Gérard Debreu

Gérard Debreu (French:  [dəbʁø]; 4 July 1921 – 31 December

Gérard Debreu
2004) was a French-born economist and mathematician. Best
known as a professor of economics at the University of California,
Berkeley, where he began work in 1962, he won the 1983 Nobel
Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[1]

Biography
His father was the business partner of his maternal grandfather in
lace manufacturing, a traditional industry in Calais. Debreu was
orphaned at an early age, as his father committed suicide and his
mother died of natural causes.[2] Prior to the start of World War II,
he received his baccalauréat and went to Ambert to begin
preparing for the entrance examination of a grande école. Later on,
he moved from Ambert to Grenoble to complete his preparation,
both places being in Vichy France during World War II. In 1941,
he was admitted to the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, along
with Marcel Boiteux. He was influenced by Henri Cartan and the
Debreu in 1977
Bourbaki writers. When he was about to take the final
examinations in 1944, the Normandy landings occurred and he, Born 4 July 1921
instead, enlisted in the French army. He was transferred for Calais, France
training to Algeria and then served in the occupying French Forces Died 31 December 2004
in Germany until July 1945. Debreu passed the Agrégation de
(aged 83)
Mathématiques exams at the end of 1945 and the beginning of
Paris, France
1946. By this time, he had become interested in economics,
particularly in the general equilibrium theory of Léon Walras. Nationality French
From 1946 to 1948, he was an assistant in the Centre National de
Academic career
la Recherche Scientifique. During these two and a half years, he
made the transition from mathematics to economics. In 1948, Institution University of
Debreu went to the United States on a Rockefeller Fellowship California,
which allowed him to visit several American universities, as well Berkeley
as those in Uppsala and Oslo in 1949–50.[3] He received his Ph.D. Field Mathematical
from the University of Paris in 1956. In 1960 he became a
economics
professor at the University of California, where he taught until
1991.[3] School or Walrasian
tradition economics
Debreu married Françoise Bled in 1946 and they had two Alma mater École Normale
daughters, Chantal and Florence, born in 1946 and 1950
Supérieure
respectively.
University of Paris
Debreu died in Paris at the age of 83 of natural causes on New Doctoral Graciela
Year's Eve, 2004. students Chichilnisky
Beth E. Allen
Academic career Xavier Vives
Ishac Diwan
Debreu began working as a Research Associate and joined the Influences Léon Walras
Cowles Commission at the University of Chicago in the summer Henri Cartan
of 1950. He remained there for five years, returning to Paris Maurice Allais
periodically. Bourbaki
In 1954, he published a breakthrough paper, entitled Existence of Contributions General
an Equilibrium for a Competitive Economy, together with equilibrium
Kenneth Arrow, in which they provided a definitive mathematical utility theory
proof of the existence of a general equilibrium, using topological topological
rather than calculus-based methods. methods
integration of set-
In 1955, he moved to Yale University.
valued
In 1959, he published his classical monograph, Theory of Value: correspondences
An Axiomatic Analysis of Economic Equilibrium (Cowles Awards Nobel Memorial
Foundation Monographs Series), which is one of the most
Prize in Economics
important works in mathematical economics.[4] He also studied
(1983)
several problems in the theory of cardinal utility, in particular the
additive decomposition of a utility function defined on a Cartesian Information (https://ideas.repec.org/
product of sets. e/pde34.html) at IDEAS / RePEc

In this monograph, Debreu set up an axiomatic foundation for competitive markets. He also established the
existence of an equilibrium using a novel approach. The main idea of his argument is to show that there
exists a price system for which the aggregate excess demand correspondence vanishes. He did so by
proving a type of fixed-point theorem that is based on the Kakutani fixed-point theorem. In Chapter 7,
Debreu introduced the concept of uncertainty and showed how it could be incorporated into the
deterministic model. Here, he introduced the notion of a contingent commodity, which is a promise to
deliver a good should a certain state of nature be realized. This concept is very frequently used in financial
economics, where it is known as the "Arrow–Debreu security".

In 1960–61, he worked at the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford and
devoted most of his time to the complex proof that appeared in 1962 of a general theorem on the existence
of an economic equilibrium.

In January 1962, he started working at the University of California, Berkeley, where he held the titles of
University Professor and Class of 1958 Professor of Economics and Mathematics Emeritus.

During his sabbaticals in the late 1960s and 1970s, he visited universities in Leiden, Cambridge, Bonn and
Paris. In 1987, he visited the University of Canterbury as an Erskine Fellow, lecturing in economic
theory.[5]

His later studies centred mainly on the theory of differentiable economies, where he showed that, in
general, aggregate excess demand functions vanish at a finite number of points – basically, he showed that
economies have a finite number of price equilibria.

In 1976, he received the French Legion of Honour. He was awarded the 1983 Bank of Sweden Prize in
Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, for having incorporated new analytical methods into
economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of general equilibrium theory. He was a member of the
International Academy of Science, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the United States National
Academy of Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society.[6][7][8]
In 1990, he served as president of the American Economic Association.[9]

Major publications

Books
Debreu, Gérard (1959). The theory of value: an axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium
(http://digamo.free.fr/debreu59.pdf) (PDF). New York: Wiley. OCLC 270657 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/270657).
Debreu, Gérard (1986). Mathematical economics: twenty papers of Gerard Debreu.
Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521335614.

The twenty papers: The coefficient of resource utilization · A social equilibrium

existence theorem · A classical tax-subsidy problem · Existence of an equilibrium for
a competitive economy (by Gérard Debreu and Kenneth J. Arrow) · Valuation
equilibrium and Pareto optimum · Representation of a preference ordering by a
numerical function · Market equilibrium · Economics under uncertainty · Topological
methods in cardinal utility theory · New concepts and techniques for equilibrium
analysis · A limit theorem on the core of an economy (by Gérard Debreu and Herbert
Scarf) · Contuinity properties of Paretian utility · Neighboring economic agents ·
Economies with a finite set of equilibria · Smooth preferences · Excess demand
functions · The rate of convergence of the core of an economy · Four aspects of the
mathematical theory of economic equilibrium · The application to economics of
differential topology and global analysis: differentiable economies · Least concave
utility functions

Debreu, Gérard; Arrow, Kenneth J. (2001). Landmark papers in general equilibrium theory,
social choice and welfare. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, Massachusetts, USA: Edward
Elgar Publishing. ISBN 9781840645699.

Book chapters
Debreu, Gérard (1954), "Representation of a preference ordering by a numerical function", in
Thrall, Robert M.; Coombs, Clyde H.; Raiffa, Howard (eds.), Decision processes, New York:
Wiley, pp. 159–167, OCLC 639321 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/639321). Pdf. (https://web.
archive.org/web/20141217234911/http://cowles.econ.yale.edu/P/cp/p00b/p0097.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (1960), "Topological methods in cardinal utility theory", in Arrow, Kenneth J.;
Karlin, Samuel; Suppes, Patrick (eds.), Mathematical models in the social sciences, 1959:
Proceedings of the first Stanford symposium, Stanford mathematical studies in the social
sciences, IV, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, pp. 16–26,
ISBN 9780804700214. Pdf. (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0076.pd
f)
Debreu, Gérard; Scarf, Herbert (1972), "A limit theorem on the core of an economy", in
McGuire, C.B.; Radner, Roy (eds.), Decision and organization: a volume in honor of Jacob
Marschak (https://archive.org/details/decisionorganiza0000unse/page/283), Studies in
Mathematical and Managerial Economics Series (volume 12), Amsterdam: North-Holland
Pub. Co., pp. 283–297 (https://archive.org/details/decisionorganiza0000unse/page/283),
ISBN 9780720433135.
Debreu, Gérard (1981), "Existence of competitive equilibrium", in Arrow, Kenneth J.;
Intriligator, Michael D. (eds.), Handbook of mathematical economics, Handbook of
 Economics Series, Amsterdam New York, New York: Elsevier North-Holland, pp. 697–744,
ISBN 9780444861269.

Journal articles
Debreu, Gérard (July 1951). "The coefficient of resource utilization". Econometrica. 19 (3):
273–292. doi:10.2307/1906814 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1906814). JSTOR 1906814 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/1906814). Pdf. (http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/upload_files/other/3_2014052
0102931_The%20Coefficient%20of%20Resource%20Utilization.pdf) Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20160307032545/http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/upload_files/other/3_201405201029
31_The%20Coefficient%20of%20Resource%20Utilization.pdf) 2016-03-07 at the Wayback
Machine
Debreu, Gérard (April 1952). "Definite and semidefinite quadratic forms". Econometrica. 20
(2): 295–300. doi:10.2307/1907852 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907852). JSTOR 1907852
(https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907852).
Debreu, Gérard (October 1952). "A social equilibrium existence theorem" (https://www.ncbi.n
lm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063675). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
38 (10): 886–893. Bibcode:1952PNAS...38..886D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952P
NAS...38..886D). doi:10.1073/pnas.38.10.886 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.38.10.886).
JSTOR 88720 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/88720). PMC 1063675 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.
gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063675). PMID 16589195 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1658919
5). Full text. (http://www.pnas.org/content/38/10/886.full)
Debreu, Gérard; Herstein, Israel N. (October 1953). "Nonnegative square matrices".
Econometrica. 21 (4): 597–607. doi:10.2307/1907925 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907925).
JSTOR 1907925 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907925). Pdf. (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/def
ault/files/files/pub/cdp/m-0417.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (January 1954). "A classical tax-subsidy problem". Econometrica. 22 (1):
14–22. doi:10.2307/1909828 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1909828). JSTOR 1909828 (http
s://www.jstor.org/stable/1909828). Pdf. (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/cd
p/e-2020.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (June 1954). "Numerical representations of technological change".
Metroeconomica. 6 (2): 45–54. doi:10.1111/j.1467-999X.1954.tb00485.x (https://doi.org/10.1
111%2Fj.1467-999X.1954.tb00485.x).
Debreu, Gérard (July 1954). "Valuation equilibrium and Pareto optimum" (https://www.ncbi.nl
m.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC528000). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 40
(7): 588–592. Bibcode:1954PNAS...40..588D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1954PNA
S...40..588D). doi:10.1073/pnas.40.7.588 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.40.7.588).
JSTOR 89325 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/89325). PMC 528000 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.g
ov/pmc/articles/PMC528000). PMID 16589528 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589528).
Pdf. (http://www.pnas.org/content/40/7/588.full.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard; Arrow, Kenneth J. (July 1954). "Existence of an equilibrium for a competitive
economy". Econometrica. 22 (3): 265–290. doi:10.2307/1907353 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2
F1907353). JSTOR 1907353 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1907353). Pdf. (https://web.stanfor
d.edu/class/msande311/arrow-debreu.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (November 1956). "Market equilibrium" (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ar
ticles/PMC528356). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 42 (11): 876–878.
Bibcode:1956PNAS...42..876D (https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PNAS...42..876D).
doi:10.1073/pnas.42.11.876 (https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.42.11.876). JSTOR 89463 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/89463). PMC 528356 (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/P
MC528356). PMID 16589963 (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16589963). Pdf. (http://www.
pnas.org/content/42/11/876.full.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (July 1958). "Stochastic choice and cardinal utility" (http://cowles.yale.edu/si
tes/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0039.pdf) (PDF). Econometrica. 26 (3): 440–444.
doi:10.2307/1907622 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1907622). JSTOR 1907622 (https://www.j
stor.org/stable/1907622). Pdf. (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0039.p
df)
Debreu, Gérard (June 1959). "Cardinal utility for even-chance mixtures of pairs of sure
prospects" (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0057.pdf) (PDF). The
Review of Economic Studies. 26 (3): 174–177. doi:10.2307/2295745 (https://doi.org/10.230
7%2F2295745). JSTOR 2295745 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2295745). Pdf. (http://cowles.
yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d00/d0057.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (1960). "Une économique de l'incertain" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160
602143246/http://www.ismea.org/ISMEA/eapp.arch.html) [Economics under uncertainty].
Économie Appliquée. 13 (1): 111–116. Archived from the original (http://www.ismea.org/isme
a/eapp.arch.html) on 2016-06-02.
Debreu, Gérard (April 1960). "On 'an identity in arithmetic' ". Proceedings of the American
Mathematical Society. 11 (2): 220–221. doi:10.2307/2032959 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20
32959). JSTOR 2032959 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2032959). Pdf. (https://www.ams.org/jo
urnals/proc/1960-011-02/S0002-9939-1960-0113862-7/S0002-9939-1960-0113862-7.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (September 1962). "New concepts and techniques for equilibrium analysis"
(http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d01/d0129.pdf) (PDF). International
Economic Review. 3 (3): 257–273. doi:10.2307/2525394 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25253
94). JSTOR 2525394 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525394). Pdf. (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200807113256/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/296443.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard; Scarf, Herbert (September 1963). "A limit theorem on the core of an
economy". International Economic Review. 4 (3): 235–246. doi:10.2307/2525306 (https://doi.
org/10.2307%2F2525306). JSTOR 2525306 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525306). Pdf. (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/20200807065749/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/285997.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (October 1963). "On a theorem of Scarf". The Review of Economic Studies.
30 (3): 177–180. doi:10.2307/2296318 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2296318).
JSTOR 2296318 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2296318).
Debreu, Gérard (May 1964). "Nonnegative solutions of linear inequalities". International
Economic Review. 5 (2): 178–184. doi:10.2307/2525561 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25255
61). JSTOR 2525561 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525561).
Debreu, Gérard (September 1964). "Contuinity properties of Paretian utility". International
Economic Review. 5 (3): 285–293. doi:10.2307/2525513 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25255
13). JSTOR 2525513 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2525513). Pdf. (http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/uploa
d_files/other/3_20140520035941_Continuity%20properties%20of%20paretian%20utility.pd
f) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032347/http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/upload_files/
other/3_20140520035941_Continuity%20properties%20of%20paretian%20utility.pdf) 2016-
03-07 at the Wayback Machine
Debreu, Gérard (1967). "Integration of correspondences" (https://projecteuclid.org/euclid.bs
msp/1200513280). Proceedings of Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics
and Probability, Part 1. 2: 351–372. Pdf. (https://projecteuclid.org/download/pdf_1/euclid.bs
msp/1200513280)
Debreu, Gérard (January 1967). "Preference functions on measure spaces of economic
agents". Econometrica. 35 (1): 111–122. doi:10.2307/1909386 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1
909386). JSTOR 1909386 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1909386).
Debreu, Gérard (1969). "Neighboring economic agents" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160
221111955/http://www.dgdr.cnrs.fr/reorganisation.htm). La Décision. 171: 85–90. Archived
from the original (http://www.dgdr.cnrs.fr/reorganisation.htm) on 2016-02-21.
Debreu, Gérard (May 1970). "Economies with a finite set of equilibria". Econometrica. 38 (3):
387–392. doi:10.2307/1909545 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1909545). JSTOR 1909545 (htt
ps://www.jstor.org/stable/1909545). Pdf. (http://darp.lse.ac.uk/PapersDB/Debreu_%28ECME
T_70%29.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20030904034930/http://darp.lse.ac.uk/
PapersDB/Debreu_(ECMET_70).pdf) 2003-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
Debreu, Gérard (July 1972). "Smooth preferences". Econometrica. 40 (4): 603–615.
doi:10.2307/1912956 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1912956). JSTOR 1912956 (https://www.j
stor.org/stable/1912956). Pdf. (http://219.219.114.96/cufe/upload_files/other/3_20140520040
358_Smooth%20Preferences.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (1974). "Four aspects of the mathematical theory of economic equilibrium"
(http://lib.cufe.edu.cn/upload_files/other/3_20140520040037_Four%20aspects%20of%20th
e%20mathematical%20theory%20of%20economic%20equilibrium.pdf) (PDF). Proceedings
of International Congress of Mathematicians: 65–77.
Debreu, Gérard (March 1974). "Excess demand functions". Journal of Mathematical
Economics. 1 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(74)90032-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F03
04-4068%2874%2990032-9).
Debreu, Gérard (March 1975). "The rate of convergence of the core of an economy". Journal
of Mathematical Economics. 2 (1): 1–7. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(75)90008-7 (https://doi.org/1
0.1016%2F0304-4068%2875%2990008-7).
Debreu, Gérard (May 1976). "The application to economics of differential topology and
global analysis: regular differentiable economies". The American Economic Review: Papers
and Proceedings. 66 (2): 280–287. JSTOR 1817234 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1817234).
Debreu, Gérard (July 1976). "Least concave utility functions". Journal of Mathematical
Economics. 3 (2): 121–129. doi:10.1016/0304-4068(76)90020-3 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2F
0304-4068%2876%2990020-3).
Debreu, Gérard; Koopmans, Tjalling C. (December 1982). "Additively decomposed
quasiconvex functions" (http://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d05/d0574.pdf)
(PDF). Mathematical Programming. 24 (1): 1–38. doi:10.1007/BF01585092 (https://doi.org/1
0.1007%2FBF01585092). S2CID 206799604 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206
799604).
Debreu, Gérard (June 1984). "Economic theory in the mathematical mode". The American
Economic Review. 74 (3): 267–278. JSTOR 1804007 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1804007).
Pdf. (https://web.archive.org/web/20130226160756/http://elaine.ihs.ac.at/~blume/debreuaer.
pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (December 1984). "Economic theory in the mathematical mode". The
Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 86 (4): 393–410. doi:10.2307/3439651 (https://doi.org/1
0.2307%2F3439651). JSTOR 3439651 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/3439651). Pdf. (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20150610092118/http://svc.ac.in/files/Gerard%20Debreu-1983.pdf)
Debreu, Gérard (November 1986). "Theoretic models: mathematical form and economic
content". Econometrica. 54 (6): 1259–1270. doi:10.2307/1914299 (https://doi.org/10.2307%2
F1914299). JSTOR 1914299 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/1914299).
Debreu, Gérard (March 1991). "The mathematization of economic theory". The American
Economic Review. 81 (1): 1–7. JSTOR 2006785 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006785).
(Presidential address delivered at the 103rd meeting of the American Economic
Association, 29 December 1990, Washington, DC.) Full text. (http://cruel.org/econthought/tex
ts/method/debr91.html)
Debreu, Gérard (1994). "Innovation and research: an economist's viewpoint on uncertainty".
Nobelists for the Future.
Debreu, Gérard; Buchanan, James M.; Klein, Lawrence R.; Friedman, Milton; Solow, Robert
M. (Autumn 2001). "The most significant contributions to economics during the twentieth
century: lists of the Nobel laureates". The European Journal of the History of Economic
Thought. 8 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1080/09672560110062915 (https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096
72560110062915). S2CID 154302343 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15430234
3).
References
1. Atlas, Riva D. (6 January 2005). "Gerard Debreu, 83, Dies; Won Nobel in Economics" (http
s://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/06/obituaries/06debreu.html?_r=0). The New York Times.
2. Düppe, Till (Fall 2012). "Gerard Debreu's secrecy: his life in order and silence". History of
Political Economy. 44 (3): 413–449. doi:10.1215/00182702-1717239 (https://doi.org/10.121
5%2F00182702-1717239).
3. "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel 1983" (http
s://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1983/debreu/biographical/).
NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2023-01-01.
4. Debreu, Gérard (1959). The theory of value: an axiomatic analysis of economic equilibrium
(http://digamo.free.fr/debreu59.pdf) (PDF). New York: Wiley. OCLC 270657 (https://www.worl
dcat.org/oclc/270657).
5. Archived at Ghostarchive (https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/OcwfyELglm
c) and the Wayback Machine (https://web.archive.org/web/20200902120033/https://www.you
tube.com/watch?v=OcwfyELglmc): "Gerard Debreu: Lecture 2 on Economic Theory (1987)"
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OcwfyELglmc). YouTube.
6. "Gerard Debreu" (https://www.amacad.org/person/gerard-debreu). American Academy of
Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
7. "Gerard Debreu" (http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/56407.ht
ml). www.nasonline.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
8. "APS Member History" (https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Gerard+Debr
eu&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanc
ed). search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-23.
9. Debreu, Gérard (March 1991). "The mathematization of economic theory". The American
Economic Review. 81 (1): 1–7. JSTOR 2006785 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/2006785). Full
text. (http://cruel.org/econthought/texts/method/debr91.html)

External links
Gérard Debreu (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/697) on Nobelprize.org including the
Nobel Lecture December 8, 1983 Economic Theory in the Mathematical Mode
Obituary for Debreu (http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/01/05_debreu.sht
ml)
Guide to the Gérard Debreu Papers (http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt358025d
k/) at The Bancroft Library
Lectures on Mathematical Economics from 1987 at University of Canterbury (https://www.yo
utube.com/user/proudlydismal#p/a/f/0/FfztV7HQf_8) via YouTube
Düppe, Till (Fall 2012). "Gerard Debreu's secrecy: his life in order and silence". History of
Political Economy. 44 (3): 413–449. doi:10.1215/00182702-1717239 (https://doi.org/10.121
5%2F00182702-1717239).
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Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (2nd ed.). Liberty
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