PS-II Manual PDF

Power System- II Manual 2019-20
MGM’S
Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College,

Aurangabad
Power System II
Laboratory Manual
For
Third Year Students
Manual made by
Miss.Kanika Chitnavis
Department of Electrical Engineering | 1

LABORATORY MANNUAL CONTENTS
This manual is intended for the third year students of Electrical Engineering in the subject of
Power System - II.
Students are advised to thoroughly go through this manual rather than only topics mentioned in
the syllabus as practical aspects are the key to understanding and conceptual visualization of
theoretical aspects covered in the books.
Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions
Miss. Kanika Chitnavis

FOREWORD
It is my great pleasure to present this laboratory manual for third year engineering students
for the subject of Power System-II. Keeping in view the vast coverage required for visualization of
concepts of Power System-II components with simple language.
As a student, many of you may be wondering with some of the questions in your mind
regarding the subject and exactly what has been tried is to answer through this manual.
Faculty members are also advised that covering these aspects in initial stage itself, will greatly
relived them in future as much of the load will be taken care by the enthusiasm energies of the
students once they are conceptually clear
Prof. Dr.H.H.Shinde
Principal

JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE
AURANGABAD
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Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 4

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Electrical Engineering Department
VISION:
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MISSION:
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With Ethical Values.

Ex.no Experiment name Page no.
1 Program for Ferranti Effect 8
2 To determine negative & zero sequence reactance of an 10

alternator
3 To determine direct axis reactance (xd) & qaudrature axis 15

reactance (xq) of a sailent pole alternator
To study singular transformation using MATLAB

4 19
5 Steady state stability of synchronous motor 21
23
6 Study of unsymmetrical fault
Use of computers for load flow study
7 a) Newton-Raphson method 24
b) Gauss seidal method
Use of computers for stability study

8 a)Steady state stability 34
b)Transient stability
9 Program for optimum loading of generator 38
Program for optimum loading of generator with penalty

10 40
factor

Experiment no 01 :-
Aim : Program me for Ferranti Effect :-
Theory :
MATLAB PROGRAM :-
clear ;
zprimary = [1100.25
2210.1
3310.1
4200.25
5230.1 ]
[elements columes] = size(zprimary)
zbus = []
currentbus no = 0
for count = 1:elements,
[row cols] = size(zbus)
from=zprimary(count,2)

to=zprimary(count,3)
valu=zprimary(count,4)
newbus=max(from,to)
if newbus>currentbusno & ref = = 0
zbus = [zbus zeros(rows,1)
zeros(1,cols) value]
currentbus no =newbus
continue
end
if newbus>currentbusno & ref ~= 0
zbus=[zbus zbus(:,ref)
zbus(ref,:) value+zbus(ref,ref)]
currentbusno = newbus
continue
end
if newbus<=currentbusno & ref ~= 0
zbus=zbus-1/(value+zbus(from,from)+zbus(to,to)-2*zbus(from,to))*(zbus(:,from)-
zbus(:,to))*((zbus(from,:)-zbus(to,:)))
continue
end
end
Conclusion :

Experiment no. 02:-
Aim: To determine negative and zero sequence reactance of an alternator.
Apparatus Used:
Sr.No Items Qty.
1. M.I. Ammeter Portable 0-2.5/5 A 1
2. M.I. Voltmeter Port 300/600v 1
3. M.I. Voltmeter Port 75/1 5 0/3 Oov 1
4. Rheostat 1.4 Amp 230 Ohms 1
5. Rheostat 1.1 A 1800 Ohms 1
6. M.C. Voltmeter Port 150/300 V 1
7. M.C. Ammeter Port 1/2 Amp 1
8. Upf Wattmeter 2.5/5 Amp, 125/250/500 V 1
9. Single Phase Variac 4 A 1
10. M G Set: D C Shunt Motor/3 Phase Alternator 1
THEORY: Direct-axis synchronous reactance and Quadrature axis synchronous reactance are
the steady state reactance of the synchronous machine. These reactance can be measured by
performing, open circuit, short circuit test and the slip test on a synchronous machine.
Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xd: The Direct-axis synchronous reactance of synchronous
machine in per unit is equal to the ratio of field current, Ifsc at rated armature current from the
short circuit test, to the field current, If at rated voltage on the air gap line. Synchronous
reactance,
Thus Direct-axis synchronous reactance can be found out by performing open circuit and
short circuit test on an alternator.
Quadrature axis synchronous reactance, Xq by slip test
For the slip test the alternator should be driven at a speed, slightly less than the synchronous
speed with its field circuit open. 3 phase balanced reduced voltage of same frequency is
applied to armature (stator) terminals of the synchronous machine. Applied voltage is to be
adjusted, so that the current drawn by the stator winding is full load rated current. Under
these conditions of operation, the variation of the current drawn by the stator winding,
voltage across the stator winding and the voltage across the field winding. The wave shapes
of stator current and stator voltage clearly indicated that these are changing between
minimum and maximum value. When the crest of the stator mmf wave coincides with the
direct axis of the rotating field the inducted emf in the open field is zero, the voltage across
the stator terminals will be maximum and the current drawn by the stator winding is
minimum. Thus approximate value of Direct-axis synchronous reactance, Xds is given by,

Circuit Diagram:

For Slip Test:
PROCEDURE :
(a) Open Circuit Test
1. Connect the circuit as per circuit Diagram.
2. Ensure that the external resistance in the field circuit of DC motor acting as a prime mover for
alternator is minimum and the external resistance in the field circuit of alternator is maximum.
3. Switch on DC supply to DC motor and the field of alternator.
4. Start the DC motor with the help of stator. The starter arm should be moved slowly, till the
speed of the motor builds up and finally all the resistance steps are cut out and the starter arm is
held in on position by the magnet of no volt release.
5. Adjust the speed of the DC motor to rated speed of the alternator by varying the external
resistance in the field circuit of the motor.
6. Record the field current of the alternator and its open circuit voltage per phase.
7. Increase the field current of alternator in steps by decreasing the resistance and record the field
current and open circuit voltage of alternator for various values of field current.
8. Field current of alternator is increase till the open circuit voltage of the alternator is 25 to 30
percent higher than the rated voltage of the alternator.

9. Decrease the field current of alternator to minimum by inserting the rheostat fully in the field
circuit.
(b) Short Circuit Test
10. With the DC motor running at rated speed and with minimum field current of alternator close
the switch, thus short-circuiting the stator winding of alternator.
11. Record the field current of alternator and the short circuit current.
12. Increases the field current of alternator in steps till the rated full load short circuit current.
Record the reading of armature in both the circuit at every step. 4 to 5 observations are sufficient
as short circuit characteristics is a straight line.
13. Decrease the field current of alternator to minimum and also decrease the speed of DC motor
by field rheostat of the motor.
14. Switch off the DC supply motor as well as to alternator field.
(c) Slip Test

1. Connect the circuit of alternator as shown in Fig ‘D’ keeping the connections of the DC motor
same.
2. Ensure that the resistance in the field circuit of DC motor is maximum.
3. Switch on the DC supply to the motor.
4. Repeat steps 4 described is (a).
5. Adjust the speed of the DC motor slightly less than the synchronous speed of the alternator by
varying the resistance in the field circuit of the motor. Slip should be extremely low, preferably
less that 4 percent.
6. Ensure that the setting of 3 phase Variac is at zero position.
7. Switch on 3 phase AC supply to the stator winding of alternator.
8. Ensure that the direction of rotation of alternator, when run by the DC motor and when run as
a 3 phase induction motor at reduced voltage (alternator provided with damper winding can be
run as 3 phase induction motor) is the same.
9. Adjust the voltage applied to the stator winding till the current in the stator winding is
approximately full load rated value.
10. Under these conditions the current in the stator winding the applied voltage to the stator
winding and the induced voltage in the open field circuit will fluctuate from minimum values to
maximum values which may be recorded by the meters included in the circuit. For better results,
oscillogram may be take of stator current applied voltage and induced voltage in the field circuit.
11. Reduce the applied voltage to the stator winding of alternator and switch off 3 phase AC
supply.
12. Decrease the speed of DC motor and switch off DC supply.

Observation Table:
Result: We have performed the experiment and determine negative and zero sequence reactance
of an alternator

Experiment No. 03
Aim: To determine direct axis reactance (xd) and quadrature axis reactance (xq) of a salient pole
alternator
.
Apparatus Used:
Theory: The direct-axis subtransient reactance and quadrature-axis subtransient reactance of 3

phase synchronous machine can be measured by applying a reduced single phase voltage to the
two stator phase connected in series, with the field winding short circuited and the machine being
stationary. The rotor is moved by hand, so that the current in the short circuited field winding is
maximum. Under this condition. The reactance offered by the armature is direct-axis subtransient
reactance i.e.
Next the rotor is turned through half a pole pitch, so that q axis coincides with the crest of the
armature mmf and the current in the field winding is minimum. The reactance offered by the
armature under this condition will be quadrature-axis subtransient reactance. This method
necessitates an exact alignment of the rotor with the armature mmf wave, which is not possible.
As such a more convenient method discussed below can be adopted for the measurement of
subtrasient reactances.
Direct-axis subtransient reactance, Xd”
Direct-axis subtransient reactance can be determined by applied voltage method (most
convenient method) in which single phase voltage of reduced magnitude and of rated frequency
is applied across the two terminals of the stator winding the third being left isolated as shown in
Fig ‘A’. The test is repeated for another two combinations of connections of stator terminals i.e.
first voltage applied between terminals A,B, second between B,C and third between terminals
C,A. During this test rotor is stationary and the field winding on the rotor is short circuited

through an armature. The test should be conducted at full load current flowing in the stator
winding as such applied voltage should be adjusted accordingly. Direct-axis subtransient
reactance can now be found out as discussed below.
Circuit diagram:

1. Let the applied voltage across the terminals A,B of the stator winding with terminal C
kept isolated be E volts and the current flowing through the winding in currentbe I
amperes. The ration of voltage across each phase to current is a reactance which can be
represented by a quantity A’ i.e.
2. Similarly the ratio of applied voltage E’/2 across each phase with voltage E’ across the
terminals B,C and the resultant current flowing, I’ can be represented by a quantity B’ i.e.
3. In a similar way the ratio of applied voltage, E”/2across each phase with voltage E”
across the terminals C.A and current flowing I” is represented by a quantity C’ i.e.
4. From the value od A’, B’, and C’ determined from the experimental data, calculate the
values of K and M from the equations given below.

5. Then direct-axis subtransient reactance Xd” = K – M (smaller possible stationary rotor

reactance).
Procedure:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Ensure that the moving knob of single phase variac is at zero position.
3. Switch on the AC supply.
4. Apply a reduced voltage to the circuit consisting of stator terminals A and B in series, so
that the current flowing in the stator winding is of full load value. Record the voltage applied
and the current flowing in the circuit.
5. Repeat step 4 with stator terminals B and C connected in series.
6. Repeat step 4 with stator terminals C and A connected in series.
7. Repeat step 4, 5 and 6 for a new position of the rotor to confirm that the value of K and M
are same for the both the position of rotor.
8. Switch off the supply.
Observation Table:
Result: We have performed the test and direct-axis sub transient reactance of synchronou

Experiment no.04
Aim: - To study singular transformation using MATLAB
Theory: - Program for Y-Bus matrix
clc
clear all
n=input(‘enter no. of buses:’); % no. of buses excluding reference
nl= input(‘enter no. of lines:’); % no. of transmission lines
sb= input(‘enter starting bus of each line:’); % starting bus of a line
eb= input(‘enter ending bus of each line’); % ending bus of a line
zser= input(‘enter resistance and reactance of each line:’); % line resistance and reactance (R, X)
yshty= input(‘enter shunt admittance of the bus:’); % shunt admittance
i=0;
k=1;
while i<nl
zser1(i+1)=zser(k)+j*zser(k+1); % impedance of a line (R+jX)
i=i+1;
k=k+2;
end
zser2=reshape(zser1,nl,1);
yser=ones(nl,1)./zser2;
ypri=zeros(nl+n,nl+n);
ybus=zeros(n,n);
a=zeros(nl+n,n);
for i=1:n
a(i,i)=1;
end
for i=1:nl
a(n+i,sb(i))=1;
a(n+i,eb(i))=-1;
ypri(n+i,n+i)=yser(i);
ypri(sb(i),sb(i))=ypri(sb(i),sb(i))+yshty(i);
ypri(eb(i),eb(i))=ypri(sb(i),eb(i))+yshty(i);
end
at=transpose(a);
ybus=at*ypri*a;
zbus=inv(ybus);
Input:
n= 3
nl=3
sb=[1 1 2 ]
eb=[2 3 3 ]
zser=[0.01 0.03 0.08 0.24 0.06 0.18 ]
yshty=[0.01 0.025 0.02]

Conclusion:-

Experiment no.05
Aim:- Steady state stability of synchronous motor.
Theory:-
Steady-State Analysis of a Linear Circuit
Open this ExampleOpen this ExampleThis example shows the use of the Powergui and
Impedance Measurement blocks to analyze the steady-state operation of a linear electrical circuit
G. Sybille (Hydro-Quebec)
Description
A 5th harmonic filter is connected at a bus bar fed by a 60 Hz, 100 V inductive source. A 5th
harmonic (300 Hz, 1 A) current is injected at the bus bar.

This linear system consists of 3 states (2 inductor currents and 1 capacitor voltage), 2 inputs (Vs,
Is) and 2 outputs (Current and Voltage Measurement).
An Impedance Measurement block is used to compute the impedance versus frequency of the
circuit.
Simulation
1. Use the Powergui block to find the steady-state 60Hz and 300 Hz components of voltage and
current phasors. The values of the 3 states (phasors and initial values) can be also obtained from
the powergui block.
2. Open the scope and start the simulation from the Simulation/Start menu. Notice that the
simulation starts in steady-state. Using the Powergui block, select Impedance vs Frequency
Measurement. A new window opens.
3. The measurement will be performed for the specified frequency range vector [0: 2:1000] (0 to
1000 Hz by steps of 2 Hz). Click on the Display button. The impedance is displayed in a graphic
window. Notice the series resonance at 300 Hz corresponding to the tuned frequency of the filter.
Conclusion:-

Experiment no.06:
Aim:- Study of unsymmetrical fault.
Theory:-
Q.1 What are unsymmetrical fault?
Q.2 How to represent unsymmetrical fault using symmetrical sequence components?
Q.3 Derive the expression for L-L fault current?

Experiment no 07:- Use of computers for load flow study
Aim : a) Program for gauss seidal method
Theory:
Q. What is the procedure to obtain the solution of power flow problem using
Gauss Seidal method and its advantages and drawbacks ?
MATLAB PROGRAM :
%Program for load flow by Gauss-Seidal Method
Clear;
N=4
V=[1.04 1.04 11]
Y= [3-j*9 - 2+j*6 -1+j*3 0
-2+j*6 3.66-j*11 -0.666+j*2 -1+j*3
-1+j*3 -0.666+j*2 3.66-j*11 -2+j*6
0 -1+j*3 -2+j*6 3-j*9 ]
Type=ones(n,1)
Typechanged=zeros(n,1)
Qlimitmax=zeros(n,1)
Vmagfixed= zeros(n,1)
Type(2)=2
Qlimitmax(2)=1.0
Qlimitmax(2)=0.2
Vmagfixed(2)=1.04
Diff=10;noofiter=1

Vprev=V;
While(diff>0.00001/ noofiter==1),
Abs(V)
Abs(Vprev)
Vprev=V;
P = [inf 0.5 -1 0.3];
Q = [inf 0.0 0.5 -0.1];
S=[inf+j*inf (0.5-j*0.2) (-1.0+j*0.5) (0.3-j*0.1)];
For i=2:n,
If type(i)==2 | typechenged(i)==1,
If type(i)>Qlimitmax(i) | Q(i)<Qlimitmin(i),
If (Q(i)<Qlimitmin(i),
Q(i)=Qlimitmin(i);
Else
Q(i)=Qlimitmax(i);
End
Type(i)=1;
Typechanged(i)=1;
Else
Type(i)=2;
Typechanged(i)=0;
End
End
End
Sumyu=0;

Fork=1:n,
If(i~=k)
Sumyv=sumyu=y(i,k)*V(k);
end
end
V(i)=(1/y(i,i)*( (p(i)-j*Q(i))/conj(V(i))-sumyv);
If type(i)==2 & typechanged(i)~=1,
V(i)=PolarTorect(Vmagfixed(i),angle(V(i))*180/pi);
End
End
Diff=max(abs(abs(V(2:n))-abs(Vprev(2:n))));
Noofiter=noofiter=+1;
Output :
Conclusion :

Aim : b)solution of power flow problem using N-R method
Theory :
Q. what is the procedure to obtain the solution of power flow problem using N - R
method and its advantages over Gauss Seidal?
Q. write down the difference in Gauss Seidal and N-R method ?
MATLAB PROGRAM :
%Program for load flow by Newton- Raphson Method
Clear
n=3;
V=[1.04 1.0 1.04]
Y= [ 5.88228-j*23.50514 -2.9427+j*11.7676 -2.9427+j*11.7676
-2.9427+j*11.7676 5.88228-j*23.50514 -2.9427+j*11.7676
-2.8427+j*11.7676 -2.9427+j*117676 5.88228-j*23.50514 ]

type =ones(n,1);

Typechanged=zeros(n,1):
Qlimitmax=zeros(n,1);
Qlimitmin=zeros(n,1);
Vmagfixed=zero(n,1);
Type(3)=2;
Qlimitmax(3)=1.5;
Qlimitemin(2)=0;
Vmagfixed(2)=1.04;
Diff=10;noofiter=1.0
Pspec=[inf 0.5 -1.5]
Qspec=[inf 1 0];
S=[inf+j*inf(0.5-j*0.2) (-1.0+j*0..5) (0.3-j*0.1)];
While (diff>0.00001 | noofiter==1),
Eqcount=1;
For i=2:n,
Abs(Vprev)
Pause
Vprev=V;
For ceq=1:eqcount,
Am=real(Y(assoeqbus(ceq),assocolbus(ccol))*V(assocolbus(ccol)));
bm =imag(Y(assoeqbus(ceq),assocolbus(ccol))*V(assocolbus(ccol)));
ei= real(V(assoeqbus(ceq)));
fi= imag(V(assoeqbus(ceq)));
if assoeqvar(ceq)==’p’ & assocolbus(col)==’d’,
if assoeqbus(ceq)~=assocolbus(ccol),

H=am*fi-bm*ei;
Else
H=Q(assoeqbus(ceq))-imag(Y(assoeqbus(ceq)))^2);
End
Jacob(ceq,ccol)=H
End
If assoeqvar(ceq)=’p’ & assocolver(ccol)==’v’,
If assoeqbus(ceq)`= assocolver(ccol),
N =am*ei+bm*fi Else
N=P(assoeqbus(ceq))+real(Y(assoeqbus(ceq),assocolbus(ceq))*abs(V(assocolbus(ceq)))^2)
; Scal(i)=0;
Sumyv=0;
Fork=1:n,
Sumyv=sumyv+Y(i,k)*V(k)
; End
Scal(i)=V(i)*conj(sumyv);
P(i)=real(scale(i));
Q(i)=image(Scal(i));
If type(i)==2 | typechanged(i)==1,
If(Q(i)<Qlimitmax(i) | Q(i)<Qlimitmax(i)),
If(Q(i)<Qlimitmax(i));
Q(i)<Qlimitmax(i);
Else
Q(i)=Qlimitmax(i);
End
Type(i)=1;

Typechanged(i)=0;
End
End
If type (i)==1,
Assoeqvar(eqcount)=’p’;
Assoeqbus(eqcount)=i;
Mismatch(eqcount)=Pspec(i)-P(i);
Assoceqvar(eqcount+1)=’Q’;
Assoeqbus(eqcount+1)=i;
Mismatch(eqcount+1)=Qpec(i)-Q(i);
Assoeqvar(eqcount)=’d’;
Assoceqvar(eqcount+1)=’V’;
Assoeqbus(eqcount+1)=i;
Mismatch=(eqcount+2);
Else
Assoeqvar(eqcount)=’p’;
Assoceqvar(eqcount+1)=’Q’;
Assoeqbus(eqcount+1)=d;
Mismatch(eqcount+1)=Ppec(i)-P(i);
Eqcount=eqcount+1:
End
End
Mismatch
Eqcount=eqcount-1;

Noofeq=eqcount;
Update=Zeros(eqcount,1)
Vprwv=V
Abs(V);
End
Jacob(ceq,ccol)=N
End
If assoeqvar(ceq)==’Q’ & assocolvar (ccol)==’d’,
If assoeqbus(ceq)~=assocolbus(ccol),
J=am*ei+bm*fi;
Else
J=p(assoeqbus(ceq))+real(Y(ass0eqbus(ceq),assocolbus(ceq)*abs(V(assoeqbus(ceq)))^2);
End
Jacob(ceq,ccol)=J
End
If assoeqvar(ceq)==’Q’ & ass0colvar (ccol)==’V’,
If assoeqbus(ceq)~=assocolbus(ccol),
L=am*fi-bm*ei;
else
L=Q(assoeqbus(ceq))-
Imag(Y(assoeqbus(ceq),assocolbus(ceq))*abs(V(assoeqbus(ceq)))^2);
End
Jacob(ceq,ccol)=L;
End

End
End
Jacob;
Pause
Update=inv(Jacob)*mismatch;
Noofeq=1;
For i=2:n,
If i=2:n,
newchinangV=update(noofeq);
newangV=angle(V(i))+newchinangV;
newchinmagV=update(noofeq+1)*abs(V(i));
newangV=abs(V(i))+newchinangV;
V(i)=polartorect(newmagV*180/pi);
Noofeq=noofeq+2;
Else
newchinmagV=update(noofeq);
newangV=angle(V(i))+newchinangV;
V(i)=polartorect(newmagV*180/pi);
Noofeq=noofeq+2;
end
end
clear mismatchJacob update assoeqvar assoeqbus Assoeqlvar assocllous

diff=min(abs(abs(V(2:n))-abs(Vprwv(2:n))));
noofiter=noofiter+1;
Output :
Conclusion :

Experiment no.08:- Use of computers for stability study
Aim: - A) steady state analysis
Theory:-
Steady-State Analysis of a Linear Circuit
Open this ExampleOpen this ExampleThis example shows the use of the Powergui and
Impedance Measurement blocks to analyze the steady-state operation of a linear electrical circuit
G. Sybille (Hydro-Quebec)
Description
A 5th harmonic filter is connected at a bus bar fed by a 60 Hz, 100 V inductive source. A 5th
harmonic (300 Hz, 1 A) current is injected at the bus bar.

This linear system consists of 3 states (2 inductor currents and 1 capacitor voltage), 2 inputs (Vs,
Is) and 2 outputs (Current and Voltage Measurement).
An Impedance Measurement block is used to compute the impedance versus frequency of the
circuit.
Simulation
1. Use the Powergui block to find the steady-state 60Hz and 300 Hz components of voltage and
current phasors. The values of the 3 states (phasors and initial values) can be also obtained from
the powergui block.
2. Open the scope and start the simulation from the Simulation/Start menu. Notice that the
simulation starts in steady-state. Using the Powergui block, select Impedance vs Frequency
Measurement. A new window opens.
3. The measurement will be performed for the specified frequency range vector [0: 2:1000] (0 to
1000 Hz by steps of 2 Hz). Click on the Display button. The impedance is displayed in a graphic
window. Notice the series resonance at 300 Hz corresponding to the tuned frequency of the filter.

B) Transient stability
Theory:-
Transient Analysis of a Linear Circuit
This example shows steady-state and transient simulation of a linear circuit.

H. Le-Huy (Universite Laval, Quebec) and G. Sybille (Hydro-Quebec)
Description
This circuit is a simplified model of a 230 kV three-phase power system. Only one phase of the
transmission system is represented. The equivalent source is modeled by a voltage source (230
kV rms/sqrt(3) or 187.8 kV peak, 60 Hz) in series with its internal impedance (Rs Ls)
corresponding to a 3-phase 2000 MVA short circuit level and X/R = 10. (X = 230e3^2/2000e6 =
26.45 ohms or L = 0.0702 H, R = X/10 = 2.645 ohms). The source feeds a RL load through a 150
km transmission line. The line distributed parameters (R = 0.035ohm/km, L = 0.92 mH/km, C =
12.9 nF/km) are modeled by a single pi section (RL1 branch 5.2 ohm; 138 mH and two shunt

capacitances C1 and C2 of 0.967 uF). The load (75 MW - 20 Mvar per phase) is modeled by a
parallel RLC load block.
A circuit breaker is used to switch the load at the receiving end of the transmission line. The
breaker which is initially closed is opened at t = 2 cycles, then it is reclosed at t = 7 cycles.
Current and Voltage Measurement blocks provide signals for visualization purpose.
Simulation
1. Simulation using a continuous solver (ode23tb)
Start the simulation and observe line voltage and load current transients during load switching
and note that the simulation starts in steady-state. Use the zoom buttons of the oscilloscope to
observe the transient voltage at breaker reclosing.
2. Using the Powergui to obtain steady-state phasors and set initial states
Open the Powergui block and select "Steady State Voltage and Currents" to measure the steady-
state voltage and current phasors. Using the Powergui select now "Initial States Setting" to
obtain the initial state values (voltage across capacitors and current in inductances). Now, reset
all the initial states to zero by clicking the "to zero" button and then "Apply" to confirm changes.
Restart the simulation and observe transients at simulation starting. Using the same Powergui
window, you can also set selected states to specific values.
3. Discretizing your circuit and simulating at fixed steps
The Powergui block can also be used to discretize your circuit and simulate it at fixed steps.
Open the Powergui. Select "Discretize electrical model" and specify a sample time of 50e-6 s.
The state-space model will now be discretized using trapezoidal fixed step integration. The
precision of results is now imposed by the sample time. Restart the simulation and compare
simultion results with the continuous integration method. Vary the sample time of the discrete
system and note the impact on precision of fast transients.
4. Using the phasor simulation method
You will now use a third simulation technique. The "phasor simulation" method consists to
replace the circuit state-space model by a set of algebraic equations evaluated at a fixed
frequency and to replace sinusoidal voltage and current sources by phasors (complex numbers).
This method allows a fast computation of voltage and current phasors at a selected frequency,
disregarding fast transients. It is particularly efficient to study electromechanical transients of
generators and motors involving low frequency oscillation modes. Open the Powergui block and
select "Phasor simulation". Restart the simulation. Observe that the magnitude of 60 Hz voltage
and current is now displayed on the scope. If you double click on the voltage or current
measurement block you can choose to output phasor signals in four different formats: Complex,
Real/Imag, Magnitude/Angle (in degres), or just Magnitude (default value). Notice that you
cannot send a complex signal to an oscilloscope.

Experiment no 09 :-
Aim : Programme for optimum loading of generator :-
MATLAB PROGRAM:-
clear ;
n=2
Pd = 231.25
alpha = [0.20 0.25]
beta = [40 30]
lamda = 20
lamdaprev = lambda
esp = 1
deltalambda = 0.25
Pgmin = [20 20]
pg = 1008ones(n,1)
while abs (sum (Pg)-Pd)>eps
for i= 1:n,
Pg(i) = (lamda-beta(i)) / alpha(i) ;

if Pg(i)>Pmax(i)
Pg(i) = Pmax (i);
end
if Pg(i)>Pmin(i)
Pg(i) = Pmin (i);
end
end
if(sum (Pg-Pd)) < 0
lamdaprev = lambda
lamda= lamda + deltalamda ;
else
lamdaprev = lambda
lamda= lamda - deltalamda ;
end
end
dis('the final value of lamda is')
lamdaprev
dis('the distribution of load shared by two units is')
Pg
Output :
Conclusion :

Experiment no.10
Aim : Programme for optimum loading of generator with penalty factor:-
MATLAB PROGRAM:-
clear
n=2;Pd=237.04;
alpha=[0.020 0.04];
beta=[16 20];
lamda = 20; lamdaprev = lamda ; eps = 1; deltalamda = 0.25;
Pgmax
Pgmax=[200 200];Pgmin=[0 0];
B = [0.0010 0
0 0];
noofiter=0;PL=0;Pg = zeros(n,1);
while abs(sum(Pg)-Pd-PL)>eps
for i=1:n,
sigma=B(i,:)*Pg-B(i,i)*Pg(i);
Pg(i)=(1-beta(i)/(lamda-(2*sigma)))/(alpha(i)/lamda+2*B(i,i));
%PL=Pg'*B*Pg;
if Pg(i)>Pgmax (i)
Pg(i)=Pgmax (i);
end
if Pg(i)<Pgmin(i)
Pg(i)=Pgmin(i);
end
end
PL = Pg'*B*Pg;
if (sum(Pg)-Pd-PL)<0
lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda+deltalamda;
else

lamdaprev=lamda;
lamda=lamda-deltalamda;
end
noofiter=noofiter + 1;
Pg;
end
Output :
Conclusion :


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Power System- II Manual 2019-20

Jawaharlal Nehru Engineering College,

Third Year Students

Department of Electrical Engineering | 1

LABORATORY MANNUAL CONTENTS

Power System - II.

theoretical aspects covered in the books.

Good Luck for your Enjoyable Laboratory Sessions

Miss. Kanika Chitnavis

Department of Electrical Engineering | 2

concepts of Power System-II components with simple language.

students once they are conceptually clear

Department of Electrical Engineering | 3

To create self-reliant, continuous learner and competent technocrats imbued with

1. Imparting quality technical education to the students through participative teaching –

3. Inculcating social mindset and human values amongst the students.

JNEC Environmental Policy

1. The environmental control during its activities, product and services.

3. To reduce waste generation and resource depletion.

4. To increase awareness of environmental responsibility amongst its students and staff.

5. For continual improvement and prevention of pollution.

JNEC Quality Policy:

Institute is committed to:

 To provide technical education as per guidelines of competent authority.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 4

 To continually improve quality management system by providing additional

resources required. Initiating corrective & preventive action & conducting

management review meeting at periodical intervals.

 To satisfy needs & expectations of students, parents, society at large.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 5

Electrical Engineering Department

 To develop competent Electrical Engineers with human values.

• To Provide Quality Technical Education To The Students Through Effective Teaching-

• To Develop Student’s Competency Through Academic Learning, Practical And Skill

With Ethical Values.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 6

Ex.no Experiment name Page no.

1 Program for Ferranti Effect 8

2 To determine negative & zero sequence reactance of an 10

3 To determine direct axis reactance (xd) & qaudrature axis 15

To study singular transformation using MATLAB

5 Steady state stability of synchronous motor 21

Use of computers for stability study

Program for optimum loading of generator with penalty

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 7

Aim : Program me for Ferranti Effect :-

[elements columes] = size(zprimary)

for count = 1:elements,

[row cols] = size(zbus)

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 8

if newbus>currentbusno & ref = = 0

zbus = [zbus zeros(rows,1)

if newbus>currentbusno & ref ~= 0

if newbus<=currentbusno & ref ~= 0

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 9

Experiment no. 02:-

Aim: To determine negative and zero sequence reactance of an alternator.

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 10

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 11

For Slip Test:

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 12

(c) Slip Test

Department of Electrical Engineering | JAWAHARLALNEHRUENGINEERINGCOLLEGE 13

Y= [3-j9 - 2+j6 -1+j*3 0

-2+j6 3.66-j11 -0.666+j2 -1+j3

-1+j3 -0.666+j2 3.66-j11 -2+j6

0 -1+j3 -2+j6 3-j*9 ]

S=[inf+jinf (0.5-j0.2) (-1.0+j0.5) (0.3-j0.1)];

Y= [ 5.88228-j23.50514 -2.9427+j11.7676 -2.9427+j*11.7676

-2.9427+j11.7676 5.88228-j23.50514 -2.9427+j*11.7676

-2.8427+j11.7676 -2.9427+j117676 5.88228-j*23.50514 ]

S=[inf+jinf(0.5-j0.2) (-1.0+j0..5) (0.3-j0.1)];