Gyan CAREER INSTITUTE ‘THE BEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION CHEMISTRYStudy of Compounds — Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen Chloride Molecular formula: HCI ‘Molecular mass: 36.5 amu Bond: Covalent Lewis structure Orbital diagram General Preparation of HCI gas i, By symthesis Moist hydrogen gas combines with chlorine in the presence of diffused sunlight. Hae # Cla) -PMUSEE > 2c, ‘sunlight ji, By heating metallic chloride with conc. sulphuric acid <200°C NaCl +H2SO. > NaHS. + HCI Laboratory Preparation of Hydrogen Chloride Hydrogen chloride gas is prepared by heating a metallic chloride (NaC) with cone. sulphuric acid (H2SO.). Reactions: <200° NaCl + H2SO« NaHSO; + HC\g) NaCl + H2SOs > cg Naz SOx + HClig) Collection «Hydrogen chloride gas is collected by the upward displacement of air as it is 1.28 times heavier than air. * Itis not collected over water because it is highly soluble in water. Physical Properties Colourless, pungent, choking odour, slight sour taste. It is 1.28 times heavier than water and highly soluble in water. Liquefies at temperature of about 10°C at 40 atmospheric pressure. Boiling point is -83°C, and freezing point is -113°C. wChemical Properties of HCI 1. Combustibility: The gas is neither combustible nor a supporter of combustion. 2. Thermal dissociation: On heating above 500°C, it dissociates into hydrogen and chlorine. >500°C 2HCl) ————=—=-P Haig) + Clzig) 3. With metals: Metals which come before hydrogen in the electrachemical series form chlorides with the liberation of hydrogen. Zn + 2HCI —+ ZnCl + Ho (a) It combines with ammonia to form dense white {umes of ammonium 4. Reaction with ammot chloride. NH (q) + HCl g) —>NH,CI Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid is prepared by dissolving hydrogen chloride gas in water using a special funnel arrangement because direct absorption of HCI gas in water using a delivery tube causes back suction. Properties of Hydrochloric Acid Physical Properties + Colourless, slightly pungent with sharp sour taste, * Corrosive in nature and causes blisters on the skin. * Density is 1.2 gm/cc with boiling point of 140°C. Chemical Properties * Monobasic in nature HCI dissociates in aqueous solution to produce one hydrogen ion [H+] per molecule of the acid. HCI + H,0 —+H,0* + CI” * Acidic nature ‘The presence of hydrogen ion [H*] in HCl imparts acidic properties to an aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid, + Action on metals Ca +2HCI — > CaCh + He Mg +2HCI —> MgCh + tb * Action on oxides and hydroxides MgO + 2HCI —> MgCh +H,0 Ca(OH), +2HCI —> CaCl +H,0 «With salts of weaker acids NazCO; + 2HCI — > 2NaCl +H:0 +CO; NaHCO; +HCI —+ NaCl +H,0 +CO; NaSO, + 2HC! — > 2NaCl +H,0 +S0, NaHSO; +HCI — + NaCl +H:O +80, NaS +2HCI —> 2NaCl +H:S @* Action on thiosulphates Na;SO3 +2HC] —+ 2NaCi+H,0 + SO, +S * Reaction with nitrates AgNO; +HCl —> AgCI+HNO; Oxidation of Hydrochloric Acid MnO, + 4HCI a MnCh + 2H,O +Ch K2Cr207 + 14HCI 4, 2KCI + 2CrCls+ 7H20+3Clz 2KMnO, + 16HCI Ss xa + 2MnClz + 8H20 + 5Cl2 Pb;O, + 8HCI as 3 PbCk +4H,O +Cl Formation of Aqua Regia Aqua regia is a rrixture of one part of cone. nitric acid and three parts of conc. hydrochloric acid. HNO; +3HCl_ ——>NOCI+2H-0 + 2{Cl] The nascent chlorine released reacts with noble metals such as gold and platinum to give their soluble chlorides, Au +3(Cl] —+AuCls Pt +4(Cl] —>PICh Uses of Hydrochloric Acid a. In the manufacture of dyes, drugs, paints and silver chloride. b. For purifying bone black, because HC! dissolves the calcium phosphate present in bones. ©. To remove rust from iron sheets, @)Study of Compounds - Nitric Acid Nitric Acid Molecular formula: HNO3, Relative molecular mass: 63 Laboratory Preparation of Nitric Acid Reactions: 200% KNO3 + H2SOx ? KHSOs + HNO; 200°C NaNO, + H2SO, ——? NaHSO, + HNO3 Properties of Nitric Acid (A)Physical Properties * Pure acid (98% conc.) is colourless, suffocating and sour to taste. «Itis heavier than water, with a specific gravity of 1.54. * Boiling point is 86°C, and freezing point is -42°C (8) Chemical Properties «Pure nitric acid is colourless, unstable and decomposes slightly even at room temperature and in the presence of sunlight. 4HNOs — 4NO2 + 2H, + Oz + Nitric acid is a very strong monobasic acid and ionises almost completely in aqueous solution. HNO; == H’ +NOs" «Nitric acid neutralises alkalis to form salt and water. CaO + 2HNO,——+ Ca (NO,), + H,0 CuO + 2HNO,——+ Cu (NO,), + H,0 NaOH + HNO,——+ NaNO, +H,0 + Nitric acid reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to produce salt, water and carbon dioxide. Na,CO, + 2HNO, ——»2NaNO, + H,O + CO, NaHCO, + HNO, + NaNO, + H,0 + CO, + Nitric acid oxidises carbon, sulphur and phosphorus to their highest oxides or oxy-acids such as carbon dioxide, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid. C+4HNO,— — 2H,0+4NO,+CO, S+6HNO, —+ —_H,SO,+2H,O+ 6NO, P,+20HNO,——» — 4H,PO,+4H,0 + 20NO, a* Cold and dilute nitric acid oxidises metals to their aitrates and liberates nitric oxide. 3Cu + BHNOs; —>Cu(NO,), + 2H,O +2NO2 3Zn + 8HNO3 —— 3Zn (NOs)2 + 4H:0 + 2NOz + Concentrated nitric acid liberates nitrogen dioxide. Cu + 4HNO; — Cu(NOs)2 + 2H20 + 2NO: Zn + 4HNOs —— Zn (NOa)2 + 2H;0 + 2NOz + Nitric acid (1 part by volume) mixed with conc. hydrochloric acid (3 parts by volume) produces a mixture called aqua regia. HNOs + 3HCl — NOCI + 2H,0 + 2{Cl] ‘Aqua regia contains nascent chlorine and reacts with noble metals such as gold and platinum to produce chlorides. Pt+4[Cl] —PtCl Au +3[C} ——>-AuCh Uses of Nitric Acid ‘* To etch designs on copper and brassware because it acts as a solvent for several metals except the noble metals. ‘+ To purity gold with impurities of Cu, Ag and Zn which dissolve in nitric acid. + Itacts as a rocket fuel oxidant. ‘* Inpreparation of fertilisers such as Ca(NO;)2 and NH:NOs. + Inthe preparation of aqua regia, which dissolves noble metals. @)Study of Compounds - Sulphuric Acid Sulphuric Acid Molecular formula: H,SO, Relative molecular mass: 98 Structure: General Methods of Preparation * By the action of heat on nitric acid and sulphur. S + HNO; -» 6NO; + 2H,0 + HO; + Bypassing chlorine through an aqueous solution of sulphur trioxide. Cl, + S02 + 2H-O 2HCI + H2SOx ‘+ By dissolution of sulphur trioxide in water. $03 +H:0 —-H,SO. * By hydrolysis of sulphuryl chloride. SO,Cl, + 2H20 H,SOx + 2HCI Manufacture of Sulphuric Acid [Contact Process] Steps involved in the contact process (1) Production of sulphur dioxide SO> is produced by roasting metallic sulphides in ait 4FeS2 +1102 — 2Fe;03 + 8SO; (2) Purification of gases To enhance the efficiency of a catalyst, various impurities present in the mixture of sulphur dioxide and air are first removed. (3) Catalytic oxidation of sulphur dioxide Oxidation of SO: to $03 at 450°C in the presence of catalyst vanadium pentaoxide. 2803 2802+ 02 450°C o(4) Absorption of sulphur trioxide in sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide vapours are absorbed by a stream of conc. sulphuric acid. S03 + H2SO, —+ H2Sz0; (oleum or pyrosulphuric acid) (5) Dilution of oleum to obtain sulphuric acid A calculated amount of water is added to obtain sulphuric acid of desired strength. H28207 + H2O —+ 2H;SOx Properties of Sulphuric Acid (A) Physical Properties * Colourless, odourless with slight soar taste. + Itis highly corrosive in nature and chars the skin black. + Itis heavier than water and soluble in water. * Boiling point is 338°C, and melting point is 10.4°C. (B) Chemical Properties Properties of Dilute Sulphuric Acid * Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals to form metallic sulphate and hydrogen, Mg + H2SO, — MgSOx+ Ho Fe +H,S0,— Fe,SO,+ Hz + Itneutralises bases to form salts and water. NaOH + HpSO; —NaHSO; + H20 + Itliberates carbor dioxide from metallic carbonates and bicarbonates. NazCOs + H,SO, —+ NazSO, + HzO + COz 2KHCOs + HzSOz —KzS04 + 2H20 +2CO2 + Itevolves hydrogen sulphide from metal sulphides. NazS + H»SO. —Na,SOx + HzS ZnS + H;SO; —ZnSO, +H28 * Itevolves sulphur dioxide from sulphites and hydrogen sulphites. Na-SO3+HzSOQ, — NazSOx + HO + SO2 2NaHSOs +HzSOs —- NaSOy + 2H,0 + 2802 Properties of Conc. Sulphuric Acid + Non-volatile nature Ithas a high boiling point so it is used to prepare volatile acids such as HCI, HNOs and acetic acid from their salts, NaCl + HO, ~NaHSO, + HCl NaNOs + H;SO, —-NaHSO,+ HNO} + Asan oxidising agent C+ 2HzS0, — CO2 + 2H,0 +2802 Cu + 2H,SO, —+ CuSO, + 2H,0 +802 2HBr + H2SOx -*Bre + 2H,0 + SO2 (2)(4) Absorption of sulphur trioxide in sulphuric acid Sulphur trioxide vapours are absorbed by a stream of conc. sulphuric acid. S03 + H2SO, —+ H2Sz0; (oleum or pyrosulphuric acid) (5) Dilution of oleum to obtain sulphuric acid A calculated amount of water is added to obtain sulphuric acid of desired strength. H28207 + H2O —+ 2H;SOx Properties of Sulphuric Acid (A) Physical Properties * Colourless, odourless with slight soar taste. + Itis highly corrosive in nature and chars the skin black. * Itis heavier than water and soluble in water. * Boiling point is 338°C, and melting point is 10.4°C. (B) Chemical Properties Properties of Dilute Sulphuric Acid * Dilute sulphuric acid reacts with metals to form metallic sulphate and hydrogen, Mg + H2SO, — MgSOx+ Ho Fe +H,SO,— Fe,SO,+ Hz + Itneutralises bases to form salts and water. NaOH + HpSO; —NaHSO; + H20 + Itliberates carbor dioxide from metallic carbonates and bicarbonates. NazCO3 + H;SO, —+ Na2SO, + HzO + COz 2KHCOs + HzSOz —KzS04 + 2H20 +2CO2 + Itevolves hydrogen sulphide from metal sulphides. NazS + H2SO. —Na,SOx + HzS ZnS + H,SO; —ZnSO, +H28 * Itevolves sulphur dioxide from sulphites and hydrogen sulphites. Na-SO3+HzSO, — NazSOx + HO + SO2 2NaHSO3 +HzSOs —- NaS, + 2H,0 + 2802 @Properties of Conc. Sulphuric Acid + Non-volatile nature Ithas a high boiling point so itis used to prepare volatile acids such as HCI, HNOs and acetic acid from their salts. NaCl + H2S0, —-NaHSO,+ HCl NaNOs +H,SO, NaHSO,+ HNO3 + Asan oxidising agent C+ 2H,SO, + CO; + 2H,0 +2802 Cu + 2H,SO. + CuSO, + 2H,0 +80, 2HBr + H-SO, —Br, + 2H,0 + SO2 + Asa dehydrating agent H,SO, has a great affinity for water, and therefore, it acts as a dehydrating agent, CoHs0H PESOS oa + HO CoH 0, PES 6c + 6H.0 Uses of Sulphuric Acid In the preparation of halogens, CO, CO; and SO2. Extraction of metals: Leaching of metallic compounds produces sulphates which give the metal in pure form on electrolysis. Pickling of metals: Removes metallic impurities from the surface of metals before galvanising. Industrial uses: In the manufacture of fertilisers such as ammonium sulphate [(NH.);SO.] and superphosphate of lime [Ca (HzPO.), +CaSO,). In the manufacture of explosives such as trinitrotoluene and picric acid. @Gyan CAREER INSTITUTE ‘THE SEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION SCIENCE NOTES : (Class 7th, 8th IX,X) CBSE/ICSE/NCRT Based on Available in Hindi and English Medium Physics Chemistry Biology Director SRIKANT VERMA. GYAN CAREER INSTITUTE THE BEST PLATFORM FOR QUALITY EDUCATION YouTube : Gyan Vatika 24