ORAL TEST: “LES MISERABLES”

1. What is the significance of the title “Les Miserables” and who are the miserable in the novel?
The title “Les Miserables” translates to “The Miserable Ones” in English. The significance of this title
is to highlight the themes of poverty, injustice, and suffering that are central to the novel. The
miserable in the novel include various characters such as the protagonist Jean Valjean, Fantine,
Cosette, and the poor citizens of France who are struggling to survive in a society that is unfair and
unyielding. The title refers to the condition of these characters and the social and economic
conditions that have made their lives miserable. The title also suggests that the novel is a critique of
the social order that creates and sustains misery for the underprivileged.
2. Explain why does this novel have a plot and also a subplot. Briefly explain the story of both of them.
"Les Miserables" has a plot and a subplot to provide a more comprehensive and convincing story.
The main plot follows the story of Jean Valjean, a former convict who struggles to redeem himself and become a
better person. The novel begins with Valjean being released from prison after serving 19 years for stealing a loaf
of bread. He breaks his parole and assumes a new identity, but he is relentlessly pursued by Inspector Javert,
who is determined to bring him to justice. In his new life, Valjean becomes a successful businessman and adopts
a young girl named Cosette, whom he rescues from an abusive household. The climax of the main plot comes
when the revolution erupts in Paris, and Valjean finds himself caught up in the conflict and must choose
whether to protect his newfound freedom or risk it all to help those fighting for a better future. Ultimately, he
learns the true meaning of love and sacrifice, and finds forgiveness and redemption.

The subplot of "Les Miserables" revolves around the young couple Marius and Cosette. Marius is a revolutionary
who falls in love with Cosette, but their relationship is threatened by Valjean's overprotectiveness and Marius'
political affiliations. As the revolution approaches, Marius becomes more deeply involved, and Cosette finds
herself torn between her love for Marius and her loyalty to Valjean. Their story adds a romantic, emotional
dimension to the novel and illustrates the importance of love and sacrifice in the face of societal upheaval and
turmoil.

Through the intersecting stories of Valjean, Marius, and Cosette, "Les Miserables" explores themes of poverty,
social injustice, redemption, and the struggle for a better world. It illustrates the human cost of inequality and
oppression, and the power of forgiveness and compassion to heal wounds and transform lives.

Overall, "Les Miserables" is a powerful and poetic masterpiece that continues to resonate with readers today. It
reminds us of the enduring human capacity for resilience, hope, and love in the face of adversity, and the
importance of standing up for what is right, even in the most difficult times. So, it is a must-read…

3. Describe the main character of the novel and how he changes throughout the novel.
The main character of "Les Miserables" is Jean Valjean, a former convict who spent 19 years in prison for
stealing a loaf of bread to feed his family. When he is released, he struggles to find work and housing due to his
criminal record, and eventually turns to stealing and breaking parole.

However, Valjean's life changes dramatically when he meets a bishop who shows him kindness and forgiveness,
inspiring him to live an honest life and use his wealth to help others. Valjean adopts a new identity and becomes
a successful factory owner, but his past continues to haunt him when he is pursued by the ruthless police
inspector Javert, who is determined to bring him to justice.

Throughout the novel, Valjeaencounters many other characters whose lives intersect with his own, including
Fantine, a single mother forced into prostitution to support her daughter; Cosette, the daughter whom Valjean
adopts and raises as his own; Marius, a young man fighting in a revolution against the government; and
Eponine, a girl who falls in love with Marius but ultimately sacrifices herself to save him.

Valjean's journey is one of redemption and moral growth, as he confronts his past mistakes and makes amends
through acts of altruism and selflessness. Along the way, he grapples with themes of poverty, injustice, and the
struggle between law and morality.

"Les Miserables" is a sprawling epic that spans decades and encompasses…

)Describee the historical context of the novel and how this context exerts an influence on the plot of the novel.
"Les Miserables" is set in early 19th century France, a period of political and social upheaval. The French
Revolution had ended just a few decades prior, and the country was still grappling with issues of class inequality
and poverty.

At the time of the novel, the monarchy had been restored in France, but the government was still corrupt and
inefficient, leading to a growing discontent among the lower classes. This discontent eventually erupted in the
June Rebellion of 1832, which serves as the backdrop for the novel's climax.

The historical context of the novel deeply influences its plot, as the characters grapple with the societal issues of
the time, including poverty, social hierarchies, political corruption, and revolution. The plight of the…...poor is
an overarching theme in the novel, as seen through the characters of Fantine and her daughter Cosette, who
are forced to resort to desperate measures in order to survive. The novel also addresses the rigid class
structures of the time, as seen through the stark contrast between the wealthy and privileged characters like
the Thenardiers and the impoverished ones like Jean Valjean and the other prisoners.

Political corruption is also heavily featured throughout the novel, with the depiction of the corrupt police officer
Javert and the ineffective government officials who fail to address the country's problems. The novel's
revolutionary ideals are most prominently displayed in the character of Enjolras and the group of young
revolutionaries he leads in the June Rebellion.

4. Explain why Jean Valjean spends nineteen years in prison. Describe the effect that those nineteen
years have on Jean Valjean. Do you think Jean Valjean's initial crime, is truly a criminal act?

Jean Valjean spends nineteen years in prison because he stole a loaf of bread to feed his sister's starving family.
His initial crime can certainly be considered a criminal act as he did break the law by stealing. However, the
circumstances surrounding his theft could be seen as a mitigating factor, highlighting the harsh reality of poverty
and desperation.
In prison, Valjean experiences extreme physical and emotional hardship, which takes a toll on him. He is
subjected to forced labor, harsh punishment, and isolation, all of which cause him to become bitter and
resentful. His experiences in prison shape his worldview, contributing to his desire to seek redemption for his
past actions and to help those who are similarly struggling.

5. Which is the incident that changed the novel completely from the very beginning?

The incident that completely changes the novel from the very beginning is when Jean Valjean steals the silver
from the Bishop's house, only to be forgiven by the Bishop who tells the police that the silver was a gift. This act
of kindness and forgiveness transforms Valjean's outlook on life and sets him on a path of redemption. It also
serves as a powerful message of compassion and forgiveness that runs throughout the novel.

6. What internal conflict does Val jean wage at the Bishop’s house?

At the Bishop's house, Valjean struggles with an internal conflict between his desperation to survive and his
conscience. On one hand, he is desperate for food and shelter, having been released from prison with nothing
to his name. On the other hand, he knows that stealing is wrong and fears being caught and sent back to prison.
This conflict reaches a climax when he steals the Bishop's silverware, as he sees this as his only option to
survive. However, after being caught by the police, the Bishop covers for him and shows him an act of mercy
and forgiveness. This act changes Valjean's perspective and leads him on a path of redemption.

7. Why may the candlesticks be considered a symbol in the novel?

The candlesticks given by the Bishop to Valjean are considered a symbol of both material and spiritual
redemption in the novel. The candlesticks are made of pure silver and have great monetary value, which would
be attractive to thieves like Valjean who are struggling to survive. However, after the Bishop shows Valjean
mercy and forgiveness by lying to the police and telling them that he had given Valjean the silverware, the
candlesticks become a symbol of Valjean's spiritual redemption. They represent a turning point in Valjean's life,
as he recognizes the goodness and kindness of the Bishop's actions and is inspired to become a better person.
The candlesticks become a reminder of the love and mercy shown to Valjean and…

8. Who is Fantine? What is her role in the story? Is she an example of a mother? In which event can
you see that France was being industrialized? How does Victor Hugo show workers’ lives through
Fantine?

Fantine is a key character in Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables". She is a young and beautiful woman who was
abandoned by her lover and is forced to leave her daughter, Cosette, in the care of the conniving Thénardiers in
order to find a job and provide for her. She becomes a factory worker at a textile mill, where she suffers abuse
and mistreatment from her co-workers and bosses. She eventually turns to prostitution to pay for her
daughter's care and ends up dying penniless and alone.
Fantine's character represents the tragic fate of many single mothers in 19th-century France, who were often
faced with limited job opportunities and societal stigma. While she is not a perfect example of a mother by
modern…

9. Who is Cossette? Is she a flat or round character? If your answer is positive, justify the way she
evolves in the story.

Cosette is the daughter of Fantine in "Les Misérables". She is initially a flat character, as she is a young child who
doesn't have much agency or development. She is primarily a symbol of hope and innocence, representing the
happiness and love that her mother is striving towards.

However, as the story progresses, Cosette begins to evolve into a round character as she grows up and becomes
more involved in the plot. After being rescued by Jean Valjean and taken under his care, she starts to develop a
strong bond with him and becomes his adopted daughter. She blossoms into a kind and compassionate young
woman, able to see the good in others and bringing peace and happiness to those around her.

10. Who are the Thernadiers? Which is the transformation they suffered along the novel? Were all the
members of that family identical in personality?

The Thénardiers are a family of con artists and criminals in "Les Misérables". They play a significant role in the
novel, particularly in the early portions.

At the beginning, the Thénardiers are portrayed as greedy, heartless, and cruel people. They run a shady inn and
use their guests for profit, steal and cheat, and abuse and neglect Cosette, whom they agreed to take care of in
exchange for money from her mother.

Throughout the novel, their characters transform somewhat. At one point, they become obsessed with finding
and reclaiming a fortune that they believe belongs to them. This leads to a botched robbery attempt and their
eventual imprisonment. While in prison, they become bitter and resentful, blaming others…

11. Why did Jean Van Jean go to rescue Cossette from the family she was living with? Which is the key
fact that pushes him to do that?

Jean Valjean goes to rescue Cosette from the Thénardiers because he promised her dying mother, Fantine, that
he would take care of her. This promise is the key fact that pushes him to act.

After Valjean is released from prison, he finds himself struggling to find work and is turned away from many
places because of his criminal record. He eventually ends up in a town where he meets Fantine, who has been
working in a factory and is now destitute and ill. She entrusts Cosette to Valjean, and he promises to take care of
her as his own.
However, when Valjean realizes that the Thénardiers are mistreating and abusing Cosette, he knows…...that he
must act. He sees the promise he made to Fantine as a sacred oath and feels a strong sense of responsibility
towards Cosette. Valjean's own experiences of injustice and suffering while in prison and on the streets also fuel
his desire to protect Cosette and make things right.

Valjean risks everything, including his freedom, to rescue Cosette. He confronts the Thénardiers and uses his
formidable strength to overpower them. He pays a large sum of money to buy Cosette's freedom and takes her
away with him to start a new life.

12. How does Cosette change Valjean’s attitude toward life?

Cosette's presence in Valjean's life brings about a significant change in his attitude towards life. Before Cosette,
Valjean had largely lived a solitary and emotionally disconnected life, consumed by his guilt and shame.
However, his love and devotion for Cosette awakens a new sense of purpose in him, softening his heart and
bringing joy and meaning to his existence.

Valjean becomes a devoted father figure to Cosette, providing her with love, protection, and a better life. He
becomes less focused on his own personal struggles and more focused on providing for and nurturing Cosette's
emotional and physical well-being. He even risks his own life to protect her from harm.

13. Would you say that Jean Val Jean is an honest man? Why/ why not? Give examples

Yes, Jean Valjean can be considered an honest man. Despite his past as a convict, he strives to live an honest life
and keep his promises throughout the novel. Here are some examples:

1. Valjean's actions towards Fantine: After discovering Fantine's situation and her daughter's plight, Valjean feels
immense guilt for his role in her suffering. In a show of honesty and compassion, Valjean promises to take care
of Fantine's daughter, Cosette, and provides her with a safe and loving home.

2. Valjean's confession to Marius: When Marius finds out about Valjean's past as a convict, Valjean admits the
truth without trying to deny or hide his past…...He also shows honesty by revealing the details of his past to
Marius, including his imprisonment, escape, and his assumed identity as Monsieur Madeleine. In doing so, he
risks losing the happiness he has finally found with Cosette, but he remains truthful nonetheless.
3. Valjean's decision to turn himself in: After mistakenly believing that an innocent man has been arrested in his
place, Valjean decides to reveal his true identity and turn himself in to the authorities. This is a brave and honest
choice, as he knows he faces potential punishment for his previous crimes.

4. Valjean's interaction with the Bishop of Digne: One of Valjean's most significant moments of honesty occurs
early in the novel when he…encounters the Bishop of Digne. After stealing silver from him, Valjean is caught by
the police and brought back to the Bishop's house. The Bishop surprises him by claiming that the silver was a
gift and even gives him two candlesticks as well. This act of generosity and forgiveness changes Valjean's life and
motivates him to become a better person. It also speaks to the honesty of the Bishop, who could have easily
accused Valjean and allowed him to be punished for the theft.

5. Valjean's confession to Marius: In one of the most emotional scenes of the novel, Valjean confesses his true
identity and his criminal past to Marius, who is about to marry Valjean's…adopted daughter Cosette. Valjean
fears that Marius will reject him and forbid him from seeing Cosette, but instead Marius forgives him and even
thanks him for raising Cosette. This moment of honesty and vulnerability strengthens the relationship between
Valjean and Marius and shows the power of forgiveness and redemption.

6. Inspector Javert's suicide: Throughout the novel, Javert is portrayed as a rigid enforcer of the law who sees
the world in black and white terms. However, when Valjean spares his life during the barricade uprising, Javert is
unable to reconcile his worldview with the act of mercy he has just experienced. This internal conflict ultimately
leads to Javert's suicide, as he…realizes that his whole life's work has been built on a flawed belief system, and
he cannot live with the contradiction. This moment of despair humanizes Javert and forces the reader to
confront the limitations of legalistic thinking and the potential harm it can cause.

7. The death of Gavroche: Gavroche is a young boy who lives on the streets of Paris and becomes a symbol of
hope and courage during the barricade uprising. Despite being from a lower class background and facing
immense hardships, Gavroche remains fiercely loyal to the cause of the rebels and sacrifices himself while
retrieving ammunition for them. His death is a tragic moment in the novel, as he is one of the most endearing
and memorable characters,...

14. Who are the protagonists of the love stories in the novel? What kind of love do they feel? Can you
say it is pure love? Give examples.

There are several love stories in Les Misérables, but the two main protagonists are Cosette and Marius, and
Fantine and Jean Valjean.

Cosette and Marius fall in love at first sight, but their love is complicated by their families' histories and the
social class divide between them. Their love is pure in the sense that it is based on genuine feelings for each
other, but it is also naive and idealized. Marius sees Cosette as a perfect, innocent angel and Cosette sees
Marius as her knight in shining armor who will protect her from the world. However, their love is not without
flaws, and they eventually have to confront the realities of their situation.

Fantine and Jean Valjean have…a different kind of love story, one that is based on sacrifice and redemption.
Fantine is a single mother who turns to prostitution to provide for her daughter, Cosette. Jean Valjean, who has
just been released from prison after serving 19 years for stealing a loaf of bread, rescues Fantine and promises
to take care of Cosette after Fantine passes away.

Their love comes from a deep sense of responsibility towards each other and towards Cosette. Jean Valjean
sacrifices his freedom and safety to protect Cosette and honor Fantine's dying wish. Fantine, in turn, sacrifices
her life for her daughter's future.

Despite the tragedy and hardships they faced, their love for each other and for Cosette brought them
redemption…

15. Provide two examples in the novel which show social inequality. Describe the social classes that you
could identify in the novel.
1) One example of social inequality in the novel is shown through the character of Fantine. As a single mother
with no support, she is forced to sell herself into prostitution in order to provide for her daughter. This highlights
the economic disparity between the rich and the poor, and how the lack of opportunity for women like Fantine
can push them into desperate situations.

2) Another example can be seen through the treatment of the revolutionaries and the poor by the upper-class.
The wealthy characters in the novel often view the struggles of the lower-class as insignificant and treat them
with disdain. This shows the divide between the wealthy and the working class and highlights the lack of
empathy and understanding between the two.

The social classes in the novel can be broadly defined…as follows:

The upper class: This includes characters like the Thénardiers, who are wealthy innkeepers and have no qualms
about exploiting and profiting off the misfortunes of others. Other wealthy characters are shown as being
disconnected from the realities of the lower class, and are unwilling to see the harm their actions cause.

The middle class: Characters like Marius and his family represent the middle class, who are relatively
comfortable in their lives and have some awareness of the struggles of the poor. However, they can still be blind
to the struggles of others.

The lower class: This includes characters like Fantine, who are barely making ends meet and are often subjected
to the exploitation of those in higher classes. The revolutionaries, like En…jolras and his comrades, also
represent the lower class, as they are fighting for the rights and empowerment of the poor and oppressed.
Furthermore, the novel also depicts the struggles of marginalized groups, such as women and children, who
were often neglected and mistreated in 19th century France. Fantine, Éponine, and Cosette all had to endure
difficult circumstances due to their gender and social status.

Overall, Les Misérables portrays a complex and multifaceted society, with characters from various backgrounds
and experiences. Through this diverse cast, the novel highlights the intersecting issues of class, gender, and
social oppression, and ultimately emphasizes the need for compassion and empathy towards all individuals,
regardless of their social standing.
16. How is the Catholic Church shown in the novel and what did the author want to show about the
church? Give examples. Has Church changed through time?

The Catholic Church is depicted in Les Misérables as a powerful and influential institution in 19th century
France. The novel portrays the church as both a force for good and a force for oppression, depending on the
perspectives of the characters involved.

On one hand, the novel portrays the church as a source of comfort and support for people like Fantine, who
turn to faith in times of suffering and despair. Bishop Myriel is held up as an ideal of Christian charity and
compassion, as he selflessly helps those in need and forgives his enemies.

On the other hand, the church is also shown as an institution that can be corrupt and oppressive, particularly
regarding its treatment of marginalized groups such as prostitutes and unwed mothers. The church's
strict…adherence to traditional social norms and its disdain for those who deviate from them is also criticized
throughout the novel.

Additionally, the role the church plays in the political and social landscape of France is highlighted. The church is
shown as a powerful force that influences political decisions and maintains the status quo. The portrayal of the
church in Les Misérables reflects Hugo's own views on the institution, which were shaped by his experiences
with its corruption and resistance to change.

Overall, Les Misérables presents a nuanced and complex view of the Catholic Church, highlighting both its
positive and negative aspects and its impact on French society during Hugo's time.

17. How is parental love shown in the story in the case of Jean van Jean and Fantine?

Parental love is a significant theme in Les Misérables and is particularly evident in the relationships between
Jean Valjean and Cosette, as well as Fantine and her daughter, Cosette.
In the case of Jean Valjean and Fantine, both characters demonstrate selfless and sacrificial love for their
children. Jean Valjean, a former convict, becomes a surrogate father to Fantine's daughter, Cosette, after
promising to take care of her when Fantine becomes gravely ill.

Similarly, Fantine's love for Cosette is evident throughout the novel, as she works tirelessly to provide for her
daughter and is willing to do whatever it takes to ensure her well-being, even when it means selling her
possessions and ultimately sacrificing…her own health and life for the sake of Cosette's future. The depth of
Fantine's love for Cosette is demonstrated in her dying words, as she implores Jean Valjean to care for her
daughter and tells Cosette that her mother's love will always be with her.

Jean Valjean's love for Cosette takes on a paternal role, as he becomes her caretaker and protector, creating a
stable and loving home for her. He puts his own safety and well-being at risk to protect her from harm and is
willing to sacrifice his own happiness for her.

Overall, the theme of parental love in Les Misérables emphasizes the selflessness and sacrificial nature of a
parent's love for their child. It shows…that a parent's love transcends personal desires and comforts, as they
put their child's well-being above all else. This theme is depicted in various forms throughout the novel, from
Fantine's sacrifice to Jean Valjean's unwavering dedication to Cosette. The importance of parental love is further
highlighted by the absence of this love in characters like the Thénardiers and the tragic consequences it brings.
Ultimately, Les Misérables portrays parental love as a powerful force that can overcome adversity and transform
lives.

18. Explain the reason why Jean Val Jean gets so jealous about Cossette, especially when she becomes
an adult.

Jean Valjean gets jealous of Cosette's relationships and affection for Marius as she grows up because he wants
to keep her close to him and preserve their close bond. Jean Valjean sees Cosette as his own daughter and the
only person left in his life that he deeply cares about. He fears losing her to Marius and his family or any other
man who might come into her life. Additionally, Jean Valjean has had a difficult past and is constantly worried
about the possibility of being discovered and arrested for his past crimes. He feels that if Cosette leaves him, he
will be alone again and vulnerable to the scrutiny of the law. Thus, his jealousy is rooted in his desire to protect
and keep Cosette close to him…Furthermore, Jean Valjean's possessiveness towards Cosette may also stem
from his guilt over the poor treatment she received in her early childhood. He feels a sense of responsibility
towards her and wants to make up for the years of neglect and abuse she experienced under the Thénardiers.
Cosette had become his reason for living, and he had sacrificed so much to keep her safe and happy. Thus,
seeing her grow up and develop romantic relationships threatens to take away the comfort and security he has
found in her presence.

However, despite his jealousy, Jean Valjean ultimately decides to put Cosette's happiness above his own desires.
He realizes that he has been selfish in trying to keep her isolated from the world and that it is natural for…her
to seek companionship and love. He accepts Marius as Cosette's suitor and even goes to great lengths to ensure
their safety and happiness, including saving Marius from death during the revolution.

Through this selfless act, Jean Valjean not only shows his unconditional love for Cosette but also exemplifies the
novel's overarching theme of grace and redemption. He has transformed from a hardened criminal to a
compassionate and loving father figure, willing to do whatever it takes to ensure his daughter's happiness. In
the end, Jean Valjean's sacrifice symbolizes the ultimate act of love, one that transcends possessiveness and
jealousy and embodies the true meaning of parental love.

19. Why can it be said that personal transformation can be accounted as one of the themes of the
novel?

transformations show that overcoming obstacles and facing difficult situations can be catalysts for personal
growth and change. It also highlights the power of love, compassion, and forgiveness in transforming individuals
and shaping their actions.

The theme of personal transformation is also important in the context of the broader social issues addressed in
"Les Misérables," such as poverty, injustice, and inequality. Through the characters' transformations, the novel
suggests that societal change is not just about changing laws and systems, but also about changing individual
attitudes and behaviors. It emphasizes the need for empathy, compassion, and a willingness to help those less
fortunate in order to bring about real and lasting change in society.

In conclusion, the theme of personal transformation in "Les Misérables" is a central…element that helps to
deepen the novel's exploration of social issues and human nature. The struggles and growth of the characters
provide a powerful message about the power of redemption and the importance of personal responsibility in
creating a better world. The novel ultimately suggests that even in the face of great hardship and despair, there
is always hope for transformation and renewal, both on an individual and societal level. As such, it remains a
timeless classic that continues to inspire readers to seek out deeper connections with themselves and others, as
well as to work towards a more just and compassionate society.

20. What are the values that you find in the story? Does the story have any teachings? Give examples

The story of Les Misérables is full of values and lessons that can be drawn from the experiences of its
characters.

1. Redemption: One of the prominent themes of Les Misérables is redemption. The story teaches us that no one
is beyond redemption, no matter how far they have strayed from the path of righteousness. The character Jean
Valjean is an excellent example of this, as he transforms himself from a bitter, angry criminal to a loving, selfless
man who takes care of Cosette and dedicates his life to helping others.
2. Compassion: Another value that is emphasized throughout the novel is compassion. The story teaches us to
be empathetic towards others, even those who society might deem as outcasts. One of…...the best examples of
this is the character of Fantine, who is abandoned by society and must resort to prostitution to provide for her
daughter. Despite her tragic circumstances, Valjean shows her compassion by taking care of her and providing
for her until her dying breath.

3. Justice: The theme of justice is also explored in Les Misérables. The novel depicts the harsh realities of justice
during the time period it is set in, where the punishment for even minor crimes was severe. However, the story
also teaches us that true justice is not just about punishing wrongdoers, but also about showing mercy and
forgiveness. This is demonstrated through the character of Javert, who represents the strict interpretation of
justice until he is confronted with the mercy…of Valjean. In the end, Javert cannot reconcile his belief in the law
with his admiration for Valjean's compassion, and takes his own life.

4. Redemption: Redemption is a central theme in Les Misérables, as it follows the journey of Valjean's
transformation from a criminal to a compassionate and selfless man. Through his acts of kindness and
generosity, Valjean is able to make up for his past mistakes and find redemption. This theme is also explored
through the character of Marius, who must come to terms with his own prejudices against the poor and learn to
see the humanity in all people.

5. Love: Lastly, Les Misérables is a story about the power of love, both…romantic and platonic. The love story
between Marius and Cosette is a central plotline, as they struggle to overcome societal barriers and be together.
However, love is also present in the friendships and bonds formed between characters throughout the story.
The most notable example is the love and sacrifice shown by Valjean for Cosette, who he raises as his own
daughter and puts her happiness above his own. Love is ultimately shown as the force that can inspire people to
do great things and make the world a better place.

21. How predictable or unpredictable do you find the end of the story? Why? Support your answer with
specific reasons.

The ending of Les Misérables can be seen as both predictable and unpredictable. On one hand, the resolution
of Marius and Cosette's love story - with them finally getting together - could be seen as a predictable and
expected outcome. Additionally, Jean Valjean's death at the end of the novel, after he has finally achieved
redemption and found peace, could be seen as a logical conclusion to his character arc.

On the other hand, the way the story arrives at these endings is far from predictable. The novel is filled with
twists and turns, unexpected plot developments, and a detailed exploration of the complex social and political
issues of the time.
Furthermore, the ending of Les Misérables is not just about tying up loose ends and giving closure to the main
characters. It also serves as a reflection on the novel's themes and messages. For example, the final passage of
the novel, which says "To die is nothing; but it is terrible not to live," can be seen as a commentary on the
importance of living a meaningful life and making a positive impact on the world.

Ultimately, whether the ending of Les Misérables is predictable or unpredictable depends on how one
approaches the novel. While the broad strokes of the plot may be easy to guess, the…details of the characters'
journeys and the nuances of their interactions with each other are what makes the story rich and engaging. One
can predict that Jean Valjean will eventually meet his demise, but the manner in which he achieves redemption
and the impact he has on those around him is what makes the ending satisfying.

Les Misérables is not meant to be a mystery or a suspenseful thriller; it is a novel about the human experience
and the power of compassion and forgiveness. By guiding the reader towards a certain conclusion, Hugo is able
to emphasize the importance of these themes and drive home their significance.

22. Why Love and compassion may be considered one themes of the story?

Love and compassion are important themes in Les Misérables. Victor Hugo portrays them as the antidote to the
harshness and injustice of society. Through the characters of Jean Valjean, Cosette, Marius, and Bishop Myriel,
he highlights the transformative power of love, showing that it has the ability to overcome even the most
difficult circumstances.

Furthermore, the novel suggests that love and compassion should not be limited to one's own circle, but should
extend to all humanity. Hugo explores the interconnectivity of human experiences and shows that every act of
love and kindness has a ripple effect on those around us, ultimately leading to a better world.

In conclusion, Les Misérables is a powerful testament to the importance of love and compassion.

23. Compare Cossette and her mother? Do they share any elements in common? Which are they?

Cosette and her mother, Fantine, share some elements in common, but they also have many differences.

One element they share is that they are both victims of circumstance. Fantine was abandoned by her lover, left
to raise Cosette on her own and forced to sell herself into prostitution to provide for her daughter. Similarly,
Cosette was left in the care of the cruel and abusive Thénardiers after the death of her mother.
Another similarity between the two is that they both endure hardship and suffering. Fantine's life is filled with
poverty, sickness, and abuse, while Cosette is mistreated by the Thénardiers and forced to work tirelessly in
their inn.

24. Mention at least two events in the novel where honesty is clearly shown by any of the characters

One event where honesty is clearly shown is when Jean Valjean confesses his true identity to Marius. Despite
risking losing Cosette's love and everything he has built for himself, Jean Valjean decides to tell the truth and
repent for his past actions.

Another event where honesty is demonstrated is when Bishop Myriel vouches for Valjean when he stole the
silverware. Instead of punishing Valjean, Bishop Myriel showed him mercy and trust, telling the authorities that
the silverware was a gift. This act of honesty and forgiveness inspires Valjean to turn his life around and become
a better person.

25. Taking into consideration the themes of the novel “Les Miserables”, What kind of writer was Victor
Hugo? Explain your choice through convincing arguments.

Victor Hugo was a writer who was dedicated to social justice and human empathy. He used his writing as a tool
to expose and critique societal injustices, and this is clearly manifested in his masterpiece, "Les Misérables".

Hugo was a writer who believed in the power of art to affect social change. He wanted his writing to be a voice
for the oppressed and disenfranchised, and in "Les Misérables", he achieved this goal by exploring themes of
poverty, injustice, and oppression.

Hugo was a master at creating vivid and powerful characters who were grounded in the reality of their social
and economic conditions. He used his characters to illuminate the struggles of the working class and
disadvantaged, and in doing so, he created a…a deeply emotional and human story that resonates with readers
to this day.

One of the most memorable characters in "Les Misérables" is Jean Valjean, a former convict who tries to start a
new life after being released from prison. Through Valjean's, we see the crushing effects of social injustice and
the importance of redemption and forgiveness.

Hugo also explores the effects of poverty on individuals and their families through the character of Fantine. She
is forced into prostitution in order to support her daughter, and her tragic story highlights the desperation and
hopelessness that can result from extreme poverty.
Overall, Hugo's writing in "Les Misérables" is a testament to the power of storytelling to expose and critique
societal injustices, and…to inspire readers to advocate for change. His vivid descriptions of the harsh realities of
life during his time period, such as the brutal treatment of prisoners and the poverty that afflicted a large
portion of the population, serve as a stark reminder of the need for social reform and the importance of
compassion for those who are suffering.

26. Which is the role of women in the novel? Are they important to the society of the time? Compare
their role with the role they play at present.

In "Les Misérables", women play a vital role in society, but their status and influence are limited by the societal
norms of the time. Women are portrayed as either wives and mothers or prostitutes, with little room for
alternative lifestyles or career opportunities. Even characters who challenge traditional gender roles, such as
Fantine and Eponine, find themselves in difficult situations due to their gender and social status.

Fantine, for example, is a single mother who turns to prostitution in order to support herself and her daughter,
Cosette. She is punished for her actions, both by society and by the illness that ultimately takes her life.
Eponine, meanwhile, is in love with Marius but cannot act on her feelings due to her position as…a member of
the Thénardier family and her lower social class. Despite her bravery and loyalty, she ultimately meets a tragic
end.

On the other hand, characters like Cosette and Marius are able to pursue more traditional paths, such as
marriage and family, because of their privilege and gender. Cosette is rescued by Valjean and raised as his
daughter, while Marius, a wealthy student, is able to pursue his education and eventually marry Cosette.

Overall, despite their limited societal status, women in "Les Misérables" play important roles in the story and
bring attention to the inequalities and limitations placed upon them at the time. The novel highlights the need
for social reform to address these issues and grant women more equal opportunities…and rights. Through the
characters of Fantine and Eponine, readers are able to witness the harsh realities of women who are forced into
difficult situations due to poverty and lack of access to resources. Additionally, the character of Madame
Thénardier sheds light on the way that some women took advantage of their limited power and status to
manipulate and exploit others.

In conclusion, "Les Misérables" portrays the struggles and injustices faced by women during the 19th century.
Through its female characters, the novel highlights the need for social reform and the importance of granting
women equal opportunities and rights. Despite their limited societal status, women in this novel display
courage, loyalty, and resilience in the face of adversity. Their stories serve as a reminder…...that women
throughout history have made significant contributions and have fought for their rights and the rights of others,
even in the face of overwhelming obstacles. Today, we continue to see many of these same struggles and
injustices in different forms, and it is important to remember their stories and continue pushing for progress
and equality for women everywhere.

27. Describe Javert. Who is he? What is the role he plays in the novel? Explain the reason why Javert
commits suicide? Give your opinion based on facts of the novel.

Javert is a police inspector in the novel "Les Misérables" by Victor Hugo. He is a staunch believer in the law and
order, seeing the world in black and white, with no gray area. He is a strict enforcer of the law, and an
implacable pursuer of Jean Valjean, the novel's protagonist.

Throughout the novel, Javert plays the role of the antagonist, relentlessly hunting down Valjean and refusing to
see him as anything other than a dangerous criminal. However, as the story progresses, Javert's world view is
challenged when Valjean shows him mercy and forgiveness.

Javert commits suicide towards the end of the novel because he cannot reconcile his strict adherence to
the…law with his newfound understanding of mercy and compassion. He realizes that his rigid belief system
cannot accommodate the idea of forgiveness and that he cannot live in a world where his understanding of
justice is constantly being challenged.

Javert's suicide is a tragic and symbolic moment in the novel, highlighting the clash between two opposing
ideologies – one rooted in justice and order, the other in compassion and empathy. It also underscores the idea
that sometimes, a person's belief system can become so rigid that it becomes impossible for them to accept
new ideas or perspectives, and that this can have tragic consequences.

28. Discuss the ways in which Val jean both helps and hinders Cosette as she becomes an adult.

As Cosette grows into adulthood, Valjean both helps and hinders her in various ways.

Helping Cosette:

1. Education - Valjean ensures that Cosette receives a good education and is able to read and write, which helps
her in her future endeavors.

2. Financial stability - Valjean provides for Cosette and ensures that she has enough money to live comfortably.

3. Protection - Valjean goes to great lengths to protect Cosette from harm, such as when they flee to Paris and
are pursued by Javert.
4. Encouragement - Valjean encourages Cosette to follow her dreams and pursue her passions, such as music.

Hindering Cosette:

1. Overprotectiveness - Val…jean's overprotectiveness can sometimes hinder Cosette's growth and

independence, as he is constantly worried about her safety and can be overbearing in his actions.

2. Sheltering - Valjean shields Cosette from the realities of the world and can be protective to the point of
keeping her naive and unaware of danger.

3. Manipulation - Valjean can use his influence and authority over Cosette to manipulate her decisions, such as
when he convinces her to leave Marius in order to keep her safe.

4. Mental burden - Cosette often feels guilty for the sacrifices Valjean has made for her and feels responsible for
his well-being, which can be a hindrance to her own growth and happiness at times.

29. Mention similarities or differences of the social characteristics of the novel and our current society.

Similarities:

1. Wealth and social status still play a significant role in determining one's opportunities and success. In the
novel, the wealthy and powerful characters hold more power and influence than the poor and marginalized
characters.

2. Social injustices still exist in our society, such as poverty, inequality, discrimination, and oppression. These
issues are also depicted in the novel, particularly in the plight of the poor and the struggles of the
revolutionaries.

Differences:

1. Technology has transformed the way we communicate and interact, making information more accessible and
facilitating social networking on a global scale.
2. The role of religion has shifted in modern society, with the rise of secularism and individualism. In the novel,
religion and…...faith play a central role in many characters' lives and are intertwined with political and social
struggles.

3. Societal views on gender and sexuality have also shifted, with greater acceptance and visibility of LGBTQ+
identities and norms challenging traditional gender roles. However, in the novel, gender roles and expectations
are strictly defined and enforced, with women relegated to mostly domestic roles and men holding all positions
of power.

4. The novel is set in a specific historical context, the French Revolution, while modern society has its own
unique challenges and issues that differ from those of the 18th century.

5. In the novel, the primary means of communication and transportation are by letter and carriage, while in
modern society, we have advanced technology such as…...smartphones and the internet, which have greatly
impacted the way we communicate and connect with others. We also have more efficient forms of
transportation, such as cars and airplanes, which have transformed how we navigate the world.

6. Class structures and social hierarchies play a significant role in the novel, with wealthy aristocrats holding
power over the lower classes. In modern society, while economic inequality still exists, there are more
opportunities for social mobility and a greater emphasis on equal rights and opportunities.

7. The novel highlights the importance of revolution and political change in response to injustice and
oppression. In modern society, there are ongoing debates about how to address social and political issues, with
differing viewpoints on the best methods to bring about change.

30. Which character in this book do you have the most sympathy for? Why?

Dr. Manette, who was imprisoned for 18 years without trial and suffered severe trauma as a result. Others may
feel sympathy for Sydney Carton, who sacrifices his own life for the happiness of others. And some may feel
sympathy for the peasants who were oppressed and mistreated by the aristocracy.

31. Which character do you have the least sympathy for? Why?

32. What are the values, moral or teaching that you find in this novel?

A Tale of Two Cities explores a variety of values, morals, and teachings, including:

1. Sacrifice: The novel explores the theme of sacrifice through the actions of several characters, including
Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay. Carton sacrifices his own life to save Darnay's, demonstrating a selfless love
and courage.
2. Love: The novel portrays different forms of love, which include romantic love, familial love, and love for
humanity. The relationships between Lucie and Charles, Doctor Manette and his daughter, and Sydney Carton
and Lucie show the complexity of love and its potential to move people to great acts.

3. Redemption: The novel suggests that redemption is possible through self-examination, reflection, and
change…. The character of Charles Darnay goes through a journey of redemption, renouncing his family name
and aristocratic privilege to live a humble life.

4. Revolution: A Tale of Two Cities explores the French Revolution through the eyes of its characters. The novel
touches on the atrocities committed by both sides and the consequences of revolutionary fervor.

5. Justice: The novel explores the theme of justice through the characters of Madame Defarge and the Tribunal.
Madame Defarge seeks revenge for the wrongs done to her family, while the Tribunal punishes those perceived
as enemies of the revolution. The novel raises questions around how justice should be served and who should
have the power to decide.

6. Resurrection: The novel depicts the idea of resurrection as a…...theme through various characters, including
Sydney Carton. Carton goes through a personal transformation as he moves from a hopeless, alcoholic lawyer to
a heroic figure who sacrifices himself for the ones he loves. The novel suggests that a new life can emerge from
the ashes of the old, and that redemption is possible.

7. Social Injustice: The novel depicts the brutal injustices suffered by the lower classes in both England and
France during the late 18th century. Dickens highlights the corruption of the aristocracy and the ways in which
the working class were subject to systemic oppression. The novel is a powerful critique of social inequality and
injustice.

33. Assess the relationship between sacrifice and love in the novel.

The relationship between sacrifice and love is a complex one in "A Tale of Two Cities". On one hand, sacrifice is a
way for characters to prove their love for others. For example, Sydney Carton’s ultimate sacrifice of his own life
for Lucie and her family can be seen as an act of selfless love. Similarly, Charles Darnay's willingness to sacrifice
his own happiness for the sake of his family and country can also be seen as an expression of his love for others.

On the other hand, the novel also suggests that sacrifice can be damaging to the individual making the sacrifice.
Sydney Carton's sacrifice of his own life can be interpreted as a manifestation of his own self-loathing and
despair. Additionally, Lucie's willingness…to sacrifice her own personal happiness for the sake of her family and
loved ones can also be seen as problematic, as it often involves suppressing her own desires and needs.

Furthermore, the novel raises questions about the extent to which sacrifice can truly be an act of love. Is it truly
an expression of love if it involves forcing someone else to suffer or suppressing one's own needs and desires?

Ultimately, "A Tale of Two Cities" presents sacrifice as a complex, multifaceted concept that is intimately
connected with the theme of love. While sacrifice can be an expression of selfless love, it can also be a source of
pain and suffering for those involved.

34. What provides the characters of Les Misérables with the motivation to die for a cause or belief? Who
is the character that shows this attitude?

The characters of Les Misérables are largely motivated by their desire for justice and freedom. They are driven
by a sense of compassion and a belief in the inherent worth of all human beings. The character who embodies
this attitude most clearly is Jean Valjean.

After spending nineteen years in prison for stealing a loaf of bread, Valjean is released but still treated as an
outcast by society. Despite this, he chooses to live his life with compassion and love for others. He takes in the
orphaned Cosette and dedicates his life to protecting and caring for her.

Valjean also risks his own life to help others, including Marius, a young revolutionary who falls in love with
Cosette. Valjean risks his own safety…by hiding Marius from the police during the June Rebellion. Valjean's
actions are guided by his belief in the value of human life and his commitment to helping others, even at great
personal risk.

Another character who is motivated by a desire for justice and freedom is Enjolras, the leader of the student
revolutionaries. Enjolras is driven by his vision of a society where all people are free and equal. He is willing to
fight and die for this vision, believing that his cause is just and that freedom can only be won through struggle.

Enjolras is not alone in his fight for justice. Many other characters in the novel are also driven by a sense of
compassion and a belief in the worth of all human life.

35. How is justice described in the novel through the main characters?

Justice is a central theme in Les Misérables, and the way it is described through the main characters is complex
and multifaceted.
Jean Valjean, for example, experiences justice in multiple forms throughout the novel. He is initially imprisoned
for stealing bread to feed his family, but his sentence is excessively harsh, reflecting the cruel and unjust social
system of the time. He is later hounded by Javert for violating his parole, even though he has become a model
citizen and done many good deeds. Valjean's ultimate act of justice is to reveal his true identity to save an
innocent man from punishment.

Javert, on the other hand, embodies a different perspective on justice. He believes in the absolute authority of
the…law and in the punishment of all criminals, no matter how small the offense. He is relentless in his pursuit
of Valjean, even after Valjean has proved himself to be a changed man. Ultimately, Javert's rigid adherence to
the law becomes his downfall, as he cannot reconcile his beliefs with Valjean's act of mercy in sparing his life.

Fantine's story also highlights the injustices of society, as she is forced into prostitution in order to provide for
her daughter. She is a victim of poverty and social inequality, and her tragic fate serves as a commentary on the
harsh realities of life for many people in 19th century France.

36. Can social imbalance be considered a theme in the novel? Provide examples.

Yes, social imbalance can be considered a theme in Les Misérables. The novel portrays various forms of social
inequality and injustice, particularly in the portrayal of poverty, injustice and discrimination.

For example, the character of Fantine is portrayed as a victim of social imbalance. As a single mother, she
struggles to support her daughter and is forced into prostitution as a result of poverty and lack of opportunities.
She is also mistreated and exploited by others due to her low position in society.

Similarly, the character of Jean Valjean is a victim of social inequality, having spent 19 years in prison for stealing
a loaf of bread. Despite his transformation and rehabilitation, he is unable to escape the stigma attached to his
past and is constantly pursued by the ruthless and unyielding Inspector Javert, who represents a symbol of law
and order in a society that is often unwilling or unable to show mercy to those who have made mistakes.

Moreover, the novel also touches upon themes of class conflict, the struggle for equal rights, and the abuse of
power. The stark contrast between the opulence of the wealthy and the poverty and suffering of the poor is a
recurring motif that highlights the deep-seated social imbalances that existed in 19th-century France.

37. How is humiliation related to poverty in the novel? Cite three examples of the humiliation and
shame caused by poverty.
Humiliation and shame caused by poverty is a recurring theme in Les Misérables. Poverty itself is shown to be a
cause of humiliation, and the societal attitudes towards poverty only serve to compound this. Here are three
examples of humiliation caused by poverty present in the novel:

1. The character of Fantine is a prime example of the humiliation caused by poverty. After losing her job at a
factory, she is forced to sell her hair and teeth, and ultimately turn to prostitution to support herself and her
daughter. The shame and humiliation she experiences as a result of her circumstances are evident in the way
she is treated by others, and ultimately lead to her tragic fate.

2. Jean Valjean, despite his redemption and success later in life, still.faces humiliation due to his past poverty
and criminal record. He is often looked down upon and excluded by members of society who view him as a
former convict and a lesser human being. This treatment perpetuates the cycle of poverty and makes it difficult
for individuals like Valjean to escape their circumstances.

3. The Thénardiers, a couple who exploit and take advantage of others for their own gain, also contribute to the
humiliation and shame experienced by those in poverty. They treat their daughter, Éponine, poorly and use her
for their own schemes, further perpetuating the idea that poverty is a reason to be treated as less than human.

38. How did society turn its back on Jean Valjean?

Society turned its back on Jean Valjean due to his past poverty and criminal record. Even though he had served
his time in prison and wanted to turn his life around, people judged him based on his past and refused to give
him a chance. He experienced discrimination and was shunned from society, making it challenging for him to
find work or a place to stay. The police were always watching him, and he was constantly reminded of his past
mistakes. Ultimately, the stigma of poverty and criminality prevented Valjean from being accepted and valued in
society.

39. Why does Monsieur Madeleine reveal his true identity even though it means he must go back to
prison?

Monsieur Madeleine, also known as Jean Valjean, reveals his true identity because he is willing to sacrifice his
own freedom to protect someone else. When another man named Champmathieu is falsely accused of being
Jean Valjean and faces the death penalty, Monsieur Madeleine cannot bear to see the innocent man suffer in
his place. Despite the risk of being sent back to prison himself, Monsieur Madeleine confesses to the court that
he is indeed Jean Valjean. He does this to ensure that Champmathieu gets justice and is spared from an
undeserved punishment. Monsieur Madeleine values justice, fairness, and compassion, and he feels that
revealing his true identity is the right thing to do in this situation.