AN ASSESSMENT OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDY ON ACHIEVING

SUSTAINABILITY TOWARDS GREEN CONSTRUCTION FOR THE

NATIONAL HOUSING AUTHORITY’S (NHA) BUILDING ADEQUATE,
LIVABLE, AFFORDABLE, AND INCLUSIVE (BALAI)
FILIPINO COMMUNITY PROGRAM IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF PANDI, BULACAN

A Research Paper Proposal

Presented to the Transitional Education Extension Program (TNEEP)
Philippine Christian University
Malate, Manila

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Master in Management m. Public Administration

by

Rosamyr S. Cabulisan
Mark Calvin A. Cabulisan
Jun Patrick G. Gan
Mark Jeefry M. Morgado

April 29, 2023

1
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1................................................................................................................. 3

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING ........................................................................ 3

Theoretical Framework ............................................................................................ 6

Conceptual Framework............................................................................................ 7

Statement of the Problem ........................................................................................ 8

Scope and Limitation of the Study ........................................................................... 9

Significance of the Study ....................................................................................... 10

Definition of Terms ................................................................................................ 11

Chapter 2............................................................................................................... 13

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES ........................................................... 13

Chapter 3............................................................................................................... 19

METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................. 19

Chapter 4............................................................................................................... 24

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................ 24

Chapter 5............................................................................................................... 31

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS.......... 31

References ............................................................................................................ 36

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 Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

Housing affordability lays too much emphasis on the price tag and
upfront expense of owning a home, ignoring the day-to-day operation of the
property, which eventually detracts attention from long-term sustainability.

In reality, housing affordability is largely measured by a simple ratio of

building cost to housing consumer income, which fails to show anything about
the quality of housing or the environment in which the housing is situated, and
was deemed an inaccurate and unsustainable method of assessing
affordability.

Affordability and sustainability are obviously diametrically opposed

concerns, because sustainability metrics include, but are not limited to,
intergenerational equality, economic feasibility, social acceptability, energy
efficiency, and waste reduction. An inefficient structure, on the other hand,
costs the customer money for the rest of its life. While it is critical for clients to
reduce total life costs, contractors and consultants do not. This is due to the
fact that the consultant and contractor have no long-term stake in the building
and are not held accountable for its performance in use.

Sustainability is a multidimensional notion that incorporates our society's

personal, social, economic, and environmental components. It has given rise
to a broader idea of sustainable development. It may be defined as addressing
the requirements of the present without jeopardizing future generations' ability
to meet their own needs.

The construction sector is one of the key commercial operations where

sustainable growth is taking place, which has resulted in the establishment of
sustainable building, often known as green building. This is an excellent
3
chance to design buildings that are resource efficient, utilize less energy,
eliminate wasteful construction methods, and offer healthier conditions for
inhabitants.

On the other hand, sustainable development is a worldwide concern,

similar to pollution or global warming. It has been characterized as: meeting
current demands without jeopardizing future generations' ability to fulfill their
own needs (Burnett, 1992). Advanced design and sophisticated technology in
the construction business are giving a breakthrough for the expansion of real
estate and building development. Ultra-clear glass, for example, gave greater
internal daylighting and reduced energy consumption than the original external
covering (Centre of Environmental Technology, 1999).

The Philippine housing sector believes that every Filipino family,

regardless of economic level, has the right to live with dignity in the comfort of
their own house. As demand for living spaces rises, the Philippine housing
industry has immense development potential. Government sectors intends to
continue its healthy growth and development through a number of industry-led
initiatives — at accessible costs for Filipino households. (Department of Trade
and Industry, 2015)

When compared to other countries, the construction and development

procedures in the Philippines are lagging behind in terms of implementation of
the programs like access to social and economic opportunities and the
availability of basic services to the homeless, low-income families.

The persistent structural and systemic difficulties in the housing and

urban development sectors necessitated a paradigm change away from
housing construction and development and toward housing program
implementation. This transition requires shifting from a fragmented
government strategy to a more comprehensive and holistic concept of
providing shelter security.

4
 On a worldwide scale, many various sorts of constructions are being
carried out, one of which is housing projects that generate thousands of
dwellings for a big number of people. The Philippines is estimated to
manufacture 200,000 housing units each year between 2012 and 2030. The
Philippines' housing developments are mostly from the low-cost, socialized,
and economic housing sectors, which account for more than 70% of total
housing output, with socialized housing accounting for 27%, economic
housing accounting for 29%, and low-cost housing accounting for 13%.
(Department of Trade and Industry, 2015)

The Building Adequate, Livable, Affordable and Inclusive (BALAI)

Filipino Community Program is a collective goal of all the Key Shelter Agencies
(KSA). (Housing and Development Coordinating Council, 2019). Direct home
production, housing loans, mortgage programs, land registrations, and other
diverse housing aid provided by the KSAs will be branded "BALAI" under this
program. (National Housing Authority, 2017)

Through the brand BALAI Filipino, the NHA aims to uphold its mandate
and mission of providing adequate and affordable housing to low-income
families, ensure provision of community facilities and access to utilities, social
and economic opportunities. The NHA intends to construct not simply houses,
but vibrant communities where cultural integration and progress in the lives of
Filipino families may be preserved. (National Housing Authority, 2017)

The areas covered by the NHA quality includes the pledges to Building
Adequate, Livable, Affordable and Inclusive Filipino Communities (BALAI).
NHA ensures the availability of basic services, community facilities and access
to social and economic opportunities to homeless, low-income families” is
NHA’s commitment to sustainable development in nation building. Specifically,
NHA also pursues comprehensive, integrated and gender responsive housing
programs through effective collaboration and partnership with key stakeholders,
towards improved housing beneficiaries’ satisfaction. Furthermore, NHA
pledges to a continuing organizational development that harnesses the
potentials and promotes the well-being of our employees in the attainment of
5
corporate goals. NHA also, adheres to statutory and applicable laws, issuances,
policies, rules, and regulations and continually improve our Quality
Management System. To support the above-cited policies, NHA affirms that
Quality is synonymous with good governance, work excellence with integrity,
accountability, and transparency. (Marcelino P. Escalada, Jr., 2018)

Today, the NHA is the lead agency for extensive and ongoing urban
development and housing initiatives, as well as resettlement and relocation
activities. NHA housing projects continue to improve the quality of life in the
neighborhood. NHA provides not only building houses but a community that is
free, buildable, affordable, livable, adequate, and inclusive, with basic services
and socioeconomic possibilities for all of its stakeholders. However, the
program of NHA to provide quality and sustainable housing program has also
an equivalent increase of cost that conflicts the NHA mandate to provide
affordable housing.

To support the NHA mandates to cost-effective, long-term initiatives for

BALAI housing program, a green construction may be one of its solution to
balance and promote affordability and sustainability simultaneously in the
implementation of NHAs BALAI program.

Theoretical Framework

The theoretical foundation of this study refers to the principles involved

in green construction for Building Adequate, Livable, Affordable and Inclusive
Filipino Communities. It will serve as the foundation for this research, which will
analyze and apply the strategies and concepts in an effective and efficient
manner, and an assessment of sustainability to the Filipino Community
because of the thought that these are important determinant in providing the
NHA’s quality policy.

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 Introduction of
Enhanced
Green
NHA current BALAI NHAs BALAI
Housing Program Construction to
Housing
BALAI Housing
Program
Program

•Building Adequarte Housing •Green Construction •Affordability and

•Livable Housing Sustainability
•Affordable Housing
•Inclusive Filipino
Communities

Figure 1.1. The theoretical foundation of this research study.

Conceptual Framework

Input Process Output

- Implementation/
Assessment of
NHAs BALAI Filipino - Administration of
- New NHAs BALAI
Program to the Data Gathering Tools
Filipino Program
housing project in (Questionnaire)
- Data Gathering from Plan for all the
the Municipality of housing project in
various beneficiaries
Pandi, Bulacan the Municipality of
- Considerations involved in this
research Pandi, Bulacan
based on the
- Evaluation from the
Theoretical
Data gathered.
Concepts involved
- Challenges and
Evaluation

Figure 1.2. The research process that will be followed throughout the project.

Figure 1.2 depicts the link between the variables that have been
provided and are required for the study. The information acquired from the
concepts underpinning the implementation/assessment of NHAs BALAI
Housing Program Plan to the housing projects in the Municipality of Pandi,
Bulacan forms the basis of the Input process. These principles, in turn, were

7
derived from a variety of ideas about how to successfully and efficiently
introduced the green construction to the NHAs BALAI Housing Program, as well
as obstacles that may arise during the implementation of said BALAI Housing
Program towards green construction. Within the conceptual framework, the
Process section demonstrates how data is acquired to support the claims, as
well as how to make an accurate evaluation of the evidence that has been
gathered. Finally, the Output is merely the preparation to the introduction of
green construction to the NHAs BALAI Housing Program, which is all that is
required. We can ultimately introduce green construction to BALAI Housing
Program Plan and how effective and efficient it is based on the data that has
been collected during the entire process.

Statement of the Problem

The questions for this study were generated to probe the needs towards
what is achievable within the research framework. The main research question
is:

How could green construction be used to introduce sustainable

development into the construction of affordable housing through
knowledge of housing financing, socioeconomic aspects of
sustainability, and construction methods to improve sustainable
development in housing delivery on the implementation of the
NHA's BALAI housing program on the satisfaction of housing
beneficiaries in the Municipality of Pandi, Bulacan?

To properly address the issues bordering the main research question,

answers will be required to the sub-questions set as follows:

1. What are the NHA’s implementation approaches that may be

used for the BALAI housing program specifically in the
construction processes of affordable housing by financing and
socioeconomic by introducing green construction to achieve
sustainability in the development of NHAs affordable housing?
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 2. What methods to sustainability are considered in early project
stages connected to the built environment, and why are they
important?
3. How is the NHAs housing delivery be enhanced in proportion to
the BALAI housing program as to satisfaction of its respondents?
4. How may cost-effective, long-term initiatives for NHAs BALAI
housing program be remodeled as to its respondent’s satisfaction?
5. How can the NHA quality policy of BALAI housing program be
improved for the housing requirements?

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this research includes the assessment of the green

construction towards NHAs BALAI housing program in the Municipality of Pandi,
Bulacan.

The assessment will be conducted in the Province of Bulacan specifically

in five (5) NHA resettlement sites constructed in the Municipality of Pandi,
Bulacan. The respondents of the study are the developers/contractors and the
beneficiaries/awardees in the Municipality of Pandi, where the housing
program is being implemented by the NHA. The result of the study is
applicable only to the respondents of the study and may be used as a tool to
measure the transformation of the NHAs affordable and sustainable housing
towards green construction.

The researcher considered working on this study to find out the

effectiveness, cost-effective, long-term initiatives for the affordability and
sustainability of NHAs BALAI housing program in the implementation of green
construction of selected respondents in the Municipality of Pandi, Bulacan.

9
Significance of the Study

This research is made with the aim to provide information and

knowledge on the satisfaction level of the respondents regarding NHAs
implementation of BALAI housing program. The formulation and
implementation of green construction to the NHA BALAI housing program is
the primary goal of the study, which is to introduce affordability and
sustainability that aligns the mandates of NHAs affordable housing. The
development of the program for the developer/contractor, may be applied on
the construction site. Moreover, the results of the study will be beneficial to the
following:

Respondents (Awardees/ Beneficiaries): The respondents will have an

awareness on what NHA is implementing as to its BALAI housing program.
They will feel secure because there are programs provided by the National
Government, the availability of basic services, community facilities and access
to social and economic opportunities as to homeless, low-income families.

The Developers/Contractors: The result of the study will help the

developers/contractors to enhance the provisions of their current construction
methods in providing quality housing units and land development.

Local Government Units: The result of the study will help the LGUs to
have a strategic housing plan for their homeless, low-income family
constituents with the help of the national government program based on the
satisfaction level of its respondents.

The Authority (NHA): The result of the study will help the Authority to
pursue comprehensive, integrated and gender responsive housing programs
through effective collaboration and partnership with key stakeholders, towards
improved housing beneficiaries’ satisfaction.

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Definition of Terms

Green Construction – Green construction refers to the philosophy and

processes that makes the creation and usage of the built environment as
friendly to the natural environment as possible (Arnholz, 2021).

Housing Affordability – the cost of housing services and shelter – both for
renters and owner occupiers – relative to a given individual’s or household’s
disposable income (Bieri, 2014).

Sustainability – meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of

future generations to meet their own needs. In addition to natural resources, we
also need social and economic resources. Sustainability is not just
environmentalism. Embedded in most definitions of sustainability we also find
concerns for social equity and economic development (University of Alberta,
2012)

Sustainable Development – the development that meets the needs of the

present, without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs (Sustainable Development Commission, 2011)

National Housing Authority (NHA) – lead agency for extensive and ongoing
urban development and housing initiatives, as well as resettlement and
relocation activities and one of the Key Shelter Agency in providing the BALAI
Program.

BALAI Program – NHAs Program to Building Adequate, Livable, Affordable and

Inclusive Filipino Communities.

Housing Programs – address the needs of families affected by government

infrastructure projects and those living in high-risk areas, as well as local
government units (LGUs) outside Metro Manila that involve families living in
high-risk areas, indigenous peoples, and former rebels. It also includes the

11
supply of housing units, community amenities, socioeconomic assistance, and
other forms of community support.

Socio-Economic – primarily concerned with the interplay between social

processes and economic activity within a society. Social economics may
attempt to explain how a particular social group or socioeconomic class
behaves within a society, including their actions as consumers (Tarver, 2021).

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 Chapter 2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Synthesis of the Reviewed Literature and Studies

Owning a house during one’s lifetime is a dream of all human kind, rich
or poor. In the case of most poor families, their long-cherished dream is
seldom achieved in the absence of an assured livelihood, a steady stream of
income, and access to housing finance. The need for shelter, as a basic
necessity of human kind, has been time and again emphasized on various
occasions. Over the years, the government has been making a lot of efforts to
provide shelter in urban areas to people belonging to the economically weaker
sections and low-income groups of families, but the gap gets widened every
year as more and more people migrate from rural to urban areas (Housing and
Development Coordinating Council, 2019).

More than 1.8 billion people live in informal settlements or inadequate

housing with limited access to essential services such as water, sanitation,
electricity and are often under threat of forced eviction. Homelessness, one of
the most serious violations of the right to adequate housing, has been on the
rise in many economically advanced countries (United Nations Human Rights,
2019).

The COVID-19 pandemic has underscored the need for everyone to

have a safe home to shelter in. The economic crisis that follows will leave
many people unable to pay their rent or mortgage. National, regional, and local
governments need to prevent a new disastrous wave of evictions and urgently
address discriminatory patterns of social exclusion in the enjoyment of the
right to adequate housing (United Nations Human Rights, 2019).

Good and comfortable housing is necessary for all citizens. It is also a

main indicator of sustainable development in a community. In general,
sustainable development is categorized into three sectors: social, economic,
and environmental. From the social perspective, housing does not only

13
provide shelter but also offers a sense of protection to a community. Owning
a house is also considered the ultimate goal in a family’s lifetime. From an
economic perspective, the development of housing generates a significant
contribution to the construction industry sector and leads to an increase in the
GDP year by year (Jamaludin, Mahayuddin, & Hamid, 2018).

The concept of sustainable development was first proposed by the

Brundland Commission in 1972 as “Meeting the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their needs”. In the
year 2002 in Johannesburg, sustainable construction was proposed by the
world summit for sustainable development (Shafii, Ali, & Othman, 2006).

Sustainable development is the guiding idea for ensuring a reasonable

standard of living for future generations. In awareness of this reality, as well
as the coming and certain global calamity, the United Nations (UN)
commissioned WCED to perform an assessment of the world's resources. The
World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) coined the
phrase "Sustainable Development" in its 1987 report "Our Common Future,"
defining it as "development that fulfills the requirements of the present without
jeopardizing future generations' ability to satisfy their own needs." (WCED,
1987).

To achieve sustainable construction, the need to adopt construction

methods that have greater efficiency to reduce construction waste to the
lowest minimum cannot be overemphasized. The Concurrent Engineering
Method (often called Industrialized Building System) is widely used in Europe,
Japan and Singapore, and is seen as an alternative option to the Traditional
(Conventional) Construction Method in maintaining sustainability in
construction through the efficient use of resources, improvements in the
quality of constructed buildings and waste minimization (Tam, Tam, Zeng, &
Ng, 2007); (Begum, Satari, & Pereira, 2010).

A lack of awareness may be ascribed to a variety of causes, including

a lack of a clear conception of sustainability, a lack of a clear argument for the
advantages of sustainability, and a failure to integrate sustainability concerns

14
into education and training programs. Other elements that may contribute
include conventional perceptions that limit knowledge of sustainability within
the environmental component, the dominance of economic forces in corporate
success at the expense of social and economic challenges, and a lack of long-
term vision.

Green construction awareness is strongly tied to public understanding

of environmental concerns. Progress in building practice would be impossible
to achieve unless the degree of knowledge about sustainable construction
challenges was raised. However, raising awareness is not enough; proper
action must follow in order to accomplish the ultimate consequence of
providing sustainable housing.

Green building, also known as sustainable design, is the discipline of

enhancing the efficiency with which buildings and their sites use energy, water,
and materials, as well as lowering impacts on human health and the
environment over the course of a structure's full lifespan. Green-building
principles expand beyond the walls of buildings to incorporate topics such as
site planning, community planning, and land-use planning (Green Built
Alliance, n.d.)

Human settlement problems vary from individual to individual, rural to

urban, and from country to country in terms of both quantity and quality. The
housing situation in developing nations differs substantially from that of
developed countries, and they also have their own unique characteristics. A
variety of restrictions impede home development programs and the creation
of a sustainable habitat. Among these obstacles include a lack of efficient
implementation techniques, an insufficient supply of cheap land and
infrastructure, and the insufficiency of housing finance systems.

One of the greatest constraints for the poor in developing nations in

providing appropriate housing is a lack of affordable building materials. More
than half of the capital cost of building construction in developing nations is
spent on building materials. The gap between rising demand and stagnant, or
in some cases declining, supply levels is widening at an alarming rate, leading

15
to an increase in construction material prices in many emerging economies
and jeopardizing the affordability of housing for the vast majority of the
population (UNCHS, 1990).

In 2016, the Philippines had an accumulated housing need totaling

1,242,800. This is comprised of the housing needs of informal settler families
residing in marginalized dwelling units, or homeless or doubled-up households
(Housing and Development Coordinating Council, 2019).

The ultimate goal of the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating

Council (HUDCC) under the leadership of Chairperson Eduardo D. Del
Rosario is to improve the access of a significant number of homeless and
underprivileged Filipino families to decent, affordable, and climate-resilient
housing in sustainable communities through the collaborative efforts of the
housing agencies, the private sector, and other stakeholders (Housing and
Development Coordinating Council, 2019).

To put the house in order and to ensure the attainment of the overall
goal of the housing sector, the HUDCC Chairperson has spearheaded the
formulation and launching of the housing sector’s roadmap, dubbed as the
"BALAI Filipino" Housing Program (Housing and Development Coordinating
Council, 2019).

BALAI Filipino is the collective goal of all the Key Shelter Agencies
(KSAs) under the leadership of the Housing and Urban Development and
Coordinating Council (HUDCC) (Housing and Development Coordinating
Council, 2019).

The BALAI Filipino Communities, which stands for Building Adequate,

Livable, Affordable, and Inclusive Filipino Communities, is the primary,
integrated, and holistic program and approach of all the KSAs (Department of
Human Settlement and Urban Development, 2021).

Under this program, direct housing production, housing loans,

mortgage programs, land registrations, and other various housing assistance
of the KSAs shall be branded “BALAI” (National Housing Authority, 2017).

16
 "Balai" is derived from the Malay word "balay," which means house,
and "balai," which is also a Malay word for a hall, a large building, or a public
station. In the book of Ma. Corazon A. Hila "The Ethnic Balai: Living in
Harmony with Nature," defined the vernacular "balai" as the "pure, Southeast
Asian type of domestic architecture found in non-Hispanized, non-Anglo-
Saxon communities throughout the country." (National Housing Authority,
2018).

The BALAI Filipino’s objective is to provide houses with improved

features and has the amenities of the commercial housing projects (Duran,
2018).

As one of the members of KSA, the National Housing Authority (NHA)

is rising to the challenge of improving the housing program. With the NHA),
which develops and implements comprehensive and integrated programs
such as housing development, relocation and resettlement, and community
empowerment, integrating affordability with sustainability is a major challenge
in providing its quality policy (National Housing Authority, 2017).

Viewed as the origin of traditional Philippine architecture, all forms of

the vernacular balai are built to meet specific needs, the primary of which is
the accommodation of values, economies, and ways of life of the culture that
produced them. Thus, for NHA, BALAI, in its brand new and innovative form,
not only refers to a dwelling unit, but features the integration of families into
their new communities and villages, and design innovations that can lead to
better living conditions in our project sites (National Housing Authority, 2017).

All BALAI projects are not equipped with amenities, such as day care
center, sports facilities, community center. On the other hand, according to
General Marcelino P. Escalada Jr., the NHA are building a community not just
house. Aside from being loveable and affordable, the BALAI Filipino aims to
construct houses that are durable and safe to the tenants (Duran, 2018).

17
 Through the brand Balai Filipino, the NHA aims to uphold our mandate
and mission of providing adequate and affordable housing to low-income
families, ensuring the provision of community facilities and access to utilities,
as well as social and economic opportunities. Along with this, the NHA
envisions building not just homes, but thriving and flourishing communities
where integration of culture and advancements in the lives of Filipino families
are sustained (National Housing Authority, 2017).

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 Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY

This chapter describes how the research will be carried out in order to
offer data and analysis. These are based on the research design, sample, data
gathering technique, instruments, and data processing strategy utilized to
accurately analyze the data collected.

Data Gathering Plan

A. Tool Development

Research Design
The researcher used quantitative approaches to conduct this
investigation. The researcher attempted to find solutions to the
aforementioned problems as well as justify and satisfy the study's
objectives. Similarly, it aimed to know about the various impacts on their
way of life.

According to SIS International Research (n.d.), quantitative

research is a systematic method of collecting and interpreting data from
many sources. To obtain results, quantitative research employs
computational, statistical, and mathematical tools. It is definitive in its
objective since it attempts to quantify the problem and understand how
widespread it is by searching for outcomes that can be projected to a
broader population.

Qualitative research is more explorative in nature, relying on the

gathering of verbal, behavioral, or observational data that can be
interpreted subjectively.

Data collection and analysis for this project will be carried out in
accordance with the Experimental approach. The data from the sample
population may be compared and analyzed from their own perspective
19
using questionnaires and a comparison between implementing a Green
Construction for BALAI Housing Program and Current BALAI Housing
Program of NHA that can be made on site using this kind of
investigation.

The Respondents of the Study

This research will be conducted on all the contractors involved
in the currently active housing projects in the Municipality of Pandi,
Bulacan. Considering that the participants share comparable features,
each project site is employed as a sampling unit. This factor has been
identified as important informants, and their contributions to the
research investigation have been deemed essential. It is necessary to
use respondents from a variety of contractors in order to collect data
from the questionnaire offered in order to analyze their experiences and
opinions on the questions asked in the survey.

The study's respondents are residents of the Municipality of

Pandi, Bulacan, in the year 2023. Random sampling was used to pick
all of these participants. This sampling approach is used when every
member of a population has the potential to become a member of the
sample.

The chosen respondents are fifty (50) people from various NHA
resettlement areas in the municipality of Pandi, Bulacan. The
researchers selected Pandi Residences 1, Pandi Residences 2, Pandi
Residences 3, Pandi Village 1 and Pandi Village 2 considering all of
them are relevant and timely to the study.

Research Instrument
The questionnaire was the primary data collection tool. The
instrument that would be created would be focused on responding to
the problem statement. The positive and negative effect of the NHA’s
BALAI Program on the sustainability of housing development in terms
of green building. The questionnaire has five (5) questions with different
20
 sub-questions categories. The questionnaires will be distributed to the
respondents.

The date collection instrument was built on a scale of 1-5, where

(1) Not aware, (2) slightly aware, and (3) somewhat aware, (4) is
moderately aware, and (5) is extremely aware. This legend will assist
researchers in analyzing the results of data collection

B. Actual Data Gathering

Data Gathering Procedure

The systematic sampling strategy was employed in this
investigation. It is used to collect data from the entire population that
has been identified as part of the study. By doing so, we will be able to
collect information from all of the contractors involved in all of the
ongoing 6 housing projects in the Municipality of Pandi, Bulacan,
resulting in more accurate statistics.

After determining the validity and reliability of how data is

collected, questions relevant for the study are developed, and any
necessary changes are made to the chosen respondent. Fifty (40)
copies of the distributed surveys will be successfully completed and
returned. As a result, their related answer to the question is retained in
accordance with the respondents' and researchers' agreement.

The data gathered was categorized and tallied based on the

statistical treatment performed. At this point, the assistance of a
statistical expert was required.

The design of a questionnaire was one of the data collection

tools employed in this investigation. The challenges and concerns must
be carefully considered after the identification of all of the respondents
required in order to obtain permission from contractors to conduct the
survey within their firm. A formal covering letter to the questionnaire,
21
stating the aim of the questionnaire and the confidentiality of the
acquired information, and providing them with assurance that the data
gathered is solely for the purpose of conducting the study's data
analysis. For the questionnaire to be an effective instrument in data
collection, it must be well designed, with the objective and data you
wish to collect clearly stated

Statistical Treatment of the Data

The researcher used the following statistical approach to evaluate
and interpret the data:

1. Frequency, percentage and ranking

This allows the researcher to readily tally the dates
gathered. This percentage and rating will greatly assist
researchers in analyzing the data.

2. Frequency, weighted mean and ranking

To provide answers to the questions, the weighted mean
is used. The formula is as follows:

∑(𝐹𝑁 𝑋𝑁 )
𝑊𝑀 =
∑ 𝐹𝑁

Where:
WM = weighted mean
X = number of respondents
F = weight given to each respondent
N = number of cases

Data Analysis Plan

Using the data gathered, the data analysis plan would include a
number of procedures leading to the study's results or result about the
effect of the NHA's BALAI Program on the sustainability of housing

22
development in terms of green building, the methods to be observed are
as follows:
1. Generating a summary of the numerical data. This would be
accomplished by a tally depending on the specific response of
the respondent in the survey questions using a percentage.
2. The weighted mean and ranking are used in the
mathematical/statistical interpretation of the summary data.
3. The topic's hypothesis will be determined by verbal
interpretation of the obtained output. Is there significant impact
on the implementation of NHA's BALAI Program on the
sustainability of housing development in terms of green
building? The researchers employed a 4-point scale with point
correspondents, similar to a scale type questionnaire.

Legend Scale Interpretation

Verbal
Points Scale
Interpretation (VI)
5 4.50 – 5.00 Extremely Aware
4 3.50 – 4.49 Moderately Aware
3 2.50 – 3.49 Somewhat Aware
2 1.50 – 2.49 Slightly Aware
1 1.00 – 1.49 Not Aware

The following formula was used to treat the data gathered:

∑(𝑊𝑁 𝑥𝑁 )
x̅ =
∑ 𝑊𝑁

Where:
x̅ = weighted mean
x = total number of respondents per question
N = total number of respondents
W = respective legend point (5, 4, 3, 2, 1,)

23
 Chapter 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This chapter presents the results, the analysis and interpretation of data
gathered from the answers to the questionnaires distributed to the field. The
said data were presented in tabular form in accordance with the specific
questions provided on the statement of the problem.

Profile of the Respondents:

Table 1:
Age of the Respondents
AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
under 18 y.o. 2 4.00% 4
18-30 years old 8 16.00% 3
31-45 years old 19 38.00% 1
46-60 years old 17 34.00% 2
TOTAL 46 92.00%

According to Table 1, 34% of respondents were 46-60 years old, 38%

were 31-45 years old, 16% were 18-30 years old, and 4% were 10-17 years old.
As a result, the majority of the respondents were between the ages of 31 and
45 during the time they answered the questionnaire.

Table 2:
Gender of the Respondents
GENDER FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
Male 18 36.00% 2
Female 31 58.00% 1
TOTAL 49 98.00%

As shown in Table 2, there were 58% female respondents and 36% male
respondents. As a result, the majority of the respondents were female.

24
 Table 3:
Family Annual Income of the Respondents
FAMILY
ANNUAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE RANK
INCOME (₱)
below 5,000 6 12.00% 4
5,001 – 15,000 10 20.00% 2
15,001 – 25,000 24 48.00% 1
above 25,000 9 18.00% 3
TOTAL 49 98.00%

Based on Table 3, most of the respondents has annual family income

between ₱15,001 to ₱25,000 with 48.00%. It was noted that the all respondents
were came from low class families. The researchers used this question to
define the impact of sustainability of the NHA’s current construction methods
and determine the financial capacity of the respondents in the application and
implementation of the green housing building methods.

Table 4.1:
Implementation Approaches
Statement of the Problem 1:
NHA’s implementation approaches that
may be used for the BALAI housing
program specifically in the construction
processes of affordable housing by
WM VI Rank
financing and socioeconomic by
introducing green construction to
achieve sustainability in the development
of NHAs affordable housing
Q1: Awareness of NHA’s BALAI Program 4.08 MA 2
Q2: Awareness of Environmental Impacts
3.10 SoA 3
on Building Design Stage

25
 Q3: Awareness of Environmental Impacts
4.32 MA 1
during construction
TOTAL 3.83 MA

In Table 4.1 shows that the question no. 3 got the highest score with
weighted mean of 4.32 based on the given data that shows the above-
mentioned questions. Said questions are positively involved the respondents to
their life as to awareness of the NHA’s implementation of BALAI housing
program and its environmental impacts.

Table 4.2:
Methods of Sustainability Requirements
Statement of the Problem 2:
Methods and importance to sustainability
considered in early project stages connected WM VI Rank
to the built environment
Q1: Environmentally friendly construction
3.22 SoA 3
materials
Q2: Social Impacts arising from construction
3.98 MA 2
and the built environment
Q3: Energy efficiency in buildings 2.90 SoA 4
Q4: Construction and demolition waste
4.32 MA 1
management
Q5: Sustainable Architecture 2.70 SoA 5
TOTAL 3.42 MA

In Table 4.2 shows that the question no. 4 got the highest score with
weighted mean of 4.32 based on the given data that shows the above-
mentioned questions. Said questions are positively involved the respondents in
the awareness as to the implementation of current methods of the NHA’s
sustainability requirements.

26
 Table 4.3:
Housing Delivery
Statement of the Problem 3:
Enhancement of NHAs housing delivery in
proportion to the BALAI housing program as WM VI Rank
to satisfaction of its respondents
Q1: On schedule of construction 2.98 SoA 3
Q2: Socio-economic housing construction 3.82 MA 2
Q3: Environmentally responsiveness 2.00 SlA 5
Q4: Minimum cost operation 4.32 MA 1
Q5: Energy efficient of design both in
2.70 SoA 4
passive and active concepts
TOTAL 3.16 SoA

In Table 4.3 shows that the question no. 4 got the highest score with
weighted mean of 4.32 based on the given data that shows the above-
mentioned questions. Said questions are positively involved the respondents in
the awareness as to the housing delivery production of the NHA’s BALAI
housing program.

Table 4.4:
Cost-effective, long-term initiatives for NHAs BALAI Housing Program
Statement of the Problem 4:
Cost-effective, long-term initiatives for NHAs
BALAI housing program for remodeled as to WM VI Rank
its respondent’s satisfaction
Q1: Site design and planning 2.62 SoA 5
Q2: Health in Building 3.82 MA 3
Q3: Energy use 3.00 SoA 4
Q4: Material, resources and waste
4.32 MA 1
management
Q5: Indoor environmental quality 3.94 MA 2
TOTAL 3.54 MA

27
 In Table 4.4 shows that the question no. 4 got the highest score with
weighted mean of 4.32 based on the given data that shows the above-
mentioned questions. Said questions are positively involved the respondents in
the awareness as to the cost-efficiency, long-term initiatives of the current NHA
BALAI housing program.

Table 4.5:
NHA Quality Policy
Statement of the Problem 5:
NHA quality policy of BALAI housing
WM VI Rank
program
Q1: Building / Construction Method 4.70 EA 2
Q2: Adequate construction 3.92 MA 4
Q3: Livable housing 3.00 SoA 5
Q4: Affordable and sustainable housing 4.96 EA 1
Q5: Inclusive of basic services 4.70 EA 2
TOTAL 4.26 MA

In Table 4.5 shows that the question no. 4 got the highest score with
weighted mean of 4.96 based on the given data that shows the above-
mentioned questions. Said questions are positively involved the respondents in
the awareness of the current NHA Quality Policy.
The researchers claimed that there is a significant impact of in the
implementation of affordable housing construction through knowledge of
housing financing, socioeconomic aspects of sustainability, and construction
methods to improve sustainable development in housing delivery on the
implementation of the NHA's BALAI housing program on the satisfaction of
housing beneficiaries in the Municipality of Pandi, Bulacan, with a total of
sample population of fifty (50) and a mean of 0.3640 as shown in the below
computation.
In order to test the claim, the researchers calculated the results of the
survey having a weighted mean of 0.0729, based on the responses of the

28
respondents and a standard deviation of 6.49 as shown in the below
computation.

Table 5:
Computation of Standard Deviation for the Sample Population
WM x̄ X - x̄ (𝐗 − 𝐱̄ )𝟐
3.83 0.0728 3.7572 14.1166
3.42 0.0728 3.3472 11.2037
3.16 0.0728 3.0872 9.5308
3.54 0.0728 3.4672 12.0215
4.26 0.0728 4.1872 17.5326
Ʃ= 64.4052

μ = ∑ x̄ = 0.3640
x̄ = 0.0728
σ = 6.49
Testing of Hypothesis:
I. 𝐻𝑂 : μ = 0.3640
𝐻1 : μ ≠ 0.3640
II. 𝐶1 : = 1 – α = 1 – 0.05 = 0.95 or 95%
α = 1 - 𝐶1 = 1 – 0.95 = 0.05 or 5%
α 5%
= = 2.5%
2 2
50% − 2.5% = 47.5% (0.475)

Figure 4.1. Right Positive Z Table

𝑍α⁄2 = ±1.96

29
 Since the alternative hypothesis is of type ≠, the researchers performed
the two-tailed test. For 𝑍α⁄2 = ±1.96
III. Computation of two-tailed test:
x̄ −μ 0.0729−0.3640
Test Statistic, 𝑧 = σ = 6.49 = -0.3173
√𝑛 √50

-0.3173

IV. The test statistic z = -0.3173 is less than one of the critical value Zα = -
1.96. The test statistic is not on the critical region. Thus, the researchers
decided to accept the null hypothesis (Failed to reject 𝐻𝑂 ).
V. Therefore, we can say that at 95% confidence that there is enough
evidence to support the mean number 0.3640 that was calculated from
the tables presented in the research study.

30
 Chapter 5

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
The purpose of this research was to identify and determine the criteria
that are necessary for establishing a model to assess the sustainability of an
affordable housing project. In pursuit of the study's objective, existing practices
in sustainability implementation in building design and construction, as well as
drivers and challenges in sustainable design and construction implementation,
were emphasized.

This strategy included environmental and socioeconomic aspects into

decision making in order to encourage sustainable practices in affordable
housing construction. There are various approaches to resolving affordable
housing issues, including socio-cultural, construction economics and financing,
which includes facilitating special financial sources to reduce construction
costs, and urban development and land use, which includes mitigating the
deterioration of the natural and physical environment due to construction
activities.

All of these have become critical factors in any home project. Although
housing is an important contribution to a country's economic prosperity, it is
undesirable if its construction causes environmental degradation. As a result,
a holistic assessment approach is required to improve sustainability in house
building.

As a result, the primary goal of this research was to identify a structural

model to address concerns about the use of sustainability in the development
of affordable housing. The structural model is a composite model used to
assess the environmental performance of various construction methods, as
well as the socioeconomic and financial implications. The project entailed
defining the primary determinants of sustainable development, developing a

31
method of measurement, and eventually combining the determinants into a
single decision-making tool.

The housing construction sustainability enhancement model is a tool

for assessing a project's development options based on design considerations,
building material selection, construction waste management, social
sustainability factors (stakeholder engagement and available infrastructure to
support user needs), and economic sustainability factors. This allows for cost
reduction, increased resource utilization, and less environmental impact.

Survey instruments were distributed to the fifty (50) beneficiaries in six

(6) different NHA resettlement project sites in the Municipality of Pandi, Bulacan.
All respondents were asked to rate the importance and impacts of the NHA’s
BALAI housing program in their daily life after the relocation process. The
respondents were asked to rate the awareness level for each question based
on the NHA’s implementation of construction approaches, methods of
sustainability requirements, housing delivery, cost-effective, long-term
initiatives for NHAs BALAI Housing Program, and the NHA Quality Policy.

Data were obtained using the survey instrument designed for this study
to answer the research problems outlined in the first chapter of this research
paper.

CONCLUSION
The major goal of this research, to build a model for improving the
sustainability of housing construction, has been met. The assessment of
structural model for improving housing sustainability was presented, evaluated,
and validated. The findings indicated that construction method, social
sustainability indicators, and housing financing have high predictive
capabilities to influence achievement of constructing affordable housing that
meets the needs of the owners, minimizes capital cost of construction,
minimizes building cost-in-use, and minimizes the negative impact of the
building on the environment, all of which are sustainability goals.

32
 The "sustainability development of affordable housing construction
through the introduction of green construction model" has enabled the use of
a composite model to incorporate construction activities, project finance, and
social factors that cannot be measured by other evaluation methods into
building sustainability evaluation.

A further achievement of this research was to create and validate a

sustainable improvement by introducing green construction of affordable
housing through understanding of housing financing, socioeconomic aspects
of sustainability, and construction methods. This also allows for community
involvement in the design process for affordable housing projects. This is
another area where most sustainability assessment frameworks fall short.

The study provides indices that will serve as the foundation for future
assessments of the sustainability of affordable housing. The sustainability
improvement model can be used as the foundation for benchmarking housing
construction, allowing decisions to be taken to improve the quality of the built
environment.

The study incorporates many views to understand the housing situation

in the Philippines and produced new solutions to lead to sustainable-affordable
house building, which helps to make better decisions. As a result, there is little
question that through the model, a better decision might be reached that will
increase the overall quality of the built environment.

The findings on housing finance caused the research to confirm that a

feasible decision on the part of a prospective house owner through savings,
to housing funds to cushion payment default, will offer the home buyer
discretion to choose the housing style of their housing preference. This strong
commitment from the potential home owner will encourage the housing
provider to produce a quality and sustainable housing as a final product.

33
RECOMMENDATIONS
Sustainable development is becoming increasingly important to the the
world since the current rate of resource extraction and waste, as well as the
pollution caused by building operations, cannot be sustained. Because
housing is the most important construction investment for both the government
and private sectors, the development of a housing sustainability enhancement
by introducing green construction is a significant contribution to enhancing
sustainable development in affordable housing construction. The concept will
play a crucial role in the future to ensuring that house building is sustainable.

According to this study, in order to achieve sustainable building, long-

term sustainable methods must be used at the development's
conceptualization, design, and construction stages to promote environmental
preservation and conservation while also ensuring effective use of human
resources. These methods must emphasize continuous improvement through
decision-making that takes into account socioeconomic, technical, and
environmental factors. As a result, environmental issues in housing
developments must be prioritized, and the notion of sustainability must be
respected, rewarded, and implemented at all levels throughout the project's
life cycle.

This research will also inform government agencies, building experts

(consultant companies), housing developers, and contractors how to assess,
monitor, and improve their organizations' performance in terms of developing
sustainable housing in terms of the respondent’s preferences. The report
advocated allocating responsibilities to various stakeholders to guarantee that
every part of the development is adequately implemented.

The advantages of utilizing a benchmark system for assessment are

obvious in other sectors; possible advantages may also be obtained in
construction. As a result, it is critical for the construction industry to create a
standard system for assessing building sustainability performance. The
construction development benchmark system is entirely dependent on the
involvement and collaboration of construction practitioners. As a result, the
34
building sector must adopt a more collaborative approach to research and
development, as well as encourage more sustainable practices in the design
and construction processes of housing developments.

Based on the findings and application of this research, the following

recommendations would be made to help practitioners in affordable housing
development improve their sustainable practices in by means of green building:
• While assessing the environmental performance of a housing project
is largely voluntary, it is important for regulatory authorities to assist
by increasing the statutory requirements for sustainable performance
in the design and construction of a project.
• It is recommended that the existing NHA framework for affordable
housing, mandates the use of building materials that reduce
operational costs for affordable home construction to provide
effectiveness, efficiency, better impact to the project beneficiaries,
the sustainability of housing construction, reliability, adequacy,
relevance ant meet the timeliness of the housing construction
towards green building.
• It is also recommended that, in order to achieve efficient sustainability
assessment, a computer application of the housing sustainability
enhancement model be developed; this will provide an alternative
way to improve sustainable development and, by making it publicly
available, will simplify the evaluation process.

In conclusion, this study indicated that improving sustainability in

affordable housing is critical for achieving sustainable development and
building and facility performance in construction towards green building. A
proactive plan for guaranteeing the establishment of a healthy built
environment is crucial for assuring a superior environment for future
generations.

35
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