RATIONAL NUMBER

1
CHAPTER

4. Even Numbers : All integers which are divisible

CONTENTS by 2 are called even numbers and denoted by 2n

  Numbers
where n is integer.
So E = { ....... –4, –2, 0, 2, 4 ....}
 Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication 5. Odd Numbers : All integers which are not
and Division of Rational Numbers divisible by 2 are called odd numbers and denoted
by 2n + 1, where n is integer.
 Properties of Rational Numbers So O = {–7, –5, –3, –1, 1, 3, ....}

 Representation of Rational Numbers 6. Prime Numbers : All natural numbers that have
one & it self only as their factors are called prime
on a Number Line
numbers.
 Powers So P = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23,......}
* 2 is only even prime number & it is
 NUMBERS smallest prime number.

7. Composite Numbers : All natural numbers

1. Natural Numbers : (N) : The set of numbers
1, 2, 3, 4……  are called natural numbers and
decimal numbers are not allowed in natural
numbers. N = {1, 2, 3, …….. }
Addition and multiplication are closure,
commutative and associative for natural numbers.
2. Whole Numbers : (W) : The set of natural
numbers with ‘0’ is called set of whole numbers
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, ….}
which are not prime called composite numbers.
So C = {4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14........}
* 1 is neither prime nor composite
number.
8. Co-prime Numbers : If the H.C.F. (or G.C.D.) of
the given numbers is 1 then they are known as
co-prime numbers.
Eg. 5, 8 are co-prime  Their HCF is 1.
* Any Two consecutive numbers are
always co-prime.

Addition and multiplication are closure, 9. Real Numbers : Numbers which can represent
commutative and associative for whole numbers. actual physical quantities in a meaningful way are
known as real numbers. These can represent on
3. Integers (I or z) : The set of positive and the number line. Number line is geometrical
negative without decimal numbers, is called straight line with arbitrarily defined zero (origin).
integers. 10. Rational Numbers : The real numbers which are
z = I = {– …… –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …..} p
in form of where p and q are integers and q  0
q
Addition and multiplication are closure,
commutative and associative for Integers. 5 3 11 2
Eg. , , = 11, 0, ..... etc.
7 8 1 71
  All natural numbers, whole numbers and  ADDITION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
integers are rational.
 When denominators are equal :
 Rational numbers, includes all integers,
5 7
terminitating fractions (if the decimal parts Ex.2 Add and .
6 6
are terminating like 0.2, 0.5, –3.5 etc) and
5 7 57 12
non terminating recurring decimals (like 0. 6 , Sol. + = =
6 6 6 6
–3.777 .... etc.)
 Rational number is in standard form or
7 13
simplest form if H.C.F. of numerator and Ex.3 Add and .
5 5
denominator is 1.
7   13  7  13 6
Sol. + = =
 ORDER OF RATIONAL NUMBERS 5  5  5 5


Ex.1 Arrange the following fractions in ascending  When one denominator is a multiple of the
order. other denominator :
3 4 7 2
, , , . 4 5
8 12 16 3 Ex.4 Solve and .
Sol. LCM of denominators 3 6
8, 12, 16, and 3 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 48. 4 4 2 8
Sol. We know that = =
3 3 6 18 3 3 2 6
Then = = ; 8 4
8 8 6 48 ( is equivalent rational number of )
7 7  3 21 6 3
= = ; 4 5 8 5 13
16 16  3 48 So, + = + =
4 4 4 16 3 6 6 6 6
= = ;
12 12  4 48 3   5 
Ex.5 Solve + .
2 2  16 32 7  21 
– = =
3 3  16 48 Sol. We know that
2 8, 12, 16, 3 3 3  3 9
= =
2 4, 6, 8, 3 7 7  3 21
2 2, 3, 4, 3 3   5  9 5
So, + = –
2 1, 3, 2, 3 7  21  21 21
3 1, 3, 1, 3 9  5 14
= =
1, 1, 1, 1 21 21

The equivalent rational numbers are
 When denominator are co-prime :
18 16 21 32
, , and 4 6
48 48 48 48 Ex.6 Find the sum of and .
5 7
Therefore, the smallest rational number is
4   6  4 7 65
32 21 16 Sol. + = –
, then comes, , then comes , and 5  7  5 7 7 5
48 48 48
18 (Multiplying and dividing each fraction by
the greatest rational number is . Hence,
48 the denominator of the other fraction)
2 7 4 3 28 30 28  30 2
their ascending order is , , , . = – = = 
3 16 12 8 35 35 35 35

 When denominator have a common factor :  Associative property
5 7 a c e
Ex.7 Solve + . If , and three rational numbers, then
12 8 b d f
Sol. Since 12 and 8 have common factors, we
a c e a c e
will proceed by finding the LCM of 12    + = +  
b d f b d f 
and 8. LCM of 12 and 8 is
2 1 2
2 × 2 × 2 × 3 = 24 Consider the fractions , and .
5 4 3
Now we will find equivalent fractions of
2 1 2 2 1 2
the given numbers having 24 in the      
5 4 3 5 4 3
denominator.
85 2 2 38
5 5 2 10 =  = + 
Hence, = =  20  3 5  12 
12 12  2 24
7 7  3 21 13 2 2 11
and = = = + = +
8 8  3 24 20 3 5 12
5 7 10 21 10  21 31 39  40 24  55
So, + = + = = = =
12 8 24 24 24 24 60 60
79 79
= =
60 60
PROPERTIES OF ADDITION OF
 

RATIONAL NUMBERS  Additive identity

 Closure property : a
If is a rational number, then there exists a
When two rational numbers are added, the result b
rational number zero such that
a c
is always a rational number, i.e., if and is a a
b d + 0 = . Zero is called the identity element of
b b
always a rational number.
addition. Addition of zero does not change the
2 3 12  15 27 value of the rational number.
For example, + = = , which is
5 6 30 30 
also a rational number.  Additive inverse
 a
If is a rational number, then there exists a
 Commutative property : b
When two rational numbers are added, the order a
rational number   , called the additive
a c  b 
of addition does not matter, i.e., if and are
b d a a
inverse, such that + =0
b  b 
two rational numbers, then
The additive inverse is also referred to as
a c c a
+ = + ‘negative’ of the given number.
b d d b
3 4 15  16 31 3   3
For example, + = = and Ex.8 +  = 0.
4 5 20 20 4  4 

4 3 16  15 31   3 3
+ = = . Both results are equal.      is the additive inverse of .
5 4 20 20  4  4


 5 5 a c ac
Ex.9 + = 0.  × = is always a rational number.
6 6 b d bd
5  5 3 5 15
   is the additive inverse of  . For example, × =– which is rational
6  6  7 8 56
number.
SUBTRACTION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS 
When we have to subtract a rational number,  Commutative property :
5 8 5 a c
say from , we add the additive inverse of , If and are two rational numbers, then
9 9 9 b d
5 8 8 5 8  5 a c c a ac ca
i.e., to . Thus, – = +   × = × , i.e., =
9 9 9 9 9  9  b d d b bd db
85 3 1 4   3   3 4
= = = Ex.11 ×   ×
9 9 3 5  7   7  5
3 3 4  (3) ( 3)  4
Ex.10 Subtract from . = =
7 7 5 7 75
4   3 4   3 12 12
Here, –  = +  = =
11  7  11  7  35 35
47 3  11
= + 4   3   3 4
11  7 7  11 ×  = ×
5  7   7  5
28 33 61
= + =
77 77 77  Associative property :
MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS a c e
If , and are three rational numbers, then
Multiplication is the process of successive b d f
addition. Like 6 × 8 = 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 48. a c e a c e
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6    × = ×   
Similarly, 6 × = + + + + + = =2  b d  f b d f 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
ac e a ce ace ace
1 6 1 6 1 6 2 i.e., × = × or =
Alternatively, 6 × = × = = = =2 bd f b df bdf bdf
3 1 3 1 3 3 1
So, when we multiply two rational numbers, we Thus, rational numbers can be multiplied in any
multiply the numerator with the numerator and order.
the denominator with the denominator.
5   7  ( 5)(7)   3 4    5   3 4 5
Thus, –5 ×(–7) = ×  = = 35 Ex.12   × = ×   
1  1  11  7 5  8   7  5 8 
2 3 2  3 6 ( 3)  4   5    3  4  (5)
and × = = × =  ×
11 5 11  5 55 75  8   7  58
12   5    3    20 
PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF × =  ×  
 35  8   7   40 
RATIONAL NUMB ER
0 0
 Closure property : =
The rational number are closed under 280 280
multiplication. It means that the product of two 3 3
=
rational numbers is always a rational number, i.e., 14 14
a c
if and are two rational numbers,
b d  Multiplicative identity :
 a 3 × 9 = 12 + 15
When any rational number, say , is multiplied
b 27 = 27
by the rational number 1, the product is always 4 2 3 4 2 4 3
a Ex.18   = × + ×
. 7 3 4 7 3 7 4
b
4 89 8 12
a a 1 a  = +
×1= = 7  12  21 28
b b b
a 1 a a 4 17 32  36
or 1× = = × =
b b b 7 12 84
68 68
=
21 21 1 21  1 21 84 84
Ex.13 × 1= × = =
35 35 1 35  1 35 3  3  8    3  3   3    8 
Ex.19    = × + ×  
5 4 9   5  4  5   9 
3 3 1 ( 3)  1 3
Ex.14 ×1= × = = 3  27  32  9 24
7 7 1 7 1 7   = +
5  36  20 45
‘One’ is called the multiplicative identity or
identity element of multiplication for rational 3 5 81  96
× =
numbers. 5 36 180
 Multiplicative inverse, or reciprocal : 15 15
=
a 180 180
For every non-zero rational number , there
b
b a b MULTIPLICATION OF A RATIONAL
exists a rational number such that × = 1. 
a b a NUMBER B Y ZERO
a b ab ab a
This is so, because × = = =1 When any rational number is multiplied by 0,
b a ba ba b
the product is always zero.
2 3 23 6 3 a a0 0
Ex.15 × = × = 1. So is the ×0= = =0
3 2 3 2 6 2 b b b
2 2 7 70 0
multiplicative inverse of and is the Ex.20 ×0= = =0
3 3 8 8 8
3
multiplicative inverse of . 3 3 0 0
2 Ex.21 ×0= = =0
4 4 4
 4   7  ( 4)(7) 28 7
Ex.16   ×   = = = 1. So – DIVISION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS
 7   4  7  4 28 4
4 Division is the inverse process of multiplication.
is the multiplicative inverse of – and vice a c
7 If and are two rational numbers, then
versa. b d
a c a d
÷ = × .
 Distributive property : b d b c
a c e 2 5 2 9 18
If , and are three rational numbers, then Ex.22 ÷ = × =
b d f 7 9 7 5 35
a c e a c a e
×   = × + × .
b d f  b d b f 3 4 3   9  27
Ex.23 ÷ = × =
8 9 8  4  32
Ex.17 3(4 + 5) = 3 × 4 + 3 × 5
 PROPERTIES OF DIVISION OF RATIONAL 1 3

NUMBERS CLOS URE PROPERTY Ex.27 –
2 8
When a rational number is divided by another 1 3 1
rational number, the quotient is always a rational ( , are rational & is also rational)
2 8 8
number. 43 1
= = ( Subtraction is closed)
a c 8 8
Thus, if and are two rational numbers, then
b d
3  6  8  5 
Ex.28 Find +  +   +  .
a c a c ad 7  11   21   22 
÷ = × = , which is again a rational
b d b d bc
3  6  8  5 
number since b, c, d are non-zero integers. Sol. +  +  + 
7  11   21   22 
198   252    176   105 
3   1  3   3  9 = +  +  +  
Ex.24 ÷  = × = 462  462   462   462 
4  3  4  1  4
(Note that 462 is the LCM of 7, 11, 21 and 22)
 Division is not commutative : 198  252  176  105 125
= =
a c 462 462
If and are two rational numbers in which We can also solve it as.
b d
3  6  8 5
b, c and d  0, then +  +  +
7  11   21  22
a c c a
÷  ÷ because,  3   8    6 5 
b d d b =    +   
 7  21   11 22 
a c a d c a c b cb
÷ = × and ÷ = × = (by using commutative and associativity)
b d b c d b d a da
 9  (8)    12  5 
a c c a =   +  22 
So ÷  ÷  21   
b d d b (LCM of 7 and 21 is 21; LCM of 11 and 22 is 22)
4 1 1 4 1 7 22  147 125
Ex.25 ÷ is not equal to () ÷ = +  = =
7 3 3 7 21  22  462 462

4 1 4 3 12 4 3 15   14 
÷ = × = , Ex.29 Find × × × 
7 3 7 1 7 5 7 16  9 
1 4 1 7 7 Sol. We have
whereas ÷ = × = 4 3 15   14 
3 7 3 4 12 × × × 
5 7 16  9 
4 1 1 4
So ÷  ÷  4  3   15  (14) 
7 3 3 7 =   × 
 5  7   16  9 
So Addition, Subtraction and Multiplication are
12   35  12  ( 35) 1
closed for rationales. Addition, multiplication are = ×  = =
35  24  35  24 2
commutative and associative for rationals. We can also do it as.
4 3 15   14 
5 8 65  56 121 × × × 
Ex.26 + = = 5 7 16  9 
7 13 91 91
  4 15   3   14 
5 8 121 =    ×   
 , are rational no. and is also  5 16   7  9 
7 13 91
(Using commutativity and associativity)
rational.
3   2  1
( it is closured) = ×  =
4  3  2
 THE ROLE OF ZERO (0) AND ONE (1) 1 2
times , i.e., . The next marking is 1. You can
3 3
Zero is called the identity for the addition
3 4 5
of rational numbers. It is the additive see that 1 is the same as . Then comes , ,
3 3 3
identity for integers and whole numbers as 6 7
well. 1 is the multiplicative identity for (or 2), and so on as shown on the number
3 3
rational numbers. line (vi)
a+0=0+a=a
0 1 2 3
& a×1=1×a=a (vi) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
REPRES ENTATION OF RATIONAL 1

NUMBERS ON THE NUMB ER LINE Similarly, to represent , the number line may be
8
You have learnt to represent natural numbers, divided into eight equal parts as
whole numbers, integers and rational numbers on shown
a number line. Let us revise them. 0 1
1
We use the number to name the first point of
Natural Numbers 8
this division. The second point of division will be
(i) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
2 3
Note :– The line extends indefinitely only to labeled , the third point , and so on as shown
8 8
the right side of 1.
on number line (vii)
Whole Numbers (vii) 1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
(ii) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

Note :– The line extends indefinitely to the Any rational number can be represented on the
right, but from 0. There are no numbers to the number line in this way. In a rational number, the
left of 0. numeral below the bar, i.e., the denominator, tells
the number of equal parts into which the first unit
Integers has been divided. The numeral above the bar i.e.,
the numerator, tells ‘how many’ of these parts are
(iii) –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 4
Note :– The line extends indefinitely on both considered. So, a rational number such as
9
sides. means four of nine equal parts on the right of 0
7
Rational Numbers (number line viii) and for , we make 7 marking
4
(iv) 1
–1 1 0 1 1
of distance each on the left of zero and starting from
2 2 4
Note :– The line extends indefinitely on both 7
sides. You can see numbers between –1, 0; 0, 0. The seventh marking is [number line (ix)].
4
1 etc.
0 1
(viii)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(v)
0 1 ? 1 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
3 –2
The point to be labeled is twice as far from and to (ix) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
the right of 0 as the point labeled . So it is two
3
 13 13 Now we have to find a point, say, N on the
Ex.30 Represent and  on number line. number line which represents the
3 3
7
1 13 numerator 7 of the rational number .
1 13 4  4
4  3 3
3 3 P So, N is the point that represents the integer 7
P'
E' D' C' B' A' O A B C D E l on the number line and is on the right hand
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 +1 +2 +3 +4 +5 side of the point O. Divide the segment ON
7
13 1 1 into four (Denominator of ) equal parts
Sol. Then  4 4 4
3 3 3 (with the help of a ruler). Let A, B, C be the
Draw a line l and mark zero on it points of division as shown in the figure.

 13 0 7
13 1 1  1
 4  4  and   4  
3 3 3 3  3 O A B C N

Therefore, from O mark OA, AB, BC, CD Then OA = AB = BC = CN.

and DE to the right of O. Such that By construction, each segment OA, AB, BC
OA = AB = BC = CD = DE = 1 unit. 1
and CN represents th of segment ON.
Clearly, 4
Point A represents the Rational number = 1 Therefore, the point A represents the rational
7 7
Point B represents the Rational number = 2 number . Similarly, can be represented
4 4
Point C represents the Rational number = 3 on the number line on the left hand side of
‘O’.
Point D represents the Rational number = 4
Point E represents the Rational number = 5 Ex.32 Draw the number line and represent the
following rational numbers on it.
Since we have to consider 4 complete units
3 5
and a part of the fifth unit, therefore divide (i) (ii) 
the fifth unit DE into 3 equal parts. Take 1 8 3
part out of these 3 parts. Then point P is the 3
13 Sol. (i) In order to represent on number line, we
representation of number on the number 8
3 first draw a number line and mark the point O
line. Similarly, take 4 full unit lengths to the on it representing ‘0’ (zero), we find the point
left of 0 and divide the fifth unit D'E' into 3 P on the number line representing the positive
equal parts. Take 1 part out of these three integer 3 as shown in figure.
equal parts. Thus, P' represents the rational 0 3
13
number  . O A B C D E F G P
3
Now divide the segment OP into 8 equal
7 parts. Let A and B be points of division so
Ex.31 Represent the rational number on the
4 that
number line. OA = AB = BC = CD = DE = EF = FG = GP.
7 1
Sol. In order to represent on the number line, By construction, OA is of OP. Therefore,
4 8
we first draw a number line and mark a point 3
A represents the rational number .
O on it which represent ‘0’ as shown in the 8
figure. 5
(ii) In order to represent  on number line, we
0 3
O N first draw a number line and mark a point O
on it representing zero. We find the point Q
 on the number line representing the integer –5 1 1
on the left side of O, as shown in figure. Ex.35 Find a rational number between and .
4 2
–5 –5/3 3
Sol. We find the mean of the given rational
Q B A O
numbers.
Now divide OQ into 3 equal parts (with the help
of ruler). Let A and B be the points of 1 1 1 2  3 1 3
  ÷ 2 =  ÷ 2 = × =
division as shown in figure. Then OA = AB = 4 2  4  4 2 8
BQ.
3 1 1
By construction, each segment OA, AB and lies between and .
1 8 4 2
BQ represents of OQ. Therefore, the point
3 This can be seen on the number line also.
5 1 1 3
A represents the rational number  .
3 4 +2 ÷2 = 8
AC B
Similarly, B represents the rational number
0 1 1 3 1
5
  2 and Q represents the rational number 4 2 4
3
We find mid point of AB which is C,
5
  3  5 .
3 1 1 3
represented by    ÷ 2 = .
 4 2  8
Note : There are countless rational number between 1 3 1
any two given rational numbers. We find that < < .
4 8 2
If a and b are two rational numbers, then
Ex.33 Write any 3 rational numbers between –2 and 0.
ab
20 0 is a rational number between a and b
Sol. –2 can be written as and 0 as . 2
10 10
19 18 17 16 ab
Thus we have , , , , such that a < < b.
10 10 10 10 2

15 1 This again shows that there are countless

,....... between – 2 and 0.
10 10 number of rational numbers between any two
given rational numbers.
5
Ex.34 Find any ten rational numbers between
6
1
5 Ex.36 Find three rational numbers between and
and . 4
8
1
5 5 .
Sol. We first convert and to rational 2
6 8
numbers with the same denominators. Sol. We find the mean of the given rational

5  4 20 5  3 15 number.
= and = .
6 4 24 8  3 24 1 3 1
19 18 17 14 4 8 2
Thus we have, , , , ........ as
24 24 24 24 As given in the above example, the mean is
20 15 3 1 3 1
the rational numbers between and and < < .
44 24 8 4 8 2
 Now we find another rational number 3 3
  2    2    2    2  (2) 8
1 3 (ii)   =  ×  × = 3 =
between and . For this, we again find  3   3   3   3  3 27
4 8
x
1 3 In general, if is a rational number and a is a
the mean of and . That is, y
4 8
positive integer, then
 1 3 5 1 5
  ÷ 2 = × =
x
a
 4 8 8 2 16 xa
   a
1 5 3 1 y y
< < <
4 16 8 2 3
 4
1 5 3 1 Ex.37 Evaluate    .
4 16 8 2  5
3 1 3 3
Now find the mean of and . We have,  4   4   4   4  (4)
8 2 Sol.   =  ×  ×  = 3
 5  5  5  5 5
3 1 7 1 7
64
   ÷2 = × =
=
8 2 8 2 16
125
1 5 3 7 1
Thus we get < < < < . 27 8
4 16 8 16 2 Ex.38 Express and as the powers of
64 27
1 5 3 7 1
4 16 8 16 2 rational numbers.
3
5 3 7 27 3  3  3 33  3 
Thus, , , are the three rational Sol. = = = 
16 8 16 64 4  4  4 43  4 
1 1 3
numbers between and . This can clearly 8 ( 2)  ( 2)  ( 2) (2) 3   2 
4 2 and = = 3 = 
27 3 3 3 3  3 
be shown on the number line as follows : 
1 3 5 7 3 1  Reciprocals with Positive Integral
+ ÷ 2= 16
4 8
= +
16 8 2 ÷ 2
Exponents:
0 1 3 1 3 1 1 1
4 8 2 4 The reciprocal of 2 is , reciprocal of 23 is 3 .
2 2
In the same way we can obtain as many 4 4
rational numbers as we want between two 2 1 1 34  3 
Reciprocal of   = = = = 
given rational numbers. You have noticed 3 2
4
24 24  2 
that there are countless rational numbers  
3 34
between any two given rational numbers.
4 4
  4  5
 POWERS Reciprocal of   =  and
 5   4 
 Exponential Notation and Rational 5 5
Numbers : 1 3
Reciprocal of   =   = 35
Exponential notation can be extended to rational 3
  1
4 4 4 
numbers. For example:   ×   ×   can be  Reciprocals with Negative Integral
5 5 5
3
Exponents
4 4 1 1
written as   which is read as raised to the Reciprocal of 2 = = .
5 5 2 21
power 3. Therefore, the reciprocal of 2 is 2–1. The
3
3 3 3 3 3
3
27 1
(i)   =   ×   ×   = 3 = reciprocal of 32 = 2 = 3–2.
4 4 4 4 4 64 3
2 2
2
  5    5    5  (5)
2
25 4 4
(ii)  Reciprocal of   =  
 = × = 2 = 5 5
 6   6   6  6 36
 3 3
2 2
Reciprocal of   =  , etc. 4. (i) 24 × 34 = (2 × 2 × 2 × 2) × (3 × 3 × 3 × 3)
 3   3  = (2 × 3) × (2 × 3) × (2 × 3) × (2 × 3)
In general, if x is any rational number other than = (2 × 3)4
zero and a is any positive integer, then: 4 4
 3  1 
1 (ii)   ×  
x a  a 5  2
x
3 3 3 3 1 1 1 1
=    ×    
3 2 5 5 5 5  2 2 2 2
2 4
Ex.39 Simplify   ÷  . 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
3 3 =   ×   ×   ×  
3 2 3 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2
2 4 3 3
Sol.   ÷  =  ÷  3 1
4
3
  3
  2
  4 =  
3 3 3 3 3 5 2
= ÷
2 2 2 4 4  x a  y a  ( x  y) a
27 9 27 16
= ÷ = × =6
8 16 8 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2  2 
4
5. (i) 24 ÷ = 34 =    = 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3  3 
 Laws of Exponents :
1. Consider the following. 3 3 3 3
4 4   
   
3 1
(i) 33 × 34 = 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 (ii)   ÷  = 5 5 5 5
= 37 = 33+4 5  2 1 1 1 1
  
2 3 2 2 2 2
5 5 5 5 5 5 5
(ii)   ×   = × × × × 4
2
   2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
         
5 5
5 2 3 = 5  × 5  × 5  × 5  = 5 
=  =  1 1 1 1 1
2 2          
2 2 2 2 2
 x a  x b  x ab x
a

 x a  y a   
2 2 2 2 2  y
2. (i) 25 ÷ 22 = =2×2×2
2 2
3
= 23 = 25–2  2  2   1  4 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 Ex.40 Simplify    ×   × 3–1 ×
    
 3    3  6
6 2
   
2 2
(ii)   ÷   = 3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 2 2 3
 2  2   1  4
 1
3 3 Sol.    ×   × 3–1 ×
4 62 3
     3 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
=    =   =  6
3 3 3 3 3 3 2 1 1
=   × 34 × ×
 x a  x b  x a b 3 3 6
26 1 1
3. (i) (23)2 = (2 × 2 × 2)2 = 6
× 34 × ×
= (2 × 2 × 2) × (2 × 2 × 2) 3 3 6
= 26 = 23 × 23 = 26 × 3–6 × 34 × 3–1 × 6–1
2 = 26 × 3–6 × 34 × 3–1 × (2 × 3)–1
 2  3   2 2 2  2
(ii)    =     = 26 × 3–6 × 34 × 3–1 × 2–1 × 3–1
 3    3 3 3  = 26+(–1) × 3–1+4 + (–1) + (–6)
6 3 2 = 26–1 × 3–1+4 –1–6
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=    ×    =  =  25 32
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 = 25 × 3–4 = 4 =
3 81
 ( x a ) b  x ab
 5 11 8x 4 4
2 2 2 2 2
Ex.41 Find x so that   ×   ×  Ex.42 Evaluate   ÷  
3
  3 3 3 3
5 11 8x 4 4 44 0
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Sol.   ×  ×  Sol.   ÷  =  × 
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
( 5)  ( 11) 8x 4
2 2 2
   =  4 4  
3 3 2 2 3
but   ÷   = 4
=1
2
5 11
2 2
8x
2
16 8x 3 3 2
   =      =    
3 3 3 3 3
0
 8x = – 16 x = – 2 2
So, If x is any rational number different from  the expression =   = 1
3
zero and a, b are any integers, then,
Law I: x a  x b  x ab

Law II: x a  x b  x a b

Law III: ( x a ) b  x ab

Law IV: x a  y a  ( x  y) a
(where y is also a non-zero rational number)
a
x
Law V: x a  y a   
 y
(where y is also a non-zero rational number)
 EXERCISE # 1
By Using property find value of (Q.1 to Q.3) 5
Q.12 What number should be subtracted from
2 3 5 3 1 3
Q.1 – × + – ×
3 5 2 5 6 5
to get ?
6
2  3 1 3 1 2
Q.2 ×   – × + ×
5  7  6 2 14 5 3
Q.13 What number should be subtracted from to
7
5 1 8 1
Q.3 + + + 5
7 3 9 14 get ?
4
Q.4 Subtract the first rational number from the
second in each of the following:  2 3 2
Q.14 What should be added to    to get ?
3 5 7 4 3 5 15
(i) , (ii) ,
8 8 9 9
1 1 1
2 9 11 4 Q.15 What should be added to     to get 3 ?
(iii) , (iv) , 2 3 5
11 11 13 13
1 3 2 5 3 2
(v) , (vi) , Q.16 What should be subtracted from    to
4 8 3 6 4 3
6 13 8 7 1
(vii) , (viii) , get ?
7 14 33 22 6
5 Q.17 Simply each of the following and write as a
Q.5 The sum of the two numbers is . If one of
9 p
1 rational number of the from :
the numbers is , find the other. q
3
3 5 7 2 5 7
1 (i)   (ii)  
Q.6 The sum of two numbers is . If one of the 4 6 8 3 6 9
3
11 7 5 4 7 8
12 (iii)   (iv)  
numbers is , find the other. 2 6 8 5 10 15
3
9 22 13 5 3 7
(v)   (vi)   3
4 10 15  20 3 2 3
Q.7 The sum of two numbers is . If one of the
3
numbers is –5, find the other.
Q.18 Express each of the following as a rational
Q.8 The sum of two rational numbers is–8. If one p
number of the form :
15 q
of the numbers is , find the other.
7 8 1 11 3
(i)    3
7 5 3 4 6 8
Q.9 What should be added to so as to get ?
8 9 6 7 19 12
(ii)  1   
7 9 21 7
5
Q.10 What number should be added to so as to 15 9 11 7
11 (iii)   6
2 8 3 6
26
get ? 7 9 19 11
33 (iv) 0  
4 5 10 14
5 2 7 5 1 5
Q.11 What number should be added to to get ? (v)    2
7 3 4 3 2 6
Q.19 Simplify: Q.22 Simplify each of the following and express
3 5 7 5 7 2 the result as a rational number in standard
(i)   (ii)  
2 4 4 3 6 3 form:
5 7 2 2 3 4 16 14 7 3
(iii)   (iv)   (i)  (ii) 
4 6 3 5 10 7 21 5 6 28
5 2 2 3 2 5
(v)   (vi)   19 13 27
6 5 15 8 9 36 (iii)  16 (iv) 
36 9  26
Q.20 Multiply: 9 64 50 14
7 5 5 3 (v)  (vi) 
(i) by (ii) by 16  27 7 3
11 4 7 4 11 81 5 72
2 5 3 5 (vii)  (viii) 
(iii) by (iv) by 9  88 9  25
9 11 17 4
9 36 11 21 Q.23 Simplify:
(v) by (vi) by
7  11 13 7  25 2   3  10 
3 4 15 (i)       
(vii)  by  (viii)  by 7  8 5 5 9 
5 7 11
1 1 1 
(ii)       6 
Q.21 Multiply: 2 4 2 
5 51 6 55  2  2
(i) by (ii) by (iii)   5      6  
17  60 11 36  15   9
8 5 6 49
(iii) by (iv) by   9 5   13 5 
25 16 7 36 (iv)     
 4 3  2 6
8 7 8 3
(v) by (vi) by   4 12   3 21 
9  16 9 64 (v)     
 3  5   7 15 
 13 8    5 11 
(vi)       
 5 3  2 3
 13 11    4 5 
(vii)       
 7 26   3 6 
 8  3    3 11 
(viii)     
 5 2   10 16 

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
11 253
1. 2 2. – 3.
28 126
1 11 7 15 5 3 1 5 2 11 11
4. (i) (ii) (iii) – (iv) – (v) – (vi) (vii) – (viii) – 5. 6. 7.
4 9 11 13 8 2 14 66 9 3 3
41 103 41 1 5 23
8.  9. 10. 11. 12. 13.
7 72 32 21 2 28
7 59 1
14. 15. 16.
5 30 4
 EXERCISE # 2
Q.1 Give examples of Q.11 What must be added to
(a) The rational number that does not have a 1 – x + x 2 – 2x 3 to obtain x 3 ?
reciprocal.
(A) x 3 – x 2 + x – 1
(b) The rational numbers that are equal to
their reciprocals. (B) – 1 + x + x 2 – 3x 3
(c) The rational number that is equal to its (C) 3x 3 – x 2 + x – 1
negative. (D) None of these

Q.2 Fill in the blanks. Q.12 What must be added to the sum of
(a) Zero has ______ reciprocal. 4x2 + 3x – 7 and 3x2 + 6x + 5 to get : 1 ?
(b) The numbers______ and _____ are their own (A) 7x 2 + 9x – 3
reciprocals.
(B) 3 – 9x – 7x 2
(c) The reciprocal of – 5 is _______.
1 (C) 7x 2 + 9x – 2
(d) Reciprocal of , where x  0 is______. (D) None of these
x
(e) The product of two rational numbers is  1 
always a______. Q.13 By what number should   be divided
 15 
(f) The reciprocal of a positive rational number
 1 
is ________. so that the quotient equal to  .
 5
Q.3 Represent these numbers on the number line.
7 5 Q.14 Simplify each of the following :
(i) (ii) 1
4 6  2  
2
  1  
(i)    
2 5 9  5   
Q.4 Represent , , on the number line.   
11 11 11
 1  2  1  3   1  2
Q.5 Write five rational numbers which are smaller (ii)         
than 2.  3   2    4 

2 1
Q.6 Find ten rational numbers between and . Q.15 Simplify :
5 2
7 5 2 3
5 8  – 2 4
Q.7 Find five rational numbers between. (i)     (ii)    
8 5  3  5
2 4 3 5
(i) and (ii) and 4 3 2 3
3 5 2 3 3 3 3 7
(iii)     (iv)     
1 1 4 2 7 6
(iii) and
4 2
8 1  53
Q.8 Write five rational numbers greater than –2. Q.16 Evaluate :
2–4
3 3 Q.17 Simplify:
Q.9 Find ten rational numbers between and .
5 4 25  a –4 35  10 5  125
(i) (ii)
Q.10 What expression to be added to 5 – 3  10  a 8 5 7  6 5
(5x 2 – 7x + 2) to produce (7x 2 – 1). Q.18 By what number should (–4)–2 be multiplied
(A) 2x 2 + 7x + 3 (B) 2x 2 + 7x – 3 so that the product may be equal to 10–2 ?
(C) 12x 2 – 7x + 1 (D) 2x 2 – 3
Q.19 By what number should (–12)–1 be divided
1
2
so that the quotient may be   ?
3
3
 3
Q.20 By what number should   be divided
 2 
2
 4 
so that the quotient may be   ?
 27 

3 6 2 m 1
2 2 2
Q.21 Find m so that       
9 9 9

ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 2
1. (a) 0 ; (b) 1 and (– 1) ; (c) 0
1
2. (a) No ; (b) 1, – 1; (c) ; (d) x; (e) Rational Number; (f) positive
5
1 –1
3. (i) ; (ii)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 6 6 6

–1
4. –11 –10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0
11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11

1 1
5. Some of these are 1, , 0, –1,
2 2
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2
6. , , , , , , , 0, ..., , (These can be many more such rational numbers)
20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
41 42 43 44 45 8 7 1 2 9 10 11 12 13
7. (i) , , , , ; (ii) , , 0, , ; (iii) , , , ,
60 60 60 60 60 6 6 6 6 32 32 32 32 32
(There can be many more such rational numbers)
3 1 1
8. , –1, , 0, (There can be many more such rational numbers)
2 2 2
97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
9. , , , , , , , , ,
160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160
(There can be many more such rational numbers)
1 1 1 64 1125 32 24
13. 14. (i) ; (ii) 15. (i) ; (ii) ; (iii) ;
3 625 16 25 256 3 7
625 4 4
16. 250 17. (i) a ; (ii) 55 18.
2 25
3
1  4 
19. 20. –2 ×   21. m = – 1
18  27 