Practical # 04

Direct Dye Of Cotton

Abstract:
The objective of this practical was dye the fabric with direct dye to give special color to the
fabric. Direct dye used because it has good dyeability. The dyeing process with direct dyes is
very simple, Direct dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slight alkaline dyebath, at or
near boiling point, but a separate aftertreatment such as cationic dye fixing, to enhance wet
fastness has been necessary for most direct dyeing.The fabric piece was weighted, and the recipe
was prepared according to liquor Ratio. The bleached fabric was dipped in the recipe and then,
placed it in dye bath.The dyeing process has great importance and significance as it gives high
and uniform degree of colorto textile materials. The results concluded that dye solution has
successfully applied to textile material as it gives good shade.

Objectives:
 To learn the dyeing technique
 To learn how far the dye works on textile fabric
 To learn how to prepare the solution for dyeing.

Introduction:

Structure:More than 75% of all direct dyes are unmetallized azo structures, great majority of
them are disazo or polyazo types.

Ionic Nature:Their ionic nature is anionic.

Solubility:They are soluble in water.

Affinity:They have an affinity for a wide variety of fibers such as cotton,viscose, silk jute,linen
etc. They do not make any permanent chemical bond with the cellulosic fibers but are attached to
it via very week hydrogen bonding as well as VanderWaals forces. Their flat shape and their
length enable them to lie along-side cellulose fibers and maximize the Van-der-Waals, dipole and
hydrogen bonds.

Mechanisms involving parallel transport of an adsorbate through a porous body by diiusion

through the pore space and along the surfaces of pore walls have been shown to be successful in

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 accounting for the observed rate of adsorbate uptake in many systems. Direct dyes are one of the
most versatile classes of dyestuff applicable to cellulose, wool, silk, nylon fibers. These dyes
have inherent substantivity for cotton, and for other cellulosic fibers. Their aqueous solutions dye
cotton usually in the presence of an electrolyte such as NaCl or Na2SO4. The light fastness of
dyeing’s with direct dyes on cellulosic fibers varies from poor to fairly good, although some
copper complex direct dyes have very good light fastness. As usual, the deeper the color of the
dyeing, the lower the fastness to wet treatments, and the higher the fastness to light. Various
aftertreatments of the dyeing’s improve the fastness to washing. In some cases, however, such
aftertreatments decrease the light fastness. They also invariably cause a change in hue that makes
shade correction and color matching more difficult. Direct dyes generally cannot meet today’s
more stringent washing fastness requirements for apparel and linens. In recent years, their share
of the market has gradually declined in favour of reactive dyes. The latter have very good
washing fastness on cellulosic materials and often have bright colors.

Equipment’s and materials:

 Bleached woven fabric

 Beaker
 Stirrer
 Oven
 Wetting agent
 dyed solution
 Weight balance
 Sequesting agent
 NaOH
 Sodium carbonate
 Stopwatch

Procedure:
The scoured fabric (Gray fabric) was first weighted on the weight balance which was 3.83gm.
The dyed solution and wetting agents were taken in the beaker according to the liquor used for
preparing dyeing solution on weight balance. The amount of liquor to be used was calculated
according to theL: R (50:1). All the chemicals were placed in the beaker and regularly stirred
with the liquor. The pH of the prepared dyed solution was checked by adding small amount of
acetic acid. The fabric was dipped in the solution in the beaker and the beaker was placed in the
oven for 45 minutes. The temperature of the oven was maintained 95 to 100-degree C. after 40
minutes, the beaker was put out from the oven. Then after dyeing process, Soaping process was

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 done for which the soaping solution was prepared. The liquor ratio used was 50: 1 and
temperature was maintained up to 60 to 70-degree C. The time allowed for Soaping was almost
15 minutes and the pH were raised up to 8 to 8.5.

Observation and Calculations:

Recipe:
L: R = 1:30
Dye= 3%
Wetting agent=1g/l
Sequesting agent=1g/l
Sodium hydroxide= 3%
NaCl= 50g/l
Temperature=90 degree C
Time=45 minutes

Weight of fabric= 3.5g

Amount of liquor= 3.5 x 30 =105
3
Dye= x 3.5 = 0.105g
100
105
Wetting agent= x 1 = 0.105 g/l
1000
105
Sequesting agent= = 0.105 g/l
1000
105
NaCl= x 50= 5.25g/l
1000
Amount of water= 105ml

Results:
The dye was successfully applied on the textile fabric by giving uniform shade.

Conclusion:
The experiment conducted, dyed the bleached material from the fabric by using direct dye
solution. As the mass of the look and hand feel of the fabric after dyeing process completely
changed and the fabric is now totally colored. The shade of the fabric shows either the fabric
picks the dye solution uniformly or not. The fabric is now ready for further processes i.e. printing
and washing

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