CE0061

Professional Course 4 – (Specialized 2) StE Track:

Prestressed Concrete Design

Short Term Analysis of Prestressed Concrete Beams

 Module 4
OBJECTIVES

■At the end of the chapter, the learner should be able to:
- Determine the strain values at different depths of Prestressed concrete
beams.
− Compute the stresses at different depths of the Prestressed concrete
beams.
SHORT TERM ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS

INTRODUCTION TO
SHORT TERM ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE BEAMS
Review: Hooke’s Law
✓ Hooke’s Law (law of elasticity)
discovered by the English Scientist
Robert Hooke in 1660.
✓ States that for relatively small
deformations of an object, the
displacement or size of the
deformation is directly proportional
to the deforming force or load.

https://phys.org/news/2015-02-law.html
Review: Hooke’s Law
✓ Under these conditions the object
returns to its original shape and size
upon removal of the load.
✓ Elastic behavior of solids according
to Hooke’s Law can be explained by
the fact that small displacements of
their constituents molecules, atoms
or ions from normal positions is
also proportional to the force that
causes the displacement.
https://phys.org/news/2015-02-law.html
Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS

✓ Due to the well-established relationships between strain and stress in

the linear elastic range, strain monitoring is regarded as the closest to
direct monitoring of stress.

✓ Recent advances in the development of durable and stable strain

sensors have led to the increasing popularity and use of strain-based
methods for Prestress force monitoring.

Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019

Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS

✓ If structures are instrumented with sensors during construction, either

through attaching them to prestressing strands or embedding them in
the concrete, long-term strain changes can be monitored.

✓ Additionally, instrumentation during construction allows for

measuring strain changes during prestress force transfer, thereby
enabling calculation of the initial stress in the prestressing strands.

Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019

Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS
✓ If the strain change at the location of the prestressing strands is
determined, the stress change can be calculated using HOOKE’S
LAW given by the equation below:
Ds P = EDe P
Where:
Ds P - is the average stress change in the prestressing strand
E - is the modulus of elasticity of the prestressing steel.
De P - is the strain change at the location of the center of gravity of
the prestressing strands. Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019
Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS

✓ In cases where the location of the prestressing strand is not known

with accuracy or where there is concerns regarding separating the
effects of bending due operational load on the structure from the
effects of prestress loss, strain changes at the centroid of stiffness of
the concrete cross-section can be monitored instead of strain changes
at the center of gravity of prestressing strands.

Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019

Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS
✓ Because strain at the centroid of stiffness is minimally affected by
bending due to load and temperature changes, the effect of long-term
prestress losses can be isolated.

✓ In applications where the strain sensors are embedded in the concrete,

at least two strain sensors are commonly embedded in every
instrumented cross section.

Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019

Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS
✓ In applications where the strain sensors are embedded in the concrete,
at least two strain sensors are commonly embedded in every
instrumented cross section.
✓ Assuming a linear strain distribution, the strain at the center of
gravity of the prestressing strand can be determined.
✓ Assuming a perfect bond between the prestressing strands and
surrounding concrete, the strain changes measured in the concrete
can be assumed to be equal to the strain changes in the prestressing
strands at the same location. Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019
Review: Hooke’s Law in Prestressed Concrete
STRAIN – BASED METHODS

Abdel-Jabel and Glisic, 2019

Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ The short term behavior of a prestressed concrete cross section can be
determined by transforming the bonded reinforcement into equivalent
areas of concrete and performing a simple elastic analysis on the
equivalent concrete section.

Section Transformed Section

Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ The strain at a depth “y” below the top of the cross section is defined
in terms of the top fiber strain “𝜀oi” and the initial curvature xi:
e i = e oi + y ( xi )

✓ If the short term behavior of concrete is assumed

to be linear elastic, the initial concrete stress at
“y” below the top fiber is:
s i = Ece i = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ The resultant axial force on the section (Ni) can be determined by:
Ni = Ece oi A + Ec xi B
✓ Note:
For a prestressed section in pure bending, the
initial axial force on the transferred concrete
section immediately after transfer is compressive
and equal in magnitude of the prestressing force.
Ni = -Pi
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ Resultant moment about the top surface (Mi)
M i = Ece oi B + Ec xi I
✓ Note:
For a prestressed beam section
M i = M o - Pi d p
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ Derived Formula: Where:
B ( M i ) - I ( Ni )
e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
B ( Ni ) - A ( M i )
xi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
n = short term modular ratio
Es
n=
Ec
𝜀oi = top fiber strain
𝜀i = strain at depth “y” below the top
cross section
y = depth below the top
xi = initial curvature
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ Derived Formula: Where:
B ( M i ) - I ( Ni )
e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
B ( Ni ) - A ( M i )
xi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
n = short term modular ratio
Es
n=
Ec
𝜀oi = top fiber strain
𝜀i = strain at depth “y” below the top
cross section
y = depth below the top
xi = initial curvature
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ Derived Formula: Where:
B ( M i ) - I ( Ni ) 𝜎𝑖 = stress at depth “y” below the top fiber
e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû Ni = resultant axial force
B ( Ni ) - A ( M i ) Pi = prestressing force
xi = A = area of the transformed section
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
B = first moment of the transformed area
about the top surface of the section
Mi = resultant moment about the top surface
Mo = external moment at the section at transfer
Short Term Analysis of Cross Section
✓ Derived Formula: Where:
B ( M i ) - I ( Ni ) dp = depth of the prestressing steel
e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû I = second moment of area about the top
B ( Ni ) - A ( M i ) surface of the transformed section.
xi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
SHORT TERM ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED CONCRETE BEAMS

SAMPLE PROBLEMS IN
SHORT TERM ANALYSIS OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE BEAMS
Example 1:
The short term behavior of the post – tensioned cross section shown
in the figure below is to be determined immediately after transfer. The
section contains a single unbonded cable containing 10-12.7mm dia. Strands
(Ap=1000 mm2) loaded within a 60mm dia duct and two layers of non-
prestressed reinforcements as shown. The force in the prestressing steel is Pi
= 1350 kN and the applied moment is Mo=100 kN.m. The elastic moduli for
concrete and steel are Ec=30,000MPa and E=200,000MPa.
1. What is the stress at the top when y=0?
2. What is the stress at the bottom when y=800mm?
3. What is the stress at the top layer on non-prestressed reinforcement?
4. What is the stress at the bottom layer of the non-prestressed reinforcement?
Example 1:

p
( 60 )2
4
= 2827.433mm2

Section Transformed Section

Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m
Es 200,000
n= = = 6.667
Ec 30,000
Example 1:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
i. Area
A = 300 ( 800 ) + 5100 +10200 - 2827.433
A = 252.473x10 3 mm2
ii. 1st Moment of the Transformed Area about
p the Top Surface of the Beam
( 60 )2
4
é æ 800 ö ù
= 2827.433mm2 300 ( 800 ) çè ÷ + 5100 ( 60 ) +10200 ( 740 )
B=ê 2 ø ú
ê ú
êë -2827.43( 600 ) úû
B = 102.158x106 mm3
Example 1:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
iii. 2nd Moment of Area about the top surface
of the transformed section
é 300 ( 800 )3 2ù
+ 5100 ( 60 ) +10200 ( 740 ) ú
2
ê
I=ê 3 ú
êë -2827.433( 600 ) 2
úû

p
( 60 )
2
I = 55.786x109 mm4
4
= 2827.433mm2 iv. Resultant Moment about the Top Surface
M i = M o - Pi d p
æ 600 ö
M i = 100 - (1350 ) ç ÷ = -710kN.m
è 1000 ø
Example 1:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
v. Resultant Axial Force
Since it is assumed that pure bending occurs,
Ni = Pi = -1350kN

p
( 60 )2
4
= 2827.433mm2
Example 1: A. Solve for 𝜀oi
Given:
BM i - IN i
Ec = 30,000 MPa e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
Es = 200,000 MPa
102.158x10 6 ( -710x10 6 ) - ( 55.786x10 9 ) ( -1350x10 3 )
Pi = 1350 kN e oi =
Mo = 100kN.m 30000 (102.158x10 ) - ( 252.473x10 3 ) ( 55.786x10 9 ) ù
é 6 2
ë û
n = 6.667 e oi = -25.391x10-6
A = 252.473x103 mm2 B. Solve for xi
B = 102.158x106 mm3 BN i - AM i
xi =
I = 55.786x109 mm4 Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
Mi = -710 kN.m
x =
(102.158x10 ) ( -1350x10 ) - ( 252.473x10 ) ( -710x10 )
6 3 3 6

30000 é(102.158x10 ) - ( 252.473x10 ) ( 55.786x10 ) ù

i
Ni = -1350kN 6 2 3 9
ë û
-6
xi = -0.378x10
mm
Example 1:
Given: A. Solve for the stress at the top (y=0).
Ec = 30,000 MPa s y=0 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
Es = 200,000 MPa
Pi = 1350 kN s y=0 = 30000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 0 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Mo = 100kN.m s y=0 = -0.762MPa
n = 6.667
A = 252.473x103 mm2 B. Solve for the stress at the bottom (y=800).
B = 102.158x106 mm3 s y=800 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
I = 55.786x109 mm4 s y=800 = 30000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 800 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Mi = -710 kN.m
s y=800 = -9.834MPa
Ni = -1350kN
𝜀oi = -25.391x10-6
Xi = -0.378x10-6/mm
Example 1:
Given: C. Solve for the stress at the top layer of non-PS reinforcement (y=60).
Ec = 30,000 MPa s y=60 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
Es = 200,000 MPa
Pi = 1350 kN
s y=60 = 200000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 60 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Mo = 100kN.m s y=60 = -9.614MPa
n = 6.667
A = 252.473x103 mm2 D. Solve for the stress at the bottom layer of the non-PS reinf. (y=740).
B = 102.158x106 mm3 s y=740 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
I = 55.786x109 mm4 s y=740 = 200000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 740 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Mi = -710 kN.m
s y=740 = -61.022MPa
Ni = -1350kN
𝜀oi = -25.391x10-6
Xi = -0.378x10-6/mm
Example 2:
The short term behavior of the post – tensioned cross section shown
in the figure below is to be determined immediately after transfer. The
section contains a single bonded cable containing 10-12.7mm dia. Strands
(Ap=1000 mm2) loaded within a 60mm dia duct and two layers of non-
prestressed reinforcements as shown. The force in the prestressing steel is Pi
= 1350 kN and the applied moment is Mo=100 kN.m. The elastic moduli for
concrete and steel are Ec=30,000MPa and E=200,000MPa.
1. What is the stress at the top when y=0?
2. What is the stress at the bottom when y=800mm?
3. What is the stress at the top layer on non-prestressed reinforcement?
4. What is the stress at the bottom layer of the non-prestressed reinforcement?
Example 2:

Section Transformed Section

Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m
Es 200,000
n= = = 6.667
Ec 30,000
Example 2:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
i. Area

ii. 1st Moment of the Transformed Area about

the Top Surface of the Beam
Example 2:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
iii. Solve for I

iv. Solve for Mi

M i = M o - Pi d p
æ 600 ö
M i = 100 - (1350 ) ç = -710kN.m
è 1000 ÷ø
Example 2:
Given:
Ec = 30,000 MPa, Es = 200,000 MPa, Pi = 1350 kN, Mo = 100kN.m, n = 6.667
A. Solve for the basic components of 𝜀oi and xi
v. Solve for Ni
Since it is assumed that pure bending occurs,
Ni = Pi = -1350kN
Example 2: A. Solve for 𝜀oi
Given:
BM i - IN i
Ec = 30,000 MPa e oi =
Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû
Es = 200,000 MPa
Pi = 1350 kN
Mo = 100kN.m
n = 6.667
A = 260.967x103 mm2 B. Solve for xi
B = 107.254x106 mm3 BN i - AM i
xi =
I = 58.840x109 mm4 Ec éë B 2 - AI ùû

Mi = -710 kN.m
Ni = -1350kN
Example 2:
Given:
A. Solve for the stress at the top (y=0).
Ec = 30,000 MPa
Es = 200,000 MPa s y=0 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
s y=0 = 30000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 0 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Pi = 1350 kN
Mo = 100kN.m
n = 6.667 s y=0 = -0.762MPa
A = 260.967x103 mm2 B. Solve for the stress at the bottom (y=800).
B = 107.254x106 mm3
s y=800 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
I = 58.840x109 mm4
Mi = -710 kN.m s y=800 = 30000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 800 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Ni = -1350kN s y=800 = -9.834MPa
Example 2:
Given:
C. Stress at y = 60 (top layer of non-PS Reinforcement)
Ec = 30,000 MPa
Es = 200,000 MPa s y=60 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
Pi = 1350 kN s y=60 = 200000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 60 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Mo = 100kN.m
s y=60 = -9.614MPa
n = 6.667
A = 260.967x103 mm2 D. Stress at y=740 (bottom layer of non-PS reinforcement
B = 107.254x106 mm3 s y=740 = Ec éëe oi + y ( xi ) ùû
I = 58.840x109 mm4
Mi = -710 kN.m s y=740 = 200000 éë( -25.391x10 -6 ) + ( 740 ) ( -0.378x10 -6 ) ùû
Ni = -1350kN s y=740 = -61.022MPa
 ASK ANY QUESTION
RELATED TO OUR TOPIC
FOR TODAY.
Do the Exercises about
the Short Term Analysis
of Prestressed
Concrete Beams
Reference:
Raju, N. K. (2006). Prestressed concrete. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.

https://www.britannica.com/science/Hookes-law

Abdel‐Jaber, H., & Glisic, B. (2019). Monitoring of prestressing forces in prestressed concrete
structures—An overview. Structural Control and Health Monitoring, 26(8), e2374.