nkshpag; NguuR

nkshpag; NguuR

nkshpag; NguuR epWtg;gl;ljpypUe;J  Kjy; gFjp murd;> murit

,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; xU Gjpa murhq;fj;jpd; gy;NtW Jiwfs;
mj;jpahaj; njhlq;FfpwJ. gw;wpf; $WfpwJ.
Kjd;Kiwahf> ,e;jpahtpy; murpay;
xw;Wik Vw;gl;lJ. tuyhw;Wf;fhd  ,uz;lhk; gFjp chpikapay; kw;Wk;

rhd;WfSk; fhyf;fzpg;Gk; Fw;wtpay; rl;lq;fisAk;>

Jy;ypakhf ,Ug;gjhy; tuyhW

 %d;whk; gFjp murpay; nty;jpwd;>
vOJtjpYk; njspT gpwe;jJ.
NghH Mfpatw;iwAk;
Vuhskhd cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L
vLj;Jiuf;fpwJ.
,yf;fpa Mjhuq;fNshL> fy;ntl;L
jfty;fSk; ,f;fhyj;jpa tuyhw;iw  nkshpaH tuyhw;Wf;F Kf;fpa
vOJtjw;F gad;gLfpd;wd. ,yf;fpa rhd;whf ,e;j E}y;
jpfo;fpwJ.
,yf;fpa rhd;Wfs;
tprhfjj;jhpd; Kj;uhuhl;rfk;
nfsby;ahpd; mHj;j rh];jpuk;
tprhfj;juhy; ,aw;wg;gl;l
 tlnkhop E}yhd mHj;j rh];jpuj;ij
Kj;uhuhl;rfk; xU tlnkhop ehlf E}yhFk;.
vOjpatH nfsby;aH. ,tH
Fg;jH fhyj;jpy; ,e;j E}y; vOjg;gl;lhYk;>
re;jpuFg;jnkshpahpd; rk fhyj;jtH.
nfsby;ahpd; JizNahL re;jpuFg;jd;
nfsby;aH „,e;jpa khf;fpaty;yp‟
ee;jHfis Kwpabj;J nkshpa Ml;rpia
vd;Wk; miof;fg;gLfpwhH.
vg;gb epWtpdhd; vd;gij ,J tpthpf;fpwJ.
nkshpaHfhy r%f> nghUshjhu
 1904 Mk; Mz;Ljhd;
epiyikfisAk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ.
MH.rhkhrh];jphp vd;gtuhy; mHj;j
rh];jpuj;jpd; Rtbfs;
nkf];jdp]; vOjpa ,z;bfh
fz;nlLf;fg;gl;ld.
 re;jpuFg;j nkshpahpd; mitapy;
 mHj;j rh];jpuk; 15 Gj;jfq;fisAk;
fpNuf;fj; J}juhf ,Ue;jtH
180 mj;jpahaq;fisAk; nfhz;;lJ.
nkf];jdp];. mtH vOjpa E}yhd
,jid %d;W gFjpfshfg;
,z;bfh KOikahf
gphpf;fyhk;.
fpilf;ftpy;iy.

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 ,Ug;gpDk;> nkshpaH Ml;rpKiw>  tlNkw;F ,e;jpahtpYs;;s mNrhfuJ

Fwpg;ghf ghlypGj;jpu efuhl;rp> fy;ntl;Lf;fs; fNuh\;jp
gilj;Jiw epHthfk; Fwpj;j thptbtj;jpy; nghwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
jfty;fis ,e;j E}y; jUfpwJ.
 nkhj;jk; gjpdhd;F nghpa ghiwf;
 nkshpaHfhy r%fk; Fwpj;j mtuJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs; cs;sd. mtuhy;;
tHzid Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. mtH Gjpajhf ifg;gw;wg;gl;l gFjpapy;
$Wk; xU rpy ek;g ,ayhj ,uz;L fypq;ff; fy;;ntl;Lf;fs;
jfty;fis kpFe;j fpilj;Js;sd.
vr;rhpf;ifAlNdNa fzf;fpy;;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.  Kf;fpa efuq;fspy; nghpa J}z;
fy;ntl;Lf;fs; epWtg;gl;LKs;sd.
gpw ,yf;fpaq;fs; ,it jtpu> rpwpa ghiw kw;Wk;
J}z; fy;ntl;LfSk;
Nkw;$wpa %d;W E}y;fs; jtpu>
fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
Guhzq;fSk;> [hjff; fijfs; Nghd;w Gj;j
rka ,yf;fpaq;fSk; nkshpaH tuyhW  mNrhfuJ Mizfshd
Fwpj;j jfty;fisj; jUfpd;wd. ,yq;if ,itaidj;Jk;; mNrhfhpd; jHkk;
E}y;fshd kfhtk;rk;> jPgtk;rk; ,uz;Lk; gw;wpAk;> jdJ mjpfhhpfSf;F
,yq;ifapy; mNrhfuJ Kaw;rpahy; mNrhfH gpwg;gpf;f Mizfs;
Gj;jrkak; gutpa tuyhw;iwf; $Wfpd;wd. gw;wpAk; $Wfpd;wd.

njhy;ypay; rhd;Wfs;  gjp%d;whk; ghiwf; fy;ntl;L

mNrhfuJ fypq;fg; Nghiug;gw;wp
mNrhfuJ Mizfs;
Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. jdJ Nguurpy;

 1837 Mk; Mz;L N[k;]; gphpd;nrg; jHkj;ij gug;Gtjw;fhf mNrhfH

vd;gtuhy; Kjd;Kjypy; mNrhfuJ Nkw;nfhz;l Kaw;rpfis VohtJ

fy;ntl;Lfs; gbj;jwpag;gl;ld. J}z; fy;ntl;L tpthpf;fpwJ.

 ghypnkhopapDk;> xU rpy ,lq;fspy;  vdNt> mNrhfuJ fy;ntl;Lf;fs;

gpuhfpUj nkhopapYk; mit mNrhfiug; gw;wpAk;> nkshpag; NguuR

vOjg;gl;Ls;sd. gpuk;kp thptbtj;jpy; Fwpj;Jk; mwpe;J nfhs;s Kf;;fpa

mit mike;Js;sd. rhd;Wfshfg; gad;gLfpd;wd.

nkshpaHfspd; murpay; tuyhW

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH (fp.K. 322 – fp.K. 298)

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 nkshpag; Nguuir epWtpatH Nghd;wtw;iw nkshpag; NguuRld;

re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH. mtH jdJ ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s rk;kjpj;jhH.
,Ugj;jp Ie;jhtJ tajpy;
 jdJ kfisAk; nkshpa
ee;jtk;rj;jpd; filrp murd;
,sturDf;F kzKbj;Jf;
jdee;jdplkpUe;J ghlypGj;jpuj;ijf;
nfhLj;jhH. re;jpuFg;j nkshpaUk;
ifg;gw;wpdhH.
nrY}f]; epNflUf;F ghprhf 500
 ,jw;F nfsby;aH mtUf;F ahidfis mspj;jhH. fpNuf;f
cWJizahf ,Ue;jhH. ehl;bd; J}juhf nkf];jdp];
nfsby;aiu rhzf;fpah; vd;Wk; nkshpa muritf;F mDg;gp
tp\;ZFg;jH vd;Wk; miog;gH. itf;fg;gl;lhH.

 fq;ifr; rkntspapy; jdJ epiyia  re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH jdJ Ml;rpf;

tYg;gLj;jf; nfhz;lgpd;> re;jpuFg;j fhyj;jpd; Kbtpy; rkzrkaj;ij
nkshpaH tlNkw;fpy; jOtpdhH. jdJ kfd;
gilnaLj;Jr;nrd;W rpe;J ejp gpe;JrhuDf;fhd mhpahiziaj;
tiuapyhd gFjpfisf; Jwe;j mtH> gj;ughF
ifg;gw;wpdhH. jiyikapyhd rkzj;Jwtpfs;
Gil#o ik#Uf;F mUfpYs;s
 gpd;dH kj;jpa ,e;jpahtpy; eHkij rputzngy;Nfhyhit te;jile;jhH.
ejpf;F tlf;fpypUe;j gFjpfs; mq;F cz;zhNehd;gpUe;J capH
midj;ijAk; ,izj;Jf; nfhz;lhH. Jwe;jhH.

 fp.K. 305 Mk; Mz;L tlNkw;F gpe;Jrhud; (fp.K. 298 – fp.K. 273)
,e;jpahit Ml;rpGhpe;j
mnyf;rhe;jhpd; gilj; jsgjpahd  fpNuf;f ehl;L MrphpaHfshy;
nrY}f]; epNflUf;F vjpuhf „mkpj;ufhjd;‟ vd;W Fwpf;fg;gLgtH
gilnaLj;jhH. gpe;Jrhud;. ,jw;F vjphpfis
mopg;gtd; vd;W nghUs;.
 mtiu Kwpabj;j re;jpuFg;j
nkshpaH> mtNuhL cld;gbf;if  mtH ik#Htiu gilnaLj;J
xd;iw nra;J nfhz;lhH. mjd;gb> nrd;W jf;fhzj;ij ifg;gw;wpdhH.
nrY}f]; epNflH rpe;Jejpf;F ,uz;L fly;fSf;Fk; ,ilapypUe;j
mg;ghypUe;j gFjpfshd mhpah> gjpdhW ehLfis gpe;Jrhud;
muNfh\pah> nfl;Nuh\pah ifg;gw;wpajhf jpngj; mwpQH
jhuehjH Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 rq;f fhyj;J jkpo; ,yfpaq;fSk; c[;[apdpapd; MSeuhf mNrhfH

nkshpaHfspd; njw;fj;jpa gzpahw;;wpdH.
gilnaLg;G gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
 jl;rrPyj;jpy; eilngw;w fyfj;ij
vdNt> gpe;;Jrhud; Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy;
xLf;fpdhH. mNrhfH Ml;rpg;
nkshpag; NguuR ik#H tiu
nghWg;ig Vw;wjpw;Fk; (fp.K.273)
gutpapUe;jJ vd;W $wyhk;.
Kb#l;bf; nfhz;ljw;Fk; (fp.K.269)
 rphpah ehl;L murd; Kjyhk; ,ilNa ehd;F Mz;Lfs; ,il
Md;bNahf]; jdJ J}Jtuhf ntspapUe;jJ.
ilkf;f]; vd;gtiu gpe;Jrhud;
 vdNt> gpe;Jrhudpd; kiwTf;Fg;gpd;
mitf;F mDg;gpitj;jhH.
mhpaizf;Fg; Nghl;b ,Ue;jpUf;Fk;
 gpe;Jrhud;> Kjyhk; Md;bNahfrplk;> vd;gjw;F rhd;Wfs; cs;sd.
,dpg;ghd kJ> cyHe;j mj;jpg;gok;> ,yq;if E}y;fshd kfhtk;rKk;>
Nghd;wtw;iwAk; xU jj;Jt jPgtk;rKk; mNrhfH jdJ %j;j
QhdpiaAk; mDg;gp itf;FkhW rNfhjuH Rrpkh cs;spl;l
NfhhpdhH. njhz;Z}w;W xd;gJ rNfhjuh;fis
nfhd;Wtpl;L Ml;rpiaf;
 nghUl;fis mDg;gpitj;j rphpah ifg;gw;wpajhff; $Wfpd;wd.
murd;> fpNuf;f ehl;L rl;lg;gb
jj;JtQhdpia mDg;g ,ayhJ  ,isa rNfhjud; jprh kl;Lk;
vd;Wk; njhptpj;jhd;. capNuhL tplg;gl;lhd;. Mdhy;>
jpngj; mwpQH jhuehjH mNrhfH
 m[ptpfHfs; vd;w rkag; gphptpdiu jdJ MW rNfhjuHfis kl;LNk
gpe;Jrhud; Mjhpj;jhH. jdJ kfd; nfhd;wjhff; $wpdhH.
mNrhfiu c[;[papdpapd; MSeuhf
gpe;Jrhud; epakpj;jhH.  mNrhfuJ rNfhjuh;fs; gyH Ml;rpj;
Jiwapy; gzpahw;wpajhf mtuJ
fy;ntl;LfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd.
vg;gbapUg;gpDk;> mNrhfH Ml;rpf;F
kfh mNrhfH (fp.K. 273 – fp.K. 232)
te;jNghJ mhpaizf;Fg; Nghl;b
 mNrhfhpd; ,sikf;fhyk; gw;wp ,Ue;jJ njspthfpwJ.
nrhw;g nra;jpfNs cs;sd. jdJ
 mNrhfuJ Ml;rpapy; kpfTk;
je;ij gpe;Jrhud; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f epfo;T fp.K. 261 Mk;
Mz;L mtH fypq;fg;Nghhpy; ngw;w

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 nkshpag; NguuR

ntw;wpahFk;. mg;Nghhpd; fhuzk;

kw;Wk; Nghf;F gw;wp tptuq;fs;
,y;iynad;whYk;> tpisTfs; gw;wp
mNrhfH jhk; ntspapl;l gjp%d;whk;
ghiwf; fy;ntl;by; tptukhff;
Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH.

 “xU yl;rj;J Ik;gjhapuk; NgH

nfhy;yg;gl;ldH> mijg;Nghy;
gd;klq;F kf;fs; Jd;Gw;wdH”
NghUf;Fg;gpd; mNrhfH fypq;fj;ij
nkshpag; NguuRld; ,izj;Jf;
nfhz;lhH.
 gpd;dH Ntl;ilahLjiy iftpl;lhH.
 fypq;fg; Nghhpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpa Gj;jfahtpw;F Gdpjg;gazk;
tpisT mNrhfH Gj;j rkaj;iij Nkw;nfhz;ldH. Gj;j rkaj;ijg;
jOtpajhFk;. Gj;jgpf;F cgFg;jH gug;Gtjw;fhf J}Jf;FOf;fis
mtiu kdkhw;wk; nra;J mDg;gpdhH.
Gj;jrkaj;ij jOtr; nra;jhH.
 jHkj;ij tpiuthf gug;Gk; nghUl;L
mNrhfUk; Gj;j rkaKk; jHk kfhkhj;jpuHfs; vd;w rpwg;G
mYtyHfis epakpj;jhH. fp.K.241
 rpy mwpQHfspd; fUj;Jg;gb mNrhfH
Mk; Mz;L Gj;jH gpwe;j ,lkhd
cldbahf Gj;j rkaj;Jf;F
fgpyt];JTf;F mUfpYs;s Yk;gpdp
khwptpltpy;iy vd;Wk; gbg;gbahfNt
tdj;jpw;F gazk; Nkw;nfhz;lhH.
Gj;j rkaj;ij jOtpdhH vd;Wk;
fUJfpd;wdH.  NkYk;> Gj;jrka Gdpj ,lq;fshd
rhuehj;> ];uht];jp> Frpefuk; Nghd;w
 NghUf;Fg;gpd; mtH xU rhf;fpa
,lq;fSf;Fk; nrd;whH. jdJ kfd;
cghrfuhdhH (rhjhuz rPlH).
kNfe;jpud;> kfs; rq;fkpj;jpiu
,uz;liu Mz;lfs; fopj;J xU
MfpNahhpd; jiyikapy; rkag;
Gj;jgpf;F (Jwtp) thf khwpdhH.
gug;Gf;FOit ,yq;iff;F mDg;gp
itj;jhH.

 mtHfs; mq;F Nghjpkuj;jpd;

fpisia el;ldH. Gj;j rq;fj;ij

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 nkshpag; NguuR

typikg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mNrhfH njspthf Fwpf;fg;;gl;Ls;sd. mtw;wpd;

fp.K.240 Mk; Mz;L nghJthd rpwg;Gf;$Wfis gpd;tUkhW
ghlypGj;jpuj;jpy; %d;whtJ Gj;jrka njhFj;Jf; $wyhk;.
khehl;ilf; $l;bdhH. nkhf;fypGj;j
1. jha;> je;ijf;Fg; gzptpil
jprh mk;khehl;Lf;F jiyik
nra;jy;> m`pk;iriaf;
tfpj;jhH.
filg;gpbj;jy;> cz;ikia
mNrhfuJ NguuRg; gug;G Nerpj;jy;> MrphpaHfisg;;
Nghw;Wjy; kw;Wk; cwtpdiu
 NrhoHfs;> ghz;baHfs;> ed;whf elj;Jjy;
rj;jpaGj;jpuHfs;> Nfus Gj;jpuHfs;
2. jpUtpohf; $l;lq;fisAk;
MfpNahH vy;iyg;Gwj;jpypUe;j tpyq;Ffis gypapLjiyAk;
njd;dpe;jpa muRfs; vd mNrhfuJ jil nra;jy;: nghUl;
fy;ntl;Lfs; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. nryTkpf;f kw;Wk; nghUsw;w
rlq;FfisAk;
 vdNt> ,it nkshpag; NguuRf;F
tof;fq;fisAk; jtpHj;jy;
ntspNa mike;jpUe;jd vd;;gJ
3. r%f eyidf; Fwpf;Nfhshff;
njspthfpwJ. fh\;kPH nkshpag;
nfhz;L Ml;rpKiwia
NguuRf;F cl;gl;lJ vd
nrk;ikahf jpwk;gl
uh[fhq;fpzp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
rPuikj;jy;: kf;fSld; Neubj;
 NeghsKk; nkshpag; Nghuurpd; xU njhlHig vg;NghJk;
gFjpahFk;. tlNkw;F vy;iyia itj;jpUf;Fk; nghUl;L jHk
Vw;fdNt re;jpuFg;j nkshpaH ahj;jpiufis
epHzak; nra;jpUe;jhH. Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;
4. gzpahsHfis
mNrhfuJ jHkk; v[khdHfSk;> ifjpfis
murhq;f mjpfhhpfSk; kdpj
mNrhfH Gj;j rkaj;ij jOtp>
Neaj;Jld; elj;Jjy;
mjidg; gug;Gtjw;F Kaw;rpfis
5. tpyq;Ffs;kPJ fUizfhl;b
vLj;jNghjpYk;> mtuJ jHkf; nfhs;if
m`pk;iriaf;
NkYk; cahpa fUj;jhFk;. mJ xU
filg;gpbj;jy;: cwtpdiu
tho;f;if newp: xOf;f tpjp: midj;J
kjpj;jy;: gpuhkzHfSf;F
kf;fSk; filg;gpbj;J xOf Ntz;ba
nfhilaspj;jy;
Nfhl;ghLfs; vd;W $wyhk;. mNrhfuJ jHkf;
Nfhl;ghLfs; mtuJ fy;ntl;Lf;fspy;

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 nkshpag; NguuR

6. midj;J rkag; mtH fdT fhz;gtuy;y: khwhf xU

gphpTfSf;fpilNa rfpg;Gj; eilKiw Nkij.
jd;ikia typAwj;jy;
7. NghH nra;tij jtpHj;J  mtuJ jHkf; nfhs;if cyfk;

jHkj;jpd;top ntw;wp midj;jpw;Fk; nghJthdJ. Kdpj

nfhs;Sjy;; Fykidj;jpw;Fk; ,d;iwf;Fk;

nghUe;jty;yJ.
m`pk;ir Nfhl;ghLk;> mNrhfuJ
jHk fUj;Jf;fSk; Gj;jhpd; Nghjidfis  fUizkpf;f Ml;rpf;Fk;> Nghhpy;

xl;bNa mike;Js;sd. Mdhy;> mNrhfH ntw;wp ngw;w gpwFk; Nghiuj; Jwe;J

jdJ jHkf;Nfhl;ghLfis Gj;jhpd; Nghjid mikjpf;nfhs;ififf;

fSld; njhlHGg;;gLj;jtpy;iy. Gj;j rkak; filg;gpbj;jikf;Fk; mNrhfH

mtuJ jdpg;gl;l ek;gpf;ifahFk;. mtH tuyhw;wpy; rpwe;j Kd;Djhuzkhfj;

$wpa jHkk; xU nghJthd jpfo;fpwhH vd;W $wyhk;. mtuJ

xOf;fnewpahFk;. r%fj;jpd; midj;J Nfhl;ghl;bd; ikaf;fUj;J kdpj

jug;gpw;Fk; jdJ jHkf;Nfhl;ghLfs; Fyj;jpd; eyidNa typAWj;Jtjhf

nrd;wila Ntz;Lk; vd mNrhfH mike;jpUe;jJ.

tpUk;gpdhH.
gpw;fhy nkshpaHfs;

mNrhfH gw;wpa xU kjpg;gPL

 fp.K. 232k; Mz;L mNrhfH

 mNrhfH “murHfspNyNa kiwe;jgpd; nkshpag; NguuR

,uz;LgFjpfshfg; gphpf;fg; gl;lJ
jiyrpwe;jtuhf” tpsq;fpdhH. kfh
Nkw;Fg; gFjpapy; mNrhfhpd; Gjy;tH
mnyf;rhe;jH> [Pypa]; rPrH Nghd;w
Fzhsd; Ml;rpGhpe;jhH.
cyfpd; jiyrpwe;j NguurHfisAk;
mNrhfH tpQ;rp epd;whH.
 fpof;Fg; gFjpapy; mNrhfuJ
Ngud;fspy; xUtuhd jrujd;
 vr;.[p. nty;]; vd;gtuJ $w;Wg;gb:
muruhf ,Ue;jhH. ghf;bhpa
“tuyhw;wpd; gl;baypy; Ftpe;jpUf;Fk;
gilnaLg;Gfspd; tpisthf Nguurpd;
Mapuf;fzf;fhd murHfspy;
Nkw;Fg; gFjp rPHFiye;jJ.
mNrhfhpd; ngaH kl;Lk; jd;de;jdp
el;rj;jpukhf xsptPRfpwJ.”  jrujdpd; Gjy;tH rhk;gpujp vd;gtuJ
Ml;rpapy; fpof;Fg; gFjp kl;Lk;
 mNrhfH jkJ Nfhl;ghLfSf;F
fl;Lf;Nfhg;ghf ,Ue;jJ. nkshpa
cz;ikahdtuhfj; jpfo;e;J
tk;rj;jpd; filrp muruhd
mtw;iwf; filg;gpbj;J xOfpdhH.

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 nkshpag; NguuR

gpUfj;ujd; vd;gtiu mtuJ gzpahw;Wk; ,e;jpa Ml;rpg; gzp

gilj;jsgjp G\;akpj;jpu mjpfhhpfNshL xg;gplyhk;.
Rq;fd;gLnfhiy nra;jhH.
 mkhj;jpaHfis NjHT nra;Ak; Kiw
nkshpaH Ml;rpKiw Fwpj;J nfsby;aH tptukhff;
$wpAs;shH. jHkf; Nfhl;ghLfisg;
kj;jpa murhq;fk;
gug;Gtjw;fhf mNrhfH
jHkkfhkhj;jpuHfis epakpj;jhH.
 nkshpaH Ml;rp njhlq;fp ,e;jpahtpy;
nkshpaH Ml;rpapy; ed;F
Kbahl;rp Kiw ngUk;
rPuikf;fg;gl;l Ml;rpj;Jiw
ntw;wpngw;wJ. nkshpaUf;F Ke;ija
nray;gl;lJ.
fhy ,e;jpahtpypUe;j FbauR kw;Wk;
rpWFO Ml;rpKiwfs; rPHFiye;jd.
tUtha; epHthfk;

 gz;ila ,e;jpatpd; Kjd;ik

 Nguurpd; midj;Jtif
murpay; Nfhl;ghl;lhsuhf tpsq;fpa
tUtha;fisAk; t#ypf;Fk;
nfsby;aH Kbahl;rp Kiwia
Jiwahd tUtha;j;Jiwapd;
Mjhpj;jNghjpYk;> tuk;gw;w
jiytH rk;`Hj;jH vd;W
Kbahl;rpia mtH tpUk;gtpy;iy.
miof;fg;gl;lhH.

 murd; jdJ epHthfj;ij

 epythp> ePHg;ghrdthp> Rq;fthp>
nrk;ikahf elj;Jtjw;F
tzpfthp> glFthp> tdthp> Ruq;fthp>
mikr;ruitapd; MNyhridiaf;
Gy;ntspf;fhd thp> njhopy; thp>
Nfl;fNtz;Lk; vd;W mtH
ePjpkd;wq;fspy; tpjpf;fg;gLk;
typAWj;jpdhH.
jz;lidf;fPlhd fl;lzk; vd
gy;tif tUtha; muRf;Ff;
 vdNt> murdJ Ml;rpf;F cjtpahf
fpilj;jJ
ke;jphp ghp\j; vd;w mikr;ruit
nray;gl;lJ. mjpy; GNuhfpjH>
 nghJthf tpisr;rypy; Mwpy; xU
kfhke;jphp> Nrdhgjp> Atuh[d;
gq;F epythpahf t#ypf;fg;gl;lJ.
MfpNahH ,Ue;jdH.
 muruJ mit kw;Wk; mtuJ
 md;whl mYty;fis epiwNtw;w
FLk;gr;nryTfs;> uhZtk;> muRg;
mkhj;jpaHfs; vd;wiof;fg;gl;l
gzpahsHfs;> nghJg; gzpfs;>
rptpy; gzpahsHfs; ,Ue;jdH.
ViofSf;F epthuzk;> rkak; rhHe;j
,tHfis jw;fhy ,e;jpahtpy;

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 nkshpag; NguuR

nryTfs; vd;gd murhq;f  ,j;Jiwapd; mYtyHfs;

nrytpdq;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fit. mj;al;rfHfs; vdg;gl;ldH.

uhZtk;  nghUl;fspd; rpy;yiu kw;Wk; nkhj;j

tpiyfisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtJk;>
 ed;F rPuikf;fg;gl;bUe;j nkshpa
njhlHe;J nghUl;fis kf;fSf;F
uhZtj;Jf;F jiytuhf Nrdhgjp
fpilf;fr; nra;tJk; ,e;j Jiwapd;
,Ue;jhH. tPuHfSf;F Cjpak;
nghWg;ghFk;.
gzkhf toq;fg;gl;lJ.
 vilfs;> msTfs; Mfpad
 uhZtj;jpd; gy;NtW epiyapy;
Kiwg;gLj;jg;gl;d. Rq;f thpfis
gzpahw;wpa mjpfhhpfSf;fhd Cjpa
tpjpg;gJk; may;ehl;L thzpfj;ij
tpfpjk; Fwpj;J nfsby;aH $WfpwhH.
Kiwg;gLj;JtJk; ,jd; Vida
gzpfshFk;.
 fpNuf;f ehl;L mwpQH gpspdp
vd;gtuJ $w;Wg;gb nkshpauJ
ePjp kw;Wk; fhty; Jiw epHthfk;
gilapy; MW yl;rk; fhyhl;gil
tPuHfSk;> Kg;gjhapuk; Fjpiug;gil  chpikapay;> Fw;;wtpay;
tPuHfSk;> xd;gjhapuk; ahidfSk;> ePjpkd;wq;fs; nray;gl;lij
vl;lhapuk; NjHfSk; ,Ue;jd vd;gJ nfsby;aH tpthpj;Js;shH.
njhpfpwJ. jiyefhpypUe;j cr;rePjp kd;wj;jpd;
jiyik ePjpgjp jHkhjpfhhp vd;W
 ,e;j ehd;F gphpTfisj; jtpu> miof;fg;gl;lhH.
flw;gil kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J
gphpTfSk; uhZtj;jpy; ,Ue;jd.  khfhzj; jiyefuq;fspYk;>
xt;nthU gphpTk; mj;al;rfHfs; vd;w khtl;lq;fspYk; mkhj;jpaHfs;
Nkw;ghHitahsHfspd; fl;Lg;ghl;by; jiyikapyhd JizePjp kd;wq;fs;
,Ue;jd. ,Ue;jd.

 jyh Ie;J cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l  mguhjk; tpjpj;jy;> rpiwthrk;>

MW FOf;fs; mlq;fpa gilthhpak; cWg;Gfis rpijj;jy;>
gilepHthfj;ij Nkw;nfhz;ljhf kuzjz;lid Nghd;w gy;NtW
nkf];jdp]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. jz;lid Kiwfs; tof;fpypUe;jd.
cz;ikia tutiof;f rpj;utij
thzpfk; kw;Wk; njhopy;Jiw
nra;Ak; tof;fKk; ,Ue;jJ.

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 Kf;fpa ikaq;fspy; fhty; khfhz> cs;shl;rp epHthfk;

epiyaq;fs; mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 jl;rrPyk;> c[;[apdp> RtHzfphp>
rpiwfs;> rpiw mjpfhhpfs; gw;wp
fypq;fk; vd;w jiyefuq;fisf;
nfsby;auJ E}Yk; mNrhfuJ
fy;ntl;LfSk; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wd. nfhz;l ehd;F khfhzq;fshf
nkshpag; NguuR gphpf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.
 KiwNfhlhf rpiwg;gLj;jg;gLtij
 khfhz MSeHfs; ngUk;ghYk; mur
jLg;gjw;F eltbf;if vLf;Fk;gb
FLk;gj;jpypUe;Nj NjHT nra;ag;gl;L
mNrhfH jHkkfhkhj;jpuHfSf;F
epakpf;fg;gl;ldH. rl;lk;> xOq;if
Mizapl;lhH. jz;lidfs;
guhkhpj;jy;> tUtha; t#ypg;gJ
Fiwf;fg;gl;lJ gw;wpAk; mNrhfuJ
Nghd;wit mtHfsJ Kf;fpa
fy;ntl;Lfs; $Wfpd;wd.
flikfshFk;.
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G
 uh[PfHfs; vd;W miof;fg;gl;l
 nkshpaH Ml;rpf; fhyj;jpy; kf;fs; mjpfhhpfspd; fPo; khtl;l epHthfk;
njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G jtwhky; ,Ue;jJ. mtHfsJ epiy kw;Wk;
gpd;gw;wg;gl;lJ. kf;fspd; mjpfhuk; jw;fhy khtl;l Ml;rpj;
vz;zpf;if> mtHfsJ [hjp> jiytHfisNa xj;jpUe;jJ vdyhk;.
njhopy; Nghd;w tptuq;fis fpuhk
mjpfhhpfs; Nrfhpj;jdH xt;nthU  mtHfSf;F cjtpahf Af;jHfs;

tPl;bYk; ,Ue;j gpuhzpfSk; vd;w Jiz mjpfhhpfs; ,Ue;jdH.

fzf;fpy; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. fpuhkzp vd;w mjpfhhpapd;fPo; fpuhk

epHthfk; ,Ue;jJ. gj;J my;yJ
 efuq;fspy; cs;ehl;L> may;ehl;L gjpide;J fpuhkq;fSf;F caH
kf;fspd; elkhl;lj;ij mjpfhhpahf Nfhgd; vd;;w mjpfhhp
fz;fhzpg;gjw;fhf efuhl;rp nray;gl;lhH.
mjpfhhpfs; kf;fs;njhif
fzf;nfLg;ig elj;jpdH.  efu epHthfk; Fwpj;J nfsby;aUk;>
nkf];jdpRk; tptukhff;
 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G Fwpg;gpl;Ls;;sdH. efhpfh vd;w efu
tptuq;fs; xw;wh;fs; jUk; Nkw;ghHiahshpd; gzp gw;wp mHj;jj;
tptuq;fNshL rhpghHf;fg;gl;ld. rh];jpuj;jpy; xU KO mj;jpahaNk
nkshpaH Ml;rp Kiwapy; kf;fs; cs;sJ.
njhiff; fzf;nfLg;G xU epue;jpu
epWtdkhf ,Ue;jjhfj; njhpfpwJ.

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 rl;lk; xOq;if guhkhpg;gNj mtuJ fiyr;rpd;dq;fis gpd;tUk;

jiyaha gzpahFk;. jyh Ie;J jiyg;Gfspy; fhzyhk;.
cWg;gpdHfisf; nfhz;l MW
J}z;fs;
FOf;fs; ghlypGj;jpu efu
epHthfj;ij elj;jpajhf
 mNrhfuhy; epWtg;gl;l fw;W}z;fs;
nkf];jdp]; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shH. ,f;
nkshpaH fhyf; fiyf;F kpfr;rpwe;j
FOf;fspd; gzpfs; tUkhW:
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.

1. njhopw;rhiyfs;
 nly;yp> mfkjhghj;> Uk;kpe;ij>

2. may;ehl;ltHfs; rhQ;rp> rhuehjj; Nghd;w ,lq;fspy;

nghwpg;GfSld;$ba mNrhfH
3. gpwg;G> ,wg;G gjpT J}z;fs; fz;nlLf;;fg;gl;ld.

4. thzpfk;  J}z;fspd; cr;rpapy; rpq;fk;> ahid>

vUJ Nghd;w tpyq;Ffspd;
5. nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk;
cUtq;fs;; nrJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
tpw;gid
rhuehj; fw;W}zpy; fhzg;gLk; ehd;F

6. tpw;gid thp t#y; rpq;f cUtq;fs; kpfTk; fiy

eakpf;fit.
nkshpaH fhy fiy> fl;blf;fiy
 ,e;jpa murhq;fk; ,e;j rpd;dj;ij
 mNrhfH fhyj;jpw;F Kw;gl;l xU rpy khWjy;fs; nra;J mur
epidTr;; rpd;dq;fs; midj;Jk; Kj;jpiuahf Vw;Wf; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
kuq;fshy; Mdjhy; ngUk;ghYk;
mit mope;Jtpl;ld. mNrhfH
fhyj;jpy;jhd; ghiwf;fw;fs;
gad;gLj;jg;gl;ld.

 mtw;wpYk;$l xU rpy kl;Lk;

vQ;;rpAs;sd. mtuJ muz;kiz>
klhyaq;fs; kw;Wk; ];Jhgpfs; gy
];J}gpfs;
kiwe;Jtpl;ld.

 mNrhfH jdJ NguuR KOtjpYk;

 rhQ;rp ];J}gp kl;LNk vQ;rpAs;sJ.
gy ];J}gpfis vOg;gpapUe;jhH.
nkshpaH fhyj;jpa vQ;rpAs;s
Mdhy;> mtw;wpy; ngUk;ghyhdit

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 nkshpag; NguuR

maytH gilnaLg;gpd;NghJ cs;sJ. mNrhfuJ nfhs;iffSk;

rpq;fq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;Ltpl;ld. mtUf;Fk;gpd; te;j typikaw;w
gpd;Njhd;wy;fSk; nkshpaH
 xU rpy ];J}gpfs; kl;LNk tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzq;fs; vd;w fUj;J
vQ;rpAs;sd. kpfTk; gpuk;khz;lkhd goikahd fUj;jhFk;.
Njhw;wg; nghypTld;
mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s rhQ;rp ];J}gp  kw;nwhU fUj;J> gue;j NguuRf;F
mNrhfuJ ];J}gpfSf;F rpwe;j <LnfhLf;Fk; tifapy; murpay;>
vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. nghUshjhu epWtdq;fs;
tsHr;rpailatpy;iy vd;gjhFk;.
 Kjypy; mJ nrq;fw;fshy;
cUthf;fg;gl;l mNrhfuJ  mNrhfuJ Gj;j rka MjuTf;
fhyj;jpw;Fg;gpd; tphpTgLj;;jg;gl;lJ. nfhs;iffspd;y; ntWg;Gw;w
gpuhkzHfs; G\;akpj;jpuRq;fd;
Fiffs;
jiyikapy; xU Gul;rpua
elj;jpdhHfs; vd;W $wg;gl;lJ.
 mNrhfH kw;Wk; mtuJ Gjy;tH
jrujd; MfpNahuhy; m[PtpfHfSf;F
 Mdhy;> mNrhfH xU NghJk;
nfhilahf mspf;fg;gl;l Fiffs;
gpuhkzHfSf;F vjpuhf
nkshpaHfspd; Kf;fpa ghuk;ghpa
nray;gl;ljpy;iy. mNrhfuJ
rpd;dq;fshfj; jpfo;fpd;wd.
mfpk;irf; nfhs;if giltPuHfspd;
NghhpLk; czHit ghjpj;jJ vd;gJ
 mtw;wpd; cl;Gwr;RtHfs;
mNrhfH kPJ Rkj;jg;gLk; kw;nwhU
fz;zhbNghy nkU$l;lg;gl;Ls;sd.
Fw;wr;rhl;lhFk;.
Jwtpfs; jq;fp thOk; tifapy;
mit mikf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.
 Mdhy;> mNrhfH mikjpf;
nfhs;;ifiag; gpd;gw;wpdhNu jtpu
 Gj;j fahTf;F mUfpYs;s ghuhghH
Nguurpd; kPJs;s jkJ fl;Lg;ghl;il
Fd;WfspYs;s Fiffs; nkshpaH
vg;NghJk; jsHj;jprajpy;iy. vdNt>
fl;blf; fiyf;F cd;dj
nkshpag; Nguurpd; tPo;r;rpf;F
rhd;WfshFk;.
mNrhfiu Fw;wk; Rkj;JtJ
nkshpaH tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; nghUj;jkw;wjhFk;. mNrhfiu xU
nfhs;ifthjp vd;gijtpl
 nkshpaH tPo;r;rpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; eilKiwthjp vd;Nw $wyhk;.
gw;wp mwpQHfspilNa tphpthd
tpthjk; eilngw;w tz;zk;

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 nkshpag; NguuR

 jpwikaw;w gpd;Njhd;wy;fs;> NguuR  ,itaidj;Jk; xd;W NrHe;Jjhd;

,uz;lhfg; gphpf;fg;gl;lJ. mNrhfuJ nkshpag; Nguurpd; rPh;Fiyit
fhyj;Jf;Fg; gpd;dH NeHe;j tpiuTgLj;jpd. ,Wjpapy; nkshpaiu
Ml;rpj;Jiw KiwNfLfs; Nghd;w tpul;btpl;L G\;akpj;u Rq;fd;
gy;NtW fhuzq;fshNyNa nkshpag; Rq;ftk;r Ml;rpia epWtpdhd;
NguuR rpije;jJ.

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