ID aq nel 1 4 4 iN i AND BEYOND Complete fo Cambridge Yc(ere) Ale L-hayae a OXFORD Oxford excellence for CambOXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Great CI wendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP. United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxforel It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship. and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. © Oxford University Press 2013 ‘The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 2013 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reprodticed, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographies rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. ‘You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available ISBN 978-0-19-9138005 198765 Paper used in the production of this book is a natural, recyclable product matte from wood grown in sustainable forests, The manufacturing process conforms to environmental regulations of the country of origin. Printed in Great Britain by Bell and Bain Ltd., Glasgow Acknowledgements Cover image: Elizabeth Papadopoulos/Getty Images @ IGCSE is the registered trademark of Cambridge International Examinations.Ld * ~ il - » ed eS Fractions and indices Expressions and formulae Shapes and mathematical drawings ‘Number Measures Planning, collecting and processing data Rounding, multiplying and dividing Equations and inequalities Geometry ‘Mental strategies Compound measures Presenting data and interpreting results Ratio and proportion Sequences, functions and graphs ‘Transformations Fractions, decimals and percentages Area, perimeter and volume Probability Quadratics (extension) wo a 14 103, 0 5.GELEED working with fractions f 4 Paes Common denominator is 35 de Common denominator is + 44 Workou: a 444 92-1 yy 2 I 1 Work out: zt atte y 22 c tt noi d 2 ge Beadk t 3 7 6 2 Work out: Syl 143 a 2=+1- ce 3-+4= 6 2 7 ad ji=92 e oh 2 9 6 5 3 3 Fiona has a large bar of chocolate in the fridge. Her sister Emily eats 2 of itand her brother Dan eats * How much is left for Fiona? 4 Work out: a ec 23x32 5 7 a 5.2 t test 6 5 3 [5] Work out: a 2orsim b 2of3tkg ¥ 2 8 e Axx a (4) 5 4 6 GWork out: a BaD! ¢ PRI 2 ea Zt Ba 1 Copy and complete: a 64=47=4x.., ec O=2=2x.., e 10°x 1@=10x... 2 Simplify: a 2x2tx 25 Joe 10° 3. Copy and complete: a 10°10 = 10 d ¥+3=0 a 10x10 =10 a 3'29°=34 [4 Copy and complete: 2ee 297 5x5 Sx5x5 ay 5-1 2 b 323° (atxeyp ay d 27 = 218-12 = 96 =107 b Bx3?x 5? e 12yt+2y? b e b 125=57=5x.., d 3x3!=3x..=37 f MRM=2kieP Simplify and, where appropriate, write as a fraction in its simplest form: a 5x57 d 12x27 b tx es € (2) AS © 27«3" (axa) ExeConstruct an expression for the perimeter of this rectangle. Perimeter = 2a + a+ 2a+a=6a 1 Construct an expression for the perimeter of each shape. a 3xem b xem © xem xem xem 2vem f \2xcm xem) hem xem) 2. Find the perimeter of each shape in Question 1 when: i x=2 ii x=11 iii x=15 3. Derive a formula for the perimeter, P, of each shape. a aem b com 4 Find the perimeter, P, of the trapezium in Question 3a when a a=3,b=4,c=5 b a=4,b=2,c57 2yem 2yem 2xem 2xem 5 Find the perimeter, P, of the kite in Question 3b when 3 6 Derive a formula for A, the area of cach of these rectangles, a b 8cm 2eem yem @ xod.y=7 b x=4,y 7 Find the area, A, of the rectangles in Question 6 if: i v=7andy= ii x=Sandy=4Simplifying and indices dash? 2ab* Simplify: a b (W@)Q2b'y dab? _2x2xaxaxaxaxaxbxb 22a! = 2atpt = 24 Dab? 2x ax bx bxb > b (@)QBP =a x 2b x 2b? = Pah? = 4a (Note: Question 2 is extension work.) 1. Simplify, leaving your answer in index form. a exe b d®xdixd? ¢ yexyxye dx e 2525" ¢ i 8m g ox x6x hh 205 +45" Bde xex3? 2. Simplify, writing your answer with positive indices only. a b Qxy c xxtxx? a ex xxtxe ff (xx (Per) 3° Collect like terms together and simplify: a 3r+2y+4x+Ty b a-b-3a-2b © xy + Ipq—3xy-+pq d 3x? 294 2x — 2x? 8 e 30 -2b+7b +40? £ Sy—y ty? + 2y? +2y @ abe xy? + Babe ~ Txyz h_ pgr-+ abe ~ Ipgr ~ Sabe ity say tay? -2ryt Bey ay t Say? 4 Expand the brackets: a 2+ Sy) b 5(2b 3c) © 3x(y- 22) d 4v-3y +22) e pe +2q¢?-3r) f 2x? +x-3) (5) Simplify: a yr b © 30? 3x) (2ye2)" ‘2axy x 4yz £ Oxf x G24 x5) 224 (6) Find the value of each expression when a = 5, b=3 and ¢ = 2. eo a a+3b+4e b 1abe c abeFactorising expressions Factorise: a 6° +3x bay — Shy + 3hx —2ax 3x is a common factor of the terms 6x? and 3x 6x2 + 3x = 3u(2x + 1) b 2ay— Shy + 3bx - 2ax = y(Qa — 3b) + xBb - 2a) {3b — 2a) — (3b - 2a) — y)(Gb- 2a) 4. Copy and complete: a 2-2y=% 0) b 10a-1Sb=5) € d pxtpy-po=p() © 2xa-xrhb=x +) of 2 Copy and complete: a cy-dy=( Jy b Bmz-Inz + 2pz=( ze 3. Factorise: a 2v-2y b 5x-20y © ax-ay ds px-2py + pz © Bar —4bx + 2ex £ Gax+ 4bx + 2cx g Ox + 3x4 Oxy hh Sx?+ 10ey- Say? i Sx (4) Factorise: a x -6ay b @&b'e-ab?c Isx— 3y +92 = 3( 3lx 6ly = 31( 2x + day + 6x? = 2K ) © Qy-9y + 3y* e Tabed ~ 2\bede + 14cdef a Expand the brackets and factorise: a x(y—2)+3x(6-y)- Tay 6] Copy and complete: a ax+2by + ay + 2bx =y( ty d+ y= 1 bo wrtystiey ties © 3as-+ks —kt— 3at = s( Factorise each expression. a 2's + 6rst+ 10st? + lars? d x} b 3 eye as “Bey? = 1oey's! + 4xty2st ab(6a + b) ~ 3a - 2) + 2a’ + 1) y= (e+ yl ) ya +06 y da (s— Of ) 2 1 3 yo ger + oa y+ Diets ) )[2G | Algebraic fractions 6 _ ayt6 2y 2p Cet Dt) + 2O+D (Note: Question 5 is extension work.) 1 Work out: a ted b 242 ¢ Sahy! 2 10, 9°4 ~3 2. Simplify: aya bp 444 « 4a_4 4.5 5.4 3 3 a 242 e 24242 f 2-2 7 2 23 4 3°05 (3) Simplify: a y+ at b 243 c y ¥ a e 142 ft wot (4) x pencils cost $2.50 and y pens cost $3.75. a How much does one pencil cost? b How much does one pen cost? ¢ Write as a single fraction the cost of one pencil and one pen. Bi simplity: stl 2 aEy Product of two linear expressions Simplify the expression: (v + 2) x (v +8) —=_ (x42) @ +8) S224 24 Bet 16527 + 10x + 16 = 4. By considering the areas of the rectangles, simplify these products. a> b g 3 x x 3 ES 6 (e+ 2) x (e+ 3) (x +5) x (e+ 6) 2) Use the distributive law to work out: a (tl) x@+4) b (r+2)xlv+6) © (v4) x (v45) d (x4 1)x(x-5) © («+ 6) x (v-3) £ (x-7)x@+4) 3 Simplify these expressions, a (x—2)r-5) b (@- 1-2) © (¢-4)@-6) d (t4)xr-9) e@ (e-2)(r- 13) f (= 7@+6) 4. Simplify: a a+3y b W-29 © (4-2) 5 Write down the expression for the area of each shape. a x5 bn #-11Substitution into expressions and formulae 3 Using the formula y = 5x°- 10a, find y when x =-2 and a= 0.3. — 10a a [fa=-2,b=5,c=3 and d=4, find: a Sabe b lab -cd © aire a & ¢ 2a=8b g (@ebie~d) @ cd g 2 Repeat Question 1, this time using a =0.2,b =0.3, ¢=0.4 and d= 3. 3. The voltage, V volts, in a circuit with resistance, R ohms, and curreni, J amps, is given by the formula V= IR. Find the voltage in the circuit when: a J=3andR=5 b 7= 12andR=18 4 The formula 7 = 45W + 30 is used to calculate the time in minutes needed to cook a joint of beef weighing W kilograms. How many minutes are needed to cook a joint of beef weighing: a 23kg b 3.1kg © L7kg? 5 The perimeter, P, of a rectangle is P = 2(/ +b). Find P when: a /=3cem,b=4cm b [=10.2cm,b=5.5cem e 1=7.lom,b=6.3cm [) Use the formula R=) £ to calculate the value of R when: .5,8=0.3 b r=12,s=Gz Changing the subject of a formula Make + the subject of the formula A = 7°. ‘The formula can be shown as a function machine: [square] > [xz] 4 can be found by reversing the machine: re\¥Voje|+r]oa which gives the formula [a x 1 Using function machines to help you, rearrange each formula to make the letter in brackets the subject. a b=ad+e b y=x+ve c d a=b+2 ec m= f q@=X2 d pqr) de} 2 Draw a function machine to show how to find: a p.usingt=7p-50 bb, using P=2(! +b) d using =g?+P ‘ v * bit ev using D=—— fh, using A=— 252f 2 3 Use the reverse machine for each part of Question 2 10 rewrite the formula. Make the letter you originally started with the subject. 4 toa +s > square | > R a Use this machine to write down a formula with R as its subject. b Use the reverse machine to rewrite the formula with ¢ as its subject. a.b By B xy Rearrange the formula so that the subject is a ax by ca abEw Three-dimensional (3D) shapes Draw the plan, front elevation and side elevation of this object: For Questions 1-3, use isometric paper to draw the 3D objects represented by the plans and elevations. a Plan Front SideFront Side Front Side For Questions 4—6, draw the plan, front elevation and side elevation for each 3D shape. Note that it is conventional for the plan to be at the top, the front elevation directly by the plan and the side elevation to be to the right of the front elevation (as in Questions 1-3). ‘Side Front t FrontHow many planes of symmetry does a square-based pyramid have? A, Ds be As A square-based pyramid has four planes of symmetry. For Questions 1-3, copy the 3D shapes onto isometric paper and draw the planes of symmetry. (For some questions you will need to make more than one copy of the shape.) a 2 4 How many planes of symmetry does each of these shapes have? » Regular octagonal prism z Regular deeagonal prism Regular heptagonal prism a Regular coneConstructions Construct an inscribed equilateral triangle. Step 1: Draw a circle. Keep the compasses set to the radius of the circle and with the point of the compasses anywhere ‘on the circumference draw an arc intersecting the circumference. Label the point of intersection A. K Step 2: With the point of the compasses on A. and still set to the radius of the circle, B draw the next are along. Label it B. x Step 3: Repeat Step 2 to construct points C,D, Eand F, Step 4: Join A to C, C to EF and Eto A. ¢ Erase points B, D and F. A EB1 Mark two points, A and B, 10cm apart. Construct the perpendicular bisector of AB. 2 Draw a triangle in the middle of a new page. Construct the perpendicular bisectors of all three sides, These should meet ata single point in the middle of the triangle. Put the point of your compasses on this single point and draw the circle which should go through all three vertices of the triangle. a Draw aline AB=7em. b Construct an angle 90° at A. © Draw the line AC = 6cm, where BAC = 90°. d_ Join the points B and C. © Measure the line BC. [4 Construct the geometric patterns shown, Remember you can only use your ruler for drawing straight edges, not for measuring. aEw Maps and scale drawings Aroad map is drawn to a scale 1: 100000. Two towns are 7 km apart. How far apart are they on the map? 7km= 7 x 1000m = 7000 m 7000.m = 7000 x 100cm = 700000cm The scale is 1: 100000 700000cm + 100000 = 7em 1 The distance between four European cities is as follows. Budapest 183km_| Bratislava 229km 55 km Vienna a7éxm | 296km | 263km | Prague What is the distance on a map with a scale of 1: 500000; a from Budapest to Bratislava b from Vienna to Prague ¢ from Vienna to Budapest? 2. A more detailed map has a scale of 1: 100000, Find the actual distance between two places if the distance on the map is: a lom b 10cm e¢ 05cm Find the map distance if the actual distance is: d i5km e &km f 25km 3 Axel drew a plan of his classroom using a scale of Sem to represent 1m. a Write the scale Axel used in the form 1:7. b On the plan, the length of the classroom is 27¢m. What is the actual length of the classroom? ¢ The actual width of the classroom is 5.1m, What is the width of the classroom on the plan? 4 A plan ofa field is to be drawn using a scale of 1:5000. Two trees in the field are 420 metres apart, How far apart will they be on the plan?An aircraft travels from Melbourne, Australia, on a bearing of 060°, for a distance of 200 km. Show this in a diagram using em to represent SOkm, The distance the ship has travelled East and North of its starting point can be found by making a scale drawing. N You can see that AS = 173m CS = 100m 1 Draw a diagram for each of these bearings a 165° b 020° ce 230° d 315° e. 172 f 270° (2) A yacht sails on a bearing of 040° for 4000 m and then a further 3000 m on a bearing of 110°, Find by svale drawing: athe distance of the yacht from its starting position b the bearing on which it must sail to return directly to its starting position.[ 4a | Adding directed numbers Work out 1476.3 = se a number lire te help you 10 1 Draw diagrams to show that: a 74+C6)=1 ob 64(3)=-9 € 3405)52 2 Work out: a 641 b 7-1 © 145) ad 53-79 e 34-98 f 23467 3) Use a number line to calculate: a 3+(7) b -2+(7) © 834(-2.7) d -78+16 e 5+¢34) f 28+4(5.3) 4 Work out: a 5-7-3 b 2-541 © “1-3-4 a 734(24)-3.7 e€ 4.64(9.1) +69 f 7.34+(8.1)-47za Subtracting directed numbers Work out: “7.5 - 6.1 +6.1 75-615 77.5+61= 14 1 Work out: a 4-6 6! 77-2 & iA-s d 4-72 e 44-58 £ A2-97 2 Use a number line to calculate: a -234+-7.1 b 6.5—-3.7 e B31="25 d -75+ 41 e 82-24 f 17-56 (3) Calculate: a 7+9-3 b 8-6-1 © 5-344 d 63424418 e -25--164+-74 f 42-1737 |4) Copy and complete this subtraction table. Second number 4.7 [26] -1 [26] 38 o7 First numberMultiplying and dividing directed numbers fic! .- pa] Work outs a 1.6 x4 b 754715 a 1.6 0.5 ; «4 b 15)7.5 6.4 Using the table of rules, a positive Using the table of rules, a negative number divided by a negative number multiplied by a negative number gives a negative number, number gives a positive number. S07.5+-15=-05 $o-1.6x-4=6.4 4 Work out: a 2x7 b 6x3 © 42«-5 d 8.6x-47 e (5p f (14y 2. Work out: a 226 b 354 e 15 d 3.6+6 e 45 f -78+13 3. Find the missing numbers. a Ox7=21 b 2+0=7 © 4xO=16 a O26=09 e Oxs=4 ff 36+D=8 4 Copy and complete this multiplication grid x AT Ly 1 23 “4 Se Tee 25 aa 2.65 5 Copy and complete this division grid. Second number zi * “B.A “1.9 “2 24 | 3.8 3 4 2| 4 0.7 | 2| 23 | B/ 42 1 l “| 24 As) 3 |Estimating square roots and cube roots Estimate: a ¥39 b 20 a The closest square numbers either side of 39 are 36 and 49. Since ¥36 = 6 and J49 = 7, V39 lies between 6 and 7. 39 is closer to 36 than 49, so the square root is going to be closer to 6 than to 7. In fact J39 = 6.2 b_ The closest cube numbers either side of 20 are 8 and 27. Since VB = 2 and ¥27 = 3, 20 lies between 2 and 3. 20 is closer to 27 than 8, so the cube root is going to be closer to 3 than to 2. In fact 4/20 = 2.7 1 Find:a V8i b Yi00 © Use youranswers to a and b to estimate ¥92 to | dp. 2 Find:a Vi21 b Vid4 © Use youranswerstoa and b to estimate ¥130 to 1 dp. 3. By considering the two closest square roots, estimate the following square roots, to 1 d.p. a sy2i b +V72 © +Vi2 4 Find: a (27 b Vea ¢ Use your answers to a and b to estimate 40 to 1 dp. 5 By considering the two closest cube roots, estimate the following square roots, to 1 dip. a 70 b 50 « 90 (6) Estimate the side lengths of these shapes, to the nearest millimetre. Estimate the positive solutions to these equations, to 1 d.p. a x=lls b 6 =30 © x =45ua Multiplying and dividing by powers of 10 Work out: 5x 10° b 540 + 104 670 x 10 d 0,768 + 105 5x 10° =5 x 1000 =5000 540 + 10* = 540 + 10000 = 0.0504 670 x 10 = 670 x a = 670 + 10000 = 0.00670 0.768 + 10° = 0.768 + = 0.768 x 100000 = 76800 1 Work out: a 4x 10° b 54x10 © 0.64 10" d_ 76000 + 10° e 410000 + 10° f 2647800 + 10° 2 Work out: a 87000 x 107 b 1483000 x 107 © 7.64x 10° d 0.65 = 10° e 0.145 +104 f 7.68 = 10% [3] Copy and complete: a 6.2% 10° =6200 b O=10°=448 © 53000x 10° =53 ad Ox 10'= 430 e 0.17=10 =17000 f O+10*=8900 BI Work ou: a 8x 10°43 108 b 5.3. 10'-5.6x 10° © 1900 x 10° +0.9 + 10Cs S{ Convert: a " S| a 1.67m tocentimetres 5 © 7567000¢ to kilograms e 54cl to millilitres 450mm to metres d 6,8£ to millilitres a 167= 1.67 x 100cm= 167cm ¢ 7567000g = 7567000 + 1000kg = 7567kg e 54cl=54 x 10ml = 540ml b 450mm = 450 45 = 100cem d_ 6.82=6.8 « 1000 ml = 6800 ml 10cm = 45cm 0.45m_ 1 Convert to centimetres: a 50mm b 210mm d 7.8m e 761m 2 Convert to millilitres: a 0.872 b 450cl 3 Convert to grams: a 05kg b 65mg 4 Convert: a 8km 100mto kilometres b 728cl7ml to millilitres ¢ 768m 78cm 5mm to kilometres 6m 134m 5.681 94kg 5 Colin takes his dog for a long walk. He walks 1.2km to the beach, then 800 m along the beach, after which he walks to the park, which is another 1.5 km, and finally he goes home, which is 350m from the park. How far does he walk altogether? 6 Yzzy has a 22 bottle of fizzy drink, She drinks 250ml from it and her friend Georgia has 300m]. How much is left in the bottle (in litres)?Convert: a 3m’ to centimetres squared 8cm* to millimetres squared 56000000 nm to kilometres squared 56000000 m? = 56000000 + 1000000 km? = 56 km? 40000 m? = 40000 + 10000 ha = 4ha 1. Write in millimetres squared: a Scm? b 27cm? ¢ 11Sem? d 14.56cm* e 23.71cm* f 114.789 cm? 2 Convert to centimetres squared: a 900mn’ b 650mm? © 273mm’ 7865 mmr e 9873.2mm? f 17865mm* 3 Convert: a 3m tocm’ b 90mm to m* ¢ 7.60¥ tomm d_ 0.09km? to m’ e@ 680000m? to km? f 0.045 km’ to m? 4 Convert to hectares: a 50000m* b 230000m* ¢ 400m? d 2km? e 91km? ff 0.7km?* 5 Convert to metres squared: a Tha b 8.65ha © 0.067ha 6 Convert to kilometres squared: a 300ha b35ha ¢ 73200ha (7) The diagram shows a piece of land shaped like a triangle. Find its area, giving your answer in hectares. 450m 700m eConvert: 3m? to millimetres cubed a b_ 70000mm¥ to centimetres cubed 15600cm* to metres cubed 4em' to litres 3cm*= 3 x 1000mm!' = 3000 mm* 70000mm’ = 70000 + 1000cm* 15600em* = 15 600 + 1000000 nv = 0.0156m* 4com?= 4+ 10002 = 0.0042 1 Convert to mm’: a 6cem* b d 2idem!' e 2 Convert to em’: a 5000mm> b d 76mm’ e 3 Convert tom’: a 85000000cm' b [a] Copy and complete: a 030=Clem’ b 67em$= Omi ¢ 8ml=Um? d 45000cm*=Oe 78cm* 0.8cm* 3200mm> 5.5m 300000em* 70cm? 16cm* 0,023em* 23mm* 0.0043 my 51000cm* [5 A house has an oil tank with dimensions 1.4m x 0.6m x 1.5m. How many litres of oil does the tank need to fill it up?Em Error in measurements (extension) How long is the following line, to the nearest em? ‘What is the error in measurement? The line is 5.2cm long, which is Sem to the nearest cm. The error is (5.2 — 5)em=0.2em or 2mm, 4. Using your ruler to measure, write down the length of each line correct to: a_ the nearest centimetre b_ the nearest millimetre. 2 If you are rounding to the nearest centimetre, how long is the shortest line that could be recorded as: a 13cm b 4cm ec 8cm? ‘What is the error each time’? [3] If you are measuring to two decimal places, how long is the longest line that could be recorded as: a 64m b 32cm © 98km?Collecting data Rewrite the following badly worded questions from a questionnaire on cheese. 1. You don’t not like cheese do you?) Yes NoO Don’t know 1 2. How much do you spend on cheese in a week? $0-s0 $10-1500 More than $15 [1 3, Eating cheese is good for you. How often do you eat cheese? Never 1) Once aweek 1 Loads 1) 4, What is your favourite type of cheese? Hard cheese Other 5. Do you watch television every day? Yes C] Nol] 1. Do you like cheese? Yes 1) no Don't know 0 2. How much do you spend on cheese in a week’ $0-50 $5-100 More than $100 3. How often do you eat cheese? Never Once or twice a More than twice week [7] a week [J # . What is your favourite type of cheese? Goat’s/sheep’s Hard cheese (] Blue cheese cheese (] Soft cheese [Processed cheese 1 Other 1 The question about watching television is deleted since this is not relevant to the survey.1 ‘Children have too much homework.” a Decide what data to collect to test this statement. b_ Explain what sample size you are planning to use and why. © Explain what degree of accuracy you are planning to use and why. d_ Design a suitable data collection sheet. 2 Copy and complete the following table. ‘Type of data Advantages Disadvantages Primary 3 Neila wants to find out what people think about the local doctors’ surgery. Part of the questionnaire she has written is shown. Q3. What is your date of birth? Q4. Don’t you agree that the waiting time to see a doctor is too long? Q5. How many times did you visit the doctor last year? None [Between 1and3 [15-10 [1 10 or more a Why should Q3 not be asked? b_ Give a reason why Q4 is unsuitable. © What is wrong with Q5? Rewrite this question so that it can be included in the questionnaire.EEN orsenisina aaa ‘The heights of 20 girls. in centimetres, are: 161 148 «162 «155170 167 178 157172 166 161 167, 164159 160 157 168 «161 = 164 Construct a grouped frequency to show the data. Use groups of 145-149 em, 150-154em, ..., 175-179 em. Height(cm) Tally Frequency 145-149 1 1 150-154 1 155-159 160-164 165-169 170-174 175-179 1. The favourite subjects of 20 pupils were noted during a survey: English, Science, Maths, Sport, Drama, English, Science, Maths, Drama, Music, Sport, Food Technology, Drama, Maths, Science, Sport, French, Science, Drama, Sport Make a frequency table to display the data. 2 The number of pets owned by 40 pupils were noted during a survey: 0 4°41 3.90 0 6 3 1 2 2 0 8 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 3 1 10 2 4 0 0 2 3 3 0 6 2 0 0 2 1 Oo 0 2 Display the results in a frequency table. [3) The weights of 20 boys, in kilograms, are: 55.6, 67.1, 71.2, 51.1, 54.9, 62, 63.4, 74.3, 65.2, 61.2, 58.3, 66.1, 59.8, 53.4, 62.7, 60.4, 66.1, 60.9, 64.1, 63.7 Display the data in a grouped frequency table using suitable groups.LEED calculating statistics Find the mean, median, mode and range for the following data. 7 2 3 6 4 6 3 4 6 The age in years of employees in a factory are given in the table. Age (years) | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 Frequency 3 6 6 4 1 Use the mid-interval estimate to calculate an estimate for the mean age, _7#24+34+6+44+64+3+446 Al Og Median:2 334@6667 Middle value = median = 4 a Mean =46 Mode is the most frequent number, which is 6 Range is 7-255 » Age (years) | 20-29 | 30-39 | 40-49 | 50-59 | 60-69 Midinterval | 55 | 35 | 45 | so | os value x Frequencyf| 3 6 6 4 1 f | 75 | 210 | 270 | 220 | 65 xy=20 Ey = 840 Mears 2% 2 MU. ap years Tae) (Note: Estimating the mean from a grouped frequency table is extension work.)(Note: Question 3a is extension material.) 1 The boot sizes of players in a football club are: 10 9 10 8 11 9 8 10 9 9 10 10 8 9 10 Il 1 9 8 ot a Calculate the mean boot size. b Calculate the mode. ¢ Calculate the median. Find the range. © Which of these is not a good average to use? 2 Find ithe mean ii the mode iii the median and iv the range of each of these sets of numbers: a -4,7,5,4, 10,7, 2 b 6,7, 4, 3,4, 3,5, 12, 7,8, 10, 9,7 ¢ 20,31, 28, 22, 25, 13, 22, 34, 22, 18, 19 (3) On holiday Miranda records the length of time people stay in the swimming pool. The results are shown in the table. Time, ¢ (min) Number of people 0-10 6 11-20 8 21-30 4 3140 2 20 a Use the mid-interval values to calculate an estimate for the mean time spent in the pool. b> What is the modal class? [4) The results of a class of students in two maths papers are shown below. Paper 4 87 76 54 99 65 34 91 67 Paper 2 76 67 45 99 55 76 87 62 a Find the mean marks for each paper. b The teacher, Mr Smithers, thinks that students did better on Paper 1. Using statistical calculations, investigate whether Mr Smithers is right.Gz Rounding numbers Round 7.855 and 0.6541 to a 2decimal places b I decimal place. a The second decimal place is underlined here: 7956) —foundup_, 746 @ dp.) 06s@1 Tunddown, o6s ap) The first decimal place is underlined here: 7g@5 —oundup . roadp) 0641 Coumdup _, o7 dp) 1) Write correct to 2 decimal places: a 7458 b 9.267 ¢ 2.876 d 3.629 e 0.125 f 0,999 2 Write these numbers correct to i 3decimal places if. 2decimal places if 1 decimal place. a 1.0479 b 2.5679 ¢ 6.8771 d 0.5219 e 5.1209 f£ 6.0019 [3] a Whatis the perimeter of a field with length 98.13 m and width 20.75 m, correct to | d.p.? b What is the area of the field, correct to i 2dp. ii 1dp. [4] Round a 75.998 to 2 d.p. b 32.99999to4dp. € 6.595 to 2d.p. d 2.77995 to 3d.p. e 0,000009to3dp. —-f_0.00492 10 24.p. [5] A measurement written to 2 decimal places is 0.63 €. Which of these could be the actual measurement? 636ml 0.639990 62.1¢l 63.1 ml 629ml 63.71Significant figures Write 75 682 to a 2sf. b 3s.f. The column heads are TTh Th H Tt U 7 5 6 8 2 a The second digit head is thousands so round to the nearest thousand: 75682 = 76 000 (2 s.f.) b_ The third digit head is hundreds so round to the nearest hundred: 75 682 = 75700 (3 s.f.) 1 Write correct to | significant figure: a 58 b 267 e 5.32 d 13629 e 0.00021 fF 70.999. 2 Write correct to 2 significant figures: a 976 b 599 e 5381 d 36.94 e 0.00195 f 6.039 3. Copy and complete: Number 457213 5.8612 0.004854 3sf. 2sf. asf. 4 Round 7243589 to a 4sf. b 3sf. ce 2s£. d ist (5) A number rounded to 1 s.f. is 10000. What is the a largest number it could have been b_ smallest number it could have been? (6) Calculate 0.439 x 2.7, giving the answer a exactly b correct to | decimal place ¢ correct to 2 significant figures. (7) Calculate 0.7245 = 14.6, giving the answer a exactly b correct to 2 decimal places © correct to 3 significant figures.Standard form (extension) Write in standard form: a 74297 b 65431000 ¢ 0.0178 d_ 0.00005319 74297 7.4297 x 10000 = 7.4297 x 108 65431000 = 6.5431 x 10000000 = 6.5431 x 10° 0.0178 1.78 + 100 = 1,78 x 107 0,00005319 = 5,319 + 100000 = 5.319 x 10% 1 Write in standard form: a 5000 b 200 ¢ 70 d_ 600000 e 8000000 f 400000000 2 Write in full: a 7x 10° b 8x10 e 5x 10+ d 6x 10° e 9x 108 f 2x10? 3) Work out: a 4x10? b 7x10" © 3x10% d 1x 10% e 5x 10% f 9x 107 4 Write in standard form: a 0.27 b 0.903 c 0.016 d= 0.00571 e 0.0504 f 0.0104 5 The mass of an oxygen atom is 2.7 x 107 grams, What is this in kilograms? Give your answer in standard form. 6) The speed of light is approximately 299792 000 metres per second What is this in kilometres per hour? Write your answer in standard form.Estimation and rounding appropriately Estimate: a 21x69 a 2.1is2tol sf. 6.918710 1s 2x7=14 So the answer to 2.1 x 6.9 is about 14 35.78 = 36 4lind I¢ed= wg So the answer to 35.78 +4.11 is about 9 1 «Estimate the answer: a 51x39 b 91x 119 © 78% 2.12 d 6.91 x 4.08 e 8217.89 f (3.977 2 Estimate the answer: a (2.178 b 2.1x68x3.1 © 0.8 x 6.78 x 3.02 d_ 0.901 x L018 e 3.921 x 0.007 f (lay 3° Estimate the answer: 9 4 Estimate the answer: a 1217231 b 2182292 © 17,725.89 d 90.19 +2818 e 532214 f 4810.05 5 Estimate the answer: a 815+(2.9) b — e aS In Questions 6 and 7 decide whether to round your answers. Explain your choice. 6 Change these fractions to decimals. = db 4 s 2 Il % 9 {7) What is the volume of a cuboid with length 11.15¢m, width 21,76 cm and height 9.5em?[ 7H | Multiplying and dividing by numbers between 0 and 1 Which questions will have answers less than 7? 7x01 701 7Fx1l3 7417 7 x 0.1 and 7 + 1.7 will have answers less than 7 Since 0.1 is less than 1, multiplying by 0. | gives an answer less than 7:7 x 0.1 = 0.7 Since 1.7 is more than 1, dividing by 1.7 gives an answer less than 7:7 41.7241 (Ldp) Since 0.1 is less than 1, dividing hy 0.1 gives an answer greater than 7:7 = 0.1 = 70 Since 1.3 is more than 1, multiplying by 1.3 gives an answer more than 7:7 x13=91 1 Which questions will have answers less than SO? 50x 0.9 50x 2 50 = 0.87 so-t 2 50x 1.02 50+ 0.1 50=50 50x 3 50425 2 Which questions will have answers more than 20? 20% 1.9 20x4 2 20+ 0.97 20+ 4 2 20 x 1.05 200.2 20+ 20 20x2 2041.5 3 > Which of these answers are clearly incorrect? a 56x 0.7 =39,2 b 78.1 +6.2= 21.2 ¢ 2412059=048 4 Fred uses his calculator to work out the value of 41,2 « 0.027. The answer he gets is 11.392. Use estimation to show that his answer is wrong,GEEGED muttiptying decimals Work out 2.43 x 1.8 243 x 18 = 4374 243 — 2decimal places x18 1 decimal place =4374 3 decimal places 1 Given that 47 x 63 = 2961, work out: a 47x63 b 47x 0.63 c 047 K63 d 470x63 e 47x 6300 f 47x63 2 Calculate: a 0.7x6 b 5.71xK9 c 742x8 d 473x7 e O11«11 f 23x 0,162 3 Calculate: a 05x03 b 14x06 ¢ 72x09 d 043 x7.2 e 12.1051 f 4.53 x 0.54 4 Cloth costs $37.23 per metre. What is the cost of a 14 metres b 5.4 metres ¢ 0,65 metres? (5) Ria is running at 11.2 kilometres per hour. How far would she travel in a 2 hours b | hour and 15 minutes ¢ 20 minutes?GHEE Diviaing decimals Work out 7.2 + 0.6 ga 12 7.22065 = Gig 0.6 to whete = nee 1G numbers. 1 Calculate: a 4202 b 2.642 c 18445 d 15+03 e 1520.03 f 18+6.09 2 Calculate: a 65+0.5 b 8&1=03 e 81+003 d 081-03 e 7111F13 f£ 15.755 + 0.23 3. A rope is 15.2 m long. How many lengths of 0.32 m can be cut from it? 4 The area of a rectangular field is 170.2 m’. What is the width of the field if its length is a 92m b 15.318m ¢ 0.74m? [5] Given that 21 402 + 369 = 58, work out: a 21402+36.9 b 214.02+369 ¢ 21.4024 36.9 d 2140.2+0.369 e 0.21402+369 f 2.140: 0369[ sa | Solving linear equations Solve: a x-553 b 4x45529 x-5=3 add 5 to both sides] x-5 +5 add 2 to both sides] x=8 4x45 = 29 29422442 ¥ ~=6 3 multiply both sides by 3] 1 Solve: a x+6=10 [4 Solve: a ~41=2 4 d 6+2=13 3 6+ 3x=18 8=5s-7Solving more complex linear equations Solve: ao 3rtl=x47 b A(e= 1) 3x43 Bet lext7 b A(e— 1) =3x43 =ax)3e+1-xsx+7-2x multiply out brackets] 4-4 53x +3 2e+l -3x] 4x-4-3: ~12e41-1 2v=6 2x _ 6 -1 +2) 1. Solve: a S5x-9=x-1 b 2+3a=a+18 ce &4+1=31-14 d 4d-2=6+2d e 3p+5="1+5p fo w+5=2-3x 2 Solve: a 23=2r)=12=2% b 2G2-l=4(7-2) ee 4342p) =5—42) d 2%r43)-5=9 e 2-345) =20 f 26+3(1+e)=-12 [3] Solve: a 3d +3)=5-43-d) b y+ 4) + 3Qy—5)=5 ce 23-2/)=26-/) do 5x-2(4x- 9) =5 +5(2-2) e S(a+2)+2(2a- 1) =T(a-4) f 3(k-4) = 5(2k-3)-2Gk-5) [4] Gracie is 7 years younger than Sheena, The sum of their ages is 43 years. a Gracie is.x years old. Write an expression for Sheena’s age in terms of x. b Form an equation for the total of Gracie and Shee: ages. © Solve the equation to find Gracie and Sheena’s ages. a A triangle has perimeter 59m, The lengths of the sides are 2x Sem, 3x + 2m and 2x — | em. a Write down an equation relating the perimeter to the lengths of the sides. b Solve the equation and hence find the length of cach side of the triangle, 6 A rectangle has perimeter 40 cm. It is 2x + 5 cm long and x + 3 em wide. a Form an equation for the perimeter of the rectangle. b_ Solve the equation and hence find the length and width of the rectangle.[| sc | Constructing and solving equations Elizabeth thinks of a number. She doubles it and then subtracts 3. a What is the number if the result is 27? b What is the number if the result is “5? Let the number be x, Doubling x gives 2x, then subtracting 3 gives 2x - 3 a Qx-3 b ax-3=°5 +3) 2x +3] +2) 4. a Write down an equation in terms of x for the perimeter of this regular hexagon, b_ Solve the equation to find x and write down the length of side of the hexagon. 2 a Write down an equation in terms of x for the area of this rectangle. er . b_ Solve the equation to find x. Hence find the length Atea=24em? Jem of the rectangle 3xcm 3 A bag contains x yellow balls. 2x + | green balls and 3x +2 black balls. There are 39 balls in the bag. a Write an equation in terms of x for the number of balls in the bag. b_ Solve the equation to find out how many yellow, green and black balls there are in the bag. 4 Aneraser costs 7 cents more than a pencil. The total cost of two pencils and an eraser is 97 cents, Let p cents stand for the cost of a pencil and write an equation to show this information. Solve the equation to find the cost of a pencil and the cost of an eraser. 5 A doughnut costs 5 cents more than a cupcake, The total cost of 2 cupcakes and 3 doughnuts is 95 cents, Using ¢ cents to represent the cost of a cupeake, form an equation to show this information and find the cost of a cupcake and the cost of a doughnut. Four consecutive even numbers add up to 92. What are they? Five consecutive numbers have a sum of 145, What are the numbers? IN| [o]b 6+2x9 =2x] 6<-x Add 6 to each side: Multiply each side by ~1, reversing +6) 3x> 15 the inequality: Divide each side by 3: wil “Sem on a8 3] x>5 ‘That is, « is less than ~6. That is, is greater than 5. 1 Salve: a 4x4+3>13 b 1+5x<21 © 14+5<19 do 3xt435 44x f +113 5x-13 2 Solve: a w-3>3-x b S-4x> 20-7 © 6v-Sx-1 e 3x-4>2x+5 fo I2-x<4v4+2 3) Solve: a 2x-23x47 e@ wt ext fo “w-3>3045 4) Solve: a 3(x-2)+5731 a3 22-3 2-94 a *"32 e Sea p ocd 4 3 5za Number lines, solution sets and combined inequalities Solve "5 <2x-3<1 +2) This can be represented on a number line as a Use a number line to show the solution to each inequality in Questions 1 and 2 of Exercise 8D on the previous page. n Write the inequality represented by each number line. BTO6S432101234567 wo Solve these combined inequalities. a 5<2r-1<9 b 1<3x-2<16 © 5<5Qx-3)<45 4 For each part in Question 3, i use a number line to show the solution of the inequality ji ifxcan be any whole number, write down the numbers in the solution set for the inequality. Which whole numbers from | to 9 make both inequalities true? a xv+2>Sandxv-4<2 b 2x-2< l6andx+1>3 (6) A rectangle has area greater than 40cm?, The length of the rectangle is Sem. What can you say about its width? (7) Carly is 3 years younger than Rani. If the sum of Carly’s and Rani’s ages is less than 15, what can you say about Rani’s age? 8) Write down an inequality that has this solution: ax27 b xr<2 e Aecx3 [9| Solve 2y-5 <3x42<5x-4za Simultaneous equations EXAMPLE Solve: 2v+3y=8 3x42y=7 2x+3y=8 [1] 7 [2] To make the coefficients of x the same, multiply [1] by 3 and [2] by 2 (1) x3: 6x4 24 [3] [21x2: 6r+4y=14 [4] ‘To eliminate the x term, subtract equation [4] from equation [3]. [3] - [4]: Sy = 10 y=2 Substituting y = 2x+3x2=8 2x+6=8 =6] 2x=2 +2) x51 Hence, x = 1, y= 2 is the solution to the equations. 2 into equation [1] 1 Solve these simultaneous equations by subtracting them, a x+4y=1l b 245 ant 2. Solve these simultaneous equations by adding them. e 5x-3y Sx+y o) simultaneous equations by multiplying one equation by an appropriate number, then adding or subtracting. a 2x4+3y=11 b 2x+y=10 ce Sx-4y=24 By+y=13 “x4 2y=5 v= y=9 A group of children and adults went on a trip to a theme park. Tickets for the theme park were $20 for adults and $15 for children. To get there, the bus cost $10 for adults and $6 for children, The total cost of the theme park tickets was $560 and the total cost of the coach was $232. How many children and adults went on the trip? -Trial and improvement to solve quadratic equations One solution to 7+ 3x =5 is between x= 0 and x=3 : Use trial and improvement to find this solution to | decimal place. eee ‘The target is 5 so the decision is: Too big ‘Try a value smaller than 2 a |4 Too small Try a value between I and 2 eELe 6.75 Too big ‘Try a value between | and 1.5 x=12 5.04 Too big Try a value between | and 1.2 a4 4.54 Too small The value is between 1.1 and 1.2 x=1.15 | 4.7725 Too small The value is between 1.15 and 1.2 The solution is between x= 1.15 and x= 1.2, so the solution is x= 1.2 to | d.p. 2. One solution tox? = 5x+ 18= 15 is between x= 3 and x=5 Use trial and improvement to find this solution to | decimal place. 2 One solution to x° — 5x= 9 is between x = 6 and x=7 Use trial and improvement to find this solution to 2 decimal places. 3 The equation 3x? — 4x +14 = 23 has solutions between ~2 and 3 Use trial and improvement to find these solutions to 2 decimal places. [4) One solution to 2x? — 3x = 60 is between x = 6 and x =7 Use trial and improvement to find this solution to 2 decimal places. (5) One solution to.x+ + 5x= 20 is between x= 1 and x=2 Use trial and improvement to find this solution to 2 decimal places. (6) The cube of a number added to its square root is 163 What is the number, to 1 decimal place?Angles and parallel lines Find the angles. and y. Angle x and 47° are corresponding angles, sox=47° Angle y and 47° are alternate angles, soy=47° Note: x = y since they are vertically opposite. 4 Calculate the missing angles a, b, ¢ and d. a b 140° 130° i a 20°. 110° c = d e d\ 57" 3 53° 2. Find the lettered angles a b B fi 59° 62Angles in triangles and quadrilaterals Find the size of angle x. &+ 82° + 110° + 59° = 360° ] x+ 251° = 360° x= 109° 1. Calculate the missing angles. [3] Calculate the missing angles.Ez Angles in polygons Find the size of angles x and y. ‘The sum of the interior angles of a pentagon is 180° x (5 ~2) = 180° x 3 = 540° y+ 40° + 140° + 160° + 130° = 540” y + 470° = 540° y=70° x + 160° = 180° x= 20° 1 Calculate the missing angles. [3| A regular polygon has interior angles of 165°. a Work out the size of the exterior angles of the polygon. hb How many sides does the polygon have?GELZED antes in circles Find the size of angles wand y. OBX = OCX = 90° (tangent is perpendicular to radius) ‘The shape OBXC is a quadrilateral so its angle sum is 360° Hence X+ 90° + 74° + 90° = 360° 4+ 254° = 360° x= 106° The angle that arc BC subtends at the centre of the circle, x, is double the angle it subtends at the circumference, y. a b In this diagram, the lines drawn from point X are tangents.| oH-o1 | Pythagoras’ theorem In the triangle, find the length a. lcm acm By Pythagoras’ theorem: @4@=12 @+16=121 =16] a= 105 a= i05, a= 10.25em 2d.p.) 1 Find the value of x. a b 13cm 3cm Ilem Tom xem [2] ABCD is a square with side 12cm. Find the area of the innermost square.(AE) .@m Tessellations Create a pattem by tessellating a square with a regular octagon. OS CX SKS SCS ee eee 1 Make an exact copy of each shape on card. Use the shape to make a tessellation. a Sem b 3cm 3em dom 25cm 2 Find the size of angles a, b and c in this tessellation. NAAN (3) A regular pentagon will not tessellate. Find a non-regular pentagon which will tessellate. (4) A dodecagon is a twelve-sided polygon. A regular dodecagon will tessellate with two other regular polygons, a What are the two other polygons? b Design a pattern using these shapes.Draw a line segment XY, making it 7em long. Draw the locus of points that are 2cm from XY, Draw the locus of points that are 4cm from a point B. 2. Draw a line segment CD, making it Scm long. Draw the locus of points that are 3 em from CD. Draw the locus of points that are less than 3cm from a point E, [4] Draw a line segment FG, making it 6cm long. Draw the locus of points that are less than 2 em from FG. 5) The diagram shows a garden with a garden shed (shaded). Each grid square represents 50cm. A tree is to be planted. It must not be planted within I'm of the edge of the garden or the shed. Draw the plan and mark clearly the area in which the tree can be planted Lt Shedry Word problems and strategies Using mental strategies, work out these sums: a 24457 b 34x5 c 56058 d 23x9 a 24457 Start with one number: 24 add the tens from the next number: 24 + 50 = 74 then add on 6 more to get to 80 then count on I more to get to 81 So244+57=81 b 34x5 Multiply by 5 by multiplying by 10 and then halving: 34x 10 = 340 340+ 2=170 So 34 x 5= 170 © 58028 Divide by 8 by halving, then halving again, then halving again: 580+ 2= 290 So 580+8=72.5 d 23x9 Multiply by 9 by multiplying by 10 and then subtracting the number multiplied by 9: 23 x 10= 230 230 — 23 = 207 So 23 x9 = 207Work out these sums in your head. For each question, think about the strategy you used. Which is the easiest method for you? What jottings (if any) are helpful? 1 27444463419 2 130-72 5x28 214+ 5.5) $52 +8 What is the difference between 15.3 and 7.9? What is the product of 9 and 31? 85010 x 0.01 Halve $765 Share $290 equally between 4 people Double 1390 What is the total of all the whole numbers from 11 to 20? What is the area of a square with perimeter 60cm? 65.42 + 0.001 EERE SB own auaneEa BIDMAS and inverse operations Work out (2 x is) 6x02 (2 x 13) +602 Brackets first 8x 13] +6x02 Indices, 7 8 x 3) +6%0.2 Convert to top heavy fraction = ( gx z) +602 Dividing by 2 first is easier =(4«3)+6x0.2 Brackets =12+6x02 Division =2x02 =04 Finally, multiply 2 Work out: a 42-5x3 b 9-15«64+9 ¢ 324920+6 d 32-8 © 20+4%6-7 t gp 25 2 Work out: a 3 x 60- (2x4) b 178202415 e 213-25x4 5 3) Work out: a Q3xd+4+43 b 644745409 ¢ 2497 04 [4 Write brackets to make these calculations correct. a 1022+3=2 b 546x344=37 ce 441x7-2=25Find the factors of 24, First divide by 1: 24+1=24 1 and 24 are factors because | x 24 = 24 Then divide by 2: 24+2=12 2 and 12 are factors because 2 x 12 = 24 ‘Then divide by 3: 2423=8 3 and 8 are factors because 3 x 8 = 24 Then divide by 4: 242426 4 and 6 are factors because 4 x 6 = 24 If you divide by 5 you won't get a whole number so 5 is not a factor. The next number to divide by is 6, You already have this as a factor so you know you have found all the factors of 24. Finally, list the factors in order: The factors of 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24. A. Find all the factors of a 18 b 45 © 2 a 40 2. Find the highest common factor (HCF) of a 12and 66 b 16 and 18 © 15, 39and 45 d_ 45, 108 and 120 3. Find the HCF of the numerator and denominator to cancel these fractions to their lowest terms, a My Bg we 162 150 252wa Compound measures Acar makes a journey of 210km in 24 hours. average speed. Calculate its Using the formula triangle: Speed = distance + time Speed = 210 + 2.5 =84 The car's average speed is 84kmv/h. 1. Find the average speed, in km/h, of an object that travels a S4kmin2hours b S60kminS8hours ¢ 13kmin 20 minutes. ny A metal bar has a mass of 960g and a volume of 120cm*, Find the density of the metal in the bar. wo The population ofa country is 1595000. The country’s area is 13483km*. Find the population density of this country, to the nearest whole number. a A silver necklace has a mass of 200g, The density of silver is 10.5 g/cm’? Find the volume of the silver. a Work out the time taken, in minutes, for each of these journeys. a 25km atan average speed of 40 km/h b 55km at an average speed of 60km/h cc 15km at an average speed of 70 kmv/h 6 A cuboid-shaped can measuring 30cm by 14cm by 22cm is full of oil. The density of the oil is 0.8 g/cm’, What is the mass of the oil in the can’? 7 A country has an area of 244000 km’, Its population density is 240 people/km?, What is the population of the country? (8) Work out the distance travelled for each of these joumeys. a 3 hours 20 minutes at an average speed of 65 kiv/h b_ 24 minutes at an average speed of 60 km/h ¢ 32 seconds at an average speed of 12 m/szm Value for money Which bottle of cola is the best buy? 750ml 2t $0.59 $1.50 The large bottle holds 2€ and costs $1.50 So | litre costs $1.50 + 2= $0.75 ‘The small bottle holds 0.75 and costs $0.59 So 1 litre costs $0.59 + 0.75 = $0.79 (2 d.p.) Hence it is cheaper to buy the large bottle of cola, 1 In each case find the unit cost and then state which is the better buy. a 4 cakes for $2.56 or 5 cakes for $3.12 b_ 5 bars of chocolate for $2.34 or 7 bars for $3.40 ¢ 6€of lemonade for $3.89 or 8€ for $5.32 2 Which is the best buy? 6kg of potatoes for $2.45 or 15kg of potatoes for $5.99 or 10kg of potatoes for $3.92? 3 A 250 g jar of peanut butter costs $0.58. A 454 g jar costs $0.99. Which is the better buy? 4 Which is the beter buy? 300 ml of shampoo for $1.26 or 500 ml of shampoo for $2.15? 5 A 800gram loaf is $1.38 and a 400 gram loaf is $0.93. There is a special offer on 800 gram loaves of ‘buy one get a second loaf half price’ and on 400gram loaves of ‘buy one get one free’. Which is the better buy, two 800 gram loaves or four 400 gram loaves? oReal-life graphs The graph represents a car travelling for 4 hours ata speed which steadily increases from 10 km/h to 40 knv/h. a b ¢ b Distance travelled = average speed x time What is the acceleration of the car? What is the car’s average speed? How far did the car travel in 4 hours?) Speed (km/h) 123 4 a Average speed = 9= 9 = 25 kmm 2x4 100 km. ¢ Acceleration = change in speed + time _ 40-10 “4 = 7.5 km/h? > ‘Time (h) 1 Here is the distance—time graph for a bus journey. a 2 The graph shows the speed-time graph for a particle that starts from rest. a b Find, in kilometres per hour, the average speed of the bus i between 10:00 and 11:00 ii between 11:00 and 12:00 Between which times is the bus stationary? 11:00 o + 12: What was the particle's average speed? i What was the acceleration of the particle in the first 5 seconds? Speed (m/s) ii What was the acceleration of the f i | | a 5 particle between 5 and 10 seconds? 10 15 20 idi, What happened between 10 and 25 seconds? Time (s) iv What was the deceleration of the particle in the final 5 seconds? 25 30 »Er Bar charts and pictograms Black | Blue | Green = 13 4 y OT Black Blue Green Silver Red White 1. The bar chart shows the number of items bought by customers at the express checkout in a supermarket observed over one hour. ¥ Frequency = yuu O12 3 4 5 6 7 ‘Number of items bought a What number of items was the most common? b What number of items was the least common? ¢ How many customers were observed’?2 The pictogram shows the different eye colours ina class. Green ae oe (SR Hazel RRRB soaie: 8 represents 2 students a What does each 8 represent? b How many students have green eyes? How many students have hazel eyes? How many students are in the class? 3 The table shows the number of cars containing different numbers of people between 8.30 am and 9.00 am on a commuter road. Number of people in car Froquency 4 10 2 20 3 5 4 4 5 2 a Show the information in a bar chart. b Show the information in a pictogram,Graham carried out a survey of vehicles parked ina car park. The table shows his results. Frequency Type of vehicle Car 40 van 23 Motorbike 7 Lorry 20 Show this information in a pie chart. The whole circle, 360°, represents 90 vehicles. 5 i 40 Fraction representing cars = 0 So, the angle representing cars = 160° The pie chart shows the results of the survey. @Car ) oven BW Mowrbike Bory 1 The table shows the favourite breakfast cereals of students in aclass aa Comfiakes | Muesti | Porridge | Wheattlakes Frequency 12 8 3 7 a Draw a pie chart to show this information. b What percentage chose muesli as their favourite?On holiday Gemma records the length of time people stay in the swimming pool over one hour. The results are shown in the table. Frequency 5 10-19 8 20-29 3 30-39 2 Draw a histogram to show this data. wot a Frequency » 0 x 53 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Time (min) 4. The masses of a group of children are shown in the table, Draw a histogram to show the results 40-49 3 50-59, 10 60-69 6 70-79, 122. The heights of a group of trees, in metres, are: 5.10 0.37 6.40 4.92 3.50 152 2.81 3.00 1.10 5223 7.67 4.65 4.25 7.00 211 0.78 5.12 3.26 6.49 5.98 a Draw a frequency table using intervals of 0-1.99 m, 2.00-3,99 m, 4,00-5.99 m, 6.00-7.99 m. b Draw a histogram to show the information. 3. The percentage marks in a test were Marks (%) Number of students 0-19 $ 20-29 3 30-39 4 40-49 7 50-59 12 60-69 8 70-79 3 80-99 2 a Draw up another frequency table using equal intervals of 20 marks. b Illustrate the data using a histogram.EXAMPLE Frequency polygons and time-series graphs ‘The distances travelled to work by the employees in a supermarket are: Distance (km) | 0-0.9 | 1-1.9 229/339 44.9 5-5.9 | 6-6.9 No. of employees 0 3 6 | 13 4 4 oO Draw a frequency polygon to show this data. The interval 3—3.9, for example, has centre 3439 69 3.45 2 2 The frequeney polygon is » » 2 2 e 3 3 Zz Distance (km) (Note: Frequency polygons are extension work.) 1 The table shows the marks of 200 students. a What is the mid-interval value of the class 41-50%? b Draw a frequency polygon to show this information. Mark (%) ‘Number of students 1-10 oO 14-20 2 21-30 15 31-40 24 41-50 45 51-60 50 61-70 36 71-80 19 81-90 7 91-100 2