C. Image Collection 383 Jeff Greenberg/lmage Works
Place/Getty Images 311 R) (c) David Muench/Corbis, 384 Burke/Triolo Productions/FoodPix 385 (c) Phil
(L) Jack Ryan/Photo Researchers, Inc. 312 L) (c) Degginger/Getty Images 386 T) Vanessa Vick/Photo
Dallas and John Heaton/Corbis, (R) (c) David Muench/ Researchers, Inc., (B) Peter Adams/Index Stock
Corbis 313 (B) (c) Papilio/Corbis, (T) (c) Gallo Images/ Imagery 388 Gary C. Will/Visuals Unlimited 389 (C)
Corbis 314 Hulton/Archive/Getty Images 316 B) (c) Grant Symon, (Bkgd) Ross Frid/Visuals Unlimited 390
Roger Ressmeyer/Corbis, (TR) Courtesy of the Pima Air (c) Craig Aurness/Corbis 392 T) AK/Haines/Photri,
& Space Museum 317 James P Rowan Stock Inc., (C) Hulton/Archive/Getty Images, (B) Mark
Photography 318 AP/Wide World Photos 319 B) Richards/PhotoEdit 394 Porterfield/Chickerine/Photo
Rhoda Sidney/PhotoEdit, (T) Courtesy Jerrie Cobb Researchers, Inc. 395 Jeff Greenberg/lmage Works
Foundation, Inc. 320 T) (c)John Beatty/Getty Images, 396 B) Marilyn "Angel" Wynn/ Nativestock, (T)
(B) (c)John K. Hillers/Corbis 322 BC) King Ranch, Inc., Lawrence Migdale/Photo Researchers, Inc. 398 BL)
Kingsville, Texas, (B) Bob Rowan; Progressive Adam Woolfit/Woodfin Camp & Associates, (TR) Robert
Image/Corbis, (T) Rachel Epstein/Image Works, (TC) Frerck/Woodfin Camp & Associates 399 Canadian
Danny Lehman/Corbis 324 Tom Bean 325 B) North Museum of Civilization 400 Chuck Place Photography
Wind Picture Archives, (TR) American Museum of 403 Hulton/Archive/Getty Images 404 T) Corbis-
Natural History/(c) Dorling Kindersley 326 B) Arthur Bettmann, (B) Geoff Clifford/Woodfin Camp &
Olivas, Detail, #38194/Museum of New Mexico, (T) Associates 405 One Mile Up, Inc. 406 (CL) PhotoDisc
Bettmann/Corbis 328 SuperStock 329 Bkgd) Corbis, 407 L) Nancy Richmond/Image Works, (Bkgd) Corbis,
(R) Arthur Olivas, Detail, #15950/Ben Wittick/Courtesy (R) SuperStock 410 (c)James Cotier/Getty Images
ofMuseum of New Mexico, (L) Edmond Van 411 (B) (c) Kurt Krieger/Corbis, (T) (c) Robert
Hoorick/PhotoDisc 331 Marine Corps/Department of Landau/Corbis 412 (c) Scott T. Smith/Corbis 413
Defense 332 Wallace Collection, London, Stocktrek/PhotoDisc 415 (c) Paul Chesley/Getty
UK/Bridgeman Art Library International Ltd. 335 (c) Images 416 B) (c) Shelley Gazin/Corbis, (T) Lester
Sandy Felsenthal/ Corbis 336 Kolvoord/lmage Works Sloan/Woodfin Camp & Associates 418 (c) Galen
337 (c) Danny Lehman/Corbis 338 Mark Rowell/Corbis
Culbertson/lndex Stock Imagery 339 Inga End Matter:
Spence/Visuals Unlimited 340 (T) Corbis-Bettmann, Rl Earth Imaging/Getty Images R2 Earth
(B) Corbis 342 Archives and Manuscripts Division of Imaging/Getty Images R18, R19 One Mile Up, Inc.
the Oklahoma Historical Society 343 King Ranch, Inc., R20, R21 One Mile Up, Inc. R24 One Mile Up, Inc.
Kingsville, Texas 344, 345 Smithsonian Institution R26, R27 (Bkgd) Bettmann/Corbis R38 BR) (c) Sandy
346 (BR) (c) Brian Kenney 347 (c) Thomas Felsenthal/Corbis, (TR) SuperStock, (TR) (c) Peter
Wiewandt/Getty Images 348 Carrier Corporation 349 Cade/Getty Images, (L) (c)Julie Habel/Corbis R43 (c)
B) Bettmann Archive/Corbis, (T) Corbis, (Bkgd) Eddie Galen Rowell/Corbis
Stangler/lndex Stock Imagery 350, 351 Alan Rose
352 SuperStock 356 (c) Gary Randall/Getty Images
357 Arthur Olivas Detail, #15950/Ben
Wittick/Courtesy of Museum of New Mexico
Unit 6:
359, 360, 361 Geoffrey Clements/Corbis 362 (B) (c)
Kathleen Brown/Corbis 363 TL) (c) Stuart
Westmorland/Getty Images, (TC) PhotoDisc, (BL)
Eyewire, Inc., (C) (c) Robert Cameron/Getty Images,
(TR) V.C.L/Getty Images 365 L) (c) Craig
Aurness/Corbis, (R) L. Carstens/H. Armstrong Roberts
366 B) Carmen Northen/lndex Stock Imagery, (T)
Raymond Gehman/NGS Image Collection, (C) Neil
K.
Panoramic Images, Chicago 368 c)Joseph
Gilchrist/(c)
Sohm/Corbis, (B) Richard Day/(c) Panoramic Images,
Chicago 369 Tom J. Ulrich/Visuals Unlimited 370 (B)

PTfÂ
±vl\^//V TT-TF
X JT1JD
f
T^T? ATTTTFTTT
JL/JD/V w
\J JL LI? JL?
By Katharine Lee Bates
BEAUTIFUL FOR SPACIOUS
skies, For amber waves of

grain, For purple mountain
/
majesties, Above the fruited
plain! America! America!
shed his e ON
f thee, And crown thy good
with brotherhood, From
I? sea to shining sea!

DORLING KINDERSLEY
ISBN 0-328-01762-0
9 780328 017621
scottforesman.com

Social Studies Regions (Scott Foresman Social Studies) (PDFDrive)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Social Studies Regions (Scott Foresman Social Studies) (PDFDrive)

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Social Studies Regions (Scott Foresman Social Studies) (PDFDrive)

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

.

Dr. Candy Dawson Boyd Dr. Carol Berkin

Ullit 1 Living in the United States

Begin with a Primary Source

Chapter 1 • Hie Regions of the United States 8

Lesson 1 • Regions and Landforms 10

—from "This Land is Your Lesson 3 • Regional Resources 26

I Dorling Kindersley The United States and

Chapter 2 • We All Live together

Lesson 1 • Americans All 38

Lesson 2 • We the People 46

Lesson 3 • The Strengths of Our Freedoms 56

Chapter 3 • Earning and Learnin

Lesson 2 •Trade Then and Now

Lesson 3 Transportation and Communication

Map Adventure Assembling a Computer

End with a Song "America"

Begin with a Primary Source 96

Chapter 4 • Land and Water

Lesson 1 • The Beautiful Northeast 104

Lesson 2 • Resources of the Northeast 112

Lesson 1 • The Narragansett People 126

Lesson 2 • The Land of New Beginnings 130

Lesson 3 • Taking a Stand 136

Lesson 4 • Cities Grow and Change 142

End with a Poem "Niagara" 152

Begin with a Primary Source 158

Chapter 6 • The Land of the Southeast 164

Lesson 1 Coastal Plains to the Mountains

Map and Globe Skills Read Elevation Maps

forests of fruit- Lesson 3 • Wildlife and Resources

—Henry Wadsworth that Shaped the Southeast

Less on 3 • The Nation Divided

Lesson 4 • The Glittering Cities

End with a Song "Shenandoah"

Chapter 8 • Water and Land of

Lesson 1 • A Route to the Sea 232

Lesson 3 • Bountiful Midwestern Farms 246

Chapter 9 • People of the Midwest

Lesson 2 • The Fur Trade 264

Lesson 3 • Building Farms 268

Lesson 4 • Hub of the Nation 276

End With a Song "I've Been Working on the Railroad' 286

Begin with a Primary Source 292

Chapter 10 • Land and Resources

Chapter 11 • The People of the Southwest 322

Less on 1 • The Navajo 324

Lesson 2 Spanish Influence

Lesson 3 • Ranches and Drivers 338

Lesson 4 • Living in the Desert 346

End with Literature Cowboy Country 354

Unit 6 The West

Begin with a Primary Source

Chapter 12 • The Land of the West

Lesson 3 • Resources of the West 384 Nature s peace will

Lesson 1 • The Tinglit 394

Lesson 2 • Exploration and Growth 400