Introduction to Signal

Processing

DR. TAREK TUTUNJI

PHILADELPHIA UNIVERSITY
2014
 What is a Signal?

 A physical quantity that varies with time,

frequency, space, or any other independent
variable or variables.

 Signal carries information and can be described as

a function of independent variables in math

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 What is a signal?

sensor
Dynamical Physical quantity
phenomenon signal

• Speech • Microphone • Current varies with time

•Image • Camera • Voltage varies with time
• Temperature • Thermocouple
• Force • Strain Gauge
Biomedical Signal (ECG) Signal

1.5

0.5
ECG

-0.5

-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Temps [s]
 Temperature Signal

15

10

5
Température de l'air

-5

-10

-15

-20
140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230
Heures de 1992~1990
 Pressure Flow Signal

112.5

112

111.5
Pression

111

110.5

110
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3
Temps [s]
 Vibration Signal

4000

3000

2000

1000
Accélération

-1000

-2000

-3000

-4000
0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
Temps [s]
 Speech Signal

y  t   sin  2  500  t 

Speech signals are examples of information-bearing signals that evolve as

functions of signal independent variable, time
 Image Signal

I  B  x, y 

An image signal is an example of a signal that depends on two independent

variables, spatial.
 Moving Image Signal

 A one-dimensional signal depends on one

independent variable while an M-dimensional signal
depends on M independent variables

 Example: color TV signal is a three-channel, three-

dimensional signal and can be presented by the
vector
 I r ( x , y ,t )
I ( x , y , t )   I g ( x , y , t )
 
 I b ( x , y , t )

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 Systems

 A System is a physical device and/or software realizations that

performs an operation on a signal

 A System is a collection of one or more devices, processors, or

computer-implemented algorithms that operate on an input
signal x to produce an output signal y

 When a signal is passed through a system. Then the signal is

processed. Such operations are called Signal Processing

 For example a filter is used to reduce the noise corrupting a

signal

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Signal Processing
 Analog vs. Digital Signal Processing

 Most signals in science and engineering are Analog (i.e. signals are
functions of continuous variable). These can be processed directly
by analog systems such as filters.

 Analog signals can be converted to digital signals using A/D

 Digital Signal Processing uses a program to implement an algorithm

while Analog Signal Processing is implemented using an electrical
circuits

 Advantages of Digital over Analog Processing

 Flexibility
 Accuracy
 Reliability
 Sophistication

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 Signal Processing

Analog Digital

Implementation: H/W Implementation: S/W on DSP chip

Examples: Filters and Op-Amps Examples: Algorithm / C++ Program

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 Digital Signal Processing

 Algorithm is a method or set of rules for implementing a

system by a program that performs mathematical
operations

 Digital Signal Processing is defined as the arithmetic

processing of signals sampled at regular intervals

 We are interested in performing computationally

efficient and fast algorithms using Digital Signal
Processing

 Operations Filtering, Correlation, and Spectral Analysis

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 Digital Signal Processing

 Digital Signal Processing provides an alternative

where the signal is transformed to Digital through
A/D interface, run through DSP, then output is
transferred back to Analog through D/A

 DSP may be a programmable computer or a

programmable microprocessor

 Applications: Speech Processing, Signal

Transmission, Image Processing, Oil Exploration,
and Control

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 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs)

Digital signal processing operations

are implemented using
Digital Signal Processors (DSP)

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 DSPs

 A digital signal processor (DSP) is an optimized

microprocessor used in real-time signal processing
applications.

 DSPs are typically embedded in larger systems (e.g., a

desktop computer) handling general-purpose tasks.

 A DSP system typically consists of a processor, memory,

analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), and digital-to-
analog converters (DACs).

 The main difference with typical microprocessors is they

are faster.
 Continuous-Time vs. Discrete-Time Signals

 Continuous (or analog) signals are defined for every

value of time in a continuous interval
x( t )  cos t ,  t  
 Discrete-time signals are defined only at specific
values of time
x(n)  cosn, n  0,1,2,...

 Discrete-time signals can be obtained by: Sampling

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 Continuous-Time Signal using MATLAB

x(t )  exp( 0.1t ) * sin 0.75t

0.8

>> t=1:0.1:30; 0.6

>> x=exp(-.1*t).*sin(2/3*t);
>> plot(t,x) 0.4

>> grid
0.2
>> xlabel('Time (sec)');
x(t)

>> ylabel('x(t)') 0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

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 Discrete-Time Signal using MATLAB

>> n=1:8; 6
>> x=[2 3 4 7 1 2 -2 2];
>> plot(n,x,'x') 5

>> stem(n,x,'filled') 4

>> xlabel('n') 3
>> ylabel('x[n]')
x[n]
2

-1

-2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
n

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 Continuous-Valued vs. Discrete-Valued Signals

 A continuous-valued signal takes all possible values

in a range

 A discrete-valued signal takes on values from a finite

set of possible values

 Digital Signal is a discrete-time signal having a

discrete value.

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 Analog-to-Digital Conversion

 Sampling. The conversion of a continuous-time signal into a

discrete-time signal obtained by taking samples of the
continuous-time signal at discrete-time instants

 Quantization. The conversion of a discrete-time continuous-

valued signal into a discrete-time, discrete-valued signal (i.e.
digital signal)

 Coding. Each discrete value is represented by a binary

sequence
Discete-Time Discete-Time
Signal Discrete-Value
Analog Signal
Signal
Sampling Quantization Coding

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 Sampling Process

Analog Signal

Sampling
Interval
(Ts)

Sampled
Numbers
Sampling
 Quantization

Analog Discete-Time Discete-Time

Signal Signal Discrete-Value
Signal
Analog and Discrete-Time Signals
Analog and Discrete-Time Signals
 Calculus Review

 Differentiation

 Difference

 Integration

 Summation
Differential and Difference Equations
 Math Intro: Continuous-Time Signals

 The single-sided Laplace transform of a

continuous-time signal, x(t), is given by

 The Fourier transform of x(t) is given by

Where ω is in units of radians per second

Notice that when x(t)=0 for t ≤ 0, the Laplace transform is
equivalent to the Fourier transform by setting s = jω
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 Math Intro: Discrete-Time Signals

 The z-transform of a discrete-time signal, x[n], is

defined as

 The discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) of a

signal are defined by

Note that the DTFT can be derived from the z-

transform by setting

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 Deterministic vs. Random Signals

 Deterministic signals can be uniquely described by

mathematical expression, table, or set of rules.
Therefore, all past, present, and future values of the
signal are known precisely

 Random signals cannot be described mathematically

with a high degree of accuracy or are too complicated
to describe mathematically

 Theoretical analysis of random signals are provided

by theory of probability an stochastic processes

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Signal Processing Applications: Communication
Signal Processing Applications: Control
 Signal Processing Applications

 Image Processing
 Pattern recognition; Robotic vision; Image enhancement;
Animation
 Instrumentation and Control
 Spectrum analysis; Position control; Noise reduction;

 Military
 Secure communication; Radar processing; Sonar processing;
Missile guidance
 Speech and Audio
 Speech recognition; Digital audio

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 Signal Processing Applications

 Telecommunication
 Video conferencing; Data communication
 Biomedical
 ECG (Electrocardiograph); X-ray storage/enhancement
 Consumer
 Cellar mobile phones; Digital television; Digital camera;
Internet music; Interactive entertainment systems

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 Conclusion

 Signals are physical quantities that carry information

and vary with time, space, or frequency

 Signal processing are operations that are carried on

signals in order to extract better information

 Signal processing can be analog or digital

 Signal processing is used in mechatronics

applications for instrumentation and control

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