Artificial neural network

Artificial neural networks (ANNs, also shortened to neural networks (NNs) or neural nets) are a branch of
machine learning models that are built using principles of neuronal organization discovered by connectionism
in the biological neural networks constituting animal brains.

An ANN is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons, which loosely model the
neurons in a biological brain. Each connection, like the synapses in a biological brain, can transmit a signal to
other neurons. An artificial neuron receives signals then processes them and can signal neurons connected to
it. The "signal" at a connection is a real number, and the output of each neuron is computed by some non-
linear function of the sum of its inputs. The connections are called edges. Neurons and edges typically have a
weight that adjusts as learning proceeds. The weight increases or decreases the strength of the signal at a
connection. Neurons may have a threshold such that a signal is sent only if the aggregate signal crosses that
threshold.
Arbitrary waveform generator

An arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) is a piece of electronic test equipment used to generate electrical
waveforms. These waveforms can be either repetitive or single-shot (once only) in which case some kind of
triggering source is required (internal or external). The resulting waveforms can be injected into a device
under test and analyzed as they progress through it, confirming the proper operation of the device or
pinpointing a fault in it.

AI based Sensors for Industrial IoT Applications

In many businesses, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-aware applications, such as

E-Industry, E-Agriculture, E-Healthcare, and E-Transport, are used to expand their
operations quickly. These applications are primarily defined by artificial intelligence-
based sensors (AIS). Sensors make the Internet of Things possible by gathering data
that can be used to make better decisions.

Buck–boost converter

The buck–boost converter is a type of DC-to-DC converter that has an output voltage magnitude that is
either greater than or less than the input voltage magnitude. It is equivalent to a flyback converter using a
single inductor instead of a transformer.[1] Two different topologies are called buck–boost converter. Both of
them can produce a range of output voltages, ranging from much larger (in absolute magnitude) than the
input voltage, down to almost zero.
Electro-Optics Techniques

Electro–optics is a branch of electrical engineering, electronic engineering, materials science, and material
physics involving components, electronic devices such as lasers, laser diodes, LEDs, waveguides, etc. which
operate by the propagation and interaction of light with various tailored materials. It is closely related to the
branch of optics, involving application of generation of photons, called photonics. It is not only concerned
with the "electro–optic effect", since it deals with the interaction between the electromagnetic (optical) and
the electrical (electronic) states of materials

Fuzzy control system

Fuzzy logic is widely used in machine control. The term "fuzzy" refers to the fact that the logic involved can
deal with concepts that cannot be expressed as the "true" or "false" but rather as "partially true". Although
alternative approaches such as genetic algorithms and neural networks can perform just as well as fuzzy logic
in many cases, fuzzy logic has the advantage that the solution to the problem can be cast in terms that
human operators can understand, so that their experience can be used in the design of the controller. This
makes it easier to mechanize tasks that are already successfully performed by humans