GyanVatika ER INSTITUTE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION BIOLOGY [ Helpful for POLY-JEE & MEDICAL ] Population, Human evolution BASIC CONCEPT & THEORY Based on ICSE PatternPopulation - The Increasing Numbers and Rising Problems ‘The total world population about 50,000 years ago was approximately 1 million. * About 10,000 years ago, the total world population had reached approximately 5.3 million. World Population (some important dates and figures) 11 duly 1987 Population crossed the 5.0 billion mark 1995 Population was nearly 5.6 billion 12 October 1999 Population crossed 6 billion 11 July is observed as World Population Day. More than 1,00,000 babies are bom every day. Rapid Rise in Population 1. Industrial ‘+ Major phase in the growth of human population. Revolution + Rapidly growing industries made human life comfortable, with greater job opportunities and more production of food. 2. New Discoveries in [* There were remarkable discoveries in medical science in the Medical Sciences 20" century. «Antibiotics and vaccination were discovered for many diseases. ‘+ This resulted in a sharp decrease in deaths, and the rate of growth of population rose rapidly. Three main revolutions in human culture are responsible for the growth of human population. 2 42 4 fe i 3 Poe J 1 ears ~ Aprox BE “Seonute 10' Years (3) Industrial F il Apes. » Revlon S ope Population Time Each cultural revolution was followed by a rapid rise in population till it stabilised or rose very slowly. Flattened curves: Stability in growth or a very slow rise. Wavy gaps: Stability in growth or a very slow rise for very long periods of time. @Population Explosion — A Serious Global Concern Six Main Reasons for a Sharp Rise in World Population in the Recent Past Reaching Repraductive Age With a fast-increasing world population, there are numerous problems Decreasing open spaces Shrinking of forests Increasing industrialisation causing air, water and soil pollution Rapid and intense shortage of drinking water and other resources Increasing health hazards Population in India «The trend of increasing population in India is alarming. + A few years ago, it was estimated that India's population in 2001 would be about 760 million, but i already crossed the 1 billion mark. Factors Responsible for Population Explosion in India © People from rural regions are illiterate and superstitious. «More number of children in a family. «High infant mortality results in more number of pregnancies. * Poor standards of living and poverty provide no recreation other than sex. @Rising Population — Pressure on Natural Resources 1. Food * Foran unchecked rise in population, food would be running short. 2. Land ‘> Man uses more and more land for cultivation and to build residential colonies, factories and industries. * Thus, usable land would become less and less available. 3. Forests * Rise in population leads to deforestation * Deforestation has led to serious problems such as droughts, flash floods, soi) erosion and extinction of flora and fauna. “4, Water ‘> With an increase in population, the availability of clean and germ-free water for drinking purposes would become scarcer. * An increasing population leads to pollution of rivers, lakes, ponds etc. 5. Energy * Reserves of fossil fuels are fast depleting, ‘The increasing population would need more non-conventional resources, Resources such as solar energy, wind energy and tidal energy must be used by humans to minimise the use of conventional resources. Population Growth and Urbanisation - Serious Pressure on Resources Urbanisation ‘The population is growing fast. Villages are turning into towns, and towns into cities and cities into megacities. This process is called urbanisation. Rising Living Standards of Growing Population + Use of household equipment such as high-end gadgets and better furniture « Use of more clothes * Use of different modes of conveyance such as bike, car, bus, taxi etc. The above-mentioned factors lead to the overuse of natural resources. Some also lead to pollution. Need to Check Exploitative Use of Resources Itis necessary for individuals to become consciaus and contribute to the sustainable use of natural resources. (3)Sustainable development Its a type of development which meets the need of the present without compromising on the abilty of the future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development can be achieved by «Reduction in excessive use of natural resources + Recycling and reuse of resources wherever possible + More use of renewable resources such as solar energy, wind energy etc. Rate of Population Growth The rate of population must be reduced. It will lead to + Less burden on decreasing resources + Better health care «Better education A Few Statistical Terms Demography ‘Statistical study of human population with reference to size, density, distribution and other vital statistics. Population Density | The number of individuals per square kilometre at any given time. Birth rate (Natality) | The number of live births per 1000 people of population per year. Death rate The number of deaths per 1000 people of population per year. (Mortality) Growth Rate of __| The difference between the birth rale and the death rate. Population ‘* When the birth rate exceeds the death rate, the population grows. «© When the birth rate is lower than the death rate, the population dectines. Need for Adopting Control Measures When the population of a country increases beyond its means, it brings with it many problems such as * Per capita income reduces ‘Natural resources such as land, minerals, wood and fuels decrease * General health goes down The overall quality of life decreases with a larger population, 4)Population Education and Population Control ‘With the current growth in population, it is necessary to educate people about the need to contro! population growth and the steps which can be taken. ‘+ Awareness should be created about population problems. + People need to be aware about the advantages of having small families and the disadvantages of having many children. Family Welfare ‘+ Family welfare is represented by an inverted red triangle ‘+ Offices and hospitals with this symbol displayed are known as family welfare centres. ‘+ These centres provide help or advice about family planning, ‘Three aspects of family welfare are ‘+ Family planning in terms of having a small family. ‘+ Total welfare of the small family, including the diet and nutrition of the child and the pregnant mother. ‘+ Subsequent care of children, such as immunisation and oral rehydration therapy, to ensure the survival of young ones, Methods of Contraception 4. Hormonal | « Various hormonal preparations come in the form of tablets or pills Method commonly called contraceptive pills. 2, Barrier Condom * Used by men Methods «It prevents the sperms from being deposited in the vagina, Diaphragm | it canbe fitted deep in the vagina to prevent the entry of sperms into the uterus. I Spemmicidais |» These chemicals are placed in the vagina near the cervix to kill the sperms. 3. Intra- ‘+ Lippe’s Loop and Copper T are intra-uterine devices, uterine + Commonly used in India Devices | « They are fitted inside the uterus. (luDs) «These devices do not stop fertilisation but prevent the implantation of the blastocyst. . Surgical |. Tubectomy | + in women, the abdomen is opened and the fallopian Methods tubes are cut or ligated, i.e. tied with a nylon thread. ‘+ This closes the passage of the ovum. i, Vasectomy [+ In men, a small cul is made in the scrotum and the vas. deferens is igated ‘+ Assmail piece between the two ligatures is remioved. ‘+ Therefore, between the couple, itis recommended that the husband should be operated. 5. Induced | itis also known as Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP). Abortion | « if awoman becomes pregnant and the couple is not willing to have the baby, then the option of induced abortion is chosen. ‘+ Abortion is legally permitted and can be requested by any desirous female at any government hospital at no cost. «)Human Evolution Evolution ‘+ Evolution can be defined as the formation of more complex organisms from pre-existing simpler organisms over a certain period. It is a slow, but progressive, natural, sequential development or transformation of animals and plants from ancestors of different forms and functions. + Variation and heredity are the two basic factors of evolution. The selection of variants by environmental factors forms the basis of evolutionary processes. Theories of Evolution ‘Two modem theories have been put forward to explain the mode of evolution. Theory of Lamarckism ‘+ According to the theory of inheritance of acquired characters, ‘the changes in structure or function of any organ acquired during the life-time of an individual in response to changes in the surrounding environment are inherited by offspring and keep on adding over a period of time. ‘+ The Theory of Lamarckism was revived with new facts which led to the theory of Neo-Lamarckism which stated that the acquired characters which become incorporated in the getmplasm are heritable ‘and accumulate generation after generation resulting in the origin of new species. Vestigial Organs ‘+ Organs which are found in reduced or rudimentary condition and do not perform any function in the possessor are called vestigial organs or non-functional organs. They help in understanding the history of evolution and continuity of life. ‘+ Man does not have a tail like monkeys but he possesses a rudimentary tail bone. ‘+ Wisdom teeth appear last al an age of 17-20 years and are hardly used for chewing food. + Verniform appendix is a function-less organ in humans but is helpful for ruminants for digesting cellulose ‘+ Pinna is another vestigial organ that provides passage from auditory canal leading to ear drum. But it is poorly developed in human beings. Darwin's theory of Natural Selection + Allorganisms have the capacity to reproduce at a very high rate. ‘+ Overproduction of organisms results in the struggle for existence among organisms. The struggle is 10 oblain food, space and mate. ‘+ Only those organisms which are fit for the changing environment have the right to survive, ‘+ Organisms which are unfit are eliminated and ultimately die. ‘+ In the straggle for existence, the organisms which develop new favourable characteristics will survive in the long run. This idea is called survival of the fittest. + Organisms who survive will transmit the favourable characters to their offspring. ‘+ These characters get accumulated and give rise to a new species. aMHuman Evolution Evolution of modern-day man has been the greatest progress made in the history of evolution. Human evolution has been studied using various tools of tracing evolutionary relationships such as excavating, carbon-dating, studying fossils and determining DNA sequences. A vast diversity has always been observed with respect to the human body and its features. Research reveals that the early members of Homo sapiens came from Africa. About hundred years ago, some of our ancestors left Africa, while the others stayed back. So irrespective of where we live, all human species are natives of Arica. The earliest fossils of human beings include the genus Australopithecus, followed by Homo habills, H. erectus, H. heidelbergensis and finally modem-day man H. sapiens. ‘About 25-30 million years ago, ape-hurians or hominoid stock started descending from the trees and gradually became ground dwellers who evolved into apes and men. ‘Subsequent separation of ape and human ancestors is regarded to begin about 5 milion years ago which led to the evolution of Pongidae (apes) and Hominidae (me~" Ramapithecus + It was the eatliest man-ike fossil obtained from Africa and Asia about 10-15 years ago. «They could walk erect on the feet, had small canines and had a short face and small brain. Australopithecus afarensis ‘+ They appeared in South Africa and had human and ape features. ‘+ He was about 1.05 metres high and was mainly a terrestrial creature with bipedal locomotion. ‘+ His cranial capacity was 500 cubic centimetres Australopithecus africanus ‘+ They appeared 2.5 million years ago in Africa, milion He had a low forehead, protruding face, lack of chin and low brain capacity (350-450 cubic centimetres). Homo habilis ‘© He lived in Africa 2 million years ago and was about 1.5 to 1.8 motres tall ‘+ His cranial cavity or brain volume was between 650-800 cubic centimetres, larger than that of Australopithecus. @)Homo erectus ‘+ They evolved from Homo habilis or Australopithecus about 1.7 million years ago and their fossils have been obtained from Java, Peking and Heidelberg and Europe. + He was about 5.5 feet tall with a bowi-shaped pelvis. His foot was arched to support the body weight, and the grasping ability of the foot was completely lost, * The size of the cranial cavity ranged from 750 to 1100 cc. Homo neanderthalensis ‘These early men arose 1,00,000 years ago and flourished in Europe and Asia but became extinct about 25,000 years ago, ‘+ They had a flat cranium, sloping forehead, protruding jaws, strong mandibles and no chin. + They were intelligent, good hunters and used animal skin for clothing and buried the dead, Homo sapiens fossilis (Cro-Magnon Man: Early Modern Man) ‘+ These fossils were discovered about 50,000 years ago from the caves of north-west Italy and the rock shelter caves in France. * The Cro-Magnon man was 1.8 metres tall with a sturdy body and less hair. The cranial capacity was about 1650 ce. Homo sapiens sapiens (Modern Man) The living modern men have evolved from the Cro-Magnon man about 25,000 years ago. ‘+ They had undergone minor morphological changes such as thinning of skull bones and. stight reduction in cranial capacity (1300-1600 cc). GyanVatika (3)Gyan CAREER INSTITUTE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION SCIENCE NOTES (Class 7th,8th [X,X) CBSE/ICSE/NCRT Based on Available in Hindi and English Medium Physics Chemistry Biology DIRECTOR srikant Verma GYAN CAREER INSTITUTE ‘THE BEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION YouTube : Gyan Vatika 24