✓ Correlation refers to the degree of relationship between v = df = n – 2 (% of error)

variables. It is a measure of relationship between variables.

✓ Correlation analysis attempts to measure the strength of such Example: Below are the midterm (x) and final (y) grades. Is there a
relationship between two variables by means of a single number significant relationship between the midterm and the final
called the correlation coefficient. examinations of 10 students in Mathematics?
✓ Correlation changes in value from 1.00 to 0 to -1.00.
x y x2 y2 xy
✓ There is a perfect positive correlation of r = +1. It indicates that
1 75 80
for every decrease of x, there is a corresponding decrease of y. 2 70 75
✓ There is a perfect negative correlation if the value of r = -1. It 3 65 65
indicates that for every increase of x, there is a corresponding 4 90 95
decrease of y. 5 85 90
✓ If r = 0 then there is no correlation between the two variables x 6 85 85
and y. 7 80 90
8 70 75
Correlation Coefficient Values: 9 65 70
0 to ± 0.20 – slight correlation; almost negligible relationship 10 90 90
± 0.21 to ± 0.40 – slight correlation; but small relationship
± 0.41 to ± 0.70 – moderate correlation; substandard relationship
± 0.71 to ± 0.90 – high correlation; marked relationship
± 0.91 to ± 1.00 – very high correlation; very dependable Simple Linear Regression Analysis
relationship ✓ It predicts the value of y given the value x.
✓ It is used when there is relationship between independent
PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT variable (x) and dependent variable (y)
COEFFICIENT OF CORRELATION
✓ This is used to determine the magnitude of relationship between y = a + bx where : y = dependent variable
variables (x & y) which are both continuous data. 𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦
✓ The independent variable can be represented by x while the 𝑏= x = independent variable
𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2
dependent variable can also be represented by y.
𝑎 = 𝑦̅ − 𝑏𝑥̅ a = y intercept
𝑛∑𝑥𝑦−∑𝑥∑𝑦
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = b = slope of the line
√[𝑛∑𝑥 2 −(∑𝑥)2 ][𝑛∑𝑦 2 −(∑𝑦)2 ]
Example: Suppose the midterm report is x = 88, what is the value
Where x = observed data for individual variables of the final grade?
y = observed data for dependent variables
n = size of sample
r = coefficient of correlation between x & y