Element ar yPar ticlePhy si cs( HighEner gyPhy sics)

Chapt erone: Introduct i

on
1.Definition:Thebr anchofphy sicsconcer nedwi tht hest udyoft he
proper tiesandbehav iorofel ement arypar t
icles,especi all
ytheir
decayandcol l
isions.
2.Addr esses: whati smat termadeof ?
3.Scaleofmat t
er :subat omi cl ev el.
4.Mat ter: consi st soft inychunks, withempt yinbet ween.
5.Typesofchunks:el ect ron,pr ot on,neut r
on,pi -meson,neut r
inoand
soon.
6.Stuff:repl i
cat ionofchunksi nast ronomi cal quant i
ti
es.
7.Chunksdonoti ndi st ingui shabl e.
8.JobofEPs: i
nt roducev ar iouski ndsofel ement arypar t
icles.
9.Addr esses: howdoEPi nter actwi t
honeanot her?
10. Ty peofi nt er act ion: direct lyori ndirectly.
11. I
nt er act ionoft womacr oscopi cobj ect swi thoneanot her:
suspendi ngdi stancebet weent hem andmeasur ingf orce.
12. Ex ampl es:
- Coul omb: elect rical : direct ly
- Cav endi sh: grav itat ional : direct l
y
13. I
nt er act ionoft womi cr oscopi cobj ectswi t
honeanot her:
measur ingf orcebet weent hem byi ndir
ectmeans.
14. I
ndi rectmeans:
- Scat ter ing:f iri
ngonepar ticleatanot herandr ecordangl eof
def l
ect i
on
- Decay s: disint egr at iononepar ticlespont aneousl yandexami ne
debr is.
- BoundSt ates: st icki ngt woormor epar ti
clesandst udy
composi te.
15. Det ermi ni ngi nter act ionl awi sdi ff
icultt ask.
16. I
nt er act ionl awdet ermi nebyguessandcompar et heoret
ical
calculat ionswi thex per iment al data.
17. Model :formul ationofsuchaguess.
18. Real msofMechani cs:

19. Notes:
- Vel
oci
tyofobjecti
sordi
nary
,governedbyclassi
cal
- Vel
oci
tyofobjecti
sveryf
ast,governedbyspeci
alrel
ati
vi
ty
- Massofobjecti
sverysmall
,governedbyquantum
 - Vel oci tyandmassofobj ecti sv eryf astandv erysmal l
,
gov ernedbyquant um f i
el dt heor y
20. Proper tiesofEP. :
-v er yf ast
-v er ysmal l
- under goquant um f i
eldt heor y
21. EP.Dy nami cs: forcel awswhi chdescr ibeEP.Behav i
or .Or,
mot ionofEP.Underact i
onoff orces
22. Conser vationLaws:
Restmass Ener gy Moment um
Classi cal conser v
ed conser v ed conser ved
Relat i
v it
y Notconser ved conser v ed conser ved
23. Massl esspar ti
cl eissensei nr elat i
v i
ty,Massl esspar ti
cleis
notsensei ncl assi cal.
- Ex ampl esofmassl esspar ticles: Phot on,neut ri
noandgl uon
24. Standar dModel :
Theor ydescr ibesal lofknownEP. ,inter actionsexceptgr av it
y .
HowareEPspr oduced?
-El ect r
on:
Byheat ingupofmat ter
-Pr ot on:
Byi onizationofhy drogen
Not e:ioniz at i
on: stripof felect ronf rom hy dr ogenat om
-Exot icpar ticles
Sour ces:
1.Cosmi cr ay s:
-Or igin: outerspace
-Par ti
cles: pr otonandmuon
-Det ection: byanydet ectori sv er ylow
-Adv ant ages: freeandhi ghener gy
-Di sadv antages: uncont rollable
2.Nucl earReact or s
-Or igin: disint egrationofr adioact i
v enucl ei
-Par ti
cles: neut ron, neut rino, alphar ay( boundst atesoft wo
neut r
onspl ust wopr otons) , bet aray( electronsorposi trons)
andgammar ay( phot ons)
3.Par ti
cleAccel erators:
-Or igin: colli
si onbet weenaccel eratingel ectronsorpr otonsand
tar get
-Par ti
cles: posi tron, muon, pi
on, kaonandant i
proton
Not e:
St ablepar ticles:
Elect ron, pr oton, posi tr
onandant i
pr oton
 -Ener gyofcol li
sionpr opor t
ional tomassofpar t
icletoproduce
0
-Heav iestEPi sZ, MZ =100Mp
0

-Met hodsofcol li
si on:
1.Fi ri
ngonepar ticleattarget
2.Fi ri
ngt wohi ghspeedpar ticl
esatt arget
wher e, Epa2>Epa1
-Ener gyofcol li
sioni nverselypr oport
ional t
odistancebet ween
particles
HowareEPsdet ect ed?
-Bydet ect or s
-Typesofdet ect or s:
1.Gei gercount er
2.Cer enkovcount er
3.Cl oudchamber
4.Bubbl echamber
5.Spar kchamber
6.Phot ogr aphi cemul si
on
7.Phot omul ti
pl ier
8.Sci nt il
lat or
-Det ectionmechani sm:
Highener gychar gedpar ti
clespasst hroughmat ter,
Theyi oni z eat omsal ongthei rpath,
Traject or ydi splay sofpar ti
cleonscr een.
-Not e:
Neut ral par ticles
Donotcausei oni zation
Theyl eav enot racks
Units
1.El ect ronv olt:
Ener gyacqui redbyel ectronwhenaccel erat
edt hrougha
pot ent ial di
f fer enceofonev olt
2.Uni tofener gy :
1eV=1. 6×1019j
-
oule ,KeV=103eV, MeV=106eV
GeV=109eV , TeV=1012eV
3.Uni tofmoment um
MeV GeV
or
c c
4.Uni tofmass
MeV
c2