HISTORY OF THE EMERGENCE OF

INDEPENDENT BANGLADESH

Lectures Given By:

Dr. S.M. Sarwar Morshed
Senior Lecturer
University Of Liberal Arts Bangladesh

Slides Prepared By:

Md. Shihab Shahriar
The First Phase Of Language Movement(1948):

The first phase of the language movement was on 11th March 1948.1st strike was held in Dhaka for
the language movement. Shiekh Mujib, Oli Ahad and Shawkat Ali extra student leaders are arrested on
that day.
On 21st March 1948, the father of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan Muhammad Ali Jinnah said in
Dhaka that " Urdu and Urdu shall be state language of Pakistan". He again said on 24th March of
1948 in the convocation of University of Dhaka ,"Urdu and Urdu shall be state language of Pakistan".
The students of the University of Dhaka strongly protested the statement of Jinnah.
11th September 1948, Jinnah died in Karachi. That was the first journey of language movement 1948.
The Second Phase Of Language Movement(1952):

On 31st January, 1952 Mawlana Bhashani called a general meeting in Dhaka Bar Library .During that time,
Mawlana Bhashani was president of East Pakistan Awami Muslim League.
On 4th February,1952 all party action committee called general strike named language day for Bangla
language.
On 21st february,1952 called general procession. The Pakistani police strongly against the procession of
21st February .Rafiq Uddin, Abdul Jabber, Barkat etc. were killed by Pakistani police.
On 22th February,1952 Abdus Salam, Waliullah etc. people were killed by Pakistani police. According to
the political position of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, they strongly opposed the Bangla language.56%
people of Islamic Republic of Pakistan were Bengali .They communicated with Bangla language.
The state morphology of Islamic Republic of Pakistan was calm and quietly partial,anti progressive and
communal. Due to that point of view ,Pakistan played cruel role against eastern part of Pakistan.
We know ,Pakistan was religious oriented country .The ruler of Pakistani said, "Bangla language is the
Hindu’s language".This is the 2nd phase of language movement of 1952.
Election Of 1954:

The election of 1954 was important for Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Two phase of election between Muslim league and
Juktofront. Md. Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani , A.K Fazlul Haque, Hossain Shahid Suhrawardi were chiefs of Juktofront
.Awami Muslim League, Krishak Sromik Party ,Gonotantrik Dol and Nizam-E-Islam were chiefs of that political parties
.Awami Muslim league won 143 seats in Juktofront. On the other hand ,Muslim league got only 09 seats .Fazlul Haque
became chief minister from Juktofront.

On 15th may,1954 a communal riot started from Adamjee jute mills at Narayanganj.1500 workers killed in that communal
violence .The bengali workers and non bengali workers included in that communal riot .They all were Muslims .As a
result,30th May 1954 the central government of Islamic Republic of Pakistan declined the provincial government of East
Pakistan .The declaration of president of Islamic Republic of Pakistan declared article 2/A for the dismiss united front
government.
Education movement of 1962:
On 17th September,1962 Mostafa,Babul sacrificed their lives for education movement .Shirajul Alam Khan,Abdul Razzak,Md
Forhad,Rashed Khan Menon,Sheikh Fazlul Haque Mony,Motia Choudhury,Ferdous Ahmed Koraeshi,Shah Moyazzem
Hossain etc. student leaders played a vital role in education movement 1962.

SM Sharif was chief of education policy in 1962.The political struggle of East Pakistan students league and East Pakistan
Students Union played vibrant role in education movement in 1962.Actually the education movement of 1962 was brain child
of East Pakistan students league and East Pakistan Students Union.

The whole perspective of that movement was brutally nationalism ,regionalism and individualism oriented .Sheikh Mujibur
Rahman and Mawlana Vasani played indirect role in education movement of 1962.
What was the objectivity of education movement of 1962?
CMLA Ayub Khan introduced a partial ,communal oriented educational policy .The main objectivity of education policy was
calm and quietly West Pakistani people oriented.The social fact of the education policy was marginal approach .The holistic
point of the policy was discrimination oriented .The main focus of education policy of SM Sharif was purely West Pakistani
mentality oriented.Due to that perspective ,the whole education policy of SM Sharif was declined by the students of East
Pakistan.
Six Point Movement Of 1966:

 Foreign and defence ministry should be operated by central government .Rest of the ministry operate by provincial
government.
 Tax and revenue should be collected by provincial government .The expenditure of central government would be bear by
provincial government.
 Separate reserve fund must be introduced in both part of Pakistan.
 Individual reserve system is essential for both part of Pakistan.
 Para military or military force essential for East Pakistan.

 Two currency must be introduced in both wing of Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

The Martial Law Of 1958:

On 7th October,1958, CMLA Ayub Khan declared martial law for Islamic Republic of Pakistan .We know ,Pakistan was a
religious oriented state .The state structure of Pakistan was calm and quietly partial and communal .The administrative
approach of Ayub Khan was illegal .According to political science ,martial law regime is constitutional .The state element
of Islamic Republic of Pakistan was anti Bengali oriented.

Ayub Khan introduced a new political party ,’Convention Muslim League’ and also introduced N.S.F(National Student
Federation).

The constitution of Islamic Republic of Pakistan was introduced in 1956.

The objectivity of CMLA Ayub Khan was zero .He had no culture ,history ,political identity and platform .Due to that
perspective CMLA Ayub Khan introduced a new phenomenon in Islamic Republic of Pakistan.

Let us know what was the new phenomenon?

-The holistic approach of Islamic Republic of Pakistan was fragmented ideology oriented.
Partition Of Bengal In 1905:

 On 16th October 1905, Bengal divided in two parts.

1.East Bengal-Asam province-Dacca- Bamfield fuller
2.West Bengal- Asam province-Kolkata- Andrew Frazer.
 Lord Curzon was main character of partition of Bengal.
 “Divide and Rule” policy was method of partition of Bengal in 1905.
Liakot Hossain and Abdur Rosul declined it. But A.I.M.L acknowledge it.
 On 31st December, 1906 all India National Congress declined it.
 A.I.M.L reformed in Dacca.
 Rabindranath Tagore declared 16 December 1905 National Mourning day.
Lahore Resolution And Partition Of Bengal In 1947:

23rd march,1940 Lahore resolution accepted in annual session of all India Muslim League. A.K. Fazlul Haque represented
Lahore resolution. Lahore resolution was brain child of Pakistan movement .But after some years Mohammad Ali Jinnah
denied it. He said that was printing mistake in Lahore resolution .Choudhury Rohomot Ali discovered the word Pakistan
.The great point of undivided India ,Mohakobi Iqbal was philosopher of Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Two nation theory
was basic interpretation of Islamic Republic of Pakistan .Mohammad Ali Jinnah said there was basic error of Lahore
resolution.

Let us know what was the printing mistake in Lahore resolution?

Pakistan was nationalist mentality oriented movement of late 1940’s.Mohammad Ali Jinnah who was pioneer lawyer of
Bombay high court .Once upon a time he was political colleague and worker of Mahatma Gandhi.16th auguat,1946,All India
Muslim League called ‘Direct Action Day’ in all over India for Pakistan movement .A communal riot held in between
Hindu and Muslim community .The communal riot started from Kolkata and during that time Kolkata was capital of
undivided India .After few days ,the communal riot exploited in all over India .We know ,India heterogeneous people’s
culture oriented country .The whole India affected by the communal riot .Actually, the surgical solution essential for
communal harmony for undivided India .Basically direct action day was method of British imperialism .’Divided and rule
policy was basically method of British imperialism.
Mass Movement Of 1969:
Mawlana Abdul Hamid khan Bhashani was the chief Architect of mass movement of 1969. He was Prioneer of mass movement. Due to that
point of view Bhashani caused by western media,’Prophet of violence’. 4 January, 1969 All Party Student Action Committee reformed at
Dhaka University. 20 January,Asaduzzaman Asad sacrificed his life in front of D.M.C. 24 January, Matiur

Rahman Mollik killed by Pakistani Police. During that time he was a student of ‘NOVO Kumar’ institution.15 February 1969,Sergeant
Zahurul Haque killed by Pakistani military at Dhaka Cantonment who was political prisoner of ‘ Agartala ’ case. 18 February 1969,Dr.
Samsudzzoha killed by Pakistani military at Rajshahi University. During that time he was in Professor in chemistry and Proctor of Rajshahi
University. 22 February 1969, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and other political prisoner release from jail. 23rd February, Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
own the designation of "Bongobandu" by "Dakshu" V.P. Tofayel Ahmed. 25th March 1969, CMLA Ayub Khan declined by Power structure
of Islam Republic of Pakistan.

"Agartala Conspiracy Case"

In December 1968 Agartala case started against the Awami League President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others .The name of case was
‘State vs Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and others’.The number of prisoner was 35.Most of them were political leader, member of Air Force, Navy
force and Military force. The basic method of that case alienation approach oriented. During that time ,Sachindra Lal Singh was C.M. of
Tripura. CMLA Ayub Khan said Sheikh Mujib and Sachindra Lal Singh involved in conspiracy about the anti state role for Islamic Republic
of Pakistan. Agartala case was fact because Chittaranjan Sutar and Abu Hena, involved in Agartala case.Bothly they were elected M.P.A. of
Awami League.They were elected in election of 1970.
Election Of 1970:

7 December 1970 and 17 December 1970, national and provincial election held in Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Awami
League owned 167 seats out of 169 and 298 seats out of 310 seats.

On the other hand, Pakistan People’s Party own only 88 seats in national assembly. Awami League own political
authorityship in provincial and national assembly. Basic character of election was regional individualism. Awami League
didn't get any seat from West Pakistan. On the other hand, Pakistan People’s Party didn't get any seats from East Pakistan.
Mujibnagar Government:
8, theatre road, Kolkata- 700071, W.B, India was first political head quarter of Mujibnagar Government. Mujibnagar
government took oath on 17 April, Meherpur sub division what was situated in People's Republic of Bangladesh.
Administrative structure of Mujibnagar Govt." was:
 President: Banga Bandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.
 PM: Tazauddin Ahmed.
 Finance minister: Monsur Ali.
 Vice President: Syed Nazrul Islam.
 Home minister: A.H.M Kamruzzaman.
 Foreign Minister: Khondakar Mostaq Ahmed.
 Army Chief: M.A.G Osmani.
 Air Chief: A.K. Khondakar.
 Chief of Staff: A.S.M Abdur Rab.
 Deputy Chief of Staff: A.K. Khondakar.
 Chief Whip: Md. Yousuf Ali.

Mujibnagar Govt. established 10th April, 1971. Mujibnagar Govt. declared declaration of independence that was essential
part of fundamental constitution of 1972.
All party advisory committee reformed at 8 theatre road, Kolkata - 700071, W.B, India. President: Mawlana Abdul Hamid
Khan Vasani (NAP), Member: Mozzafar Ahmed (NAP), Monoranjon Dhor (Congress), Moni Singh (CPB: Communist Party
of Bangladesh). All party advisory committee played vital role in liberation war of People's Republic of Bangladesh. 14th
august, 1971, Soviet Union and India contacted with bi- lateral treaty for the cause of liberation war of Bangladesh.
Sectors Of Liberation War:
Mujibnagar Govt. established 03 brigades, 11 sectors, 67 sub sectors and lots of platoon company for liberation war of
Bangladesh. Three brigades as follows:Z brigade, K brigade, S brigade. Z brigade lead by Ziaur Rahman, K brigade lead by
Khaled Mosharraf, S brigade lead by K.M. Shafiullah.
□ 11th sectors as follows:
Sector 1: Ziaur Rahman and Rafiqul Islam.
Sector 2: Khaled Masarrof and A.T.M Haydar .
Sector 3: K. M. Shafiullah.
Sector 4: Chittoranjan Datta
Sector 5: Mir Sawkat Ali
Sector 6:Khademul Bashar
Sector 7: Najmul Huda and Nurujjaman.
Sector 8:Abu Osman Chowdhury.
Sector 9:Md. Abdul Jalil.
Sector 10: Operate by Naval Commando / force
Sector 11: Abu Taher and Hamidullah Khan
7 bir srestha, 68 bir uttom, 175 bir bikrom and 426 bir protik of liberation war of People's Republic of Bangladesh. These
brigades, sectors and sub sectors directly operated by instructions of Taj Uddin Ahmed, who was prime minister of
Mujibnagar Govt. and what was situated in 8, theatre road, Kolkata - 700071, W.B,India.
Contribution Of India And Indira Gandhi In Liberation War Of Bangladesh :

10th April 1971, Mujibnagar Govt. formed at Kolkata. Govt. of India likes Indian parliament on 31st March 1971, took a
positive decision for the cause of liberation war of Bangladesh. 14th August 1971, India and Soviet Union agreed with a
bilateral treaty for the cause of Bangladesh. The bilateral treaty was nuclear power oriented because during that time soviet
union was nuclear power oriented country. Every Indian people likes Shoe maker, house wife, cultural worker, poet,writer, high
officials, journalists, etc. people directly involved in liberation war of Bangladesh. Like Debdulal Bandhopaddhay, Upen
Tarofder, Omio Chakrabarty, Sagormoy Ghosh etc. people played vital rule. P.N. Hakser, D.P Dhor. General Sujon Singh Uban,
General G.S. Arora, R.N. Caw were essential diplomatic war part of People's Republic of Bangladesh. Actually, General Manik
Shaw was chief war authority of Indian part. 3rd December, 1971 Govt. of India directly involved in liberation war of
Bangladesh. About 4800 Indian soldiers sacrificed their life for the cause of liberation war of Bangladesh. 13000 Indian soldiers
were wounded in liberation war of Bangladesh.
16th December, 1971 occupied Pakistani Military surrendered at Dhaka, at Indian time 4.31 pm .General Amir Abdullah Khan
Neyaji surrendered under the circumstances of join elite force ( Bangladesh Mukti Bahini and Indian Mitra Bahini) which was
reformed in 3rd December,1971. End of the day, 16th December 1971,91549 occupied Pakistani soldier surrendered under the
leadership of Chief of joint elite force General Jogotish Singh Arora. During that time, chief of eastern command in fort.
William fort. In all respects. Indian Air Force, Indian Naval Force and Indian Military were auxiliary force and sometime
principal force in liberation war of Bangladesh.
Role of Anti Liberal force in Bangladesh war:
We know the liberation war of Bangladesh was calm and quietly people's war. Most of the people of Bangladesh participated
in direct or indirect form at liberation war of Bangladesh. Muslim league, Nizam-E- Islam and Jamaat-E-Islami was
strongly against liberation war of Bangladesh because according to these political party's strategy, "Pakistan is a sacred and
pure land and Islamic solidarity oriented country. Muslim league achieved Pakistan. Nizam-E- Islam was an Islamic political
party and Jamaat-E-Islami was a biggest Islamic political party of Pakistan. They all were think the libenation war of
Bangladesh is an interfareness of India. Jamaat-E-Islami formed Rajakar Bahini, Al Bodor, Al-Shams Bahini. These are
auxiliary force of occupied Pakistani Defence Force.
Pakistani was Islamic solidarity oriented country. According to that point of view, Islamic political parties of Pakistan
strongly opposed that the liberation war of Bangladesh. And due to that perspective, Islamic world like middle east strongly
protested the liberation war of Bangladesh. They (Al Shams,Al Bodor) killed intellectual writers, poet, cultural workers,
journalists etc. group of people who were think tank of Bangladesh liberation war. Munir Choudhury, Mofazzal Haydar
Choudhury , Jotirmay Guhothakurota, Santosh Bhattacharja, Rashidul Hasan, Anowar Pasha, Sirajul Haque, Gobindo
Chandra Deb, Arup Daitayan Bhattacharja etc. intellectuals and teachers of Dhaka university, Journalists Shahidullah
Kaysar, Selina Parvin, Shahid Saber, Kobi Meherunnesa etc. creative personality killed by auxiliary force of Jamaat E-
Islami. They also killed Sukho Ranjan Samadder, Habibur Rahman who were professors of Rajshahi University. They also
killed 69 physicians of Bangladesh likes Dr. Alim Choudhury, Dr. Fazle Rabbi, Dr. Golam Martuja, Dr. Ajharul Haque, Dr.
Zikrul Haque, Dr. Shamsul Haque, Dr. Shamsuddin Ahmed etc. eminent physicians of Bangladesh.
Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra:

25th May 1971, ‘Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra started 56/2, Balu Hakkak Lane, Bally Gunge Circular Road, Kolkata –
700071’.During liberation war of Bangladesh, there are multiple division in Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra.
1/ Drama incharge: Syed Hasan Imam.
2/ News Incharge: Kamal Lohani .
3/Total Incharge: Abdul Mannan.
Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra was operated by multiple character oriented people. Dr. A.R. Mallik, Dr. Syed Ali Ahsan,
Rongo Lal Sen, Anupam Sen, Jahir Rayhan, Ajay Roy, Ali Jaker, Omor Das, Horolal Roy, Rathindranath Roy, Kaderiki
Bhuiyan, Fakir Alamgir, Shefali Ghosh, Proma Roy, Bipul Bhattacharjya, Jahid Siddique, Jahid Hossain, Dalia Nowshin,
Rupa Farhad, Ronesh Das Gupta etc. people played vital role in foundation process of ‘Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra’.
Akashbani Kolkata and All India Radio played important role for operational perspective of ‘Sadhin Bangla Betar
Kendra’. Sattyajit Roy, Mrinal Sen, Hrittik Ghatak, Sokti Chattopaddhay, Suchitra Mitra, Kanika Bandhopaddhay,
Suchitra Sen, Debobroto bisswas , Ongsuman Roy, Gobindo Halder, Gouri Prosonno Majumder, Tarun Shernal, Ruma
Guha Thakurota etc. people played significant role in 'Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra’. They all were Indian people.
Besides, Abdul Gaffar Chowdhury, Sontosh Gupta, M.R Akhter Mukul played important role in news division. The
objectivity of ‘Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra' was particular and vibrant for the cause of liberation war of Bangladesh. On
the other hand, Pakistani news and broadcasting system always said there was no freedom struggle movement in
Bangladesh. It is calm and quietly artificial crisis of India. There was no civil disturbance in East Pakistan. Due to that
point of view ‘Sadhin Bangla Betar Kendra’ never exposed it's official address.
Role Of Left Political Parties In Bangladesh War:

Bangladesh liberation war was left oriented freedom struggle movement of Asia, It was the greatest political
disturbance of 20's century. Whole world unrested due to the movement of Bangladesh war. Communist world
brutally supported liberation war of Bangladesh. Soviet union, Vietnam, Combodia, Hungry, Laos, Korea strongly
occupied the political position in favor of Bangladesh.

14th august 1971, Republic of India and Soviet union joined a bilateral treaty for the cause of Bangladesh. Mowlana
Bhashani and Mony Singh played vital role for the diplomacy in Bangladesh war. Socialistic economic country in all
over world took a position for humanity because Bangladesh war was a super marginalised approach oriented war.